Respiratory System

Human Respiratory System

Passageway for respiration

Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to

filter larger foreign material

Warms incoming air

Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

Functions: Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food

and air appropriately, assists in sound production Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Lower Respiratory Tract

The lungs have helpers

• The ribs protect the lungs and help us breathe.

• Another helper is the diaphragm.

Breathing in:inhaling - inspiration

Several things happen when we breathe in.• The ribs move up and out.• The diaphragm moves downward, away from

the lungs.• The space inside the chest becomes larger.• The lungs fill with air and expand.

Breathing out: exhaling - expiration

Several things happen when we breathe in.• The ribs move down and in.• The diaphragm moves upward, toward the

lungs.• The space inside the chest becomes

smaller.

Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9

Alveoli

1. Oxygen is collected in each Alveoli (‘grape’). Passes through a very thin layer of membrane (like skin of the grape) collected by the capillaries.

2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is also dropped off at the alveoli.

Two very important things happen at the Alveoli:

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A

Breathing and respiration

Respiration is the process used in all living things for gaining energy. Energy is needed for keeping the vital organs working and generally staying alive. It is also needed for moving muscles. Keeping a constant body temperature is important to. Cell division, reproduction and other important processes in the body all need energy to work.

Breathing:

Breathing in >>> InspirationDiaphragm lowers and the ribs raise to increase the volume of the thorax. The pressure decreases so air is drawn into the lungs.

Breathing out >>> ExpirationDiaphragm raises and ribs lower which decreases the volume of the thorax. The pressure increases and air is forced out of the lungs

Anaerobic respiration• When a person is doing very heavy exercise and the blood cannot

supply enough oxygen another sort of respiration occurs. This converts glucose into energy without the need for oxygen and is known as anaerobic respiration. The reaction is:

Glucose → Energy released + lactic acid

Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration. Unfortunately the insufficient blood supply that leads to anaerobic respiration also means that the lactic acid builds up in the muscles. High lactic acid concentrations are painful and felt as cramp. When exercise stops, the blood supply is able to provide enough oxygen to convert the lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water but this takes time and the muscle pain may continue after exercise until the lactic acid has been converted.

Aerobic respiration

Respiration is the process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes.

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to oxidise glucose and produce energy. The equation for the oxidation of glucose is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy released

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water + Energy released

Most animals and plants use aerobic respiration as a primary source of energy.

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Science/Breathing_and_Respiration

Reduced air flow: asthma, emphysema, bronchitis

Infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis, botulism

Lung cancer Congestive heart failure Cystic fibrosis

Disorders of Respiratory System

Cancer of the bronchus has spread into the lungs (29)

A blue colouration occurs when blood circulation is poor such as heart failure, shock and exposure

to cold environments.(30)

Stomach ulcers (dark brown)- alcohol and smoking are factors. The stomach is cut open. (50)

Damaged toes due to poor blood circulation- will lead to amputation (32)

Amputated fingers- often as a result of damage to blood vessels due to smoking (33)

Lungs: The picture on the left is of emphysema (large air sacs) and the picture on the right is of

normal lung.(27)

emphysema normal lung

Science Words

LUNGS

diaphragm–a sheet of muscle under the lungs

inhaling–taking air in

exhaling–letting air out