2Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework

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Nature of Government and Politics

What is government?

What does it mean to be under the rule of government? Civil law Criminal law

Power and authority

What is politics?

2.1

FIGURE 2.1: Government and Politics: What’s the difference?

2.1

2.1 Which of the following is responsible for establishing and enforcing the “rules of game”?

2.1

a. Constitution

b. Body of law

c. Political system

d. Government

a. Constitution

b. Body of law

c. Political system

d. Government

2.12.1 Which of the following is responsible for establishing and enforcing the “rules of game”?

Types of Governments

Monarchy Constitutional monarchies Dictator

Oligarchy

Pluralism

Democracy (popular sovereignty) Direct democracy

2.2

TABLE 2.1: Types of governing systems

2.2

Types of Governments

Republic Representative democracy

Totalitarian regime – no limits Authoritarian regime – informal limits Constitutional government – formal & informal limits

2.2

2.2 A political system that allows citizens to shape government action is called

2.2

a. pluralistic

b. democratic

c. authoritarian

d. constitutional monarchies

2.2 A political system that allows citizens to shape government action is called

2.2

a. pluralistic

b. democratic

c. authoritarian

d. constitutional monarchies

Early Governance in America

Pilgrims on the Mayflower (1620)

Mayflower Compact

2.3

Mayflower Compact 2.3

Early Governance in America

Colonial assemblies versus royal governors

Great Squeeze Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Townshend Acts (1767) Tea Tax (1773)

2.3

2.3 In what way was the Mayflower Compact important?

2.3

a. It established laws by which colonists would rule themselves.

b. It reflected Enlightenment ideas about self-governance.

c. It supported colonists’ rule by governors appointed by the king.

d. It placed the colonists outside of the jurisdiction of the king.

2.3 In what way was the Mayflower Compact important?

2.3

a. It established laws by which colonists would rule themselves.

b. It reflected Enlightenment ideas about self-governance.

c. It supported colonists’ rule by governors appointed by the king.

d. It placed the colonists outside of the jurisdiction of the king.

American Revolution

Two Types of Causes

Declaration of Independence

Colonial Experience and Pathways of Change

2.4

Two Types of Causes

Financial Money flowing back to Crown

Ideological “No taxation without representation” Political philosophy John Locke Adam Smith Thomas Paine

2.4

Declaration of Independence First Continental Congress (1774)

Hope for reconciliation

Battle of Lexington and Concord War begins

Second Continental Congress (1775) Rationale for rebellion

Natural Rights

Social Contract Theory

2.4

Signing of the Declaration of Independence

2.4

Pulling down statue of King George III 2.4

Statue of Saddam Hussein being pulled down

2.4

Worth the risk?

Were other pathways of change open?

Must “the tree of liberty be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants”?

Colonial Experience and Pathways of Change

2.4

2.4 Under which notion do individuals exchange certain rights for security?

a. Popular sovereignty

b. Social contract theory

c. Natural rights

d. The Great Squeeze

2.4

2.4 Under which notion do individuals exchange certain rights for security?

a. Popular sovereignty

b. Social contract theory

c. Natural rights

d. The Great Squeeze

2.4

Articles of Confederation

Limitations of the Articles of Confederation

Shays’ Rebellion: An Alternative Look

2.5

Limitations of the Articles of Confederation

Why did they fail? Weak central government No power to tax No power to regulate commerce No power to conduct foreign affairs No power to enforce laws Difficult to amend

2.5

TABLE 2.2: Powers of Congress under the Articles of Confederation

2.5

Limitations of the Articles of Confederation

Why did they fail? Weak central government No power to tax No power to regulate commerce No power to conduct foreign affairs No power to enforce laws Difficult to amend

2.5

Shays’s Rebellion: An Alternative Look

Were there no other pathways for change?

Small farmers versus banks

Foreclosures

State government

A recourse for the elite?

2.5

Shays’s Rebellion 2.5

Shays’s Rebellion: An Alternative Look

Small farmers versus banks

Foreclosures

State government

A recourse for the elite?

2.5

2.5 Which of the following was a reason for the failure of the Articles of Confederation?a. Too high taxes

b. Too much power to restrict trade

c. Strong executive

d. Weak central government

2.5

2.5 Which of the following was a reason for the failure of the Articles of Confederation?a. Too high taxes

b. Too much power to restrict trade

c. Strong executive

d. Weak central government

2.5

Constitutional Convention

Great Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise

Sectional Compromise

2.6

Virginia Plan

New Jersey Plan

Connecticut Compromise

2.6Great Compromise

TABLE 2.3: Virginia Plan 2.6

TABLE 2.4: New Jersey Plan 2.6

Virginia Plan

New Jersey Plan

Connecticut Compromise

2.6Great Compromise

TABLE 2.5: Differences between Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan and Great Compromise

2.6

Three-Fifths Compromise

Census

Who counts? Southern states wanted to count slaves Northern states did not

Three-fifths of a person

2.6

Sectional Compromise

Power to regulate commerce worried South

North wanted to restrict slavery

Importation ban forbidden until 1808

2.6

2.6Birmingham protests

2.6 In creating the Constitution, large states would have been more inclined toa. oppose slavery

b. support the New Jersey Plan

c. support the Virginia Plan

d. oppose the Connecticut Compromise

2.6

a. oppose slavery

b. support the New Jersey Plan

c. support the Virginia Plan

d. oppose the Connecticut Compromise

2.62.6 In creating the Constitution, large states would have been more inclined to

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2.6

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2.6

U.S. Constitution

Three Branches of Government

Separate Institutions Sharing Power

Checks and Balances

2.7

FIGURE 2.2: Sharing Powers, Checks and Balances

2.7

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U.S. Constitution

Representative Republicanism

Federalism Expressed powers Police powers

Reciprocity Among the States

Fixed System Open to Change Bill of Rights

2.7

U.S. Constitution

Representative Republicanism

Federalism Expressed powers Police powers

Reciprocity Among the States

Fixed System Open to Change Bill of Rights

2.7

FIGURE 2.3: How the Constitution can be amended

2.7

TABLE 2.6: First 10 Amendments to the Constitution (Bill of Rights)

2.7

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2.7 What type of government were the Framers seeking to create?a. Representative republic

b. Direct democracy

c. Modified oligarchy

d. Constitutional monarchy

2.7

2.7 What type of government were the Framers seeking to create?a. Representative republic

b. Direct democracy

c. Modified oligarchy

d. Constitutional monarchy

2.7

Struggle over Ratification

Federalist Papers

Anti-Federalists’ Response

A Second Revolution?

2.8

Federalist Papers

Authors (“Publius”): James Madison Alexander Hamilton John Jay

New York key state for ratification

Explaining the document

Federalist No. 10

Federalist No. 51

2.8

Anti-Federalists’ Response

Large government too distant to be responsive

Too many constituents per representative

President would dominate other branches

No protection for individual rights and liberties

2.8

FIGURE 2.4: Ratification of the Constitution, 1787-1790

2.8

A Second Revolution?

Election of 1800 First peaceful transfer of power

Alien and Sedition Acts Failed to stifle criticism of government Notion of legitimate opposition

2.8

2.8Sedition Act

2.8 What was an objection of the Anti-Federalists?

a. Executive too weak

b. Judiciary too weak

c. No protection for individual rights and liberties

d. Too many representatives in Congress

2.8

2.8 What was an objection of the Anti-Federalists?

a. Executive too weak

b. Judiciary too weak

c. No protection for individual rights and liberties

d. Too many representatives in Congress

2.8

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2.8

Why did the colonists break free from British rule? Were they successful in creating a government that solved the problems they had as British subjects under colonial rule?

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