secondary engagment programme social studies …

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

SECONDARY ENGAGMENT

PROGRAMME

SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 10

EASTER TERM 2020-2021

Week 1 Lesson 1

Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of the

Human Resource.

Sub - Topic: Population – Structure and Characteristics

Concept: The most studied aspects of population structure are age and sex. Other aspects

that can also be studied include race, language, religion, and social/occupational

groups.

Objectives: Students will:

Define key terms related to the structure and characteristics of a population.

Identify and explain at least three characteristics of a population.

Identify at least two sources of population statistics.

Identify and explain three uses of population statistics. groups.

Content: A resource is defined as anything natural or physical which can be harnessed to

create wealth or improve the standard of people

There are two broad groups of resources. There are human resources and

physical/natural resources.

Human resource

Human resources include all the skills, talents and abilities which individuals

possess in a population.

Key Terms associated with human resources

Population: the total number of people living in a given place at a given time.

Demography: is the study of the population to determine its characteristics such

as size, composition, structure and distribution.

Census: a government survey of population which usually takes place once every

ten years. Major characteristics of a population according to age, sex, occupation,

ethnicity, religion, dependency ratio. A census can also be defined as an official

count of the people in a country.

Demographic data of a country is obtained from a census which is an account and

analysis of the population (usually every 10 years).

Analysis provides information on:

Population size

Number of persons in the labour force

Male- Female ratio

Age- Sex ratio

Marital Status of adults

Migration composition

Educational Attainment

Dependency ratio

Sources of population statistics:

National census

Registrar’s Office

Office of Naturalisation

Records of religious institutions.

Uses of population statistics:

This information is useful to policy makers for planning in the areas of:

Health

Education

Housing

Social Services

Welfare Needs

Infrastructural Development

Employment

Activity: Interview your family members and complete copies of the following form.

https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-

content/uploads/2019/11/2012_Census_QuestionnaireForm-BIND.pdf

Draw tables to present data gathered for:

P1.2

P4.3

https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2012_Census_QuestionnaireForm-BIND.pdf



Home work: Explain the following concepts and terms associated with population:

birth rate, death rate, natural increase, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, fertility

rate, migration, immigration, emigration, net migration, brain drain, urbanisation,

depopulation, population density, population distribution, dependency ratio.

Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and

Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.

Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide

and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.

Population

Complete the crossword puzzle below

Across

2. people moving into a country or area

7. the number of deaths per 1000 of the population each

year 10. the number of babies who die in their first year per

1000 live births

13. the number of people living in an area or country

14. the difference between the numbers of people

emigrating and immigrating

16. the study of population

17. movement of people out of an area or country

18. the number of people living in an area, per square

kilometre is called population ____.

Down

1. the number of children born in one year per 1000 of the

population

3. the difference between the birth rate and the death rate

4. moving from one place to live in another

5. the average number of years which someone is expected to

live

6. the loss of population from a particular area or country

8. population _____ refers to the spread of people across an

area

9. the emigration of educated, skilled or qualified workers 11.

the average number of children which a woman can

expect to have over her lifetime

12. the ratio of the non-working population (children

and older people) to the working age population

15. a government survey of population which usually takes

place once every ten years

Week 1 Lesson 2

Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and use of the

Human Resource.

Sub – Topic: Population Pyramid

Concept: Population pyramids are used by demographers as a tool for understanding the

make-up of a given population, whether a city, country, region, or the world.


Define the term population pyramid.

List the types of population pyramids.

Explain the differences among the population pyramids.

Content: What is a Population Pyramid?

A population pyramid can be defined as a type of graph consisting of a two-part bar

chart which shows the structure of a population by age and gender. Example shown

below.

What does a population pyramid show?

A population pyramid shows the population structure of a country. This information is captured

for a single point in time. It shows, at a glance, the relationship between the number of males and

females and their age profile. Over time, the shape will change to reflect the structural changes.

The population pyramid, shows the distribution of various age groups in a population which

normally forms the shape of a pyramid. It typically consists of two back-to-back bar graphs, with

population plotted on the X axis and age on the Y axis, one showing the number of males and one

showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups (also called cohorts). Males are

conventionally shown on the left and females on the right, and they may be measured by raw

number or as a percentage of the total population.

Types of Population Pyramids

Reading a Population Pyramid

Activity: Study the table and answer the questions that follow.

Population of Guyana By Age Group And Sex

Source: Draft Report of Housing and Population Census 1991/1992

Activity Questions:

How many persons are below 20 years?

How many persons are between 20 and 49 years?

How many persons are 50 years and above?

Examine the three age groups mentioned in questions 1-3. Which age

group do you think the government would have to make special provisions

for?

Home work: Find out about the population of your community. Write a short paragraph

escribing the composition of the population in your community.





https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5a5dffae975b9500106b89d1/population-

pyramids

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5a5dffae975b9500106b89d1/population-pyramids



Population Pyramids Activity

Instructions: Answer the questions below.

1. This population pyramid shows a country with a population that is

A. growing

B. staying the same

C. decreasing

2.

A. Growing B. Stable C. Shrinking

3. Which country has the most elderly people?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

4. In which stage does a country have a more equal amount of young, middle-aged,

and older people?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

5. Which country do you think has the best health care?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

6. Which country has the highest death rates?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

7. Which country has the lowest birth rates?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

8. Which country has the highest life expectancy?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

9. Which country has the lowest life expectancy?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

10. Which country would you expect to have the worst health care?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

Week 2 Lesson: 1


Human Resource

Sub – Topic: Population Pyramid

Concept: All population pyramids are not the same. This is so because of the variation in data

collected from the different population.


List the types of population structures

Describe the different types of population structures.

Content: There are three types of population pyramids: expansive, constrictive, and

stationary.

Expansive population pyramids depict populations that have a larger percentage

of people in younger age groups. Hence, the base is wide (refer to the diagram

below). Populations with this shape usually have high fertility rates with lower

life expectancies. Many third world countries have expansive population

pyramids.

Expansive Population Pyramid.

Constrictive population pyramids are named so because they are constricted at

the bottom. There is a lower percentage of younger people. Constrictive

population pyramids show declining birth rates, since each succeeding age group

is getting smaller and smaller (refer to the diagram below). The United States has

a constrictive population pyramid.

Constrictive population pyramids.

Stationary population pyramids are those that show a somewhat equal

proportion of the population in each age group. There is not a decrease or increase

in population; it is stable. Austria has a stationary population pyramid.

Activity: Compare and contrast the population pyramid of Guyana and Canada.





Population ACTIVITY


1. Which of the following is not one of the three types of population pyramids?

a. Expansive b. Stationary c. Constrictive d. fluctuating

2. This population pyramid shows a country whose population is

a. Growing

b. Stable

c. Shrinking

3. This population pyramid shows a country with a population that is

a. Growing

b. Stable (Staying the Same)

c. Shrinking

4. Which population has the most, young people?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

Week 2 Lesson 2


Human Resource

Sub – Topic: Population Distribution and Population Density


Define the terms population distribution and population density.

Identify and explain the factors that influence population distribution.

Concept: This deals with the geographical location/distribution of the people in a

population. In some areas there are more people than in others. In some areas

there are little to no people at all example swamps, forests, deserts on

mountaintops, and steep slopes.

Content: What is Population Distribution and population density?

• Population distribution refers to the way in which a population is spread out

over a given area. The map below shows the population distribution in the

world. It can be seen that:

- Population is not distributed evenly across the world.

- Some areas have a high concentrations of population eg China, India etc

while other areas have a low concentration of population eg. Russia, Canada

etc

- Most coastal regions tend to have a high population concentration.

Note: Population distribution is measured in terms of density.

• Population density refers to the number of people living in AN AREA per

square kilometer.

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂= 𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝟒𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟎𝟎= 𝟖𝟎 𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑺𝑶𝑵 𝑷𝑬𝑹 𝑺𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑹𝑬 𝑲𝑴

Population density of an area may be described as low, moderate or high.

Relief of the land

• Higher ground tends to be winder, wetter, colder, and more difficult to access and is

therefore, less hospitable for humans

• Steep slopes make the use of machinery difficult, which in turn makes developing

settlements and certain farming practices harder.

• Steeper slopes are subject to more rapid and catastrophic events such as landslides.

Factors influencing population distribution

Relief of the land

Climate

Fertile areas

Location of mineral resources

Developed areas

Types of vegetation

• Low-level, flat land offers the most opportunities for the widest variety of land use. It

is usually warmer and drier with more fertile soils for farming.

• The level terrain means that the developing houses, industries and infrastructure is

much more straightforward.

Climate

Climate refers to the conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of

time (30 years).

• Some climates are too extreme to allow for much permanent habitation, while others

require adaptation to the conditions.

• The Caribbean enjoys a tropical climate which is generally warm and wet and in which

humans can live quite easily.

Fertile areas

• The best soils yield the largest crops of highest quality.

• Years ago people lived close to areas of agricultural activity to access food.

• However, due to the developments in modern transportation, food storage and retail

practices this is no longer the case.

Location of mineral resources

• Mineral deposits attract populations who are drawn by the prospect of

employment in the industries associated with extracting or processing the

mineral.

• The availability of the mineral resource in large quantities results in the

setting up of permanent infrastructure and the creation of additional

employment opportunities in the areas of constructions, education, health,

social services, entertainment, accommodations, etc.

Developed areas

• Most persons tend to live in the most developed areas of a country where there

is properly developed infrastructure for road, water and electricity.

• They also look for ease of access to the best educational, health and social

services. As well as recreation facilities, entertainment services,

commercial and banking facilities.

• Areas which do not have as developed facilities and services are normally less

densely populated.

Types of vegetation

• Areas with thick forest vegetation are less populated than area without this

thick forest vegetation.

• Additionally, in some areas forest/ thick vegetation has been cleared for

housing development as this vegetation is cleared more and more person

begin to settle thus increasing the population of the are

Activity

Worksheet


1. What is meant by the term population distribution?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

2. a. On the map of Guyana, shade an area of:

i. High population density

ii. Moderate population

iii. Low population density

b. Give two reasons for the difference in population density.

Week 3 Lesson 1

Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of

Resources

Sub – Topic: Population Change


Identify the factors that are responsible for the change in the total of population.

Explain the factors in relation to the changes population pyramids

Concept: This deals with the geographical location/distribution of the people in a

population. In some areas there are more people than in others. In some areas

there are little to no people at all example swamps, forests, deserts on

mountaintops, and steep slopes.

Content: Population change key terms

• Birth rate - the number of children born in one year per 1000 of the population.

• Death rate - the number of deaths per 1000 of the population each year.

• Natural increase

A country has a growing population if the birth rate is greater than the death

rate.

Birth rate (br) – Death rate (DR) = Natural Increase (NI)

• Natural decrease

A country has a declining population if the death rate exceeds the birth rate.

Death rate (dr) – birth rate (br) = natural decrease (nd)

• Migration - moving from one place to live in another.

• Immigration - people moving into a country or area.

Emigration - movement of people out of an area or country.

When the rates of immigration are greater than rates of emigration there is an

increase in the population and this situation is described as net immigration

• Infant mortality rate –this is the number of deaths per 1000 infants (under the

age of one) in the population.

• Child mortality rate- this takes account of all the deaths of children up to the

age of 5.

• Fertility rate- the average number of births per woman in a given year.

• Life expectancy- this is the average number of years that individuals are

expected to live from birth in a particular country.

•

Activity: Copy and complete the table below using the information to calculate the natural

increase or decrease in each country, the first one has been done for you.

Country Birth Rate Death Rae Answer

Natural Increase

(NI)/ Natural

Decrease (ND)

A 12.92 4.40 8.52 NI

D 12.35 8.39

G 17.01 7.94

H 8.21 24.40

S 16.25 14.62

X 8.29 14.35

Home work: Identify why people tend to live in greater concentrations in different parts of

Guyana.

What are the main factors influencing this distribution and density?





Population Distribution and Change

Complete the crossword puzzle below

Across

2. Soils which yield the largest crops of highest quality are said to be _____.

8. When a country has a growing population if the birth rate is greater than the death rate is

referred to as

9. people moving into a country

12. moving from one place to live in another

13. Population _____ refers to the number of people living in an area per square kilometre. Down

1. _____ deposits attract populations who are drawn by the prospect of employment.

3. movement of people out of a country

4. The number of children born in one year per 1000 of the population.5. the number of

deaths per 1000 of the population each year

6. Has been cleared for housing development.

7. Population ______ refers to the way in which a population is spread out over a given area.

10. Steep slopes make the use of machinery difficult, which in turn makes developing

settlements harder refers to ___.

11. The conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of time.

Week 3 Lesson 2

Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of Human

Resources

Sub – Topic: Migration


Define the terms related to Migration.

Identify and explain the push factors of migration.

Identify and explain the pull factors of migration.

Identify and explain the effects of migration.

Concept: Man has been migrating from one place to another for centuries. The reasons may

vary, but the migration only ends when he is comfortable.

Content: Key terms

Migration - moving from one place to live in another.

Immigration - people moving into a country or area.

Emigration - movement of people out of an area or country.

Net migration - the difference between the numbers of people emigrating and

immigrating

Types of migration

Internal migration - migration within a country.

Example: Movement from Lethem to Georgetown

Rural to urban migration - movement from the countryside into the towns and

cities. Example: movement from Essequibo to Georgetown.

Urban to rural migration - movement of people from the town or city to the

countryside. Example movement from Georgetown to Essequibo.

External migration - migration from one country to another.

Intra-Regional migration - migration from one country to another within the same

geographical area/region. E.g. From Barbados to Guyana (Caribbean).

International Migration – movement from a territory away to international

borders. Example : movement from Guyana to England

Causes of migration

Push and pull factors - factors which encourage people to migrate away from or

towards an area.

Why do people Migrate?

Push factors are the reasons why people leave an area. They include lack of

services, lack of safety, high crime, crop failure, drought, flooding, poverty, war.

Pull factors are the reasons people move to a particular area. These include higher

employment, more wealth, better services, good climate, being safer, less crime,

political stability, more fertile land, lower risk from natural hazards.

Migration usually happens as a result of a combination of these push and pull

factors.

Can you name any other Push and Pull Factors of migration?

PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS

The Effects of Migration

POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES

New skills introduced.

New cultures introduced and integrated. The labour force may be more ready.

It provides a temporary solution to unemployment problems.

Contributes to foreign exchange, especially in the form of remittance.

NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES

Exploitation of workers, which includes underemployment.

Open violence against newly arrived who do not wish to integrate.

Great stress is placed on the resources and social services of the country.

Further unemployment, as researchers who normally explore ventures migrate.

No investment due to people with money leaving. Brain drain. C) To the individual:

Discrimination.

Unable to find a job as quickly as expected. Low-paid, non-status jobs.

Culture shock.

Loneliness and separation from loved ones.

Home work: Prepare a list of possible push factors that may encourage persons to emigrate from

your community or pull factors that may have drawn them in.

Make a list of actions a government may take to reduce migration.

Reference:

Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and Tobago,

Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.

Sandy, M. et al. (2o00). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide and Exercises,

Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54xM8VlgP7s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlkA2JqGYOk





Week 4 Lesson 1


Human Resource.

Sub – Topic: The factors that contribute to the development of human resources

Objective(s) Students will:

Give reasons for the development of the human resource.

Identify and explain the factors that contribute to the development of human

resources

Concept A population's size and its level of health and education are important factors

affecting its economic performance. For instance, a population weakened by

malnutrition or widespread disease is less productive than a healthy one. A society's

level and type of education have a great effect on the amount and kinds of goods

and services demanded and produced. It can, therefore, be concluded that all

institutions in society, such as the family, educational, government, religious, in

some way, influence and shape the quality of the human resource, and the quality

of the human resource in turns contributes to the progress of these institutions.

Content: Development of Human Resources Through

1. Nutrition and health

A healthy person may be described as one who’s physical, mental and emotional

capacities are not affected by any ailments or deficiencies. As such, governments

must be concerned with educating and providing citizens with access to proper

health care (primary/ preventative and secondary/ curative).

Primary / preventative healthcare includes all actions taken by the individuals,

groups or government to prevent themselves from contracting any form of sickness

or disease. See example on chart.

Secondary /Curative Healthcare – focuses on detection and treatment of diseases.

‘A nation’s health is a nation’s wealth’

Greater emphasis on the health of the worker

A healthy worker produces more than one who is not. Health provisions for workers

might be inadequate and this will adversely affect their performance. Workers who

are not healthy cannot be efficient. To this end, employers often contribute towards

health schemes for their workers, allow them sick leave or even have their own

doctors and nurses at the workplace. Many places of work have sick-bay facilities

for their workers or they have access to first aid in the event of minor illnesses.

Primary Healthcare

• including immunisations, maternal healthcare, healthcare education and care of older people. It is important for a government to ensure that everyone has access to affordable

Secondary Healtcare

• focuses on detection, treatment and cure of diseases (e.g. hospitals, clinics, medical research, treatments, therapies and rehabilitation).

2. Recreation

Regular physical exercise is recommended by medical practitioners in combination

with a healthy diet to assist in weight loss or weight control and in reducing the risk

of a number of diseases. It is also understood by mental health experts to offer a

method of releasing tensions.

Activity:

Make a list of recreational facilities in your community?

3. Religion

Religion can be defined as a belief system in a particular deity or God.

Every group in our society have different belief systems. The main religions in

Guyana are; Hinduism. Islam and Christianity. Smaller groups also exist like the

Rastafarianism.

Religion serves many purposes, such as it acts as a form of social control, by

teaching us the acceptable norms, values and morals of society. To add it helps us

to understand the reason for our existence.

Religious institutions help society to progress through the teaching and promotion

of the pristine and timeless values of love, peace, truth, righteousness, non-

violence, honesty and dedication to duty.

Activity

What are the correct names for the place of worship for the main religions

mentioned above?

Give two more purposes of religion?

Activity: Make a list of the various institutions/ organizations in your community that helps

human resource development. E.g.

Community: Beterverwagting

Health Education Recreation Religion Protection

Beterverwagting

Health Centre

Beterverwagting

Primary School

Beterverwagting

Community

Centre Ground

St. Peter’s

R.C. Church

Beterverwagting

Police Station

Beterverwagting

Secondary

School

Home Work

What is meant by the term “developing the human resource”?

Identify five ways of developing the human recourse.

What recreational activity/ activities do you pursue? Explain how these

activities are important to you.

Reference



Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide and Exercises,


Week 4 Lesson 2


Resources

Sub – Topic: Developing human resources cont’d

Objective(s) Students will:

Give reasons for the development of the human resource.

Identify and explain the factors that contribute to the development of human

resources

Concept: Human resources are evident in every society. It is how we develop and use this

resource that is vital to our country. This is so as use is dependent on the quality of

the people. Human resources are responsible for the utilization of our physical

resources. Because human resource is so vital to the continued existence of

mankind, care must be taken in moulding and making our human resource.

Content: Human Resources

Human resources refers to all physical and mental abilities in production; that is,

all labour and entrepreneurial skills. Human resource development is the process of

making the quality of labour and the entrepreneur better. This process has been

described as investment in human capital. The result of such investment is usually

increased productivity and lower costs of production. The factors that improve

labour productivity are the same ones that improve the human resources.

4. Education

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of

knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits

Education provides people with skills, knowledge and confidence to carry out a job,

function well in society and fulfil their potential. In the Caribbean there are four

stages of basic education: early childhood, primary, secondary and tertiary. Lack of

education is linked to poverty, lack of opportunity and poor mental health.

Educational institutions include schools, colleges and universities and special

education schools.

Types of Education

The Education (basic, moral, vocational and professional training, rehabilitation,

retraining)

Education available to all members of society, is important at the nursery, primary,

secondary and tertiary levels. This education is important as it aids in the

development of major skills necessary for the extraction and development of natural

and human resources.

5. Improvements in the levels of education

This will make training of the human resources easier. Also, with improved

education, employees can qualify for higher posts - promotions. With these facts in

mind, some employers allow workers time off to go and educate themselves or to

upgrade their education.

. 6. More training and retraining

Workers who are properly trained will work faster and this will benefit the

organisation and the country as a whole. Among many countries, this aspect of

human resource development is sadly lacking. Many employers are themselves

untrained and are therefore lax when it comes to the training of workers. They often

see it as a waste of time and money.

7.Protection

There is a constant threat of criminal activity that can cause persons to feel

threatened or insecure which can prevent persons from reaching their maximum

potential. In recognition of this governments have instituted a number of measures

to ensure a safe and crime free society.

8.Improved working conditions

If working conditions are poor, the human resources will be adversely affected.

Working conditions include ventilation, light, workspace, safe surroundings and so

on. If conditions are ideal, for example, more space or more efficient air

conditioning, output will increase. Also, if human resources are to develop, there

must be adequate bathroom, restroom, canteen and recreation facilities. With good

ventilation, adequate lighting, enough space to work in and safe surroundings, the

worker will develop and work more efficiently.

9.Motivation

External motivation in particular can encourage the human resources to improve.

For example, if they are given incentives, such as bonuses, they will work harder.

Such motivation can also change negative attitudes towards work into positive

ones. Positive attitudes might improve punctuality and eliminate low absenteeism.

10.Adequate amount of and quality capital

Workers with poor-quality machinery and equipment will not work well. In

addition, they must have the right amount of capital to work with. Attention to these

areas will improve the productivity of the human resources.

11.Good management

The manager who is able to organise people and materials efficiently and display

appropriate leadership will find that production and productivity will rise. For

developing countries to experience growth and development, it is essential that the

human resources be developed sufficiently.

Activity: What do you understand by human resource development?

Discuss FOUR ways in which human resources are developed in the country.

Home Work:

Define the term globalization.

List four advantages and four disadvantages of globalization.

Explain how can the government develop its human resource through sports and

culture.

Developing Human Resources

1. Which of the following is not a requirement of most workers in modern societies?

A. Flexibility

B. Physical Strength

C. Technical skills

D. Creative thinking

2. Human resources can best be described as what?

A. The number of people in the population who are economically active.

B. The ration of the working people to children and elderly.

C. The knowledge, skills, abilities and values of the population.

D. The number of persons available for work.

3. Which of the following is NOT a way to develop human resources?

A. Improving health care.

B. Increasing education.

C. Encouraging immigration.

D. Improving sports and cultural facilities.

4. Primary health care includes provision of what?

A. Safe drinking water.

B. Health centres

C. Hospitals

D. Pharmacies

5. In what area of education are scholarships usually found?

A. Primary education

B. Non-formal education

C. Formal secondary education

D. Formal tertiary education

Reference:






SECONDARY ENGAGMENT

PROGRAMME



Week 5 Lesson 1

Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use Of

Human Resources

Sub – Topic: Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment

Objective: students will:

Define key terms associated with work.

Explain factors that can contributes to the availability of work in the job market.

Concept: People in a country’s labour force work to ‘earn a living’ and to meet their own

basic needs.

Content: Terms

Employment - being in paid work;

Employed – receiving payment in exchange for the work you do.

Unemployed – have no work.

Underemployed - working part-time or in a job for which someone is too highly

skilled or qualified.

Unemployable - a person who does not have the necessary education, skills, or

attitudes to get a job.

Labour force - everyone of working age who is working or looking for work.

Factors that influence employment, unemployment and underemployment

Availability and use of capital

Capital is the amount of money or stock available to a person or to a

company.

Capital can be used to establish a business or help it expand or develop.

Countries can also invest capital in the hope of stimulating employment.

Caribbean countries spend large amounts of capital on paying off

international debts.

Level and range of skills demanded versus those available

Many Caribbean counties are largely primary producers/ agriculturally

based and do not offer enough positions, because the country is no

growing fast enough to meet the needs for jobs.

There is a mismatch between the skills required by employers and the

skills of the working population.

Students are leaving education without sufficient knowledge or skills to

take up work in an increasingly skills-based and technology – driven

market.

Students are qualifying from tertiary education establishments and not

finding suitable work to match their level of qualification.

Availability and creation of markets, trading patterns and preferences

Caribbean countries have small local or domestic markets.

Producers of goods and services have a limited number of potential

customers and little chance of expanding their business.

The creation of a regional market has helped producers in the Caribbean to

sell goods to all the people of the Caribbean.

The regional market is not large and Caribbean producers face a challenge

as many Caribbean countries produce similar products to one another.

Availability and creation of markets, trading patterns and preferences

Trading blocs – these are formed when a number of countries form a

group and agree to certain trade arrangements between themselves.

A major influence on demand for products is consumer taste or preference.

This can be influenced by home upbringing, commercial persuasive

advertising and attitudes towards health and well – being. Therefore if

consumers don’t buy the products the business would not be able to grow

and create employment.

Level of technology available in relation to resource development

New technology can replace human workers in certain circumstances e.g.

factory automation or agricultural mechanization.

Technology also creates new types of jobs e.g. computer technicians.

Technology in business often leads to improved productivity, and

competitiveness.

Activity: How does each factor influence the levels of employment, unemployment or

underemployment in the country?

What actions can the Government take to create jobs in the country?

What actions should an individual take to ensure he/she gains employment?

Home Work: Explain the following types of unemployment:

Temporary

Seasonal

Technological

Frictional

Structural

Cyclical

Reference:





Week 5 Lesson 2


Resources

Sub – Topic: Preparation for the world of work

Objective(s): Students will:

Identify the types of industries and give examples

Explain how a person can prepare for employment.

State reasons why persons seek employment.

Identify some desirable attitudes and values for the work world.

Concept: Work is service performed by an employee at the request and under the control of

an employer and, therefore, on the employer's time.

Content: Types of Industries and Careers

Type of

Industry

Examples of

Industry Examples of Activity Examples of Workers

Primary

Mining

Quarrying

Drilling

Forestry

Agriculture

Aquaculture

Bauxite mining

Granite quarrying

Oil drilling

Lumber production

Crop production/ livestock rearing

Fish farming

Miners

Excavator operators

Drill workers

Forestry management

Farmers

Fish farmers

Secondary

Processing

Manufacturing

Construction

Cement production

Food processing

Furniture production

Crafts production

Housing construction

Assembly line workers,

engineers, mechanics

Food packagers

Craftsmen

Bricklayers

Electricians

Tertiary

Commercial

services

Social services

Banking, Accounting, Insurance,

Transport, Logistics,

Tourism and Hospitality

Health

Education

Bank tellers, Office

workers

Drivers

Warehouse workers,

Hotel workers, Chefs,

Waiting staff

Health workers

Teachers, Lecturers

Activity: Complete the table based on your career choice.

Type of Industry Industry Activity Job

How can you prepare for the world of work?

a. Complete your education.

b. Plan your career goals and work towards achieving it.

c. Research for job opportunities which you find yourself capable of doing or

possess the necessary skills for.

d. You may also look at the idea of self-employment.

Reasons for seeking employment

Providing for self and family.

Achieving a better status.

Seeking independence.

Helping others.

Learning new skills.

Developing the country.

Do not want to remain idle.

There is much satisfaction from being employed and it helps in relieving

stress.

Desirable attitudes and values for the work world

Good grooming

Good work attitude

Good articulation

Willingness to use initiative

Punctuality

Flexibility

Confidential and self-motivated

Home Work

Prepare a job application letter and curriculum vita for a career of your choice.

‘Trade Unions exist to ensure workers receive their rights.’

List some of the rights and responsibilities of an employee.

Preparation for The World Of Work

Instruction: Choose from the list of works to complete the sentences.

1. When choosing a job you should think about _______________________, needs and ambitions.

2. Job assessment should consider its financial rewards, work-life balance and

__________________.

3. The responsibilities of a job should be listed in a __________________________.

Instruction: Circle the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is most likely to increase your ability to find the right job?

A. A wide range of skills and interest.

B. Preparing a good CV.

C. Increased self-awareness.

D. Training in health and safety.

2. A person who aims to be self-employed needs to find out about all EXCEPT:

A. Interview techniques.

B. The market for their product or service.

C. The money they need to invest.

D. Raw materials and equipment.

job description interest fulfilment

3. You are seeking a job in an office and have been invited for an interview. Which of the following

is the MOST important thing you need to do?

A. Find out the remuneration.

B. Dress smartly and arrive on time.

C. Answer the interview questions honestly.

D. Be polite.

4. Which of the following is likely to be the most important factor in securing a job?

A. Your gender.

B. Your ethnicity.

C. Your qualifications and experience.

D. Your physical appearance.

5. A worker is frequently late because of transport difficulties. Punctuality at work is:

A. The employee’s right.

B. The employee’s responsibility.

C. The transport company’s responsibility

D. The employer’s responsibility.

Reference:





Week: 6 Lesson 1

Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources

Sub-Topic: Natural/ Physical Resource

Concept: Resources are essential to man’s survival.

Resource: Living and non-living things that may be useful to people and their

society. It is anything natural or physical that can be harnessed to create wealth or

improve the standard of living of a nation. It can be described as assets and the

means of meeting demands and achieving goals.

Content: What are Physical/Natural resources?

Physical/Natural resources are gifts of nature.

Physical/Natural resources may be classified into two categories. The diagram

below shows the categories.

Natural /Physical Resources

Renewable Resources

They can be replinished or replaced over time.

Examples:

Land Sun

Water Forest

Non- Renewable Resources

They cannot be replinished /replaced over time.

Examples:

Minerals- Gold, Diamond, Bauxite etc

Pertroleum Coal Natural Gas

Difference between Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

Renewable resource Non-renewable resource

It can be renewed as it is available in

infinite quantity

Once completely consumed, it cannot be renewed

due to limited stock

Sustainable in nature Exhaustible in nature

Low cost and environment-friendly High cost and less environment-friendly

Replenish quickly Replenish slowly or do not replenish naturally at all

Location and uses of non-renewable mineral resources in the Caribbean.

The table below shows the location and uses of non-renewable Mineral resources.

Resources Uses Country

Limestone Construction, cement manufacture Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago

Bauxite Aluminum production Guyana, Jamaica

Gypsum Cement manufacture, ingredient in plaster,

food additive, fertilizer component, soil

conditioner.

Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago

Petroleum Fuel Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Belize

Natural Gas Fuel Trinidad and Tobago

Diamonds Jewellery, industrial applications Guyana

Gold Jewellery, artefacts, industrial applications Guyana

Asphalt Road Construction Trinidad and Tobago

Marble Flooring, construction Jamaica

Activity: On an outlined map of the Caribbean, locate and name the countries where the

various non-renewable resources are found.





Worksheet

Answer all questions.

1. Use the phrases below to create the definition for the term resource.

- Living and non – living

- things that are

- useful to people and their society

- Resources are

2. Complete the chart by giving examples of renewable resources

3. Give two characteristics of non-renewable resources.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4. Why are natural resources important to man? ________________________________

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

AIR

_______

WATER

LAND

_____________

______________

Week: 6 Lesson 2


Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Land

Concept: Caribbean countries may be comparatively small. However, most of the islands

have rich, fertile soils, which ensures food security and in some instances, yield

valuable minerals.

Content: Uses of the land

Our land is used for many purposes such as:

Agriculture – farming and the rearing of livestock

Housing – development of settlement

Mining- bauxite, gold, diamond, petroleum.

Commercial and Industrial use - Building of industrial plants

Transport

PRODUCTIVE USE OF LAND IN SELECTED CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES

Country Agriculture Mineral

Belize Forestry, sugar-cane, citrus, rice, coconuts, food

crops.

-

Barbados Sugar-cane, ground provisions, bananas. Petroleum, limestone.

Dominica Bananas, coconuts, citrus, forestry. -

Grenada Nutmegs, cocoa, bananas, sugar-cane -

Guyana Sugar-cane, rice, forestry, cattle rearing Bauxite, gold , diamonds,

oil

Haiti Sugar-cane, ground provisions, bananas Bauxite

Jamaica Coffee, cocoa, sugar-cane, bananas, citrus Bauxite, gypsum

St. Lucia Bananas, cocoa, coconuts -

St. Vincent Arrowroot, bananas, ground provisions -

Trinidad and

Tobago

Sugar-cane, citrus, cocoa, coffee, ground

provisions, bananas, rice, coconuts

Petroleum, natural gas,

asphalt, limestone,

gypsum

Agricultural Land – is used to produce crops or for rearing of livestock animals.

Agricultural production takes place on:

- A commercial basis, involving large-scale production for sale in the local markets or for

export.

- A substance basis, involving small-scale production which allows individuals and

families to be self-sufficient and to have some excess produce available for sale.

Agriculture is important to the Caribbean because it:

- Contributes to food security.

“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to

sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for

an active and healthy life”. (World Food Summit, 1996)

- Raises foreign exchange earnings through exportation of produce.

- Provides employment directly in production and in secondary and tertiary industries.

Activity: on a map of Guyana, shade and name three areas where the land is used for large-

scale agriculture.

What actions can a government take to encourage farming in the Caribbean?




and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd

Worksheets

1. Word Search.

Find the following words associated with uses of land.

AGRICULTURE LARGE SCALE SUBSISTANCE MINING

FOOD SECURITY INDUSTRY BAUXITE

2. Complete the chart with reasons for the development of agriculture in the Caribbean

3. Outline challenges faced by farming in your community?

Importance of

agriculture

________________

earns revenue and foreign

_____________________

____________________

Week: 7 Lesson: 1


Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Land

Concept: Caribbean countries may be comparatively small. However, most of the islands

have rich, fertile soils, which contributes to food security in Caribbean as well as

in some instances, yield valuable minerals. Often human activities can lead to the

degradation of soil nutrients.

Content: Misuse of the agricultural land

Some improper practices can lead to the reduction of soil nutrients or misuse

of land. Some of these are: -

Poor planning- on the part of government which allows fertile land to be

used for housing and industrial developments instead of agriculture.

Quarrying and mining – for various minerals which result in the

vegetation and topsoil being removed without reafforestation.

Deforestation- the indiscriminate removal of forest trees over wide surface

areas exposes the valuable topsoil to erosion.

Poor farming techniques such as, shifting cultivation, mono-cropping,

overgrazing, vertical ploughing which leads to low yields and soil erosion.

CONSERVATION OF THE LAND

Land is a renewable resource. The land, however, should be preserved, protected and

wisely used so that it will maintain its fertility and continue to be productively used.

The following are conservation techniques:

Replanting of vegetation after mining and quarrying activities.

Controlled lumbering which ensures that only a few mature trees are removed from

forested areas.

Use of fertilizers to maintain soil fertility; humus is also a natural way of replenishing the

richness of the soil.

Crop rotation should replace mono - cropping. As the name implies this is a system of

farming whereby different crops are planted on the same piece of land is succession.

This benefits the land since different plants use different nutrients from the soil. Thus,

the fertility of the soil is preserved.

Pastures should be subdivided to allow for rotation of grazing.

Activity: Identify the various uses of land in the community in which you live.

Define the terms, crop rotation, humus, vertical ploughing, contour ploughing





Worksheets


1. List the various ways in which land/soil can be renewed in the chart. An example is done

for you

soil nutrients can be renewed by

mulching

_________________________________

Answer the following questions based on the picture shown above

1. What title would you give to the picture? ______________________________

2. What can be a reason for individuals practicing such as shown in the picture.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. What can be some possible ways to resolve the issue depicted in the picture?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Week 7 Lesson 2


Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Water

Concept: All living things depend on water for survival.

Content: Water

Water is a renewable natural resource. It is replenished through the water cycle.

Diagram of the water cycle.

The diagram above explains the water cycle. Liquid water evaporates into water

vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain

and snow. Water in different phases moves through the atmosphere

(transportation). Liquid water flows across land (runoff), into the ground

(infiltration and percolation), and through the ground (groundwater). Groundwater

moves into plants (plant uptake) and evaporates from plants into the atmosphere

(transpiration).

Uses of water

Water Sustains Life-All living things, including humans, depend on water to

survive.

Water as a solvent – Water has an excellent property of dissolving things.

As such, it is used extensively for personal hygiene, washing of several

items in the home and industries. Many medicines use water as a base.

Water as a cooling agent – the human body is naturally cooled by the

process of perspiration. Water is a cooling agent in automobile engines

and industrial machinery

Is used for transportation

Is used for recreation-recreational purposes for water include using the

water body for swimming, boating, and fishing. These water bodies are

protected for both our health and aesthetics.

Provides food- water provide habitat for marine life such as shrimp, fishes,

lobster etc which are food for human consumption.

Provides hydropower -Flowing water creates energy that can be captured

and turned into electricity. This is called hydroelectric

power or hydropower.

Water can be used for religious purposes, e.g. baptism and rituals

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river

to store water in a reservoir as shown in the image above. Water released

from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn

activates a generator to produce electricity.

Activity: Make a model of the water cycle.

Examine the advantages and disadvantages of the use of hydropower.





Worksheets


“Water is crucial to man’s existence.”

1. What percent of the earth is cover in water? ____________

2. Three sources of water are ____________, ______________ and __________

3. What is the picturing showing?

________________________________________________________________________

4. Using the statement above explain how water is crucial to the individual shown in the

picture?

5. Explain how the activity above can be dangerous to the water as a resource

Week: 8 Lesson 1


Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Water

Concept: All living things depend on water for survival.

It is important to note that we all should make wise use of water.

Content: Conservation of water

What is water conservation?

Water conservation is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce

unnecessary water usage.

According to Fresh Water Watch, water conservation is important because fresh

clean water is a limited resource, as well as a costly one.

What are ways in which water can be conserved?

1. Water can be conserved through storage.

Conservancies should be constructed to collect and store water during the

rainy season, thus catering for the dry season.

2. Reducing water wastage

We can conserve water by reducing its wastage by:

Check for and repair leaks.

Turn off the faucet while brushing teeth or shaving etc.

Install a low-flow showerhead.

Government can install water meters

Factories should recycle water.

Installation of taps with built-in sensors/ automatic taps.

Water treatment

Drinking water sources are subject to contamination and require appropriate

treatment to remove disease-causing agents.

The most common steps in water treatment used by community water systems

(mainly surface water treatment) include:

Figure courtesy of EPA

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation and flocculation are often the first steps in water treatment.

Chemicals with a positive charge are added to the water. The positive

charge of these chemicals neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other

dissolved particles in the water. When this occurs, the particles bind with

the chemicals and form larger particles, called floc.

Sedimentation

During sedimentation, floc settles to the bottom of the water supply, due to

its weight. This settling process is called sedimentation.

Filtration

Once the floc has settled to the bottom of the water supply, the clear water

on top will pass through filters of varying compositions (sand, gravel, and

charcoal) and pore sizes, in order to remove dissolved particles, such as

dust, parasites, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals.

Disinfection

After the water has been filtered, a disinfectant (for example, chlorine,

chloramine) may be added in order to kill any remaining parasites,

bacteria, and viruses, and to protect the water from germs when it is piped

to homes and businesses.

Activity: Why is it necessary to maintain reservoir in Caribbean countries?

What percentage of the global water is fresh water?

What is likely to happen if we do not use our water wisely?





Worksheets


1. What do you understand by the caption shown above ‘save water, ‘the world is in your

hands’?

2. Why do you think there is an urgent need to conserve water? Give reason for your

answer.

3. Discuss three ways in which the usage of water can be reduced.

4. Describe how water from a reservoir is treated before being distributed to the population.

Week 8 Lesson 2


Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Forest

Concept: A forest is a complex ecosystem which is predominantly composed of trees,

shrubs and is usually a closed canopy. The forest is an important natural resource

to an individual, nationally, regionally and globally.

Content: Role and Uses of the Forest.

Forests provide an array of benefits to human societies. Forest:

Promotes Rainfall

Large, forested areas release significant amount of moisture into the atmosphere

through a process of transpiration. The moisture laden air then rises,

condensation takes place and precipitation results. If all forests are destroyed, then

rainfall will be greatly reduced, and drought will be the consequence.

Prevents soil erosion

Vegetation protects the soil in a variety of ways. Firstly, the leaves and branches

of the trees break the force of rain, reducing its capability to break up the soil.

Secondly, roots facilitate rainwater to soak into the soil. As water percolates

underground, there is a reduction in run-off, so soil erosion is prevented. Roots

also bind the soil and prevent it from being washed away.

Prevents flooding

The penetration of water into the soil reduces run off. This is what prevents

flooding in low lying areas.

Maintains the composition of the atmosphere.

The oxygen component of the atmosphere is used by human beings during

respiration. Thus exhaled air contains a higher percentage of carbon dioxide and

causes a lowering of the amount of oxygen. This imbalance in the amount of

natural composition of the atmosphere is rectified by plants. During the process of

photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used up and the oxygen content is thus

normalized.

Reduces global warming.

The forests help to reduce global warming by absorbing carbon dioxide, a

greenhouse gas which traps earth’s heat, thus resulting in the increase of earth’s,

temperature.

Reduces Noise Pollution

Noise is produced from the use of heavy equipment, motor vehicles, aircraft and

factories. Forest play an important role in reducing noise pollution since dense

foliage absorbs sound waves and reduces decibel levels.

Wind Pollution

Forested areas act as an effective wind barrier which protects crops from damage

caused by heavy winds. It is therefore a usual practice for crops to be planted on

the Leeward side of forested areas. Crops such as cocoa coffee and bananas which

coexist with forests are provided with the necessary shade, moisture and

temperature for a successful growth and development.

Medicinal Remedies

A variety of herbs and plants from the forest are used in the production of several

herbal medicines. One example is the bark of the cinchona tree which is the

source of quinine which is used as a cure for malaria.

Recreation

The diversity of trees and flowering plants is breathtaking to behold. There are

also opportunities for hunting, camping, fishing, hiking, bathing, and

photography. The multitude of experiences which Caribbean forests offer are

promoted worldwide as a source of ecotourism.

Logging

Caribbean forests abound in hardwoods which provide lumber for the

construction of houses, bridges, furniture, and piers. A variety of jobs are

provided for lumberjacks, transport contractors, furniture makers, and operation

operators of sawmills.

Habitat

Habitat for wildlife, that is to our valuable flora and fauna. Flora means, flowers

and fauna means animals and birds. The forest is an important resource because it

serves as home to many living organisms that lives in the soil and amongst the

trees.

Activity: Create a print rich brochure on the uses on the forest.

Make a list of some species of tree found in the forest.

Make a list of flora and fauna that depends on the forest fro survival.





Worksheets


1. Define the term forest.

________________________________________________________________________

2. On the Map of Guyana provided, shade an area where the natural vegetation is forest.

3. State three uses of the forest.

_____________________ _______________________ ______________

4.

Provide two arguments to support the statement above.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Forest! Our best defense of climate change.

5. Outline the function of the forest, nationally, regionally and globally.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Week: 9 Lesson: 1



Concept: A number of activities have resulted in the indiscriminate destruction of forests.

Content: Improper practices related to the use of forest

Population is increasing, therefore there is a demand for land. To make more land

available deforestation takes place.

Deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, and removal of natural forest.

Forest have been cleared due to:

Shifting cultivation

This farming system requires the land to be cleared and burnt and crops are

planted.

When the nutrients from the soil is exhausted, due to heavy rainfall, the farmers

move to another area, cleared the forest vegetation and plant crops again.

Forest fire.

Natural causes- Many forest fires start from natural causes such as lightning

which set trees on fire.

Man- made causes- Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame,

cigarette or bidi, electric spark or any source of ignition comes into contact with

inflammable material.

Logging, or cutting down trees in a forest to harvest timber for wood,

products or fuel, is a primary driver of deforestation.

Establishment of settlements-

forests are cleared for the purpose of providing shelter.

Mining

Mineral such as gold, diamond and bauxite are found deep within the earth’s

crust. To access these minerals, the over burden (forest and soil and rocks) have to

be removed.

Industrial development.

This can lead to deforestation as coastal mangroves have been cleared, landfilled

or reclaimed and solid areas created for industrial projects (ports).

Activity: Research the laws and guidelines relating to the cutting down of trees in your

country





Worksheet.

Complete the word search above

1. What title would you give to the picture above?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. List one reason for the removal of the tress above.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. On the map of Guyana provided, name and locate two areas where gold mining is done.

4. Insert on the map the location of the Iwokrama Rainforest conservation

5. Write a letter to Guyana Forestry Commission highlighting the activities which have

contributed to the removal of large areas of forest lands and suggest actions that should

be implemented to reduce deforestation in Guyana.

Week: 9 Lesson 2



Concept: The destruction of the forest has severe consequences to humanity.

The long term negative impacts from deforestation outweighs the positives.

Content: Consequences of Deforestation

Deforestation can lead to economics benefits as resources are exploited and land

is used for commercial farming. However, the long term negative impacts of

deforestation tend to outweigh the positives.

Deforestation resulted in

Ecological damage- the loss of habitat and subsequent reduction in biodiversity

is a major concern. A number of endangered species such as the jaguar, harpy

eagle, Puerto Rican parrot and under threat from deforestation.

Soil erosion- no longer protected by the forest, the top soil is easily eroded by

during the period of heavy rainfall. Deep gullies form and the land become

chocked with sediments, increase the flood risk downstream.

Flooding- the removal of forest exposes the soil to the full force of rain. Without

the umbrella effect of the trees, water flows quickly over the ground surface into

rivers and floods often result.

Damage to coral reef- sediments washes out to the sea flowing heavy rainfall can

lead to sedimentation, causing coral to die. The clouding of the normally clear

tropical water which is necessary for the growth of coral reduces the sunlight thus

increasing the stress on the coral polyps.

Global impacts- the rainforest acts as huge carbon sinks (absorb carbon dioxide).

If forest is destroyed, less carbon will be absorbed and the greenhouse gases will

increase in the atmosphere. This could lead to increased global warming.

Activity: Research the name of three species of trees found in Guyana which are being

threaten by deforestation.

Make a list of gases that creates the greenhouse effect.





Worksheets


1. Complete the table with endangered species of birds and animals in Guyana

2. Complete the word search below

Endangered animals Endangered birds

Jaguar Harpy eagle

Week 10 Lesson 1



Concept: Land management should be explored in the reduction of the impacts of

deforestation. Conservation measures should be implemented so this resource can

be sustained for future generations.

Content: Conservation of the forest

Forest conservation is the practice of planting and maintaining forested areas for

the benefit and sustainability of future generations.

Sustainable forest management- many governments have designated certain

areas as forest reserves. In such areas, logging is strictly prohibited. For example,

in Guyana 3600 sq.km, of forest (Iwokrama) has been made available for

sustainable management. Half of the wilderness reserve will be preserved (remain

in its natural state) while the other half is used to sustainable forest management

techniques such as harvesting only mature trees, without damaging other parts of

the forest environment.

Map showing the location of Iwokrama Forest.

Reafforestation- where forest have been removed, trees can be replanted. In

Guyana, the government has set up a number of projects. They have involved

replanting local species of trees that have been cut down. For example, in the

Barima region Euterpe olerace, a type of manicole palm are planted in local

forests.

A comprehensive education programme- this is to inform the population of the

importance of the forest.

Selective and control cutting of trees for the purpose of export .

One of the measures the governments in the Caribbean have implement is to cut

trees that are mature and to cut trees of a particular species.

Implementation of strict and severe penalties for illegal logging.

Activity: The Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) has been developed by Guyana.

In what year the Low Carbon Development Strategy was lunched?

State the aims of the Low Carbon Development Strategy.

In which year Guyana and Norway signed the Memorandum of Understanding

(MoU).

What is the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)?

Name two countries in the Caribbean that export lumber.





Worksheets


1. With the use of one example each, distinguish between preservation and conservation.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Imagine you are a forest officer, convince a group of lumberjacks why they should

discontinue logging activities.

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3. Give TWO reasons for the conservation of forests.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present generation

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

(Brundtland Report, 1987)

4. Suggest, giving full details, THREE measures that the government of your country may

implement to ensure that forests will be available to satisfy the needs of the next

generation.

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5. Explain fully why EACH of the measures you have suggested will succeed.

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Week: 10 Lesson 2


Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Marine life as a Resource

Concept: Marine life refers to all living organism found in waterways (sea, oceans, rivers)

that are beneficial to man.

Content: Marine life as a Resource

Marine life refers to all living organism found in waterways (sea, oceans, rivers)

that are beneficial to man.

Examples of Marine life are:

Fish, crabs, conch, lobster, shrimp, coral reefs etc.

Location

The extraction of marine life (fishing) is done on a large scale in:

Belize The Bahamas Guyana Trinidad Jamaica

Barbados

Several methods for catching fish are used:

1. Fillet (gill) nets

2. Trawling

3. Line fishing

4. Seining

5. Fish pots and reels.

Trawler Method of Fishing.

Benefits

Marine life provides us with:

Food

Seafood plays an essential role in feeding the world’s growing

population. They are harvested to provide food to local communities,

restaurants etc.

Provide employment

earns foreign exchange revenue- marine life are exported

provides eco – tourism activates such as snorkeling and diving on the coral

reefs.

Improper Practices

A number of challenges face the Caribbean fishing industry.

Over fishing- often involve catching and killing young fish which

cannot then mature and breed. This reduces fish stocks and is

unsustainable.

Pollution in both rivers and the sea from oil, sewage and waste can

contaminate fish and kill off fish stock.

Destruction of fishing grounds- Destruction of mangrove for

building purposes such as hotels and resorts remove important

breeding grounds and habitat of some marine life. Additionally,

breeding grounds are being destroyed due to tourism. When

yachts, utilized by tourists drop their anchors out in the sea, they

crush coral reefs.

Activity: On an outline map of the Caribbean, shade three areas where fishing is popular.





Worksheets


1. It is TRUE to say that marine life in the Caribbean is

a. a renewable resource

b. an unlimited resource

c. useless as a tourist attraction

d. does not contribute to person’s diet

2. Name three types of fish which are exported from the Caribbean Region.

____________________ ______________________ _____________

3. Describe the trawler method of fishing.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

4. Discuss how marine life promotes tourism within the Caribbean region.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Instruction: Circle LETTER that’s next to the correct answer.

1. Conservation is best described as:

A. The creation of national parks and reserves.

B. The preservation of wild plants and animals.

C. The management of natural resources for future generations.

D. Reusing and recycling waste materials

2. Which of the following farming practices is NOT good for conserving soil?

A. Vertical ploughing.

B. Mulching with organic material.

C. Crop rotation.

D. Composting

3. An example of sustainable development would be:

A. A modern international airport.

B. A community eco – tourism lodge in the forest.

C. Development of new mineral reserves.

D. A new four lane highway.

4. Deforestation causes ALL of the following EXCEPT:

A. Soil erosion.

B. Loss of wildlife habitats.

C. Flooding downstream.

D. Decrease in carbon emissions.

5. An environmental impact assessment takes place whenever:

A. Illegal logging occurs.

B. A new housing development has been built.

C. Quarry land is to be rehabilitated.

D. Tourist development is proposed.

6. Non-renewable resources include:

A. Fish, minerals and fossil fuels.

B. Forest, agricultural land and water.

C. Minerals and fossil fuels.

D. Alternative energies and minerals.

7. Which is the best meaning of food security?

A. Access to healthy food for all.

B. A country which grows all its own food.

C. Warehouse storage of staple foods

D. A country which exports food products.

8. Which two Caribbean countries have large bauxite reserves?

A. Jamaica and Guyana

B. Trinidad and Jamaica

C. Trinidad and Belize

D. Belize and Guyana

9.All of the following are types of renewable energy EXCEPT:

A. Solar

B. Hydro-electric

C. Biogas

D. Natural gas

10 Global warming means that:

A. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are increasing.

B. The temperature of the Earth’s seas and atmosphere are slowly increasing.

C. There are many more severe hurricanes.

D. The ice at the poles is melting

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SECONDARY ENGAGMENT

PROGRAMME



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Week 11 Lesson 1


Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Marine life as a Resource.

Concept: Marine population especially fish population needs to be protected so that the

fishing industry can survive for the future.

Content: Conservation and Sustainability

Sustainable fishing protects fish stocks, so that marine wildlife, and the fishing

industry can survive for the future.

Methods used to prevent overfishing include:

Banning the use of trawlers- this method of fishing involves dragging a

weighted net across the seabed. In this process coral reefs, seagrasses and

other habitat are damaged. Additionally, the net catch fish too small to eat

which is then wasted.

Implementation of a fishing season – this means governments can ensure

there is an open and close fishing season for some species of marine life.

In some countries there is a closed season for species such as conch and

lobster. During this period, harvesting of these species are prohibited.

scuba diving is prohibited

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Co-operatives has an annual quota. Only a given amount of fish is

permitted to harvest. Cooperatives also have an input as the number of

fishing boats operating per year.

Education programmes on the sustainability and protection of marine

animals, such as turtles, dolphins. Coral reefs etc.

Development of conservation parks for marine life. The use of these parks

are used for eco - tourism. This includes limiting the number of persons

visiting the site as well.

Activity: Research the ways in which the Guyana government helps to conserve their fish

stock.





Worksheets

Complete the words with the missing letters

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Read the case study then answer the questions that following questions.

1. List two types of marine life which are harvested in Belize.

2. What factors promote fishing in Belize?

3. What methods of fishing is being used?

4. Account for the decline of the fish stock.

5. What measures were implemented by Belize to curb over-fishing.

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Week 11 Lesson 2


Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Beaches

Concept: In many Caribbean territories, the beach is an important asset to the nation’s

Economy.

Content: A beach is a narrow, gently sloping strip of land that lies along the edge of an

ocean or a lake.

Uses of beach

Beaches provide many recreational opportunities for millions of people.

Boating, fishing, swimming, walking, beachcombing, bird-watching,

playing and sunbathing are among the common activities beachgoers

enjoy.

Beaches provide protection to residents living near the ocean by acting as

a buffer against the high winds and waves of powerful storms or rough

seas.

The image below shows that beaches provide nesting ground for the

turtles eg. Shell beach in Region 1 Guyana, is used by the Leatherback

turtles as a nesting ground. The turtles hatch their eggs in cavities on the

beach. When the eggs are hatched, the hatchlings migrate to the sea.

Beaches also play an important role in the economy. Earns revenue and

foreign exchange from tourism activities. E.g. hotels, beach front bars.

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Beaches provide sand for construction

Improper practices of beaches

Many beaches, especially in urban areas, are extremely polluted.

Waves wash up debris from the ocean, while drainage pipes or rivers

deposit waste from inland areas. Some of this waste includes sewage and

other toxic chemicals.

Improper disposal of garbage, such as plastic bags, cans, and other

containers from picnics.

Medical waste, such as needles and surgical instruments, has even washed

up on beaches.

Oil spills from oil tankers

Impacts of beach pollution.

All beach pollution is harmful to wildlife.

Birds and turtles may choke on small bits of plastic.

Marine mammals such as sea lions may become tangled in ropes,

twine, or other material. Floating plastic may prevent algae or sea

plants from developing. This prevents animals that live in tide pools,

such as sea anemones or sea stars, from finding nutrients.

Hinders tourism. - a contaminated beach means tourist will not enjoy

the beach as a tourist site and facility. This will affect hotel attractions

and tourism as a whole.

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Conservation

Reducing pollution is an important way to protect beaches.

Visitors should never leave trash on the beach or throw it in the ocean.

Defaulters should be charged.

Limiting beachfront development can be an important step in

protecting the natural landscape of beaches.

Along some beaches, areas of vegetation known as “living shorelines”

protect the beach ecosystem from erosion and protect the inland area

from floods and storm surges.

Construction of groynes to prevent beach erosion.

Beach restoration-In some places, machinery is used to dredge sand

from the seabed just offshore and return it to the beach. Miami Beach,

in the U.S. state of Florida, was restored by this method.

Activity: Create a poster to bring about awareness on the causes, impacts and solutions to

beach pollution.





https://www.bradtguides.com/destinations/central-south-america/guyana/shell-

beac

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Worksheets


1. Which of the following would NOT be used in conserving the environment in the

Caribbean?

a. Sand mining

b. Reforestation

c. Marine reserves

d. Land reclamation

2. Which of the following has the potential to cause the MOST serious threat of pollution to

the beaches of the Caribbean?

a. Hurricanes and high tides

b. ·An oil spill from a tanker

c. Improper garbage disposal

d. Unsuitable fishing practices

3. (a) State TWO uses of beaches.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) Describe TWO possible environmental consequences of the misuse of beaches.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c) Suggest, giving full details, THREE measures a government can take to ensure

Protection of beaches.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(d) Explain fully why EACH of the measures you suggested is likely to be successful.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Week: 12 Lesson: 1


Sub-Topic Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Land Pollution

Concept: The contamination of the land has far-reaching consequences that can be

catastrophic for water, soil and biodiversity.

Contents: What is pollution?

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These

harmful materials are called pollutants. E.g. bottle, household detergent water.

Types of Pollution

Types of Pollution

Land

Water

Air

Noise

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Land Pollution

What is land pollution?

Land pollution is the introduction of solid, liquid and toxic waste on the land.

Land pollution results from incorrect disposal of household and industrial waste.

on the land. It may create serious problems, mainly on a local or national scale.

Causes of land Pollution

Littering/Dumping of waste

Littering is a common problem, no matter it is a city or a rural region. People just

throw their garbage on the ground without caring about the adverse effects on the

environment.

A common instance is that people just throw their cigarette butt on the ground

every time. Since cigarettes contain elements harmful to the environment, it leads

to land contamination.

Agricultural Activities

With the growing human population, the demand for food has increased

considerably. Farmers often use highly toxic fertilizers and pesticides to get rid of

insects, fungi and bacteria from their crops. However, with the overuse of these

chemicals, they result in contamination and poisoning of soil.

Mining Activities

During extraction and mining activities, several land spaces are created beneath

the surface. Mining from bauxite, gold, and diamond lead to severe destruction of

the land. Mines and pits are left, and pools of water collected. The toxic chemicals

used to extract the gold, such as mercury and cyanide are toxic to soils.

Industrialization – Dumping of waste from industries.

Due to an increase in demand for food, shelter, and house, more goods are

produced. This resulted in the creation of more waste that needs to be disposed of.

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To meet the demand of the growing population, more industries were developed.

Some of these industries produce toxic waste which is disposed on the land. Oil

production and consumption result in large areas of land being rendered useless due

to petrochemical pollutants. Other industrial activities produce a variety of toxic

wastes.

These include lead from battery manufacture, the production of paints, and the use

of mercury and cyanide in certain mining activities and electroplating.

. Construction Activities

Due to urbanization a large number of construction activities are taking place,

which has resulted in huge waste articles like wood, metal, bricks, plastic that can

be seen by naked eyes outside any building or office which is under construction.

The improper disposal of waste from construction activities can lead to land

pollution

Deforestation

The removal of forest cover is called deforestation. Excessive logging or

uncontrolled harvesting of forest trees can lead to erosion of the land.

Activity: Create a concept map to show the causes of land pollution.





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Worksheets

Unscramble the words below to find the causes

of land pollution.

Dtioeftaesorn strduationizialin

Ureaicultgr

ingterlit nimngi

ucncoonstrti

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Week: 12 Lesson: 2


Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Land Pollution

Concept: The contamination of the land has far-reaching consequences that can be

catastrophic for water, soil and biodiversity.

Contents: Consequences of Land Pollution

When the land is constantly treated with chemicals, destruction of minute

animals and plants which are part of the ecosystem can take place. The land

may become barren and not capable of producing.

Toxic waste is poisonous and affects human health in a variety of ways.

Lead disposed of in soil where people live, work, and grow crops eventually

enter the body leading to lead poisoning. This affects the central nervous

system and causes mental retardation in young children. Both adult and

children suffer from nausea, and brain and kidney damage from high levels

of lead poisoning which may result in death.

Pollution can lead to an unsightly environment. Garbage thrown at the side

of streets can also harbor rats, cockroaches, and mosquitoes.

Garbage dumped at the side of the street can lead to foul smells and thus

add to the discomfort of residents.

Oil spills on land destroy vegetation. The land becomes unproductive and

uninhabitable.

Land/soil that is affected by weedicides/pesticides cannot be safely used.

Animals/plants can be easily poisoned.

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Solutions to land pollution

Make people aware of the concept of the 3 R’s (Reduce, Recycle and

Reuse)

Governments must select suitable sites for the disposal of toxic wastes.

These sites must be far from human habitation and appropriately fortified

to prevent pollution of adjacent soil and ground water.

Legislation with severe penalties must be passed to regulate the disposal of

solid waste.

Used automotive oil, batteries, glass, paper, cans, etc can be collected at a

central location for recycling.

Householders can be educated on ways of reusing articles such as plastic

containers and cans.

Consumers should use shopping bags made of biodegradable materials

instead of plastic.

Activity: Identify three ways in which householders can reduce solid waste.





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Worksheets


1. Land pollution can be described as

(i) The destruction of the earth’s

surface and soil.

(ii) Burying of legal amounts of

biodegradable material.

(iii) The misuse of the land’s

resources.

(iv) Being either a direct or indirect

result of human activities

(a) i, iii, and iv

(b) ii, iii, and iv

(c) i, ii and iii

(d) All of the above

2. Causes of land pollution include

(i) An increase in urbanization

(ii) Dumping of domestic waste

(iii) Dumping of industrial waste

(iv) Improper agricultural activities

(a) i,iii and iv

(b) ii, iii and iv

(c) i,ii and iii

(d) All of the above

3. Which of the following is not

categorized as a type of land

pollution?

a. Solid waste

b. Chemical

c. Deforestation

d. Irrigation

4. All the following chemicals can lead

to land pollution through agricultural

practices except

(a) Hydroponics

(b) Insecticides

(c) Pesticides

(d) Fertilizers

5. Which of the following mining

practices contributes to land

pollution?

(i) Clear cutting

(ii) Skid trails

(iii) Leaching of mercury and

lead into the soil

(iv) Urine disposal

(a) i,iii and iv

(b) i,ii and iii

(c) ii, iii and iv

(d) iv, I and ii

6. All of the following contribute to

land pollution by disposing of

pollutants into landfills except.

(a) Sewage treatment

(b) Municipal waste

(c) Chemical and nuclear plants

(d) Deforestation

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1. (a) Define the term pollution.

(b) Identify TWO problems that cities face in disposing of solid waste.

( c) explain TWO reasons why proper garbage disposal is important to the economic

prosperity of a names Caribbean country.

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Week: 13 Lesson: 1


Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Air Pollution

Concept: Air pollution is responsible for major harmful effects on human health, natural

ecosystem and the built environment.

Contents: Air Pollution

What is air pollution?

Air pollution is the contamination of the air with impurities. These include smoke,

dust and soot from forest fires and the burning of garbage.

Causes of Air Pollution

Industries – Smoke, dust and dangerous odour can be emitted from

factories (refer to the image below). Waste can also be created through

nuclear explosion or be emitted from nuclear factories

Vehicles- Emissions from the exhaust of cars, trucks, etc. add dangerous

chemical to the atmosphere.

Burning of domestic wastes adds smoke and dust to the atmosphere.

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Activity: Make a photo collage of ways in which your community contributes to air

pollution.



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Worksheet

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Week: 13 Lesson: 2


Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Air Pollution

Concept: Changes in Earth’s temperature affect the environment in many ways.

Contents: The Greenhouse Effect

The excess emissions of greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon

monoxide, methane, CFCs into the atmosphere cause Earth's greenhouse effect to

grow stronger, warming the climate (Global Warming).

Global warming

Global warming may be defined as the increase in the average temperature of the

Earth.

What is the greenhouse effect?

Our atmosphere contains gases which are known as greenhouse gases. Sunlight

enters the Earth’s atmosphere as shortwave radiation and warms the Earth’s

surface. The Earth’s surface releases some of this radiation as heat. Greenhouse

gases absorb some of this heat, preventing it from being released into space thus

resulting in global warming. It can be said that these gases act like a blanket,

helping to keep the Earth warm. Without them, the Earth would be an extremely

cold place.

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Causes and Consequences of Global Warming

-Melting of ice cap

-Rise in sea level

-Flooding

-Loss of habitat

-Regular and severe storms,drought

Agriculture

Organic matter rotting in dump sites and elsewhere

also releases methane

Deforestation

Trees absorb CO2 .

The removal of forest result in the lingering of CO in the

atmosphere.

Cumbustion of Fossil Fuel

The use of coal, oil and gas to create electricity to power

our cars, release CO2 pollution.

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Rising Sea Levels

Climate change impacts rising sea levels. Average sea level around the world

rose about 8 inches (20 cm) in the past 100 years; climate scientists expect it

to rise more and more rapidly in the next 100 years as part of climate

change impacts

Melting Ice

Projections suggest climate change impacts within the next 100 years, if not

sooner, the world’s glaciers will have disappeared, as will the Polar ice cap,

and the huge Antarctic ice shelf, Greenland may be green again, and snow

will have become a rare phenomenon at what are now the world’s most

popular ski resorts.

Regular and severe storms and drought

Rising temperatures are hardly surprising, although they do not

mean that some parts of the world will not “enjoy” record cold

temperatures and terrible winter storms. (Heating disturbs the

entire global weather system and can shift cold upper air currents

as well as hot dry ones. The string of record high temperature years and the

record number of global droughts of the past decade will become a norm.

Change in ecosystem

As the world warms, entire ecosystems will move.

Already rising temperatures at the equator have pushed such staple crops as rice

north into once cooler areas, many fish species have migrated long distances to

stay in waters that are the proper temperature for them. Some species of

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animals will either die, migrate to other suitable habitat.

In once colder waters, this may increase fishermen’s catches; in warmer

waters, it may eliminate fishing.

Farmers in temperate zones are finding drier conditions difficult for crops

such as corn and wheat, and once prime growing zones are now threatened.

Activities that can reduce the greenhouse effect.

Embark on Reforestation and Afforestation projects.

Increase energy efficiency appliances

Reduced energy consumption

Use alternative sources of energy such as hydropower, solar energy

Activity: The use of fossil fuels produces one-third of global greenhouse gases.

Create a poster, describing ways to reduce the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and

natural gas).





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Worksheet

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Week: 14 Lesson: 1


Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Water Pollution

Concept: Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the hydrosphere.

Contents: Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or

microorganisms—contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body

of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the

environment.

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Activity: Create a model to show the causes of water pollution.





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Week: 14 Lesson: 2


Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Water Pollution

Concept: Water is essential to life. The sustainability of water is critical to our future

generation.

Contents: Consequences of Water Pollution

Acid rain contributes to fishes being killed in rivers and lakes

Destruction to Biodiversity- since oil is light, it floats on

the surface of the water. Theis prevents absorption of

oxygen. Fish and other marine life are affected. Birds, sea

lions and otters die when they become engulfed in the thick

oil.

Spread of diseases- Sewage transmit deadly diseases such

as dysentery, typhoid, and cholera.

Detergents encourage the proliferation of marine plant life

which uses up the oxygen in water; fishers are therefore

starved of oxygen.

Solid waste dumped into rivers prevent the flow of water

and contributes to flooding.

Eutrophication- the run off of fertilizer from agricultural

land into water ways promote the growth of marine plant

life and damage coral reefs.

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Solution

In time to come about half of the world's inhabitants will live in

water-scarce areas. Every drop of polluted water today is an

irreparable loss for tomorrow. That's why we must prevent water

pollution with measures like the following:

Reduce CO2 emissions to prevent global warming and acidification of the

oceans.

Reduce the use of chemical pesticides and nutrients on crops.

Reduce and safely treat waste water so that, as well as not polluting, it can

be reused for irrigation and energy production.

Oil producing countries should have a system in place to deal with oil

spills. The ‘slick-bar’ system recovers oil from the surface of water by

skimming off the oil. This system operates like a vacuum. Booms can also

be used, where floating barriers are placed in the water to prevent the

spillage from spreading.

Sewage treatment plants should be properly constructed and regularly

maintained so that dangerous effluents do not enter the water system.

Industries should create reservoirs for industrial effluent. These can be

treated to remove harmful chemicals before the water is disposed of.

Strict laws and penalties should be instituted and administered for all

forms of water pollution.

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Water treatment plants, using the processes of coagulation (the action or

process of a liquid, especially blood, changing to a solid or semi-solid

state), sedimentation (the process of settling or being deposited as a

sediment), filtration, and chlorination (to treat with chlorine), serve to

purify water.

Education using mass-media can serve to prevent individuals and

corporations from indiscriminate pollution of water.

Activity: Create an information pack encouraging people to act responsible with regard to

the conservation of water resources





Worksheets

For each of the sentences below, do the following:

Tick A if it is true for Air Pollution

Tick W if it is true for Water Pollution

Tick L if is true for Land Pollution.

The first one is done.

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Week: 15 Lesson: 1


Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Noise Pollution

Concept: Noise pollution can come from a variety of sources, but three of the most

damaging sources come from: Industrial Machinery. Vehicles. Commercial

Construction Projects.

Contents: Noise pollution is any undesirable sound which disturbs the peace and tranquility

of human beings.

Noise is unwanted sound; interrupting the conversation, or cause pain, as well as

the convenience of living activities, impedes the environment. Nowadays, the

noise has become a problem for many people.

Sources of Noise Pollution

Construction machinery – tractors, cranes, and backhoes

Transport equipment – airplane, trucks, motorcycles, and trains

Public address system

Factories and manufacturing plants.

Musical equipment, speakers and sound systems, radio and television.

Explosives-firecrackers, dynamite etc.; guns

Barking dogs

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Household/Domestic Appliances:

The household may be an industry in itself and is a source of the many indoor

noises like the banging of doors, noise of playing children, crying of infants,

moving of furniture, the loud conversation of the inhabitants etc.

Additionally, the entertainment equipment within the house, namely the radio,

record-players and tv sets. Domestic gadgets just like the mixer-grinders, pressure

cookers, desert coolers, air- conditioners, exhaust fans, vacuum cleaners, sewing

and washing machines are all indoor sources of sound pollution.

Industrial Sources:

Progress in technology (industrialisation) has resulted in creating sound pollution.

Textile mills, printing presses, engineering establishments and metal works etc.

contribute heavily towards noise pollution

Agricultural Machines:

Tractors, thrashers, harvesters, tube wells, powered tillers etc. have all made

agriculture highly mechanical, but at an equivalent time highly noisy background

contributes to noise pollution.

Defence Equipment:

A lot of sound pollution is added to the atmosphere by artillery, tanks, launching

of rockets, explosions, exercising of military airplanes and shooting practices.

Screams of jet engines and sonic booms have a deafening impact on the ears and

in extreme cases are known to shatter the windowpanes and old dilapidated

buildings.

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Public Address System/Noise for Fun:

People need only the slightest of an excuse for using loudspeakers. The reason

may be a religious function, birth, death, marriage, elections, demonstration, or

just commercial advertising. Public system, therefore, contributes in its own way

towards noise pollution.

Transport Vehicles:

Automobile revolution in urban centres has proved to be a big source of noise

pollution. Increasing traffic has given rise to traffic jams in congested areas.

Construction Sites:

Mining, construction of flyovers or a simple repair of the house produce

significant amount of noise. Drilling is a prime exercise. The construction

equipment is too noisy and is difficult to tolerate.

Activity: Write a letter of complaint to the Chairman of your NDC on the impacts of noise

pollution on the residents. Also suggest two actions the NDC can take to reduce

same.





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Worksheets

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Week: 15 Lesson: 2


Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Noise Pollution

Concept: Noise pollution contribute to health problems.

Contents: Consequences of Noise Pollution

Prolong exposure to noise levels above 80 decibels cause deafness.

Loud noise disturbs peaceful sleep resulting in restlessness and tiredness

It causes emotional disturbance and stress, resulting in anger and anxiety.

Production at work is hampered

Physiological effects results in indigestion, rise in blood pressure, nervousness,

and hypertension.

Solutions

Wearing of earplugs at construction sites where jackhammers and cutting and

grinding equipment are constantly in use.

Legislation to prohibit noise levels over 80 decibels in residential areas.

Education on the effects of noise pollution

More efficient silencers on vehicles.

Activity:





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Worksheets

Answer all questions

1. Noise pollution refers to sounds

(i) In the environment that are

caused by humans

(ii) That threaten the health or

welfare of human or animal

inhabitants

(iii) That are loud, intrusive or

distracting

(iv) That are pleasant

a. i, iii and iv

b. ii, iii and iv

c. i, ii and iv

d. i, ii and iii

2. The most common sources of noise

pollution are

(i) transportation vehicles

(ii) construction and industrial

machinery

(iii) a pocket radio

(iv) public address systems

a. i, iii and iv

b. ii, iii and iv

c. i, ii and iv

d. i, ii and iii

3. During the Divali celebrations in

Guyana an individual may experience

noise pollution from all of the following

sources except

a. Television

b. Firecrackers

c. Barking dogs

d. Musical equipment

4. Noise pollution may affect an individual

in all of the following ways except

a. Loss of hearing, deafness

b. Alertness, flow of adrenaline

c. Loss of sleep, lethargy

d. Stress, loss of productivity at work

5. Personal strategies to cope with noise

pollution include

i. Wearing earplugs

ii. Threatening the individuals

engaged in the source of noise

pollution

iii. Taking a mild sleep sedative

iv. Relocating

a. i, iii, and iv

b. ii, iii and iv

c. i, ii and iv

d. i, ii and iii

6. What type of legislation should be

enforced to curb noise pollution?

i. Restrictions on levels of music

being played from vehicles

ii. Promoters of events to play

loud music only during certain

hours

iii. Harsh imprisonment for

individuals who are guilty of

noise pollution

iv. Use of firecrackers and

explosives a safe distance away

from highly residential areas

a. i, iii and iv

b. ii, iii and iv

c. i, ii and iv

d. i, ii and iii

7.Which of the following methods of fishing is Most damaging to the eco-system?

(A) Trawling the seas

(B) Setting offish pots

(C) The use of dynamite

(D) The dropping of seine

8. Which of the following has the potential to cause the MOST serious pollution of the beaches

of the Caribbean?

(A) Oil spill from tankers

(B) Hurricanes and high tides

(C) Improper garbage disposal

(D) Unsuitable fishing practices

9.Which of the following statements is true

about marine life in the Caribbean?

(A)It is a renewable resource.

(B) It is an unlimited resource.

(C) It has no use as a tourist attraction.

(D) It is not important to persons’ diets.

10. Which of the following is based on exploiting non- renewable natural resources?

(A) Fishing

(B) Lumbering


SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME


Page 1 of 42

(C ) Bauxite mining

(D) Hydroelectric power

11. Which of the following groups of

resources can be classified as renewable?

(A) Forest, Water, Land

(B) Land, Bauxite, asphalt

(C) Petroleum, Forest, Water

(D) Bauxite, Petroleum, Natural gas

12. Which of the following Caribbean territories have the LEAST amount of forest reserves?

(A) Belize

(B) Guyana

(C) Barbados

(D)Dominica

13. Fish, bauxite and sand are BEST classified as

(A)minerals

(B)elements

(C) products

(D) resources

secondary engagment programme social studies …

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