7The Presidency

Video: The Big Picture

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Video: The Basics

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President and the Constitution

Powerful Executive

Debate at the Convention

Article II and Ratification

7.1

Powerful Executive

Locke, Hobbes, Montesquieu

Prerogative power

Articles of Confederation

Washington the war hero

7.1

Debate at the Convention

Legislative versus executive power

Virginia Plan

New Jersey Plan

7.1

Article II and Ratification

Debate between opponents and proponents of ratification Cato Alexander Hamilton President ≠ king

7.1

Prayer at Valley Forge 7.1

7.1 People were wiling to ratify the Constitution because

a. the president would play a strong role.

b. Washington would be the first president.

c. the president’s role was clearly described.

d. they were persuaded by Alexander Hamilton’s arguments in the Federalist Papers.

7.1

7.1 People were wiling to ratify the Constitution because

7.1

a. the president would play a strong role.

b. Washington would be the first president.

c. the president’s role was clearly described.

d. they were persuaded by Alexander Hamilton’s arguments in the Federalist Papers.

Video: In Context

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7.1

Evolution of the Presidency

Models of Presidential Power

Institutional Changes

Transformation of the Vice Presidency

7.2

Models of Presidential Power

Strong early presidents: George Washington Thomas Jefferson Andrew Jackson Abraham Lincoln

Whig model

7.2

Models of Presidential Power

Stewardship model Theodore Roosevelt

7.2

Theodore Roosevelt 7.2

Models of Presidential Power

Stewardship model Woodrow Wilson

Modern presidency FDR and the New Deal

7.2

Institutional Changes

Cabinet Members of inner cabinet have more access to president

7.2

TABLE 7.1: Departments of the President’s Cabinet

7.2

Cabinet 7.2

Institutional Changes

Executive Office of the President (EOP) National Security Council (NSC) National Security Adviser

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)

7.2

TABLE 7.2: Executive Office of the President in 2012

7.2

Institutional Changes

White House Office Chief of staff

Ramifications of staffing changes Institutional presidency Political as well as policy advice

7.2

Hillary Clinton 7.2

Transformation of the Vice Presidency

Insignificant office “I do not propose to be buried until I am dead”

Modern vice presidents Albert Gore Richard Cheney Joseph Biden

7.2

Vice President Joe Biden 7.2

7.2 Which of the following is part of the Executive Office of the President?

a. National Security Council

b. Department of Homeland Security

c. Department of Education

d. Department of Justice

7.2

7.2 Which of the following is part of the Executive Office of the President?

7.2

a. National Security Council

b. Department of Homeland Security

c. Department of Education

d. Department of Justice

Informal Powers of the President

Power to Persuade

Political Context

First Ladies

7.3

Power to Persuade

Presidential Power by Richard Neustadt = bedside reading for presidents

Personality and political skills

Going public Using media, technology

7.3

Political Context

Political order or context

Skowronek’s 4 eras: 1789-1832 1832-1900 1900-1973 1973-Present

7.3

Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist

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7.3

FIGURE 7.1: Ups and Downs of Presidential Approval Ratings

7.3

First Ladies

Martha Washington

Abigail Adams

Edith Wilson

Eleanor Roosevelt

Hilary Rodham Clinton

Michelle Obama

7.3

Michelle Obama 7.3

7.3 As a president’s time in office increases, his approval ratings

a. also increase

b. generally go down

c. remain stable

d. decline but then rise

7.3

7.3 As a president’s time in office increases, his approval ratings

7.3

a. also increase

b. generally go down

c. remain stable

d. decline but then rise

Roles of Modern Presidents

President as Chief of State

President as Chief Legislator

President as Chief Diplomat

President as Commander in Chief

President as Chief Executive

President’s Other Roles

Two Presidencies

7.4

President as Chief of State

Can any job prepare you to be president?

Ceremonial functions “His High Mightiness”? From levees to baseball

7.4

George W. Bush 7.4

President as Chief Legislator

FDR

Legislative Tools State of the Union Veto/Pocket veto

7.4

TABLE 7.3: Presidential Vetoes 7.4

FIGURE 7.2: Congressional Support for Presidential Initiatives

7.4

President as Chief Diplomat

More autonomy in foreign affairs

Treaties

Executive agreements

Ambassadors

7.4

President as Commander in Chief

President can deploy, but Congress declares war Congress holds purse strings

7.4

President as Commander in Chief

War Powers Resolution (1973)

Iran-Contra Affair

7.4

War casualties 7.4

Lyndon Johnson 7.4

President as Chief Executive

Vague policy

Increasing size of federal bureaucracy

Executive orders Proclamations National security directives Presidential decision directives

Signing statements

7.4

President’s Other Roles

Economist in chief

Moral leader

Head of his political party

7.4

Two Presidencies

Domestic policy Often frustrated

Foreign policy Better equipped

Integrated into dual presidency model by Aaron Wildavsky

7.4

7.4 Which of the following powers is given to the president?

a. Declare war

b. Negotiate treaties

c. Write legislation

d. Declare laws unconstitutional

7.4

7.4 Which of the following powers is given to the president?

7.4

a. Declare war

b. Negotiate treaties

c. Write legislation

d. Declare laws unconstitutional

Video: In the Real World

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7.4

Explore the Simulation: You Are a First-Term President

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7.4

Presidential Greatness

Personal presidency Growing size of federal bureaucracy Expansion of presidential powers Use of television in campaigning

7.5

Lincoln 7.5

Presidential Greatness

What makes a president great? Vision Pragmatism Consensus building Charisma Trustworthiness

7.5

TABLE 7.4: Rankings of American Presidents

7.5

7.5 Presidents who are considered among the greatest

a. presided during a strong economy.

b. didn’t expand the powers of the office.

c. served only one term.

d. confronted a major crisis.

7.5

7.5 Presidents who are considered among the greatest

7.5

a. presided during a strong economy.

b. didn’t expand the powers of the office.

c. served only one term.

d. confronted a major crisis.

Explorer: What Influences a President’s Public Approval?

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7.5

Discussion Question

How do presidents use the “power to persuade” to implement their agenda? In what way is this power considered to be their most important?

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Video: So What?

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