same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness
DESCRIPTION
My presentation for Open Group London #ogLON enterprise-architecture conference, October 2013 Classic enterprise-architectures seem to focus mainly on IT and replicable IT-based processes. By contrast, many business-contexts such as healthcare, recruitment, education, customer-service and retail, all need to emphasise 'mass-uniqueness' - individual difference or uniqueness at scale. This slidedeck explores some of the themes and techniques that can be used to develop enterprise-architectures with appropriate balance between 'same' and 'different'.TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Same and differentarchitectures for mass-uniqueness
Tom Graves, Tetradian ConsultingOpen Group London, October 2013
the futures of business
![Page 2: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Hi.
(let’s not bother with the PR-stuff?)
![Page 3: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
It begins with a pin, perhaps…
CC-BY Creativity103 via Flickr
![Page 4: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
…or maybe some dust?
CC-BY storebrukkebruse via Flickr
![Page 5: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What isenterprise-architecture?
But perhaps better start witha much-argued question:
Maybe more to the point –
why enterprise-architecture?
![Page 6: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
– it’s because
things work betterwhen they work together,
on purpose
Why enterprise-architecture?
![Page 7: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Why enterprise-architecture?…which implies further questions:
•Things – what things? and who decides?
•Work – ‘work’ in what sense? what work?
•Better – ‘better’ for what? or who? who decides?
•Together – what kind of ‘together’? how? why?
•On purpose – who chooses the purpose? for what?
One place to look for clues is in the enterprise’s balance between same and different…
![Page 8: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Into practice…
(Each ‘Into practice…’ sectionprovides a brief moment to exploreimplications of the preceding ideas.
Use the text on the slide to guidea quick review of related design-themes
in your business-context.)
![Page 9: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
“What’s the story?”A quest for productivity
![Page 10: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Let’s go back to an earlier time…
![Page 11: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
there’s not much technology…
![Page 12: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
maybe some of it a bit strange…
![Page 13: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
everything made by hand…
![Page 14: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
everything different, unique…
![Page 15: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
almost nothing standardised…
![Page 16: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
until this guy, in this book…
![Page 17: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
looked at how pins were made…
CC-BY Creativity103 via Flickr
![Page 18: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
applied it to other industries…
![Page 19: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
via sameness…
CC-BY toktokkie via Flickr
![Page 20: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
more sameness…
![Page 21: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
a lot more sameness…
![Page 22: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
then applied to work itself…Richard Arkwright’s Cromford Mill
CC-BY-SA CaptainScarlet via Wikimedia
![Page 23: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
mass-sameness…
![Page 24: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
mass-sameness…
CC-BY aleutia via Flickr
![Page 25: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
mass-sameness…
CC-BY Vlima.com via Flickr
![Page 26: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
mass-sameness everywhere.
CC-BY-SA MysteryBee via Flickr
![Page 27: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
the real value of samenessis that it’s easy to scale
and easy to make efficient- creating huge productivity
Why sameness?
![Page 28: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
But there’s a catch…
![Page 29: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
the differencesnever went away…
![Page 30: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
and if we pretendthat everythingis sameness…
![Page 31: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
we court disaster…
![Page 32: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Into practice…
In what ways do your systemsdepend on sameness?
What would happenif the sameness wasn’t there
to depend on?
What happens with anythingthat won’t fit those expectations?
![Page 33: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
“What’s the story?”There’s always an exception…
![Page 34: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
What name in your system?
Typical UK-style name-structure for database:
•Title (mandatory: select from picklist)
•Forename (mandatory: 30 characters max)
•Middle-name (optional: 30 characters max)
•Surname (mandatory: 30 characters max)
•Suffix (optional: select from picklist)
Easy, right? – well, let’s take a real example…
![Page 35: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What name in your system?
UK-style name:
•Mr Pablo Diego Ruiz
![Page 36: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What name in your system?
UK-style name:
•Mr Pablo Diego Ruiz
Full legal birth-name:
•Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso
![Page 37: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
What name in your system?
UK-style name:
•Mr Pablo Diego Ruiz
Full legal birth-name:
•Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso
You probably know him as:
![Page 38: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Driver’s licence, please?
Real simple, right?
Hmm… maybe not so simpleafter all?
The same for everyone, surely?
Hensel twins’ driver-licences >>
![Page 39: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Driver’s licence, please?On the flight: One ticket, one seat, two passengers, two passports
In the car: Two drivers behind the wheel, each legally liable
![Page 40: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
What keeps executives awake at night?
And here’s a real casefrom my own consultancy-work
in enterprise-architecture…
![Page 41: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Executive #1: PR disastersGovernment department
(in social-work sector)
Real (if unofficial) business metric:
Number of daysbetween bad headlines
in the newspaper
![Page 42: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Executive #1: PR disasters
Real newspaper headline:
Department fails again!
Ten life-critical incidentsin just one suburbstill not resolvedin 2½ months!
![Page 43: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Answer: architecture of the enterprise
What actually happened?
Incident
for one incidentReport
Report
Report
ReportReport Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
Ten incident-reports
Key-field: Date of Birth(for unborn child…)
![Page 44: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Executive #1: PR disasters
Moral of this story:
Every automated systemneeds an option for manual override
![Page 45: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Into practice…
What exceptions are therethat could break
your current systems?
How do you find out about thembefore they break your systems?
What workarounds would you needto keep your systems going?
![Page 46: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
“What’s the story?”A bit of theoryon uniqueness…
![Page 47: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
…dust is everywhere…
CC-BY storebrukkebruse via Flickr
![Page 48: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
‘Cantor Dust’
Start with everything-different
![Page 49: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
‘Cantor Dust’
Find an area of samenesswithin all of that uniqueness
![Page 50: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
‘Cantor Dust’
Within each remaining block of difference,find another region of sameness
![Page 51: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
‘Cantor Dust’
Within each remaining block of difference,find another region of sameness
![Page 52: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
‘Cantor Dust’
Within each remaining block of difference,find another region of sameness
![Page 53: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
‘Cantor Dust’
Within each remaining block of difference,find another region of sameness
![Page 54: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
‘Cantor Dust’
Repeat the same processall the way to infinity…
![Page 55: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
no matter how far down we go,there will always be uniqueness…
…and every one of thoseapparent ‘samenesses’ we found
is also different from every other…
- uniqueness in the sameness…
![Page 56: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Into practice…
How much at present do you designagainst uniqueness?
If uniqueness is a fact of nature,is trying to design against it
even a viable option?
Should you design for uniqueness?If so, how?
![Page 57: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
“What’s the story?”Uniqueness– how and why
![Page 58: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Mass-uniquenessis uniqueness at scale
– where differenceor uniqueness
is a central factof the work itself
What is mass-uniqueness?
![Page 59: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Mass-uniquenessSome everyday examples:
•Healthcare – unique needs, Hickam’s Dictum
•Customer-service – unique needs, ‘long-tail’
•Clothing – fashion, body-types, shapes, sizes
•Education – every student is different, unique needs
•Information-search – unstructured, natural-language
•Farming – weather, micro-climate, soil-types
•City-planning – topography, geography, particularity
![Page 60: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
standardised
A spectrum of uniqueness
customised unique
![Page 61: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
standardised…
CC-BY-NC-ND actiononarmedviolence via Flickr
![Page 62: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
customised…CC-BY-NC-SA Doctress Neutopia via Flickr
![Page 63: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
customised…CC-BY-NC-SA Doctress Neutopia via Flickr
![Page 64: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
unique…© Courtesy of 3D Systems
![Page 65: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
unique…
© Courtesy of 3D Systems
![Page 66: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
uniqueness…
© Courtesy of 3D Systems
![Page 67: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
uniqueness makes it something to celebrate…
© Courtesy of 3D Systems
![Page 68: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Into practice…
How much mass-uniquenessexists in your business-context?
How much do you already designfor that uniqueness?
How do you supportthe required uniqueness at scale?
![Page 69: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
“What’s the story?”A question of perspective
![Page 70: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Perspectives and journeys
Service-delivery is a journey of interactionswhere ‘inside-out’ (the organisation’s perspective)
touches ‘outside-in’ (the customer’s / supplier’s perspective)
![Page 71: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Outside-in…
CC-BY Fretro via Flickr
“Customers do not appear
in our processes,we appear in
their experiences.”Chris Potts, recrEAtion, Technics, 2010
![Page 72: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
A stakeholder is anyonewho can wielda sharp-pointed stakein your direction…
CC-BY-NC-SA evilpeacock via Flickr
Stakeholders in the enterprise
(Hint: there are a lot more of them than you might at first think…)
![Page 73: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Narrative and storyhelp us to identify
the exceptionsand uniquenesses…
The role of narrative
![Page 74: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Technology
CC-BY-SA xdxd_vs_xdxd via Flickr
Process
People
The usual EA view
![Page 75: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Stage
CC-BY-SA xdxd_vs_xdxd via Flickr
Scene
Actor
ActorStage
Stage
Stage
A narrative-oriented viewStage
Scene
Scene
Stage
![Page 76: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Into practice…
What changesas you shift the perspective
from inside-out to outside-in?
What do the narratives tell youabout uniqueness in your business?
What do you need to changeto make best use of this?
![Page 77: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
“What’s the story?”SCAN – making senseof uniqueness
![Page 78: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
“Let’s do a quick SCAN of this…”
Order and unorder
![Page 79: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
CC-BY bobaliciouslondon via Flickr
“We have a rule for everything!”
![Page 80: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
CC-BY bobaliciouslondon via Flickr
Hmm… let’s do a quick SCAN of this…
![Page 81: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
“Insanityis doingthe same thingand expectingdifferent results”
(Albert Einstein)
ORDER(IT-type rules do work here)
Take control! Impose order!
![Page 82: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
“Insanityis doingthe same thingand expectingdifferent results”
(Albert Einstein)
“Insanityis doingthe same thingand expectingthe same results”
(not Albert Einstein)
ORDER(IT-type rules do work here)
UNORDER(IT-type rules don’t work here)
Order and unorder
![Page 83: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
A quest for certainty: analysis, algorithms, identicality, efficiency, business-rule engines, executable models, Six Sigma...
SAMENESS(IT-systems do work
well here)
UNIQUENESS(IT-systems don’t work
well here)
Same and different
An acceptance of uncertainty: experiment, patterns, probabilities, ‘design-thinking’, unstructured process...
![Page 84: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
THEORY
What we plan to do, in the expected conditions
What we actually do, in the actual conditions
PRACTICE
Theory and practice
![Page 85: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
algorithm guideline
rule principle
Different types of decision-guides apply in each ‘domain’
Sensemaking guides decisions
![Page 86: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Guidelines for design
order unorder
fail-safe(high-certainty)
safe-fail(low-certainty)
plan
actual
Waterfall(‘controlled’ change)
Agile(iterative change)
analysis(knowable result)
experiment(unknowable result)
![Page 87: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Why we need people…
What is always going to beuncertain or unique?
(‘Messy’ – politics, management, wicked-problems, ‘should’ vs ‘is’, etc.)
What will always be ‘messy’?
Wherever these occur,we’re going to need human skill…
![Page 88: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Machines and people
order(rules do work here)
unorder(rules don’t work here)
fail-safe(high-certainty)
safe-fail(low-certainty)
analysis(knowable result)
experiment(unknowable result)
MACHINES PEOPLE
Waterfall(‘controlled’ change)
Agile(iterative change)
![Page 89: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
misapplied difference - ‘special cases’ -
creates inefficiency
misapplied samenesscreates failure-demand– a key cause of waste…
![Page 90: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Into practice…
Trying to apply rules to everything,or to automate everything,
will cause your system to fail.
How do you identify the right balancebetween sameness and difference?
How will you avoid inefficiency,or failure-demand?
![Page 91: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
“What’s the story?”Balancing samenessand uniqueness
![Page 92: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Taylorist-type modelstend to assume that everything
is a machine to ‘control’…
Find the right fit!
people will oftenrelate to machines
as if they’re other people…
![Page 93: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Wrong and right…
order(rules do work here)
unorder(rules don’t work here)
PEOPLEas MACHINES
PEOPLEas PEOPLE
CC-BY justin pickard via Flickr CC-BY andré luís via Flickr
![Page 94: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Right and wrong…
order(rules do work here)
unorder(rules don’t work here)
MACHINESas MACHINES
MACHINESas PEOPLE
CC-BY-SA izzard via FlickrCC-BY-SA MysteryBee via Flickr
![Page 95: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
How we really think…
CC-BY Brett Jordan via Flickr
![Page 96: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Use context-maps such as SCANto identify
what may or must changewhat is or is not certain
how these vary over timeand what to do with each
Mapping the context-space
![Page 97: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
A surgical example…
patient identity
surgery plan
emergency action
theatrebooking
consumables
pre-op complications
family behaviour
surgical-staff availability
change oftheatre-availability
action-records
equipmentplan
patientcondition
verify identity
NOW!
before
certain
uncertain
![Page 98: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
A surgical example…
patient identity
theatrebooking
consumables
action-records
equipmentplan
verify identity
we need to be certain about all of these
NOW!
before
certain
uncertain
![Page 99: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
A surgical example…
surgery plan
surgical-staff availability
change oftheatre-availability
patientcondition
we expect(and plan for)
uncertaintyabout these
NOW!
before
certain
uncertain
![Page 100: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
A surgical example…
emergency action
pre-op complications
family behaviour
we don’t expectthese to happen,
but we need contingency-plans
and guiding-principlesfor all of them
NOW!
before
certain
uncertain
![Page 101: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Into practice…
How would you map the right fitfor each type of context?
How would you ensure you don’ttreat people as machinesor machines as people?
How will you managethe inherent uncertainties?
![Page 102: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
“What’s the story?”Uniqueness, changeand governance
![Page 103: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
standardised
Balancing the spectra…
customised unique
sameness uniqueness
high-probability low-probability
high-dependency low-dependency
reusability bespoke
low rate of change high rate of change
![Page 104: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
We need architecturesthat express that balance
between sameness and uniqueness,and other trade-offs across the space…
Architectures and governance
…and governanceto guide relative-positioning
and changes over timebetween backbone and edge
![Page 105: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Architectures for change
BACKBONE EDGE
![Page 106: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Into practice…
What do you need, to balancesameness and differencecertainty and uncertainty
across your whole business-context?
What architecturesdo you need for this?
What governance do you needto manage their changes over time?
![Page 107: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Same and different
Some key take-aways, I hope?
•Many industries depend on mass-uniqueness
•Sameness and efficiency are important, but over-focus on sameness can fail, lethally
•Uniqueness is inherent and unavoidable
•Need ‘just enough sameness’ to support scale
•Work with uniqueness, not against it
![Page 108: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
“What’s the story?”Thank you!
![Page 109: Same and different - architectures for mass-uniqueness](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102922/54c0fbea4a79590e1a8b4602/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Contact: Tom Graves
Company: Tetradian Consulting
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: @tetradian ( http://twitter.com/tetradian )
Weblog: http://weblog.tetradian.com
Slidedecks: http://www.slideshare.net/tetradian
Publications: http://tetradianbooks.com
Books: • The enterprise as story: the role of narrative in enterprise-architecture (2012)
• Mapping the enterprise: modelling the enterprise as services with the Enterprise Canvas (2010)
• Everyday enterprise-architecture: sensemaking, strategy, structures and solutions (2010)
• Doing enterprise-architecture: process and practice in the real enterprise (2009)
Image-credits: Slides 64-67 courtesy of 3D Systems: http://www.bespokeinnovations.com/ Other photo-images via Flickr or Wikimedia, as shown on each slide
Further information: