climate change climate change and sanitation 1 naomi radke, seecon international gmbh

Climate Change

Climate Change and Sanitation

1

Naomi Radke, seecon international GmbH

Climate Change

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The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations.

Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.

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Climate Change


Contents

1. Introduction

2. Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation

3. Mitigation: Energy Production

4. Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery

5. Adaptation to Water Scarcity

6. Adaptation to Flooding

7. Emission Trading as an Additional Benefit

8. Conclusion

9. References

3

Climate Change


= presence of greenhouse gases lead to warming of the earth’s surface

4

1. Introduction

Source: http://envis.tropmet.res.in/kidscorner/greenhouse.htm [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Some radiation (sun heat) passes the atmosphere and reaches the earth’s surface.

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere stop the radiation to escape the atmosphere so that the warming on the earth’s surface is intensified.Human (=anthropogenic) activities greenhouse gas

emissions

The Greenhouse Gas Effect

Climate Change


Relevant Greenhouse Gases and Major Anthropogenic Sources

5

1. Introduction

CO2CO2

N2ON2O

CH4CH4

Sources:• fossil fuel combustion• biomass combustion (primarily deforestation)

Sources:• fossil fuels• enteric fermentation• rice paddies

Sources:• cultivated soil• biomass burning

Source:http://www.billygoattavern.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/HiRes.jpg [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Source:http://www.deere.com/wps/dcom/en_US/products/equipment/frontier_implements/tillage_equipment/tillage_equipment.page [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Source:http://www.21stcentech.com/energy-update-keystone-dilemma-drop-co2-bucket-list/carbonemissions/ [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Source:http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/28/amazon-deforestation-record-low [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Dorothee Spuhler

- Alignement of pictures and background…- add dates in sources...

Climate Change


Rise in temperature 1.1-6.4°C by end of 21st century leading to:• Change in rainfall patterns: increased risk of drought, fire and floods

• Rising sea level and weakening of sea currents• Further impacts are explained e.g. on The Nature Conservancy’s website (http://www.nature.org)

6

1. Introduction

Source: http://www.mymedicalaid.za.org/tag/drought/

[Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Effect

Source: http://discoverhistorictravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/new-orleans-flooding.jpg [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Source:http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/global-warming-climate-change/threats-impacts/rising-seas.xml [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Climate Change


The many changes in climate due to temperature rise (climate change) threaten survival on the planet as they effect:

• food security (through droughts)

• shelter (through areas flooded in the future/droughts)

• health (through heat waves)

7

Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Effect

1. Introduction

Climate Change


Prevention and Mitigation versus Adaption

Prevention and Mitigation:Reduce climate change

by Reducing greenhouse gas effect

by Reducing greenhouse gases at its anthropogenic sources

Adaption:Cope with climate change

byAdapting yourself to the new environmental circumstances

1. Introduction

Climate Change


Sustainable Sanitation for Climate Change Mitigation

Sustainable sanitation = opportunities to mitigate climate change

9


Reduces primary energy consumption (from non-renewable sources)

Avoids energy-intensive production of mineral fertiliser

Climate Change


Sustainable Sanitation for Climate Change Adaptation

Sustainable sanitation = opportunities to adapt to climate change

10


Reduces primary water resources demand

Climate Change


Biogas = a renewable energy

11


Biogas Production

Production = bacteria decompose organic matter under anaerobic conditions (= in the absence of oxygen) and turn it into biogas

Substrates that can be used for biogas production:

• Blackwater (= mix of excreta and flushing water)

• Organic waste from households or agricultural farms

• Animal manure

• Sewage sludge from domestic wastewater

• Human excreta from dry toilets

Anaerobic Biogas Reactor. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)

Climate Change


Biogas is usually piped from the tank into a:

Biogas Cooking Stove Biogas Lamp

12


Biogas Production – Direct Use

Running a gas lamp from biogas,

Vietnam. Source: PBPO (2006)

Biogas stove in kitchen, India. Source: FULFARD (2008)

Climate Change


Generating electricity from biogas.

This requires converting chemical electricity to mechanical electricity by a heat engine. The mechanical electricity then activates a generator to produce electric power.

Usually, combustion engines are used as a heat engine. About half of the thermal energy of a heat engine is lost and not converted into electricity. A combined heat and power unit can take advantage of this excess heat.

13


Biogas Production – Small-Scale

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit “micro size” in Germany. Source: SUSANA (2009)

Climate Change


Large-scale biogas plants are almost always combined plants (see small-scale: electricity and heat) based on gas turbines (more efficient but more expensive than combustion engines).

14


Biogas Production – Large-Scale

Usually found in district heating systems of:

• big cities• hospitals• wastewater treatment plants• paper mills• and moreSource: SCHALLER (2007)Source: SCHALLER (2007)

Climate Change


Biomass = a non-fossil energy source which is neither always harmful nor always neutral to climate

Renewable biomass:

• Wood (in case harvest ≤ growth)

• Other wooden biomass (provided cultivated area remains constant)

• Animal or human manure

• Aolid organic waste (domestic or industrial)

15


Biomass Production

Food vs. biomass conflict

Source: http://www.solarpowernotes.com/renewable-energy/biomass-energy/biomass-energy.html [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Climate Change


Both biogas and biomass as an energy source are emission neutral:

Emissions through combustion = previous uptake of greenhouse gases

Example: a growing tree sequesters carbon while growing. The accumulated carbon in tree biomass will be emitted when tree is burned for energy generation.

Emission reductions as primary energy from fossil fuel is substituted by emission neutral energy sources

16


Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions

CO2CO2

CO2CO2

Climate Change


Nitrogen (N-)fertiliser requires the most energy for artificial production (compared to other mineral fertilisers (P and K))

Focus on N-fertiliser with regard to mitigating climate-relevant effects

87% of the excreted nitrogen is in urine

Focus on urine recovery and reuse most efficient means of emission reductions through nutrient recovery

17


Nutrient Recovery from Urine

Urine application in agriculture as seen in Burkina Faso. Source: FALL (2009)

Climate Change


Production of artificial Nitrogen fertiliser is very energy-intensive by the Haber-Bosch process.

Recycling nitrogen from urine reduces the demand for primary nitrogen fertiliser and thus the emissions that are attached to its energy-intensive production.

18


Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Source: https://news.slac.stanford.edu/features/phrase-week-haber-bosch-process

Requires 1-2% of the

world’s annual energy

supply (WIKIPEDIA, 2013)

Climate Change


Measures in Sanitation to Cope with Water Scarcity

Among others:

• Appropriately treated wastewater or rainwater reused for irrigation (wastewater use also reduces need for mineral fertiliser)

• Use dry toilet systems

• Increase cultivation of drought-resistant crops

• Reduce physical water losses through repairing leaking pipes

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5. Adaptation to Water Scarcity

Garden irrigated with treated blackwater in Peru. Source: SUSANA (2009)

Climate Change


Building sanitation system components in a way that they are:

• Not affected by floodingurine-diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) built high

enough above ground

• Water can evacuate quicklysludge drying bedsconstructed wetlands

20

6. Adaptation to Flooding

Measures in Sanitation to Cope with Water Scarcity

Planted drying bed. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)

Climate Change


The Clean Development Mechanism

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), initiated by the Kyoto Protocol, compensates emission reduction efforts in development countries. The generated carbon credits are traded in a carbon market.

Applicable for reductions achieved through sustainable sanitation systems

Yet, CDM projects generate high fixed costs, thus a minimum project scale is required to make CDM compensation economically viable.

21

7. Emission Trading as an Additional Benefit

Carbon credits arise from emission reduction through CDM projects and industry can compensate their excess emissions through buying carbon credits. Source:http://www.climateavenue.com/cdm.carbon.cred.index.htm

Climate Change


Sustainable Sanitation and Climate Change Mitigation+ Adaptation

22

8. Conclusion

Most of these measures lead to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions If emission reductions achieved in development countries, they could be financially compensated through the creation of carbon credits within the Clean Development Mechanism

Climate Change


9. ReferencesFALL (2009): Urban Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets and Reuse Ouagadougou Burkina Faso - Draft. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Available at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-armenia-hayanist-school.pdf [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

FULFARD, D. (1996): Biogas Stove Design. A short course. Kingdom Bioenergy Ltd.; University of Reading.

PBPO (Editor) (2006): Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Animal Husbandry Sector in some Provinces of Vietnam. Hanoi: Provincial Biogas Project Office Hanoi. Available at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/a-material-topic-wg/wg03/Biogas/bpo-2006-report-biogas-programme-vietnam-en.pdf [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

SCHALLER, M. (2007): Biogas electricity production hits 17,272GWh a year in Europe. In: Engineer Live, 46-49. Available at: http://www.engineerlive.com/Energy-Solutions/Waste-to-Energy/Biogas_electricity_production_hits_17_272GWh_a_year_in_Europe_/20788/ [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

SUSANA (Editor) (2009): Links between Sanitation, Climate Change and Renewable Energies. Eschborn. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Available at: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/working-groups/wg03 [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

TILLEY, E.; LUETHI, C.; MOREL, A.; ZURBRUEGG, C.; SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf and Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). Available at: http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/index [Accessed: 15.02.2010]

WIKIPEDIA (2013): Haber Process. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process [Accessed: 19.03.2013]

Climate Change 24

“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”

SSWM is an initiative supported by:

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climate change climate change and sanitation 1 naomi radke, seecon international gmbh

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