Revolution and Revolution and ConstitutionConstitution

Unit IIUnit II

AP American HistoryAP American History

Salutary Neglect/Benign Salutary Neglect/Benign NeglectNeglect

►British absenteeismBritish absenteeism Distance between England and AmericaDistance between England and America Political turmoil and relative peacePolitical turmoil and relative peace

►Colonies virtually on their ownColonies virtually on their own Developed unique economies based on regionDeveloped unique economies based on region Self-governmentSelf-government Still considered themselves as British subjects Still considered themselves as British subjects

entitled to same rights and privilegesentitled to same rights and privileges

Britain Exerts More ControlBritain Exerts More Control

►Navigation Acts strengthenedNavigation Acts strengthened Increased concept of mercantilismIncreased concept of mercantilism Vice-admiralty courtsVice-admiralty courts Boards of TradeBoards of Trade

►Europe at warEurope at war King William’s War (1689-1697)King William’s War (1689-1697) Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) King George’s War (1744-1748)King George’s War (1744-1748)

French and Indian War (1754-French and Indian War (1754-1763)1763)

► Serious conflict between Serious conflict between England and France with a England and France with a primary focus in the primary focus in the AmericasAmericas Most Natives allied with FrenchMost Natives allied with French Increased British troop activity Increased British troop activity

in Americain America Colonists contributed to effortColonists contributed to effort

► Albany Plan of Union (1754)Albany Plan of Union (1754) Benjamin Franklin’s idea for Benjamin Franklin’s idea for

colonial union for common colonial union for common defense - FAILEDdefense - FAILED

► British Victory and End of British Victory and End of Salutary NeglectSalutary Neglect British believed more control British believed more control

necessarynecessary Colonial prideColonial pride

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

► Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

► Britain restricts further Britain restricts further colonial westward colonial westward expansionexpansion

► Prevent hostilities Prevent hostilities between colonists and between colonists and NativesNatives

► Colonists upset to Colonists upset to restriction of available restriction of available landland

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

► The Age of REASONThe Age of REASON► RationalismRationalism► Laws of Nature Laws of Nature

applied to societyapplied to society► DeismDeism

““the clockmaker”the clockmaker” Absent of human Absent of human

affairsaffairs► Inspired by John LockeInspired by John Locke

Second Treatise on Second Treatise on GovernmentGovernment

► PhilosophesPhilosophes► VoltaireVoltaire

Individual libertiesIndividual liberties Freedom of Freedom of

expressionexpression►MontesquieuMontesquieu

Separation of powersSeparation of powers► RousseauRousseau

Social ContractSocial Contract General welfareGeneral welfare

►WollstonecraftWollstonecraft

British Prime MinistersBritish Prime Ministers

Robert Walpole George Grenville

William Pitt Frederick North

Encouraged unrestricteddevelopment of colonies

Believed coloniesshould foot thebill for wars anddefense

Enforced Parliament’s power but defended colonies and desire for representation

Supported taxationof the colonies andran Parliamentduring Revolution

Charles TownshendChancellor of Exchequer

““Do we need to know all the Do we need to know all the Acts?”Acts?”

YESYES“*ML!”“*ML!”

► Sugar Act if 1764Sugar Act if 1764 Revenue taxRevenue tax

► Quartering Act of 1765Quartering Act of 1765► Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765

First direct taxFirst direct tax

► Declaratory Act of 1766Declaratory Act of 1766 Parliament’s right to tax Parliament’s right to tax

whatsoeverwhatsoever

► Townshend Acts of Townshend Acts of 17671767 Pay royal colonial officialsPay royal colonial officials Writs of assistanceWrits of assistance

► Tea Act of 1773Tea Act of 1773 Support British East India Support British East India

CompanyCompany

► ““Intolerable Acts”Intolerable Acts” Coercive Acts of 1774Coercive Acts of 1774

► Massachusetts Massachusetts Government ActGovernment Act

► Port ActPort Act► Administration of Justice Administration of Justice

ActAct Quebec Act of 1774Quebec Act of 1774

► Prohibitory Act of 1775Prohibitory Act of 1775 Colonies in open rebellionColonies in open rebellion

Colonial Reaction to ActsColonial Reaction to Acts► Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765

James Otis – “no taxation James Otis – “no taxation without representation”without representation”

Sons and Daughters of LibertySons and Daughters of Liberty► Townshend Acts of 1767Townshend Acts of 1767

Letters From a Farmer in Letters From a Farmer in PennsylvaniaPennsylvania – John Dickinson – John Dickinson

► Boston Massacre (1770)Boston Massacre (1770)► Committees of Committees of

CorrespondenceCorrespondence► Tea Act of 1773Tea Act of 1773

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party► Intolerable Acts of 1774Intolerable Acts of 1774

First Continental CongressFirst Continental Congress Suffolk ResolvesSuffolk Resolves Declaration of Rights and Declaration of Rights and

GrievancesGrievances

Which Side Are You On?Which Side Are You On?

► Fought and died in wars Fought and died in wars with Natives and with Natives and European enemiesEuropean enemies

► Risk life and health in a Risk life and health in a new environmentnew environment

► Proud and loyal English Proud and loyal English subjects entitled to rightssubjects entitled to rights

► Developed economies Developed economies which benefit the Empirewhich benefit the Empire

► Familiar with life in Familiar with life in colonies more so than in colonies more so than in EnglandEngland

► God-given libertyGod-given liberty

► Provide protection from Provide protection from Natives and EuropeansNatives and Europeans

► Benefit exceptionally Benefit exceptionally well from success of well from success of British Empire with British Empire with little contributionlittle contribution

► Abide by the rule of lawAbide by the rule of law► Colonists as second-Colonists as second-

class citizensclass citizens► ““virtual representation”virtual representation”

Colonies British Empire/Parliament

British Supporters of British Supporters of ColonistsColonists

►William PittWilliam Pitt► John WilkesJohn Wilkes

Britons Against ColoniesBritons Against Colonies

► Thomas HutchinsonThomas Hutchinson Governor of Governor of

MassachusettsMassachusetts Enforced British Enforced British

authorityauthority

► King George IIIKing George III

Lexington and Concord (April Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)19, 1775)

► Organization of militia Organization of militia (Minutemen) compels (Minutemen) compels Governor Gage to send Governor Gage to send 700 British soldiers to 700 British soldiers to arrest rebel leaders and arrest rebel leaders and confiscate armsconfiscate arms

► William Dawes and Paul William Dawes and Paul Revere, “The British are Revere, “The British are coming!”coming!”

► 8 Minutemen die and 1 8 Minutemen die and 1 Redcoat wounded at Redcoat wounded at LexingtonLexington

► ““Shot heard ‘round the Shot heard ‘round the world” at Concordworld” at Concord

(about from FIU to South Beach)

Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress

►Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition Directly sent to George IIIDirectly sent to George III

► American Continental Army and WashingtonAmerican Continental Army and Washington► Battles of Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill (June 1775)Battles of Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill (June 1775)

British victory costing 1,154 of 2,200British victory costing 1,154 of 2,200 Americans lost 311Americans lost 311

►George III pronounced colonies in open rebellionGeorge III pronounced colonies in open rebellion Prohibitory Act: blockade of American ports; Prohibitory Act: blockade of American ports;

declaration of wardeclaration of war►Declaration of Independence in July 1776Declaration of Independence in July 1776

Virtually creating the “United States of America”Virtually creating the “United States of America”

Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common Common SenseSense► Pamphlet published in January Pamphlet published in January

17761776► Society grows to the point of Society grows to the point of

requiring government with laws requiring government with laws and representationand representation

► Denounces monarchism and Denounces monarchism and aristocracyaristocracy

► ““an island cannot rule a an island cannot rule a continent”continent”

► ““America is not English but a America is not English but a mix of peoples”mix of peoples”

► ““distance a problem”distance a problem”► ““threat of European wars”threat of European wars”► ““colonies exploited”colonies exploited”

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence► Applies laws of NatureApplies laws of Nature► People’s right to revolutionPeople’s right to revolution

““self-evident”self-evident” ““all men are created equal”all men are created equal” Endowed…with certain Endowed…with certain

unalienable rights…life, unalienable rights…life, liberty, pursuit of happiness”liberty, pursuit of happiness”

► List of grievances against List of grievances against the British Empire, the British Empire, specifically toward George specifically toward George IIIIII

► WHAT’S WRONG WITH WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?

America vs. BritainAmerica vs. Britain► American American

Advantages/TacticsAdvantages/Tactics Militia’s guerilla tacticsMilitia’s guerilla tactics Familiar with the territory Familiar with the territory

and environmentand environment Prolong the warProlong the war Hope for support from Hope for support from

Britain’s enemies (France, Britain’s enemies (France, Spain)Spain)

► American DisadvantagesAmerican Disadvantages No well-trained regular No well-trained regular

army or officersarmy or officers Insufficient funds and Insufficient funds and

suppliessupplies Small support among Small support among

population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 neutral, slaves)neutral, slaves)

► British Advantages/TacticsBritish Advantages/Tactics 11 million Britons to 11 million Britons to

America’s 2.5 million (1/3 America’s 2.5 million (1/3 slaves or loyalists)slaves or loyalists)

World’s largest navyWorld’s largest navy Disciplined and experienced Disciplined and experienced

armyarmy Support from Loyalists, Support from Loyalists,

Natives, and slavesNatives, and slaves Entrenched forts and Entrenched forts and

garrisons in Americagarrisons in America► British DisadvantagesBritish Disadvantages

War debt and war fatigueWar debt and war fatigue American privateers (pirates) American privateers (pirates)

hounded British shipshounded British ships Unpopular home supportUnpopular home support Spread thin around the worldSpread thin around the world

Patriots, Loyalists, NeutralsPatriots, Loyalists, Neutrals► Patriots (aka Whigs) supported Patriots (aka Whigs) supported

independence, but may disagree on course of independence, but may disagree on course of action (war, petition, boycott, etc.)action (war, petition, boycott, etc.) Advocated independence based on rhetoric and Advocated independence based on rhetoric and

education on rights and libertieseducation on rights and liberties

► Loyalists (aka Tories) supported BritainLoyalists (aka Tories) supported Britain Loyalty to the CrownLoyalty to the Crown Agreed about excess taxes, but against separationAgreed about excess taxes, but against separation Fear of a possible American victoryFear of a possible American victory Recent British immigrantsRecent British immigrants

► Some could care less due to ignorance, Some could care less due to ignorance, apathy, or economical reasonsapathy, or economical reasons

The WarThe War

► In the NorthIn the North Boston under siege and New Boston under siege and New

York captured in 1776York captured in 1776 Battles of Trenton (1776) Battles of Trenton (1776)

and Princeton (1777) and Princeton (1777) boosted moraleboosted morale

Gates defeats Burgoyne at Gates defeats Burgoyne at Saratoga (Oct 1777)Saratoga (Oct 1777)

Valley ForgeValley Forge► In the WestIn the West

An escalation of Natives vs. An escalation of Natives vs. ExpansionistsExpansionists

Natives lost large amounts of Natives lost large amounts of lands in defeatslands in defeats

Resentment toward pro-Resentment toward pro-British Natives will lingerBritish Natives will linger

► In the SouthIn the South British plan to capture British plan to capture

Southern ports and lands to Southern ports and lands to launch re-invasion of the launch re-invasion of the NorthNorth

Lord Cornwallis claimed Lord Cornwallis claimed victories, but stalled in the victories, but stalled in the South as Americans South as Americans refortifiedrefortified

Battle of Yorktown (Aug-Oct Battle of Yorktown (Aug-Oct 1781)1781)► Washington’s army, Washington’s army,

Lafayette’s force, and Lafayette’s force, and French fleet laid siege to French fleet laid siege to CornwallisCornwallis

► British surrender led to British surrender led to American victoryAmerican victory

Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)► John Adams, Benjamin John Adams, Benjamin

Franklin, John JayFranklin, John Jay► British recognition of British recognition of

USAUSA► USA granted all lands USA granted all lands

east of the Mississippieast of the Mississippi► Natives left out of the Natives left out of the

treatytreaty► States applying own States applying own

interests led to British interests led to British remaining in remaining in Northwest fortsNorthwest forts

► Brand new and bigger Brand new and bigger nation… What now?nation… What now?

Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West

A New American SocietyA New American Society

► Before the war, the Before the war, the distinction between distinction between elites and commoners elites and commoners was visibly evident was visibly evident given the economical given the economical success of the success of the coloniescolonies

► Patriotic rhetoric of Patriotic rhetoric of equality and liberty equality and liberty regained a sense of regained a sense of egalitarianism within egalitarianism within the populationthe population

► Merit, not inheritance, Merit, not inheritance, defined a mandefined a man

► More and more self-More and more self-made men participate made men participate in political leadershipin political leadership

► Despite a new Despite a new perception, the small perception, the small upper class retained its upper class retained its status as owners of status as owners of most of America’s most of America’s wealthwealth

Women of the RevolutionWomen of the Revolution

► Upper-class women Upper-class women promoted cause promoted cause through through correspondencecorrespondence

► Participated against Participated against Stamp Act and Stamp Act and Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

► Spinning beesSpinning bees

► Ran households and Ran households and estates during estates during husband’s absencehusband’s absence

► Formed campaigns Formed campaigns to promote war and to promote war and fundsfunds

► Abigail Adams and Abigail Adams and “…Remember the “…Remember the Ladies.”Ladies.”

Blacks and Slaves of the Blacks and Slaves of the RevolutionRevolution

► Increased Increased tensions tensions between colonies between colonies and Britain and Britain inspired slaves inspired slaves to resistto resist

► Most slaves Most slaves sided with Britishsided with British

► Lord Dunmore’s Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation Proclamation (1775)(1775) Join to reassert Join to reassert

royal authorityroyal authority

► 500,000 blacks in America500,000 blacks in America Only 25,000 were free menOnly 25,000 were free men

► Some slaves escaped to freedom in Some slaves escaped to freedom in confusion of warconfusion of war Pose as free menPose as free men Escape on British ships or to British Escape on British ships or to British

territoriesterritories► Participation as PatriotsParticipation as Patriots

Early banEarly ban Armies needed supportArmies needed support

► Northern states lead to abolish or phase Northern states lead to abolish or phase out slaveryout slavery Quakers led the chargeQuakers led the charge Slave imports almost eliminatedSlave imports almost eliminated

► New opportunities, same discriminationNew opportunities, same discrimination Free blacks as second-class citizensFree blacks as second-class citizens Prince Hall and “return to Africa”Prince Hall and “return to Africa” Granted civil rightsGranted civil rights Slavery as “necessary evil”Slavery as “necessary evil”

Natives of the RevolutionNatives of the Revolution

►Half of the population from 1754 to Half of the population from 1754 to 1783 wiped out1783 wiped out

►New land acquisitions led to increased New land acquisitions led to increased hostilitieshostilities

►Adapted lifestyle by incorporating Adapted lifestyle by incorporating European goodsEuropean goods

►Appealed to Congress on recognizing Appealed to Congress on recognizing territories; little to no supportterritories; little to no support

A New Form of Government?A New Form of Government?

► States drafted new constitutionsStates drafted new constitutions Defined citizens’ rightsDefined citizens’ rights Increased the power of the legislaturesIncreased the power of the legislatures Fear of powerful executivesFear of powerful executives

► Republicanism vs. democracyRepublicanism vs. democracy Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in

the hands of a fewthe hands of a few Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and

development of corrupt factionsdevelopment of corrupt factions Debate on who may voteDebate on who may vote

►Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Christians?Christians?

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

► Each state retains its “sovereignty, freedom, Each state retains its “sovereignty, freedom, and independence”and independence”

► Unicameral legislature and weak national Unicameral legislature and weak national governmentgovernment No executive or judicial systemNo executive or judicial system Could not regulate commerceCould not regulate commerce

► Voting and RatificationVoting and Ratification Each state received one voteEach state received one vote No new tax or amendments without unanimous No new tax or amendments without unanimous

consentconsent

Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance► Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

Six-square-mile townshipSix-square-mile township Each township divided into 36 sections of Each township divided into 36 sections of

640 acres each640 acres each One section contributed as source of One section contributed as source of

income for schoolsincome for schools► Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Land north of Ohio RiverLand north of Ohio River Forbade slavery unless new state Forbade slavery unless new state

legalized itlegalized it Admitting statesAdmitting states

► Appoint territorial officialsAppoint territorial officials► Once 5,000 adult males Once 5,000 adult males

settled then vote on settled then vote on temporary constitution and temporary constitution and legislaturelegislature

► When population at 60,000, When population at 60,000, residents approve state residents approve state constitutionconstitution

Angered NativesAngered Natives► Hoped for British supportHoped for British support► Deals with the SpanishDeals with the Spanish

Problems with the ArticlesProblems with the Articles

►War debt led to increased borrowing from War debt led to increased borrowing from abroadabroad

► Lack of faith in currency led to inflationLack of faith in currency led to inflation► Failure to generate and appropriate fundsFailure to generate and appropriate funds►New England suffers from British trade New England suffers from British trade

prohibitionsprohibitions►Middle States have prosperous harvestsMiddle States have prosperous harvests► Southern States introduce new crops leading Southern States introduce new crops leading

to underemployment of slave laborto underemployment of slave labor

Shays’s Rebellion (1786-Shays’s Rebellion (1786-1787)1787)

► Tensions riseTensions rise Jay-Gardoqui TreatyJay-Gardoqui Treaty New England’s New England’s

depressiondepression Merchants and Merchants and

shippers preferred a shippers preferred a stronger government stronger government to secure improved to secure improved commercecommerce

► Massachusetts farmers in Massachusetts farmers in serious debtserious debt

► Held meetings protesting Held meetings protesting “tyrannical Mass. “tyrannical Mass. government”government”

► Daniel Shays led 2,000 Daniel Shays led 2,000 men to shut down men to shut down western courts to avoid western courts to avoid foreclosuresforeclosures Failed but support for Failed but support for

Shays and farmers grewShays and farmers grew► Nationalists more Nationalists more

determined to reform the determined to reform the Articles fearing disunionArticles fearing disunion

Toward a ConstitutionToward a Constitution► Annapolis Convention (1786)Annapolis Convention (1786)

After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states meet in Maryland to discuss interstate commercemeet in Maryland to discuss interstate commerce

Decide to reform Articles with other delegatesDecide to reform Articles with other delegates► Constitutional Convention at PhiladelphiaConstitutional Convention at Philadelphia

All states but Rhode IslandAll states but Rhode Island Held in secrecyHeld in secrecy Common nationalist viewpointCommon nationalist viewpoint Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?

► The DelegatesThe Delegates 55 total delegates; all white males55 total delegates; all white males Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or

politicians)politicians) 19 delegates owned slaves19 delegates owned slaves George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin

FranklinFranklin

Representation?Representation?

► Virginia PlanVirginia Plan Strong central governmentStrong central government Virtually total legislative Virtually total legislative

control over the statescontrol over the states Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature

► Proportional Proportional representation to each representation to each states population in both states population in both houseshouses

► Lower house directly Lower house directly electedelected

► Lower house elected Lower house elected upper house with input upper house with input from state legislaturesfrom state legislatures

► Both houses chose Both houses chose executive and judicialexecutive and judicial

►New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan Unicameral Unicameral

legislaturelegislature Each state with an Each state with an

equal voteequal vote

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise

►Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature Lower house (House of Representatives) Lower house (House of Representatives)

based on proportion of each state’s based on proportion of each state’s population and directly electedpopulation and directly elected

Upper house (Senate) based on equal Upper house (Senate) based on equal representation of 2 senators each and representation of 2 senators each and elected by state legislatureselected by state legislatures

►NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans allowed for Congress to pass revenue allowed for Congress to pass revenue bills, regulate commerce, supremacy bills, regulate commerce, supremacy over statesover states

Separation of Powers/Checks Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances/Federalismand Balances/Federalism

►National government divided equally National government divided equally among three branches: legislative among three branches: legislative (make laws), executive (enforce laws), (make laws), executive (enforce laws), judicial (interpret laws)judicial (interpret laws)

►Each branch checked each otherEach branch checked each other►Federalism: division of powers Federalism: division of powers

between national government and between national government and statesstates

Three-Fifths Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise and SlaverySlavery

►Concerning representation, Southern Concerning representation, Southern states requested slave populations states requested slave populations counted while Northern states noted counted while Northern states noted hypocrisy and advantagehypocrisy and advantage

►Each slave counted as 3/5ths a personEach slave counted as 3/5ths a person►Prohibited citizens from preventing Prohibited citizens from preventing

return of escaped slavesreturn of escaped slaves► Importation of slaves banned by 1808Importation of slaves banned by 1808

Federalists vs Anti-Federalists vs Anti-FederalistsFederalists

► Strong central Strong central governmentgovernment

►Well-funded and Well-funded and politically organizedpolitically organized

► Favored by Favored by merchants, urban merchants, urban centers, frontiersmencenters, frontiersmen

► The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers Federalist No. 10Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 51Federalist No. 51

► States rightsStates rights► Argued for a Bill of Argued for a Bill of

RightsRights► Favored by small Favored by small

farmersfarmers

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

► First Ten First Ten AmendmentsAmendments

►Guarantee of civil Guarantee of civil libertiesliberties

► First AmendmentFirst Amendment Establishment Establishment

ClauseClause Freedom of…Freedom of…

► Tenth AmendmentTenth Amendment FederalismFederalism

Washington and the Washington and the ConstitutionConstitution

► Washington unanimously electedWashington unanimously elected John Adams as VPJohn Adams as VP Status and leadershipStatus and leadership

► The CabinetThe Cabinet Secretary of State, Treasury, Secretary of State, Treasury,

War; Attorney GeneralWar; Attorney General► Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

NOTE: Supreme Court held NOTE: Supreme Court held final decisionsfinal decisions

Established federal judicial Established federal judicial systemsystem

Federal district court in each Federal district court in each statestate

Attorney General createdAttorney General created► Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Use of federal troops exemplified Use of federal troops exemplified national powernational power

Hamilton and the National Hamilton and the National BankBank► Reports on the Public Reports on the Public

CreditCredit Develop the nation’s credit Develop the nation’s credit

especially abroadespecially abroad Fund debt by selling bondsFund debt by selling bonds Assume state debtsAssume state debts Pay off interest rather than Pay off interest rather than

pay principle: “perpetual pay principle: “perpetual debt”debt”

Opponents argued wealthy Opponents argued wealthy would benefit greatlywould benefit greatly► Southern farmers fear growth Southern farmers fear growth

of Northern businessesof Northern businesses Brokers a deal with Madison Brokers a deal with Madison

and Jeffersonand Jefferson► Assume debtAssume debt► Capital in the SouthCapital in the South

► Report on a National BankReport on a National Bank Safe place for revenuesSafe place for revenues Develop nation’s creditDevelop nation’s credit Issue of paper notesIssue of paper notes Established as a private Established as a private

institutioninstitution Opponents - Jefferson and Opponents - Jefferson and

MadisonMadison► Another attempt to enrich the Another attempt to enrich the

Northern businesses and Northern businesses and commercial interestscommercial interests

Washington signs into law in Washington signs into law in 17911791► Chartered for 20 yearsChartered for 20 years► Hamilton argued based on Hamilton argued based on

“necessary and proper clause” “necessary and proper clause” (SEE MCULLOGH V. MARYLAND (SEE MCULLOGH V. MARYLAND - 1819)- 1819)

Opposition and Whiskey Opposition and Whiskey RebellionRebellion

► Hamilton’s economic policies tended to Hamilton’s economic policies tended to benefit urban and commercial interestsbenefit urban and commercial interests

► Southern and Western farmers had little Southern and Western farmers had little benefitbenefit

► Excise tax on domestic whiskeyExcise tax on domestic whiskey Western Pennsylvanian farmers attacked federal Western Pennsylvanian farmers attacked federal

tax collectorstax collectors Washington and Hamilton led federal troops and Washington and Hamilton led federal troops and

quashed the rebelsquashed the rebels►Asserted federal authority over lawlessnessAsserted federal authority over lawlessness►Public could denounce and protest lawsPublic could denounce and protest laws

Washington’s Foreign PolicyWashington’s Foreign Policy

► Growing fear of Spain and Natives in the WestGrowing fear of Spain and Natives in the West► French Revolution alienates U.S. and FranceFrench Revolution alienates U.S. and France

Citizen GenetCitizen Genet► Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville

After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen TimbersAfter routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen Timbers► Jay’s Treaty (1796)Jay’s Treaty (1796)

Removed British from Northwest fortsRemoved British from Northwest forts Most-favored trade status to BritainMost-favored trade status to Britain No compensation for lost slavesNo compensation for lost slaves

► Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796) Established boundaries with SpainEstablished boundaries with Spain Unrestricted trade access on the Mississippi RiverUnrestricted trade access on the Mississippi River

Political Parties & Political Parties & Washington’s FarewellWashington’s Farewell

► FederalistsFederalists Pro-BritishPro-British Anti-French revolutionAnti-French revolution Vote for elites, not Vote for elites, not

policiespolicies

► Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans Diffuse power among Diffuse power among

peoplepeople Included small farmers, Included small farmers,

merchants, artisansmerchants, artisans Pro-FrancePro-France

►Washington’s Washington’s Farewell AddressFarewell Address Retired after two Retired after two

termsterms Condemned political Condemned political

parties and partisan parties and partisan conflictsconflicts

Preserve treaties Preserve treaties and avoid alliancesand avoid alliances

John Adams’s PresidencyJohn Adams’s Presidency► Election of 1796Election of 1796

Federalists had New England, New Jersey, South CarolinaFederalists had New England, New Jersey, South Carolina Dem-Reps had SouthDem-Reps had South Pennsylvania (D-R) and New York (Fed)Pennsylvania (D-R) and New York (Fed)

► XYZ AffairXYZ Affair French seized American shipsFrench seized American ships French ambassador demanded bribe to meet delegationFrench ambassador demanded bribe to meet delegation Reaction led to Quasi-War (1798-1800)Reaction led to Quasi-War (1798-1800)

► Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Deport or jail foreign citizens believed as threatsDeport or jail foreign citizens believed as threats Expel foreign residents if considered dangerousExpel foreign residents if considered dangerous Increase residency requirementIncrease residency requirement Criticism of government prohibitedCriticism of government prohibited

► Kentucky and Virginia ResolutionsKentucky and Virginia Resolutions Madison’s Virginia ResolutionMadison’s Virginia Resolution

► State legislatures, through interposition, never surrendered State legislatures, through interposition, never surrendered right to determine constitutionality of federal actionsright to determine constitutionality of federal actions

Jefferson’s Kentucky ResolutionJefferson’s Kentucky Resolution► Ultimate sovereignty reserved for the statesUltimate sovereignty reserved for the states► Could nullify federal lawsCould nullify federal laws

Election of 1800Election of 1800► Political efficacy more than Political efficacy more than

doubled given the increased doubled given the increased partisan politicspartisan politics

► Dem-Reps gathered Dem-Reps gathered increased support as increased support as Federalists weakenedFederalists weakened

► Adams lost, but Thomas Adams lost, but Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Jefferson and Aaron Burr tiedtied Hamilton secured Federalist Hamilton secured Federalist

support for Jeffersonsupport for Jefferson House elected JeffersonHouse elected Jefferson

► Smooth transition of Smooth transition of leadership signaled the leadership signaled the success of the New Republicsuccess of the New Republic

An American SocietyAn American Society

► In the past, most families produced for In the past, most families produced for personal consumptionpersonal consumption

► In the new nation, families attempted to In the new nation, families attempted to meet new demands and focused on meet new demands and focused on production with old and new marketsproduction with old and new markets

►New class of entrepreneurs and New class of entrepreneurs and investorsinvestors

►Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) and farmers (Jefferson)and farmers (Jefferson)

Women in the New RepublicWomen in the New Republic

► Little gain for women regarding civic rights Little gain for women regarding civic rights and status as wivesand status as wives

► Could choose who to marry; less emphasis Could choose who to marry; less emphasis on obedience and subordinationon obedience and subordination

►Having less babies due to urbanization, Having less babies due to urbanization, smaller farm lands, burdens of pregnanciessmaller farm lands, burdens of pregnancies

► ““Republican motherhood”Republican motherhood” Civic duty to teach children on nation’s idealsCivic duty to teach children on nation’s ideals Increased educational opportunitiesIncreased educational opportunities Outside opportunities still limitedOutside opportunities still limited

Blacks and Slaves in the New Blacks and Slaves in the New RepublicRepublic

► Increase in hypocrisy of liberty/equality and existence of slaveryIncrease in hypocrisy of liberty/equality and existence of slavery► Improved slave conditionsImproved slave conditions► More protections on free blacks regarding movement and propertyMore protections on free blacks regarding movement and property► Civic rights still limited, even by federal lawCivic rights still limited, even by federal law► Opportunities as artisans and landownersOpportunities as artisans and landowners

Benjamin BannekerBenjamin Banneker► Free African Society of PhiladelphiaFree African Society of Philadelphia

Richard Allen & Absalom JonesRichard Allen & Absalom Jones► Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law

Escaped slaves returned with no trial by jury or evidenceEscaped slaves returned with no trial by jury or evidence Free blacks not afforded Bill of RightsFree blacks not afforded Bill of Rights

► Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800)Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800) Inspired by Haitian Revolution and took advantage of partisan politicsInspired by Haitian Revolution and took advantage of partisan politics Plot uncovered and increased fears among slave ownersPlot uncovered and increased fears among slave owners

► The introduction of the cotton ginThe introduction of the cotton gin Eli Whitney (1793) invented machine to separate cotton seeds from fibersEli Whitney (1793) invented machine to separate cotton seeds from fibers With increased production, demand for slaves increased and “King Cotton”With increased production, demand for slaves increased and “King Cotton”

Percentage of Free Blacks of Percentage of Free Blacks of Total Black Population (1800)Total Black Population (1800)► Massachusetts - 100%Massachusetts - 100%

7,378 Free Blacks7,378 Free Blacks► Vermont - 100%Vermont - 100%

557 Free Blacks557 Free Blacks► New Hampshire - 99%New Hampshire - 99%

855 Free Blacks855 Free Blacks► Rhode Island - 90%Rhode Island - 90%

3,304 Free Blacks3,304 Free Blacks► Pennsylvania - 89%Pennsylvania - 89%

14,564 Free Blacks14,564 Free Blacks► Connecticut - 85%Connecticut - 85%

5,300 Free Blacks5,300 Free Blacks► Delaware - 57%Delaware - 57%

8,268 Free Blacks8,268 Free Blacks

► New York - 33%New York - 33% 10,374 Free Blacks10,374 Free Blacks

► New Jersey - 26%New Jersey - 26% 4,402 Free Blacks4,402 Free Blacks

► Maryland - 16%Maryland - 16% 19,587 Free Blacks19,587 Free Blacks

► Virginia - 6%Virginia - 6% 20,124 Free Blacks20,124 Free Blacks

► North Carolina - 5%North Carolina - 5% 7,043 Free Blacks7,043 Free Blacks

► South Carolina - 2%South Carolina - 2% 3,185 Free Blacks3,185 Free Blacks

► Georgia - 2%Georgia - 2% 1,019 Free Blacks1,019 Free Blacks

► Kentucky - 2%Kentucky - 2% 741 Free Blacks741 Free Blacks

► Tennessee - 2%Tennessee - 2% 309 Free Blacks309 Free Blacks

► United States - 11%United States - 11% 108,395 Free Blacks108,395 Free Blacks

Total U.S. Population:5.3 million

Total Black Population:1 million

Natives in New RepublicNatives in New Republic

►Populations and lands severely depleted Populations and lands severely depleted due to famine, disease, and encroachment due to famine, disease, and encroachment by white settlersby white settlers

►Taken advantage by white traders due to Taken advantage by white traders due to unfamiliarity to American economic systemunfamiliarity to American economic system

► Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-1796)1796) Protect against illegal land seizures and abusesProtect against illegal land seizures and abuses ““civilization” programscivilization” programs