the bible: the bible: i. uniqueness of its composition ii. uniqueness of its collection iii....
TRANSCRIPT
The Bible:The Bible:I. Uniqueness of Its CompositionI. Uniqueness of Its Composition
II. Uniqueness of Its CollectionII. Uniqueness of Its Collection
III. Uniqueness of Its ContentsIII. Uniqueness of Its Contents
Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2009Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2009
The Bible:The Bible:The Uniqueness of Its ContentsThe Uniqueness of Its Contents
The Bible is All The Bible is All
About About Jesus!Jesus!
Jesus Said So Five Jesus Said So Five TimesTimes
Matthew 5:17Matthew 5:17 Luke 24:27 Luke 24:27 Luke 24:44 Luke 24:44
John 5:39John 5:39 Hebrews 1O:7Hebrews 1O:7
Jesus Said….Jesus Said….•““Do not think I Do not think I
have come to have come to destroy the Law destroy the Law and the Prophets. and the Prophets. I did not come to I did not come to destroy but to destroy but to fulfill.”--fulfill.”--Matt. 5:17Matt. 5:17
Jesus Said….Jesus Said….•““Beginning at Beginning at
Moses and all the Moses and all the Prophets, He Prophets, He expounded to them expounded to them in all the Scriptures in all the Scriptures the thingsthe things concerning concerning Himself.”--Himself.”--Lk. 24:27Lk. 24:27
Jesus Said….Jesus Said….•““All things must be All things must be
fulfilled which were fulfilled which were writtenwritten in the Law in the Law of Moses and the of Moses and the Prophets and the Prophets and the Psalms Psalms about me.”about me.” --Lk. 24:44 --Lk. 24:44
Jesus Said….Jesus Said….•““You search the You search the
Scriptures for in Scriptures for in them you think them you think you have eternal you have eternal life and life and these are these are they which testify they which testify of me.”--of me.”--Jn. 5:39Jn. 5:39
Jesus Said….Jesus Said….•““Behold, I have Behold, I have
come--come--In the In the volume of the volume of the Book it is written Book it is written of me-of me--to do -to do your will, O your will, O God.”--Heb. 10:7God.”--Heb. 10:7
Three Ways the Three Ways the Bible is All Bible is All AboutAbout
JesusJesus
Three Ways the Three Ways the Bible is All Bible is All AboutAbout
JesusJesus•Jesus is the theme Jesus is the theme of:of:–Both TestamentsBoth Testaments
Three Ways the Three Ways the Bible is All Bible is All AboutAbout
JesusJesus•Jesus is the theme Jesus is the theme of:of:–Both TestamentsBoth Testaments–Each SectionEach Section
Three Ways the Three Ways the Bible is All Bible is All AboutAbout
JesusJesus•Jesus is the theme Jesus is the theme of:of:–Both TestamentsBoth Testaments–Each SectionEach Section–Every bookEvery book
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old •In the NewIn the New
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old•AnticipationAnticipation
•In the NewIn the New•RealizationRealization
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old•AnticipationAnticipation
•ComingComing
•In the NewIn the New•RealizationRealization
•ArrivedArrived
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old•AnticipationAnticipation
•ComingComing
•ProphesiedProphesied
•In the NewIn the New•RealizationRealization
•ArrivedArrived
•PresentPresent
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old•AnticipationAnticipation
•ComingComing
•ProphesiedProphesied
•ContainedContained
•In the NewIn the New•RealizationRealization
•ArrivedArrived
•PresentPresent
•ExplainedExplained
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments
•In the OldIn the Old•AnticipationAnticipation
•ComingComing
•ProphesiedProphesied
•ContainedContained
•EnfoldedEnfolded
•In the NewIn the New•RealizationRealization
•ArrivedArrived
•PresentPresent
•ExplainedExplained
•UnfoldedUnfolded
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old•ShadowShadow
•In the NewIn the New•SubstanceSubstance
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old•ShadowShadow
•TypeType
•In the NewIn the New•SubstanceSubstance
•TruthTruth
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old•ShadowShadow
•TypeType
•RitualRitual
•In the NewIn the New•SubstanceSubstance
•TruthTruth
•RealityReality
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old•ShadowShadow
•TypeType
•RitualRitual
•PreincarnatioPreincarnationsns
•In the NewIn the New•SubstanceSubstance
•TruthTruth
•RealityReality
•The IncarnationThe Incarnation
Jesus in Jesus in BothBoth TestamentsTestaments•In the OldIn the Old•ShadowShadow
•TypeType
•RitualRitual
•PreincarnationsPreincarnations
•Branch of David Branch of David just buddingjust budding
•In the NewIn the New•SubstanceSubstance
•TruthTruth
•RealityReality
•The IncarnationThe Incarnation
•Branch of David Branch of David in full bloom in full bloom
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
•V. Gospels-----V. Gospels-----ManifestationManifestation of Christ of Christ
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
•V. Gospels-----V. Gospels-----ManifestationManifestation of Christ of Christ
•VI. Acts--------VI. Acts--------PropagationPropagation of Christ of Christ
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
•V. Gospels-----V. Gospels-----ManifestationManifestation of Christ of Christ
•VI. Acts--------VI. Acts--------PropagationPropagation of Christ of Christ
•VII. Epistles---VII. Epistles---Interpretation Interpretation of Christof Christ
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
•V. Gospels-----V. Gospels-----ManifestationManifestation of Christ of Christ
•VI. Acts--------VI. Acts--------PropagationPropagation of Christ of Christ
•VII. Epistles---VII. Epistles---Interpretation Interpretation of Christof Christ
•VIII. Revelation--VIII. Revelation--ConsummationConsummation in Christ in Christ
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
Jesus in the Law:Jesus in the Law:
•Genesis---Genesis---ElectionElection of the Nation of the Nation
Jesus in the Law:Jesus in the Law:
•Genesis---Genesis---ElectionElection of the Nation of the Nation
•Exodus----Exodus----RedemptionRedemption of the of the NationNation
Jesus in the Law:Jesus in the Law:
•Genesis---Genesis---ElectionElection of the Nation of the Nation
•Exodus----Exodus----RedemptionRedemption of the of the NationNation
•Leviticus--Leviticus--SanctificationSanctification of the of the NationNation
Jesus in the Law:Jesus in the Law:
•Genesis---Genesis---ElectionElection of the Nation of the Nation
•Exodus----Exodus----RedemptionRedemption of the of the NationNation
•Leviticus--Leviticus--SanctificationSanctification of the of the NationNation
•Numbers--Numbers--DirectionDirection of the Nation of the Nation
Jesus in the Law:Jesus in the Law:•Genesis---Genesis---ElectionElection of the Nation of the Nation
•Exodus----Exodus----RedemptionRedemption of the Nation of the Nation
•Leviticus--Leviticus--SanctificationSanctification of the Nation of the Nation
•Numbers--Numbers--DirectionDirection of the Nation of the Nation
•Deuter.----Deuter.----InstructionInstruction of the Nation of the Nation
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
Jesus in History:Jesus in History:
•Joshua----Joshua----PossessionPossession of the of the NationNation
Jesus in History:Jesus in History:
•Joshua----Joshua----PossessionPossession of the of the NationNation
•Judges----Judges----OppressionOppression of the of the NationNation
Jesus in History:Jesus in History:
•Joshua----Joshua----PossessionPossession of the of the NationNation
•Judges----Judges----OppressionOppression of the of the NationNation
•Ruth-------Ruth-------DevotionDevotion in the in the NationNation
Jesus in History:Jesus in History:•Joshua----Joshua----PossessionPossession of the Nation of the Nation
•Judges----Judges----OppressionOppression of the Nation of the Nation
•Ruth-------Ruth-------DevotionDevotion in the Nation in the Nation
•1Samuel--1Samuel--StabilizationStabilization of the Nation of the Nation
Jesus in History:Jesus in History:•Joshua----Joshua----PossessionPossession of the Nation of the Nation
•Judges----Judges----OppressionOppression of the Nation of the Nation
•Ruth-------Ruth-------DevotionDevotion in the Nation in the Nation
•1Samuel--1Samuel--StabilizationStabilization of the Nation of the Nation
•2Samuel--2Samuel--ExpansionExpansion of the Nation of the Nation
Jesus in History:Jesus in History:•Joshua----Joshua----PossessionPossession of the Nation of the Nation
•Judges----Judges----OppressionOppression of the Nation of the Nation
•Ruth-------Ruth-------DevotionDevotion in the Nation in the Nation
•1Samuel--1Samuel--StabilizationStabilization of the Nation of the Nation
•2Samuel--2Samuel--ExpansionExpansion of the Nation of the Nation
•1Kings----1Kings----DeclensionDeclension of the Nation of the Nation
Jesus in History Jesus in History (cont.):(cont.):
•2Kings--------2Kings--------Deportation Deportation of the of the NationNation
Jesus in History Jesus in History (cont.):(cont.):
•2Kings--------2Kings--------Deportation Deportation of the of the NationNation
•1Chronicles--1Chronicles--DeprivationDeprivation of the of the TempleTemple
Jesus in History Jesus in History (cont.):(cont.):
•2Kings--------2Kings--------Deportation Deportation of the of the NationNation
•1Chronicles--1Chronicles--DeprivationDeprivation of the of the TempleTemple
•2Chronicles--2Chronicles--DestructionDestruction of the of the TempleTemple
Jesus in History Jesus in History (cont.):(cont.):
•2Kings--------2Kings--------Deportation Deportation of the Nationof the Nation
•1Chronicles--1Chronicles--DeprivationDeprivation of the Temple of the Temple
•2Chronicles--2Chronicles--DestructionDestruction of the Temple of the Temple – Samuel--Kings=Samuel--Kings=propheticprophetic view view– 1&2Chronicles=1&2Chronicles=priestly viewpriestly view
Jesus in History Jesus in History (cont.):(cont.):
•2Kings--------2Kings--------Deportation Deportation of the Nationof the Nation
•1Chronicles--1Chronicles--DeprivationDeprivation of the Temple of the Temple
•2Chronicles--2Chronicles--DestructionDestruction of the Temple of the Temple – Samuel--Kings=Samuel--Kings=prophetic viewprophetic view– 1&2Chronicles=1&2Chronicles=priestly viewpriestly view
•Ezra----------Ezra----------Restoration Restoration of the Templeof the Temple
Jesus in History Jesus in History (cont.):(cont.):
•2Kings--------2Kings--------Deportation Deportation of the Nationof the Nation
•1Chronicles--1Chronicles--DeprivationDeprivation of the Temple of the Temple
•2Chronicles--2Chronicles--DestructionDestruction of the Temple of the Temple – Samuel--Kings=Samuel--Kings=prophetic viewprophetic view– 1&2Chronicles=1&2Chronicles=priestly viewpriestly view
•Ezra----------Ezra----------Restoration Restoration of the Templeof the Temple
•Nehemiah---Nehemiah---Reconstruction Reconstruction of the Nationof the Nation
Jesus in History Jesus in History (cont.):(cont.):
•2Kings--------2Kings--------Deportation Deportation of the Nationof the Nation
•1Chronicles--1Chronicles--DeprivationDeprivation of the Temple of the Temple
•2Chronicles--2Chronicles--DestructionDestruction of the Temple of the Temple – Samuel--Kings=Samuel--Kings=prophetic viewprophetic view– 1&2Chronicles=1&2Chronicles=priestly viewpriestly view
•Ezra----------Ezra----------Restoration Restoration of the Templeof the Temple
•Nehemiah---Nehemiah---Reconstruction Reconstruction of the Nationof the Nation
•Esther--------Esther--------Protection Protection of the Nationof the Nation
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
Jesus in Poetry:Jesus in Poetry:
• Job------------------Job------------------Mediation Mediation by Christby Christ
Jesus in Poetry:Jesus in Poetry:
• Job------------------Job------------------Mediation Mediation by Christby Christ
•Psalms--------------Psalms--------------CommunionCommunion with with ChristChrist
Jesus in Poetry:Jesus in Poetry:
• Job------------------Job------------------Mediation Mediation by Christby Christ
•Psalms--------------Psalms--------------CommunionCommunion with with ChristChrist
•Proverbs------------Proverbs------------WisdomWisdom in Christ in Christ
Jesus in Poetry:Jesus in Poetry:
• Job------------------Job------------------Mediation Mediation by Christby Christ
•Psalms--------------Psalms--------------CommunionCommunion with with ChristChrist
•Proverbs------------Proverbs------------WisdomWisdom in Christ in Christ
•Ecclesiastes--------Ecclesiastes--------SatisfactionSatisfaction in in ChristChrist
Jesus in Poetry:Jesus in Poetry:
• Job------------------Job------------------Mediation Mediation by Christby Christ
•Psalms--------------Psalms--------------CommunionCommunion with with ChristChrist
•Proverbs------------Proverbs------------WisdomWisdom in Christ in Christ
•Ecclesiastes--------Ecclesiastes--------SatisfactionSatisfaction in Christ in Christ
•Song of Solomon--Song of Solomon--UnionUnion with Christ with Christ
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
Jesus in Prophecy:Jesus in Prophecy:•Before the CaptivityBefore the Captivity--------ExhortationExhortation
– Isaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--ZephaniahIsaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--Zephaniah
Jesus in Prophecy:Jesus in Prophecy:•Before the CaptivityBefore the Captivity--------ExhortationExhortation
– Isaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--ZephaniahIsaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--Zephaniah
•During the CaptivityDuring the Captivity--------AnticipationAnticipation– Lamentations--Lamentations--looks looks backward backward to to
destructiondestruction
Jesus in Prophecy:Jesus in Prophecy:•Before the CaptivityBefore the Captivity--------ExhortationExhortation
– Isaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--ZephaniahIsaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--Zephaniah
•During the CaptivityDuring the Captivity--------AnticipationAnticipation– Lamentations--Lamentations--looks looks backward backward to to
destructiondestruction– Ezekiel--Ezekiel--looks looks forwardforward to religious to religious
restorationrestoration
Jesus in Prophecy:Jesus in Prophecy:•Before the CaptivityBefore the Captivity--------ExhortationExhortation
– Isaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--ZephaniahIsaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--Zephaniah
•During the CaptivityDuring the Captivity--------AnticipationAnticipation– Lamentations--Lamentations--looks looks backward backward to destructionto destruction– Ezekiel--Ezekiel--lookslooks forward forward to to religiousreligious restoration restoration– DanielDaniel--looks --looks forwardforward to to politicalpolitical restoration restoration
Jesus in Prophecy:Jesus in Prophecy:•Before the CaptivityBefore the Captivity--------ExhortationExhortation
– Isaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--ZephaniahIsaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea--Zephaniah
•During the CaptivityDuring the Captivity--------AnticipationAnticipation– Lamentations--Lamentations--looks looks backwardbackward to destruction to destruction– Ezekiel--Ezekiel--looks looks forward forward to religious restorationto religious restoration– DanielDaniel--looks --looks forward forward to political restorationto political restoration
•After the CaptivityAfter the Captivity------------RestorationRestoration
Jesus in Prophecy:Jesus in Prophecy:•Before the CaptivityBefore the Captivity--------ExhortationExhortation
– Isaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea-ZephaniahIsaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea-Zephaniah
•During the CaptivityDuring the Captivity--------AnticipationAnticipation– Lamentations--Lamentations--looks looks backwardbackward to destruction to destruction– Ezekiel--Ezekiel--looks looks forward forward to religious restorationto religious restoration– DanielDaniel---looks ---looks forwardforward to political restoration to political restoration
•After the CaptivityAfter the Captivity------------RestorationRestoration– Haggai--Haggai--religious restorationreligious restoration (Build in the present) (Build in the present)
Jesus in Prophecy:Jesus in Prophecy:•Before the CaptivityBefore the Captivity--------ExhortationExhortation
– Isaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea-ZephaniahIsaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea-Zephaniah
•During the CaptivityDuring the Captivity--------AnticipationAnticipation– Lamentations--Lamentations--looks looks backwardbackward to destruction to destruction– Ezekiel--Ezekiel--looks looks forwardforward to religious restoration to religious restoration– DanielDaniel---look ---look forward forward to political restorationto political restoration
•After the CaptivityAfter the Captivity------------Restoration --Restoration --Haggai--Haggai--religious restorationreligious restoration (Build in the present) (Build in the present)
--Zechariah--Zechariah--religious restoration--religious restoration (Behold the future) (Behold the future)
Jesus in Prophecy:Jesus in Prophecy:•Before the CaptivityBefore the Captivity--------ExhortationExhortation
– Isaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea-ZephaniahIsaiah--Jeremiah; Hosea-Zephaniah
•During the CaptivityDuring the Captivity--------AnticipationAnticipation– Lamentations--Lamentations--looks looks backwardbackward to destruction to destruction– Ezekiel--Ezekiel--looks looks forwardforward to religious restoration to religious restoration– DanielDaniel---looks ---looks forwardforward to political restoration to political restoration
•After the CaptivityAfter the Captivity------------RestorationRestoration– Haggai--Haggai--religious restorationreligious restoration (Build in the present ) (Build in the present )– ZechariahZechariah--religious restoration--religious restoration (Behold the future) (Behold the future)– Malachi--Malachi--moral and social restorationmoral and social restoration
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
•V. Gospels-----V. Gospels-----ManifestationManifestation of Christ of Christ
Jesus in the Four Jesus in the Four Gospels:Gospels:
Jesus in the Four Jesus in the Four Gospels:Gospels:•Law---------Law---------Foundation for ChristFoundation for Christ
•History-----History-----Preparation for ChristPreparation for Christ
•Poetry------Poetry------Aspiration for ChristAspiration for Christ
•Prophecy---Prophecy---ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
•Gospels----Gospels----Manifestation Manifestation of Christof Christ
Gospels: Gospels: ManifestationManifestation of of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
Gospels: Manifestation of Gospels: Manifestation of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
• Presented: Presented: Jews Romans Greeks Jews Romans Greeks WorldWorld
Gospels: Manifestation of Gospels: Manifestation of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
• Presented: Presented: Jews Romans Greeks Jews Romans Greeks WorldWorld
• Ancestry: Ancestry: Abraham (None) Adam Abraham (None) Adam GodGod
Gospels: Manifestation of Gospels: Manifestation of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
• Presented: Presented: Jews Romans Greeks Jews Romans Greeks WorldWorld
• Ancestry: Ancestry: Abraham (None) Adam Abraham (None) Adam GodGod
• Traced: Traced: Royalty (None) Humanity Royalty (None) Humanity EternityEternity
Gospels: Manifestation of Gospels: Manifestation of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
• Presented: Presented: Jews Romans Greeks WorldJews Romans Greeks World
• Ancestry: Ancestry: Abraham (None) Adam GodAbraham (None) Adam God
• Traced: Traced: Royalty (None) Humanity EternityRoyalty (None) Humanity Eternity
• Symbol: Symbol: Lion Ox Man EagleLion Ox Man Eagle
Gospels: Manifestation of Gospels: Manifestation of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
• Presented: Presented: Jews Romans Greeks WorldJews Romans Greeks World
• Ancestry: Ancestry: Abraham (None) Adam GodAbraham (None) Adam God
• Traced: Traced: Royalty (None) Humanity EternityRoyalty (None) Humanity Eternity
• Symbol: Symbol: Lion Ox Man EagleLion Ox Man Eagle
• Emphasis:Emphasis: Taught Taught Wrought Sought ThoughtWrought Sought Thought
Gospels: Manifestation of Gospels: Manifestation of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
• Presented: Presented: Jews Romans Greeks WorldJews Romans Greeks World
• Ancestry: Ancestry: Abraham (None) Adam GodAbraham (None) Adam God
• Traced: Traced: Royalty (None) Humanity EternityRoyalty (None) Humanity Eternity
• Symbol: Symbol: Lion Ox Man EagleLion Ox Man Eagle
• Emphasis:Emphasis: Taught Taught Wrought Sought ThoughtWrought Sought Thought
• Provision: Provision: Righteous Service Redemption LifeRighteous Service Redemption Life
Gospels: Manifestation of Gospels: Manifestation of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
• Presented: Presented: Jews Romans Greeks WorldJews Romans Greeks World
• Ancestry: Ancestry: Abraham (None) Adam GodAbraham (None) Adam God
• Traced: Traced: Royalty (None) Humanity EternityRoyalty (None) Humanity Eternity
• Symbol: Symbol: Lion Ox Man EagleLion Ox Man Eagle
• Emphasis:Emphasis: Taught Taught Wrought Sought ThoughtWrought Sought Thought
• Provision: Provision: Righteous Service Redemption LifeRighteous Service Redemption Life
• Key Verse 3:15 10:45 19:10 10:10Key Verse 3:15 10:45 19:10 10:10
Gospels: Manifestation of Gospels: Manifestation of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
• Presented: Presented: Jews Romans Greeks WorldJews Romans Greeks World
• Ancestry: Ancestry: Abraham (None) Adam GodAbraham (None) Adam God
• Traced: Traced: Royalty (None) Humanity EternityRoyalty (None) Humanity Eternity
• Symbol: Symbol: Lion Ox Man EagleLion Ox Man Eagle
• Emphasis:Emphasis: Taught Taught Wrought Sought ThoughtWrought Sought Thought
• Provision: Provision: Righteous Service Redemption LifeRighteous Service Redemption Life
• Key Verse 3:15 10:45 19:10 10:10Key Verse 3:15 10:45 19:10 10:10
• Key Word: Key Word: Sovereignty Ministry Humanity DeitySovereignty Ministry Humanity Deity
Gospels: Manifestation of Gospels: Manifestation of ChristChrist
• Matthew Mark Luke JohnMatthew Mark Luke John
• Theme: Theme: King Servant Man GodKing Servant Man God
• Presented: Presented: Jews Romans Greeks WorldJews Romans Greeks World
• Ancestry: Ancestry: Abraham (None) Adam GodAbraham (None) Adam God
• Traced: Traced: Royalty (None) Humanity EternityRoyalty (None) Humanity Eternity
• Symbol: Symbol: Lion Ox Man EagleLion Ox Man Eagle
• Emphasis:Emphasis: Taught Taught Wrought Sought ThoughtWrought Sought Thought
• Provision: Provision: Righteous Service Redemption LifeRighteous Service Redemption Life
• Key Verse 3:15 10:45 19:10 10:10Key Verse 3:15 10:45 19:10 10:10
• Key Word: Key Word: Sovereignty Ministry Humanity DeitySovereignty Ministry Humanity Deity
• Savior: Savior: Promised Powerful Perfect PersonalPromised Powerful Perfect Personal
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
•V. Gospels-----V. Gospels-----ManifestationManifestation of Christ of Christ
•VI. Acts--------VI. Acts--------PropagationPropagation of Christ of Christ
Acts: Acts: PropagationPropagation of of Christ Christ •I. In Jerusalem and Judea (1-7)I. In Jerusalem and Judea (1-7)
Acts: Propagation of Acts: Propagation of Christ Christ •I. In Jerusalem and Judea (1-7)I. In Jerusalem and Judea (1-7)
•II. In Samaria (8)II. In Samaria (8)
Acts: Propagation of Acts: Propagation of Christ Christ •I. In Jerusalem and Judea (1-7)I. In Jerusalem and Judea (1-7)
•II. In Samaria (8)II. In Samaria (8)
•III. To the Ends of the Earth (9-III. To the Ends of the Earth (9-28)28)
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
•V. Gospels-----V. Gospels-----ManifestationManifestation of Christ of Christ
•VI. Acts--------VI. Acts--------PropagationPropagation of Christ of Christ
•VII. Epistles---VII. Epistles---Interpretation Interpretation of Christof Christ
The Epistles: The Epistles: InterpretationInterpretation and and
ApplicationApplication of Christ of Christ•Paul’s Epistles:Paul’s Epistles:ExpositionExposition of Christ of Christ
The Epistles: The Epistles: InterpretationInterpretation and and
ApplicationApplication of Christ of Christ•Paul’s Epistles:Paul’s Epistles:ExpositionExposition in Christ in Christ
•General EpistlesGeneral Epistles::ExhortationExhortation for Christ for Christ
Paul’s Epistles: Paul’s Epistles: ExpositionExposition The Key: “…in Christ”The Key: “…in Christ”
•Romans (3:24)-----Romans (3:24)-----Redemption Redemption in Christin Christ
•1Corinth. (1:2)----1Corinth. (1:2)-----Sanctification -Sanctification in Christin Christ
•2 Corinth.2 Corinth. (2:14)--(2:14)--Jubilation Jubilation in Christin Christ
•Galatians (2:4)----Galatians (2:4)----EmancipationEmancipation in Christ in Christ
•Ephesians (1:3)----Ephesians (1:3)----ExaltationExaltation in Christ in Christ
•Philippians (1:26)--Philippians (1:26)--ExultationExultation in Christ in Christ
•Colossians (1:28)--Colossians (1:28)--Completion Completion in Christin Christ
• I Thes. (1:3)—I Thes. (1:3)—ExpectationExpectation in Christ in Christ
•2 Thes. (1:12)—2 Thes. (1:12)—GlorificationGlorification in Christ in Christ
•1 Tim. (1:14)—1 Tim. (1:14)—FaithfulnessFaithfulness in Christ in Christ
•2 Tim. (1:13)—2 Tim. (1:13)—SteadfastnessSteadfastness in Christ in Christ
•Titus (1:13)—Titus (1:13)—SoundnessSoundness in Christ in Christ
•Phile. (1:6)—Phile. (1:6)—BenefactionBenefaction in Christ in Christ
General Epistles:General Epistles:•Hebrews---Hebrews---PerfectionPerfection in Christ (6:1) in Christ (6:1)
• James-----James-----WisdomWisdom from Christ (1:5) from Christ (1:5)
•1Peter-----1Peter-----SubmissionSubmission to Christ (1:2 to Christ (1:2))
•2Peter-----2Peter-----PurificationPurification by Christ (1:9) by Christ (1:9)
•1John-----1John-----CommunionCommunion with Christ (1:7) with Christ (1:7)
•2John-----2John-----ContinuationContinuation with Christ (1:4) with Christ (1:4)
•3John-----3John-----ContributionContribution for Christ (1:5, 8) for Christ (1:5, 8)
• Jude------Jude------ContentionContention for Christ (1:3) for Christ (1:3)
Jesus in Every Jesus in Every SectionSection• I. Law---------I. Law---------FoundationFoundation for Christ for Christ
• II. History-----II. History-----PreparationPreparation for Christ for Christ
• III. Poetry-----III. Poetry-----Aspiration Aspiration for Christfor Christ
• IV. ProphecyIV. Prophecy----ExpectationExpectation of Christ of Christ
•V. Gospels-----V. Gospels-----ManifestationManifestation of Christ of Christ
•VI. Acts--------VI. Acts--------PropagationPropagation of Christ of Christ
•VII. Epistles---VII. Epistles---Interpretation Interpretation of Christof Christ
•VIII. Revelation--VIII. Revelation--ConsummationConsummation in Christ in Christ
Revelation:Revelation:ConsummatiConsummationon
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
• III. The III. The ProgramProgram of Christ (4-22) of Christ (4-22)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
• III. The III. The ProgramProgram of Christ (4-22) of Christ (4-22)– A. In Heaven (4-5)A. In Heaven (4-5)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
• III. The III. The ProgramProgram of Christ (4-22) of Christ (4-22)– A. In Heaven (4-5)A. In Heaven (4-5)– 1.1. Praise God for Praise God for CreationCreation (4) (4)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
• III. The III. The ProgramProgram of Christ (4-22) of Christ (4-22)– A. In Heaven (4-5)A. In Heaven (4-5)– 1.1. Praise God for Praise God for CreationCreation (4) (4)– 2. Praise God for2. Praise God for Redemption Redemption (5) (5)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
• III. The III. The ProgramProgram of Christ (4-22) of Christ (4-22)– A. In Heaven (4-5)A. In Heaven (4-5)– 1.1. Praise God for Praise God for CreationCreation (4) (4)– 2. Praise God for 2. Praise God for RedemptionRedemption (5) (5)– B. On Earth (6-22)B. On Earth (6-22)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
• III. The III. The ProgramProgram of Christ (4-22) of Christ (4-22)– A. In Heaven (4-5)A. In Heaven (4-5)– 1.1. Praise God for Praise God for CreationCreation (4) (4)– 2. Praise God for 2. Praise God for RedemptionRedemption (5) (5)– B. On Earth (6-22)B. On Earth (6-22)– 1. The Tribulation (6-18)1. The Tribulation (6-18)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
• III. The III. The ProgramProgram of Christ (4-22) of Christ (4-22)– A. In Heaven (4-5)A. In Heaven (4-5)– 1.1. Praise God for Praise God for CreationCreation (4) (4)– 2. Praise God for2. Praise God for Redemption Redemption (5) (5)– B. On Earth (6-22)B. On Earth (6-22)– 1. The Tribulation (6-18)1. The Tribulation (6-18)– 2. The Second Coming (19)2. The Second Coming (19)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
• III. The III. The ProgramProgram of Christ (4-22) of Christ (4-22)– A. In Heaven (4-5)A. In Heaven (4-5)– 1.1. Praise God for Praise God for CreationCreation (4) (4)– 2. Praise God for2. Praise God for Redemption Redemption (5) (5)– B. On Earth (6-22)B. On Earth (6-22)– 1. The Tribulation (6-18)1. The Tribulation (6-18)– 2. The Second Coming (19)2. The Second Coming (19)– 3. The Millennium (20)3. The Millennium (20)
Revelation: Revelation: ConsummationConsummation • I.I. The The PersonPerson of Christ (1) of Christ (1)
• II. The II. The PossessionPossession of Christ (2-3) of Christ (2-3)
• III. The III. The ProgramProgram of Christ (4-22) of Christ (4-22)– A. In Heaven (4-5)A. In Heaven (4-5)– 1.1. Praise God for Praise God for CreationCreation (4) (4)– 2. Praise God for2. Praise God for Redemption Redemption (5) (5)– B. On Earth (6-22)B. On Earth (6-22)– 1. The Tribulation (6-18)1. The Tribulation (6-18)– 2. The Second Coming (19)2. The Second Coming (19)– 3. The Millennium (20)3. The Millennium (20)– 4. New Heaven and New Earth (21-22)4. New Heaven and New Earth (21-22)
Jesus in Every BookJesus in Every Book• Genesis--Genesis--the Seed of the Womanthe Seed of the Woman
• Exodus--Exodus--the Passover Lambthe Passover Lamb
• Leviticus--the Atoning SacrificeLeviticus--the Atoning Sacrifice
• Numbers--Numbers--the Smitten Rockthe Smitten Rock
• Deuteronomy--Deuteronomy--the Prophetthe Prophet
• Joshua--Joshua--our Leaderour Leader
• Judges--Judges--our Delivererour Deliverer
• Ruth--Ruth--our Kinsman Redeemerour Kinsman Redeemer
• 1Samuel--1Samuel--the Anointed Onethe Anointed One
Jesus in Every Book Jesus in Every Book (cont.)(cont.)• 2Samuel--2Samuel--the Son of Davidthe Son of David
• 1&2Kings--1&2Kings--the Glorious Kingthe Glorious King
• 1&2Chron.--1&2Chron.--the Priestly Kingthe Priestly King
• Ezra--Ezra--the Restorer of the Templethe Restorer of the Temple
• Nehemiah--Nehemiah--the Restorer of the Nationthe Restorer of the Nation
• Esther--Esther--our Protectorour Protector
• Job--our Job--our MediatorMediator
• Psalms—our All in allPsalms—our All in all
Jesus in Every Book Jesus in Every Book (cont.)(cont.)• Proverbs--Proverbs--the Wisdom of Godthe Wisdom of God
• Ecclesiastes--Ecclesiastes--the Chief Goodthe Chief Good
• Song of Sol.--Song of Sol.--the Lover of our Soulthe Lover of our Soul
• Isaiah--Isaiah--the Messiahthe Messiah
• Jeremiah--Jeremiah--a Man of Sorrowsa Man of Sorrows
• Lamentations--Lamentations--the Weeping Prophetthe Weeping Prophet
• Ezekiel--Ezekiel--the Restorer of God’s Glorythe Restorer of God’s Glory
• Daniel--Daniel--the Great Rockthe Great Rock
• Hosea--Hosea--the Healer of the Backsliderthe Healer of the Backslider
• Joel--Joel--the Hope of His Peoplethe Hope of His People
Jesus in Every Book Jesus in Every Book (cont.)(cont.)• Amos----the HusbandmanAmos----the Husbandman
• ObadiahObadiah--the Savior--the Savior
• Jonah--Jonah--the Resurrected Onethe Resurrected One
• Micah--Micah--the Witnessthe Witness
• Nahum--Nahum--the Avengerthe Avenger
• Habakkuk--Habakkuk--the Holy Godthe Holy God
• Zephaniah--Zephaniah--the Judgethe Judge
• Haggai--Haggai--the Restorer of the Temple’s Glorythe Restorer of the Temple’s Glory
• Zechariah--Zechariah--the Righteous Branchthe Righteous Branch
• MalachiMalachi--the Sun of Righteousness--the Sun of Righteousness
Jesus in Every Book Jesus in Every Book (cont.)(cont.)• Matthew--Matthew--the King of the Jewsthe King of the Jews
• Mark--Mark--the Servant of the LORDthe Servant of the LORD
• Luke--Luke--the Son of Manthe Son of Man
• John--John--the Son of Godthe Son of God
• Acts--Acts--our Risen Lordour Risen Lord
• Roman--Roman--our Righteousnessour Righteousness
• 1Corinth.--1Corinth.--our Sanctificationour Sanctification
• 2Corinth.--2Corinth.--our Sufficiencyour Sufficiency
• Galatians--Galatians--our Libertyour Liberty
• Ephesians--Ephesians--the Head of the Churchthe Head of the Church
Jesus in Every Book Jesus in Every Book (cont.)(cont.)
• Philippians--Philippians--our Joyour Joy
• Colossians--Colossians--the Preeminent Onethe Preeminent One
• 1Thess.--1Thess.--the Coming Onethe Coming One
• 2Thess.--the Glorified One2Thess.--the Glorified One
• 1Timothy--1Timothy--our Teacherour Teacher
• 2Timothy--2Timothy--our Helperour Helper
• Titus--Titus--the Great God and Saviorthe Great God and Savior
• Philemon--Philemon--our Substituteour Substitute
Jesus in Every Book Jesus in Every Book (cont.)(cont.)
• HebrewsHebrews--our Great High Priest--our Great High Priest
• James--James--our Wisdomour Wisdom
• 1Peter--1Peter--our Rockour Rock
• 2Peter--2Peter--our Hopeour Hope
• 1John--1John--the Lifethe Life
• 2John--2John--the Truththe Truth
• 3John--3John--the Waythe Way
• JudeJude--our Advocate--our Advocate
• Revelation--Revelation--King of Kings & Lord of LordsKing of Kings & Lord of Lords
The Bible is All The Bible is All About Jesus!About Jesus!
•Both Both TestamentsTestaments
The Bible is All The Bible is All About Jesus!About Jesus!
•Both Both TestamentsTestaments
•Each SectionEach Section
The Bible is All The Bible is All About Jesus!About Jesus!
•Both Both TestamentsTestaments
•Each SectionEach Section
•Every BookEvery Book
The Bible is All The Bible is All About Jesus!About Jesus!
The Written WordThe Written Word
The Living WordThe Living Word
God’s Two God’s Two WordsWords•WrittenWritten Word Living Word Living WordWord
God’s Two God’s Two WordsWords•WrittenWritten Word Living Word Living WordWordScriptureScripture SaviorSavior
God’s Two God’s Two WordsWords•WrittenWritten Word Living Word Living WordWordScriptureScripture SaviorSaviorPropositionsPropositions Person Person
God’s Two God’s Two WordsWords•WrittenWritten Word Living Word Living WordWordScriptureScripture SaviorSaviorPropositionsPropositions Person Person Biblios Biblios LogosLogos
God’s Two God’s Two WordsWords•WrittenWritten Word Living WordWord Living Word
ScriptureScripture SaviorSaviorPropositionsPropositions Person Person Biblios Biblios LogosLogosLanguageLanguage LifeLife
God’s Two God’s Two WordsWords•WrittenWritten Word Living WordWord Living Word
ScriptureScripture SaviorSaviorPropositionsPropositions Person Person Biblios Biblios LogosLogosLanguageLanguage LifeLife
Jesus said,Jesus said,“The “The ScripturesScriptures speak of speak of Me.”Me.” (John 6:37)(John 6:37)
The Unique Nature of the The Unique Nature of the Content of ScriptureContent of Scripture
A. The Bible has great A. The Bible has great diversity.diversity.
B. Yet the Bible has amazing B. Yet the Bible has amazing unity.unity.
C. This is best accounted for by C. This is best accounted for by Deity (one Mind behind it all).Deity (one Mind behind it all).
The Great Diversity of The Great Diversity of the Bible: It was--the Bible: It was--1.1. --written in two major languages;--written in two major languages;
2.2. --by some forty human authors; --by some forty human authors;
3.3. --who held numerous occupations;--who held numerous occupations;
4.4. --who lived on three different --who lived on three different continents;continents;
5.5. --who penned 66 different books;--who penned 66 different books;
6.6. --on hundreds of topics;--on hundreds of topics;
7.7. --spanning some 1600 years.--spanning some 1600 years.
The Amazing Unity of the The Amazing Unity of the BibleBible
It has:It has:1.1.One theme--salvation (2Tim. One theme--salvation (2Tim.
3:15),3:15),
2.2.One person--ChristOne person--Christ (Lk. 24:27), (Lk. 24:27),
3.3.With one goal--to glorify God With one goal--to glorify God (1Cor. 10:31).(1Cor. 10:31).
Compare a Medical Manual with Compare a Medical Manual with the same diversity, and it would the same diversity, and it would not have this unity! not have this unity! For example, sickness is cured by:For example, sickness is cured by:1.1. Exorcizing demons;Exorcizing demons;2.2. Draining blood from the veins;Draining blood from the veins;3.3. Getting positive thoughts in the mind;Getting positive thoughts in the mind;4.4. Taking drugs for bad bacteria and viruses;Taking drugs for bad bacteria and viruses;5.5. Releasing the flow of the Force in the body by:Releasing the flow of the Force in the body by:
a)a) meditationmeditationb)b) acupunctureacupuncturec)c) breathing exercisesbreathing exercisesd)d) yogayogae)e) eating no meateating no meatf)f) etc. etc.
By contrast, the Bible By contrast, the Bible states we have:states we have:
1.1. One problem—sin;One problem—sin;
By contrast, the Bible By contrast, the Bible states we have:states we have:
1.1. One problem—sin;One problem—sin;
2.2. One cure—salvation;One cure—salvation;
By contrast, the Bible By contrast, the Bible states we have:states we have:
1.1. One problem—sin;One problem—sin;
2.2. One cure—salvation;One cure—salvation;
3.3. Through one person—Christ;Through one person—Christ;
I find my Lord in the BibleWhere ever I chance to look,
He is the theme of the BibleThe center and heart of the Book;
He is the Rose of Sharon,He is the Lily fair,
Where ever I open my BibleThe Lord of the Book is there.
I find my Lord in the BibleWhere ever I chance to look,
He is the theme of the BibleThe center and heart of the Book;
He is the Rose of Sharon,He is the Lily fair,
Where ever I open my BibleThe Lord of the Book is there.
He, at the Book’s beginning,Gave to the earth its form,
He is the Ark of shelterBearing the brunt of the storm,
The Burning Bush of the desert,The budding of Aaron’s Rod,
Where ever I look in the Bible I see the Son of God.
The Ram upon Mt. Moriah, The Ladder from earth to sky,The Scarlet Cord in the window, The Serpent lifted high,
The smitten rock in the desert, The Shepherd with staff and crook, The face of my Lord I discover Where ever I open the Book.
The Ram upon Mt. Moriah, The Ladder from earth to sky,The Scarlet Cord in the window, The Serpent lifted high,
The smitten rock in the desert, The Shepherd with staff and crook, The face of my Lord I discover Where ever I open the Book.
He is the Seed of the Woman, The Savior Virgin-born;
He is the Son of David,Whom men rejected with scorn,
His garments of grace and of beauty The stately Aaron deck,
Yet He is a priest forever, For He is Melchizedek.
He is the Seed of the Woman, The Savior Virgin-born;
He is the Son of David,Whom men rejected with scorn,
His garments of grace and of beauty The stately Aaron deck,
Yet He is a priest forever, For He is Melchizedek.
Lord of eternal gloryWhom John, the Apostle saw;
Light of the golden city,Lamb without spot or flaw,
Bridegroom coming at midnight, For whom the Virgins look.Wherever I open my Bible, I find my Lord in the Book.
Author wishes to remain unknown
Lord of eternal gloryWhom John, the Apostle saw;
Light of the golden city,Lamb without spot or flaw,
Bridegroom coming at midnight, For whom the Virgins look.Wherever I open my Bible, I find my Lord in the Book.
Author wishes to remain unknown