access to water and sanitation- the millennium development goals (mdgs) 1 andrea pain, seecon...

Access to Water and Sanitation- the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Access to Water and Sanitation- the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs)

1

Andrea Pain, seecon international gmbh


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Contents

1. Introduction

2. Why is Access to Water and Sanitation Crucial?

3. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

4. MDG 7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability

5. Indicators for MDGs

6. MDG Progress: Access to Water

7. MDG Progress: Access to Sanitation

8. Gaps in MDG Progress

9. References

3



The Water and Sanitation Crisis

•2.5 billion people without access to improved sanitation•780 million without access to improved drinking water sources

(WHO UNICEF 2012

•3,900 children killed every day (UNMP-TWS 2005)

4

1. Introduction

Source: http://www.technologybloggers.org/science/think-about-your-water-usage/




•Health•Time•Dignity•Economic losses

5


Every year, 1.4 million children die due to diarrhoea from waterborne diseases (WATERAID.ORG 2011)

Source: http://www.wateraidamerica.org/what_we_do/children_and_wateraid/default.aspx





6


In Africa, 40 billion working hours a year are spent collecting clean drinking water (UNMP-TWS 2005) Source: WHO UNICEF 2010





7


Women and girls are particularly affected by lack of access to water and sanitation services Source: HEEB (2007)





8


Due to inadequate sanitation,India loses US $53.8 billion per year resulting from decreased working productivity and increased health costs (WSP 2010)

Source: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/reports-documents/economic-impacts-inadequate-sanitation-india



Goals for Global Development

•In 2000, United Nations Millennium Declaration (UNMD) adopted to achieve the following goals:

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger2. Achieve universal primary education3. Promote gender equality and empower women4. Reduce child mortality5. Improve maternal health6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases7. Ensure environmental sustainability8. Develop a global partnership for development

9

3. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Source: http://www.iranhumanrights.org/2012/05/special-raps-iran-statement/

Source: http://www.mdgmonitor.org/



Target for Water and Sanitation

Target 7.c: “To halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and

basic sanitation” (UN 2010)

10

4. MDG 7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability

Source: WHO UNICEF 2010



Synergies Between SSWM and Other MDGs

11

4. General Importance of SSWM

MDG Goal Synergies With SSWM

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Increased food security, working productivity

Achieve universal primary education

Decreased absence from school due to waterborne diseases

Promote gender equality and empower women

Reduced burden to collect water, better health

Reduce child mortality Decreased waterborne diseases

Improve maternal health Access to safe water and sanitation, improved hygiene

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Decreased incidence of diarrhoea, cholera, other waterborne diseases

Ensure environmental sustainability

Improve quality of freshwater sources, reduce eutrophication

Develop a global partnership for development

Stakeholder participation, enable actors Source: http://www.mdgmonitor.org/



Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)

12


•Data collection:◦ International Household Survey Network (IHSN)◦ 729 nationally representative household surveys, 152

Censuses (WHO UNICEF 2010)

•How do we evaluate “safe” drinking water and sanitation?




The Drinking Water Ladder

13


•“Unimproved:” unprotected dug well, unprotected spring, surface water (i.e. river, dam, lake, pond, stream), bottled water

•“Other improved:” public taps or standpipes, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater collection

•“Piped water on premises:” piped household water connection located inside the user’s dwelling, plot, or yard

Improved

Unimproved




The Sanitation Ladder

14


•“Open defecation:” disposal of human faeces in open spaces or with solid waste

•“Unimproved facilities:” do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact

•“Shared:” otherwise acceptable sanitation facilities shared between two or more households

•“Improved:” ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact

Improved

Unimproved




Criticisms of the Joint Monitoring Program Methodology

•Critics: the sanitation ladder focuses too much on technical solutions

•Proposition: use “function-based sanitation ladder” that begins with excreta containment and ends with integrated resource management

15


Source: ECOSANRES 2010



MDG Target Has Been Met

16


Source: WHO UNICEF (2012)



Geographical disparities

17





Geographical Disparities

18





Off Track for MDG Target

19






20






21





The Urban-Rural Disparity

…There is still a great deal of progress to be made to increase access to safe water and sanitation in rural areas

22

8. Gaps in MDG Progress




23

9. ReferencesECOSANRES (Editor) (2010): The Sanitation Ladder – A Need for a Revamp?. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute EcoSanRes Programme. http://www.ecosan.ph/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=120&Itemid=45 [Accessed: 31.05.12]

UN (Editor) (2010): Millennium Development Goals. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ [Accessed: 24.05.12]

UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY (UNGA) (Editor) (2000): United Nations Millennium Declaration. New York: United Nations General Assembly. http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf [Accessed 24.05.12]

UN MILLENNIUM PROJECT TASK FORCE ON WATER AND SANITATION (UNMP-TWS) (Editor) (2005): Health, Dignity and Development: What Will it Take?. London: United Nations Development Programme. http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/WaterComplete-lowres.pdf [Accessed 24.05.12]

WATERAID.ORG (Editor) (2011): Statistics. http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/statistics/ [Accessed 24.05.12]

WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM (WSP) (Editor) (2010): The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India. New Delhi: World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. http://www.wsp.org/wsp/featuresevents/features/inadequate-sanitation-costs-india-equivalent-64-cent-gdp [Accessed 24.05.12]

WHO (Editor); UNICEF (Editor) (2010): Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water. 2010 Update. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) / New York: UNICEF. http://www.unwater.org/downloads/JMP_report_2010.pdf [Accessed: 24.05.12]

WHO (Editor); UNICEF (Editor) (2012): Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water. 2010 Update. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) / New York: UNICEF. http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-report-2012-en.pdf [Accessed: 31.05.12]

Access to Water and Sanitation- the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 24

“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”

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