sanitation in emergencies sanitation in emergencies overview 1 marco bruni, seecon international...
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Sanitation in Emergencies
Sanitation in EmergenciesOverview
1
Marco Bruni, seecon international gmbh
Sanitation in Emergencies
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Sanitation in Emergencies
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Contents
1. Disasters and Sanitation Systems
2. Emergency Phases and Intervention
3. Minimum Standards
4. Selecting the Optimal Sanitation System
5. Emergency Sanitation – More than just Provision of Toilets!
6. The Role of Ecological Toilet Systems
7. References
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Sanitation in Emergencies
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Disasters
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1. Disasters and Sanitation Systems
Disasters
StormsStorms
FloodsFloods
Tsunamis
Tsunamis
FiresFiresDraught
sDraught
s
Earthquakes
Earthquakes
Pandemics
Pandemics
Armed conflictsArmed
conflicts
Sanitation in Emergencies
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The Effects of Disasters on Civil Society
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1. Disasters and Sanitation Systems
Disaster Main health problems caused by•Insufficient water supply and sanitation•Poor hygiene•Consumption of contaminated water
Main health problems caused by•Insufficient water supply and sanitation•Poor hygiene•Consumption of contaminated water
Objectives•Minimisation of the spread of faecal-oral diseases•Restoration of a healthy environment
Objectives•Minimisation of the spread of faecal-oral diseases•Restoration of a healthy environment
Health of survivors is exposed to
high risks
GWC (2009)
THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)
Sanitation in Emergencies
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Emergency Phases are not Time-bound
2. Emergency Phases and Intervention
Immediate Emergency
Phase
Immediate Emergency
Phase
Recovery Phase
Recovery Phase
Stabilisation PhaseStabilisation Phase
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Settlement Phase
Settlement Phase
Emergency phases roughly describe the steps that affected people go through after an emergency. The phases are not time-bound. They depend on the achievement of targets.
Usual duration
1 week – 3 months
Usual duration
2 – 6 monthsUsual duration
2 months – several years
Usual duration
Several years
Sanitation in Emergencies
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Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation
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2. Emergency Phases and Intervention
NormalityNormality
Sanitation in Emergencies
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Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation
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2. Emergency Phases and Intervention
Disturbance
NormalityNormality
Sanitation in Emergencies
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Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation
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2. Emergency Phases and Intervention
Disturbance
NormalityNormality NormalityNormality
Rehabilitation
Objectives•Save lives•Ease suffering•Speed up process of rehabilitation
Sanitation in Emergencies
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Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation
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2. Emergency Phases and Intervention
Disturbance
NormalityNormality NormalityNormality
Intervention
Rehabilitation
Objectives•Save lives•Ease suffering•Speed up process of rehabilitation
General task
Immediate response
However, upgrading the system in a long-term perspective has to be considered already at the beginning.
Sanitation in Emergencies
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11
Disturbance
NormalityNormality NormalityNormality
Intervention
Rehabilitation
Objectives•Save lives•Ease suffering•Speed up process of rehabilitation
General task
Immediate response
However, upgrading the system in a long-term perspective has to be considered already at the beginning.
Tasks in relation to water, sanitation & health (WASH)•Provision of safe drinking water•Maintenance of basic hygiene•Reduction of health risks
THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)
Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation
2. Emergency Phases and Intervention
Sanitation in Emergencies
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Minimum Standards for Excreta Disposal in Emergencies
The international community of emergency response organisations has defined minimum standards that people who are affected by an emergency can expect from organisations providing humanitarian assistance.
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3. Minimum Standards
The most commonly mentioned minimum standards are the Sphere Standards. For excreta disposal in emergencies, they include:
• A living environment free from human faecal contamination
• Access to adequate, appropriate and acceptable toilet facilities
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THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)
Sanitation in Emergencies
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What is a Sanitation System?
Establishing an emergency sanitation system is not only about constructing physical infrastructure but also about awareness raising and capacity building (hygiene education)
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4. Selecting the Optimal Sanitation System
Source: http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg [Accessed: 12.04.2012]
Source: http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg [Accessed: 12.04.2012]
Sanitation in Emergencies
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There is no One-fit-to-all Solution
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4. Selecting the Optimal Sanitation System
Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)
Factors determining the individual choice of the sanitation system
Factors E.g.
The cause of the emergency event
Flooding, storm, pandemic, draught
The type of the area Rural, urban
The level of displacement of the affected population
In-situ: people staying close to their homesEx-situ: highly dispersed settlements, mass shelters, self-settlements, planned camps
The emergency phase Immediate-, stabilisation-, recovery-, settlement phase
The available capacity and resources
Financial, human, knowledge, material, skills, etc.
The political and social context of the affected region
Stability, corruption, traditions, habitudes, etc.
Source: HARVEY et al. (2002); JOHANNESSEN (2011)
Sanitation in Emergencies
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Typical Sanitation Systems
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4. Selecting the Optimal Sanitation System
Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)
In-situ emergency situation
Type Remarks
Communal latrines Fast construction, high quality, maintenance required/ no user-responsibility
Family latrines User-responsibility, simple and cheap construction, more accessible
Ex-situ emergency situation
Type Remarks
Demarcated defecation area
First phase: the first two to three days when a huge number of people need immediate facilities
Trench latrines First phase
Pit latrines Also for long-term
Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan)
Immediate, medium- and long-term. Yet, context-based: mainly in response to high water tables and flood situations
Septic tanks Medium- to long-term Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)
Source: HARVEY ET AL. (2002)
Sanitation in Emergencies
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Source: WHO (2011); HARVEY et al. (2002)
Management of solid waste
Management of solid waste
Stormwater management
(drainage of surface runoff)
Stormwater management
(drainage of surface runoff)
Management of dead bodies (both
health-risk and psychological
impacts/trauma)
Management of dead bodies (both
health-risk and psychological
impacts/trauma)
More than just Provision of Toilets!
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5. Emergency Sanitation
Complementary planning and
organisation of hygiene promotion
Complementary planning and
organisation of hygiene promotion
Sanitation in Emergencies
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EcoSan – An Attractive Alternative to Conventional LatrinesExamples for EcoSan Toilets:
•Urine diversion toilet•Composting toilet•Terra preta toilet
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6. The Role of Ecological Sanitation Systems
Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)
+++Advantages+++
•Resistant to flooding•Reduce water consumption•Reduce odour•Usable also after emergency•By-products can be reused (fertilisation)
---Disadvantages---
•Require more careful operation and maintenance•Handling of excreta poses high health risks
Adapted from JOHANNESSEN & BIKABA (2009); OXFAM (2009); RUBERTO & JOHANNESSEN (2009)
Sanitation in Emergencies
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7. ReferencesHARVEY, P.A. (2007): Excreta Disposal in Emergencies. A Field Manual. Leicestershire: WEDC Loughborough University. . http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/154709 [Accessed: 16.04.2012].
JOHANNESSEN, A.; BIKABA, D. (2009): Sustainable Sanitation for Emergencies and Reconstruction Situations - Factsheet of Working Group 8 (draft). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance SuSanA http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-797-en-susana-factsheet-wg08-emergencies-version-3.pdf [Accessed: 24.07.2011].
JOHANNESSEN, A. (2011): Identifying Gaps in Emergency Sanitation. Design of New Kits to Increase Effectiveness in Emergencies. Stoutenburg: Oxfam & WASTE. http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/b-conferences/13-stoutenberg-conference-2011/stoutenberg-feb-2011-report-final.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].
OXFAM (Editor) (2009): UD Toilets and Composting Toilets in Emergency Settings. London: Oxfam Publishing. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/learning/humanitarian/downloads/TBN7_UD_composting_toilets.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].
THE SPHERE PROJECT (Editor) (2011): Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action Publishing. URL: http://www.sphereproject.org/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,17/Itemid,203/lang,English/ [Accessed: 17.10.2011].
RUBERTO, C.; JOHANNESSEN, A. (2009): Innovations in Emergency Sanitation. International Water Association (IWA). Stoutenburg: The Netherlands. http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-958-en-minutes-wg12-innovations-emergency-sanitation-workshop-netherlands-2009-02.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].
WHO (Editor) (2011): Technical Options for Excreta Disposal in Emergencies. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/tn14_tech_options_excreta_en.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].
Sanitation in Emergencies 19
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