s croatian equivalents x vlüxãdq ) . inho miransilva, augusto soares da (2006) o mundo dos...
TRANSCRIPT
This work – by means of an analysis of the European
Portuguese adjectives formed by the most productive diminutive
suffixes –inho and –zinho in contrast to their equivalents in
Croatian registered in the corpus of translated narrative texts –
tend to be a contribution to the existing research of the highly
polysemous category of diminutive in Portuguese, but also
observe some possible means of expressing the similar
meanings and uses in Croatian. It is precisely on adjectival (and
adverbial) stems that the Portuguese diminutive suffixes exhibit
semantic specificity in comparison to other languages.
Introduction
Barić et als. (1997) Hrvatska gramatika, Školska knjiga, Zagreb.
Dressler, W., Merlini Barbaresi, L. (1994) Morphopragmatics: Diminutives and
intensifiers in Italian, German, and other languages, Mouton de Gruyter,
Berlin.
Jurafsky, D. (1996) “Universal tendencies in the semantics of the diminutive”,
Language 72, 3, 533-578.
Sarić, D. (2006) „Deminutiv u portugalskom“, Strani jezici: časopis za
primijenjenu lingvistiku, Zagreb, 109-116.
Sarić, D., Varga, D. (2013) „Diminutivo em português – menos é mais“, Studia
Romanica et Anglica Zagrabiensia (forthcoming).
Silva, Augusto Soares da (2006) O Mundo dos Sentidos em Português:
Polissemia, Semântica e Cognição, Almedina, Coimbra.
Skorge, S. (1957) „Os sufixos diminutivos em português“, Boletim de Filologia,
Vol. XVI, 222-305, Centro de Estudos Filológicos, Lisboa.
Taylor, J. R. (1995) Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in linguistic theory,
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
References
Analysis
Narrative texts
Final observations
CROATIAN EQUIVALENTS
OF PORTUGUESE DIMINUTIVE ADJECTIVES Nina Lanović & Daliborka Sarić
University of Zagreb
in not more than 10 % of examples in corpus, Croatian
equivalent to Portuguese diminutive sufixes –inho and -zinho
is also a diminutive suffix, which leads to the conclusion that
diminutive adjective – that is a diminutive suffix on adjectives
– is far more semantically and pragmatically productive
category in Portuguese than in Croatian;
not a single example has been noted in the corpus where a
Croatian diminutive suffix on adjective would be equivalent to
a Portuguese diminutive suffix in function of an intensifier on
the adjective which does not denote ''smallness'' – in such
cases in Croatian another form of modification occurs
(adverbial, prefixal, phraseological, lexical, etc.) or there is no
modification at all – an observation in contribution to thesis
supporting that the function of intensification
(superlativisation) of diminutive suffixes on adjectives which
do not mark a diminished dimension is a potential semantical
specificity of Portuguese language;
when a conotative value/meaning prevails in Portuguese
diminutive or when it has a pragmatical-discursive function,
certain tendency can be noted in Croatian equivalents – the
place of modification (non-suffixal) ''moves'' onto another
word in the sentence or the modification overtakes the whole
of the sentence – confirming the assumption that numerous
and multiple meanings and functions of diminutive suffixes in
Portuguese could in equivalence be expressed in Croatian
only by means of different – non-morphological –
proceedings.
Antunes, A. L. (2007) Auto dos danados, Dom Quixote, Lisboa. / LAp
Antunes, A. L. (2005) Prikazanje opsjednutih, SysPrint, Zagreb; translated by Tanja Tarbuk. / LAh
Cardoso, M. E. (2001) O Amor é fodido, Assírio & Alvim, Lisboa. / MECp
Cardoso, M. E. (2003) Ljubav je sjebana, Konzor, Zagreb; translated by Tanja Tarbuk. / MECh
Ferro, R. (2007) Uma mulher não chora, Dom Quixote, Lisboa. / RFp
Ferro, R. (2003) Žene ne plaču, Znanje, Zagreb; translated by Tanja Tarbuk. / RFh
Pires, J. C. (2002) Balada da praia dos cães, Publicações Dom Quixote, Lisboa. / JCPp
Pires, J. C. (2008) Balada o psećoj plaži, Znanje, Zagreb; translated by Tanja Tarbuk. / JCPh
Queirós, E. de (2004) Relíquia, Livros do Brasil, Lisboa. / EQp
Queirós, E. de (2005) Relikvija, Hrvatsko filološko društvo, Disput, Zagreb; translated by Nikica Talan. /EQh
Saramago, J. (1984) O ano da morte de Ricardo Reis, Caminho, Lisboa / JS1p
Saramago, J. (2002) Godina smrti Ricarda Reisa, V.B.Z., Zagreb; translated by Tanja Tarbuk / JS1h
Saramago, J. (1995) Ensaio sobre a cegueira, Caminho, Lisboa / JS2p
Saramago, J. (1999) Ogled o sljepoći, SysPrint, Zagreb; translated by Nina Lanović / JS2h
Saramago, J. (1998) Todos os nomes, Caminho, Lisboa. / JS3p
Saramago, J. (2002) Sva imena, Otokar Keršovani, Rijeka; translated by Nina Lanović. / JS3h
Saramago, J. (1998) O Evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo, Caminho, Lisboa. / JS4p
Saramago, J. (2002) Evanđelje po Isusu Kristu, V.B.Z., Zagreb; translated by Snježana Mihačić. / JS4h
Table 1 Portuguese diminutive suffix Croatian equivalent: diminutive suffix
[...] chega-se-lhes um fósforo e elas ficam a arder até o azeite se acabar, são umas luzes fraquinhas, mas dá para vermos, [...] (JS2p)
[...] upališ ih šibicom i gore dok ima ulja, svjetlo je slabašno, ali uz njega ipak možemo vidjeti, [...] (JS2h) Attached to adjectives
denoting „smallness“, diminutive suffix intensifies the smallness feature (with or without affective connotations).
Os olhos de Osânias, miudinhos como duas contas de vidro negro, reluziram de agudeza e malícia. (EQp)
Oči Ozanijine, sićušne poput dviju kuglica od crnoga stakla, bljesnuše oštrinom i zlobom. (EQh)
Este personagem, tão novinho, com o seu cabelo aos cachos e o lábio trémulo, é João. (JS4p)
Ovaj tako mlađahni lik, bogatih uvojaka i drhtavih usana, to je Ivan. (JS4h)
A outra, D. Rosa, gordinha e trigueira, tocava harpa, sabia de cor os versos do Amor e Melancolia, [...] (EQp)
Druga, mlađa, Dona Rosa, debeljuškasta i tamnoputa, svirala je harfu, a znala je napamet i stihove iz zbirke Ljubav i sjeta. (EQp)
Attached to adjectives that do not denote „smallness“, intensity of the feature is mitigated (with or without affective connotations).
As pestanas tornam-no bonitinho e por isso as dispensamos. Mas, se tiver olheiras... (RFp)
Trepavice ga čine ljepuškastim, pa zato možemo i bez njih. Ali ako bi imao podočnjake... (RFh)
[...] enquanto o ano novo se aproxima num raio de luz, gordinho como os meninos da farinha lacto-búlgara, [...] (JS1p)
[...] dok se nova godina približava na zraci svjetlosti, debela poput dječice uhranjene bugarskim mliječnim brašnom, (JS1h)
Attached to some other word in the sentence – when the connotative meaning prevails, it functions on discursive level, making the „place“ of modification less important.
Table 2 Portuguese diminutive suffix Croatian equivalent: adverbial modification
[...] oferecia pedaços da túnica da Virgem Maria, cordéis das sandálias de São Pedro; e rosnava com ânsia, roçando-me pelos manteletes e pelas toucas:"Baratinhos, minha senhora, baratinhos... Excelentes para catarros!..." (EQp)
Nuđah im komadiće tunike Djevice Marije ili uzice sa sandala sv. Petra, saplićući bradu o njihove marame i kapice: "Veoma jeftino, gospođo, veoma jeftino... Izvrsno za prehlade!..." (EQh)
Adverbial intensity quantification with the adjectives occurs due to derivational restrictions – weaker productivity of diminutive suffixation on adjectives in Croatian.
- Então estás lavadinha por baixo. (JCPp)
- Onda si znači dobro podmazana dolje? (JCPh)
Sonhar com a infância em aromas, sabonetes lifebuoy chegados de Salisbury e cadernos de escola - novinhos, a cheirarem a papel. (JCPp)
Sanjati mirise iz djetinjstva, sapune lifebuoy iz Salisburya i školske bilježnice, posve nove, one koje mirišu na papir. (JCPh)
[...] mas Ricardo Reis via-o distintamente, nem perto nem longe, um esqueleto a andar, igualzinho àquele em que aprendera na faculdade de Medicina, [...] (JS1p)
[...] no Ricardo Reis ga je jasno vidio, nije bio ni blizu ni daleko, kostur koji hoda, potpuno isti onome na kojemu su učili na Medicinskome fakultetu, [...] (JS1h)
Aqui tenho sortimento fresco, chegadinho de Sião!” (EQp)
Ovdje imam svježu robu koja upravo stiže sa Siona!" (EQh)
Adverbial quantification modifiying another word in the sentence - when semantic equivalence cannot be achieved by adjective.
- Está bom Mariana, obrigadinho; eu verei; vá com Deus... (EQp)
- U redu, Mariano, velika vam hvala, vidjet ću što ću učiniti, idite sada s Bogom... (EQh)
Table 3 Portuguese diminutive suffix Croatian equivalent: prefix
Ai Vicência, que ele vem cheinho de virtude! (EQp)
Ajme Vicêncio, pa on je prepun kreposti! (EQh)
In cases when diminutive
suffixation in Portuguese
functions as intensifier, and
in Croatian diminutive
suffixation on an adjective
with equal meaning is not
semantically equivalent
(there is diminutive of
adjective pun – punašan –
but it indicates the moderated
feature).
Table 4 Portuguese diminutive suffix Croatian equivalent: phraseological modification
Ele e a Titi falavam então de doenças. Padre Casimiro, coradinho, com o guardanapo atado ao pescoço, o prato cheio o copo cheio, sorria beatificamente. (EQp)
Velečasni Casimiro, crven kao rak, s ubrusom privezanim o vrat, s prepunim tanjurom, s prepunom čašom, blaženo se smješkaše. (EQh)
Examples of intensification
in Portuguese which have
some conventional Croatian
phrasemes as an adequate
functional equivalent (there
is for example a diminutive
of adjective crven –
crvenkast, but it indicates the
moderated feature).
E a Titi deite a sua bênção ao seu sobrinho fiel e que muito a venera e está chupadinho de saudades e deseja a sua saúde – Teodorico. (EQp)
A tetku molim da blagoslovi svog vjernog nećaka Teodorica koji je osobito štuje, koji vene od čežnje za Njom i koji joj želi dobro zdravlje. (EQh)
Table 5
Portuguese diminutive suffix Croatian equivalent: semanticaly specific adjective
[...] e era irresistível o profano nimbo luminoso, que eles punham em torno da sua face gordinha, de uma brancura de leite onde se desfez carmesim, toda tenra e suculenta. (EQp)
Bijaše upravo neodoljiva presjajna svjetovna aureola što je one oblikovaše oko njezina bucmastog, prenježnog i presočnog lica mliječne bjeline kojom se razlio grimiz. (EQh)
Instead of some sort of
morpho-syntactic
modification of equal-
meaning adjective in
Croatian, the equivalence is
obtained with an adjective
(non-modified) that by itself
implies specific semantic
nuances: bucmast
(euphemism), zločesta
(euphemism, sympathy),
dobar, nakljukan
(intensification).
Então o padre mais idoso e nédio chegou-me para os joelhos, recomendou-me que fosse temente a Deus, quietinho em casa, sempre obediente à Titi... (EQp)
Tada me stariji i bucmastiji svećenik posjede na koljena savjetovavši mi neka se bojim Boga, neka budem dobar u kući i neka uvijek slušam tetku... (EQh)
Eu respondia que tu não eras má, mas só mazinha; [...] (MECp)
A ja sam odgovarao da ti nisi zla, nego samo malo zločesta; [...] (MECh) Specific lexem and
adverbial modification Ai Vicência, que ele vem cheinho de virtude! Ai que vem mesmo atochadinho dela! (EQp)
Ajme Vicêncio, pa on je prepun kreposti! Nakljukan je njome do iznemoglosti! (EQh)
Table 6 Portuguese diminutive suffix Modification on discursive-pragmatic level
A do tabelião Justino era uma quintazinha no Minho, com roseiras e com parreiras, onde ele pudesse acabar a velhice, em mangas de camisa, e quietinho. (EQp)
Pisar Justino bi volio imati malo imanje u Minhu, s ružicama i vinovom lozom, gdje bi mogao neuštogljeno, spokojno provesti starost. (EQh)
When the connotative
meaning – especially
affective connotation –
prevails in use of diminutive
in Portuguese, and in cases
when it has a discursive-
pragmatic function, this
meaning/function often
transfers to another word in
the sentence or even
modifies the whole sentence
(spokojno – intensification,
ugnjezdiš – comfort, brižno
/with a verb/ - empathy).
Não estou em casa, dirá ela, e se, durante a noite, deitadinho na sua cama, algum sonho agradável excitar o teu velho corpo, já sabes, o remédio está à mão, só terás de ter cuidado com os lençóis. (JS3p)
Nisam kod kuće, reći će, a ako ti, tijekom noći, kad se ugnjezdiš u njezinoj postelji, kakav ugodan san nadraži staro tijelo, već znaš, lijek ti je pri ruci, morat ćeš jedino paziti na plahte. (JS3h)
Ah, pois, amanhã bate-nos aí à porta a dizer que foi uma distracção, a pedir desculpa, e a saber se estás melhorzinho. (JS2p)
O da, kako da ne, sutra će nam zakucati na vrata da kaže da je bio rastresen, da se ispriča, i da se brižno raspita je li ti bolje. (JS2h)
Portuguese diminutive suffixes Without modification
Arrastou-se para fora do buraco, frio como um túmulo, e, enrolado na manta, olhou na sua frente o casario de Jerusalém, as casas baixinhas, de pedra, tocadas pela luz rosada. (JS4p)
Ispuzao je iz rupe, hladne kao grob, i umotan u ogrtač, stao promatrati naselje Jeruzalem pred sobom, niske kamene kuće okupane ružičastom svjetlošću. (JS4h)
Derivational restrictions in
Croatian (it does not exist for
instance diminutive of
adjective nizak and some
other type of modification
wouldn't be
functionally/pragmatically
equivalent, atributting to an
inadequate emphasis).
Lentamente, porque o que regulava a marcha era o passo miudinho e travado do rebanho, [...] (JS4p)
Polagano, jer su hod morali prilagoditi sitnim i sporim koracima stada, [...] (JS4h)
Lexical/Phraseological
restrictions in relativelly
stable word combinations
(e.g. in a conventional
Croatian collocation sitan
korak the collocative cannot
be replaced by the diminutive
variant sićušan).
- Senta-te aí quietinho, ordenou a minha irmã. Ao menos enquanto te sentas não te sujas. (LAp)
- Sjedi tamo i budi miran – naredila je moja sestra. (LAh)
Pragmatic differences -
constitutional rules and
'adequacy' of the speech act;
various discursive strategies
– unlike in Portuguese, in
Croatian diminutive in many
cases is an exceptionally
marked category; in the cited
examples it would undermine
the tone and the
comunication competence,
bring an inadequate emphasis
or even result in a shift of
register.
Mas se voltarem inteirinhos como é de desejar e trouxerem bem abocadas as duas peças desmandadas, [...] (JCPp)
No ako se vrate čitavi, kao što im je i namjera, i sa sobom u zubima donesu plijen, [...] (JCPh)
- Foi-se... Esgotadinho!... Só para a semana... (EQp)
- Nema više... Rasprodano!... Tek za tjedan dana... (EQh)
A Paula era pequena, morena e magrinha. Só tinha uma coisa em comum com a Teresa — ser muito bonita. (MECp)
Paula je bila mala, crnokosa i mršava. Imala je tek nešto zajedničko s Terezom – bila je vrlo lijepa. (MECh)
Table 7