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REPUBLIC OF MALAWI

Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP)

Funded by the European Commission

PHASE II – OUTPUTS

PROJECT CONCEPT NOTES 1) EXTEND WATER SYSTEM TO ALL PARTS OF THE CITY

AND PERI URBAN AREAS (BLANTYRE)

Content A. Introduction 1 A.1 Site Selection 2 A. 2 Stakeholders Involved

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B. Phase 2 Outputs 3 B 1. Situation Analysis 4 B 2. Policy and Regulatory Framework Review 26 B 3. City-wide Slum Upgrading and Prevention Strategy 37 B 4. Resource Mobilisation Strategy 41 B 5. Project Concept Notes 45 C. Annex 51

A. Introduction The PSUP seeks to contribute to the MDGs, particularly MDG 7, “to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015” and “achieving significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020”. The PSUP, with the assistance from the European Commission (EC) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Secretariat, is one of UN-HABITAT’s key initiatives to mobilise partners and resources to commonly contribute to urban poverty reduction. In many cities in ACP countries, the urban poor live in slums. UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following UN-HABITAT (2010), State of the World's Cities 2010/2011 - Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide (available at http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/pmss/electronic_books/2917_alt.pdf): 1) Durable housing (a permanent structure providing protection from extreme climatic conditions); 2) Sufficient living area (no more than three people sharing a room); 3) Access to improved water (water that is sufficient, affordable and can be obtained without extreme effort); 4) Access to improved sanitation facilities (a private or public toilet shared with a reasonable number of people); and 5) Secure tenure (de facto or de jure secure tenure status and protection against forced eviction) Since information on secure tenure is not available for most countries included in the UN-HABITAT database, only the first four indicators are used to define slum households and to estimate the proportion of the urban population living in slums.. Not all slums are homogeneous and not all slum dwellers suffer from the same degree of deprivation. The degree of deprivation depends on how many of the five conditions that define slums are prevalent within a slum household. The term ‘slum upgrading’ refers to the improvement of slum households’ living conditions which can be achieved through better water supply, sanitation and other basic urban services; housing improvements; and provision of tenure security. The PSUP promotes improvements of existing settlements (in-situ upgrading). This form of slum upgrading is not to be confused with slum ‘clearance’ or ‘eradication’, which is sometimes misinterpreted as a tool for achieving the objective of ‘cities without slums’. Slum clearance is based on the redevelopment of slums and requires the resettlement of its residents. Considering the high economic and social costs of resettlement, the PSUP recommends slum clearance/redevelopment only if in-situ upgrading is not possible and not wanted by the affected community (e.g. in cases of hazardous locations), and if the resettlement process leads to all affected households living in adequate housing, with no one being worse off than before. Generally, critical success factors for city-wide upgrading are the right policies, an effective institutional set-up with participation of all stakeholders, adequate regulatory frameworks, and allocation of sufficient resources. Phase 2 outputs introduction The aim of this first step in the process is to review information related to the slum problems in the selected city/cities in order to better understand the slum situation in the present context. Taking into consideration that the second phase of the PSUP aims to develop a slum upgrading and prevention strategy and provide recommendations for policy improvements as well as to produce proposals for project implementation, it is necessary to collect/update information on slums and the stakeholders that will be part of the slum upgrading solution. Conclusions and recommendations derived from the data collected for the two components of the situation analysis, i.e. slum overview and stakeholder analysis, need to be discussed in-depth with slum dwellers and all other relevant stakeholders throughout the process. The recommendations should reflect these

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consultations and the needs and agreed priorities of multiple stakeholders in line with PSUP goals and principles. A.1 SITE SELECTION In Malawi, the same cities as for the urban profiling were selected as an immediate follow-up to Phase 1. This is the output from Blanytre preparing for the implementation of the Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme’s Phase 2. A.2 STAKEHOLDERS Blantyre City Council representatives participated in the national action planning and document formulation, as well as Malawi’s Ministry of Local Government, the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, Malawi Polytechnic, parastatals, and national and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The aim was to develop options for formal inter-agency collaboration in order to create a coordination body integrating a wide range of urban stakeholders in a single response mechanism.

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B. Phase 2 outputs A national team composed of the National Coordinator, the 4 city focal points, the implementing partner and the UN-HABITAT Programme Manager were set up at the start of the programme. This is the team that drove the process. The capacity of national team (national coordinator and city focal points) has been strengthened / Mobilization of stakeholders, donors and implementing partners to discuss and agree on city priority actions. The country gained from the Programme the following: Capacity of national team (national coordinator and city focal points) has been strengthened to undertake independently urban sector profiles in respective cities. Key indicator: urban sector profile documents produced for each city. Mobilisation of stakeholders, donors and implementing partners to discuss and agree on city priority actions. Key indicator: city consultations with relevant urban actors and decision makers have been held in each city, extra-funding Cities Alliance, linkages with the Housing Profile and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation support to slum upgrading in Lilongwe.

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B.1 Situation Analysis

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Blantyre City and Slums Situation Analysis

1.0 Blantyre City Overview 1.1 Background Information According to the 2008 Population Census, Malawi has a population of 13,066,320 (NSO, 2008). The country has four major cities, namely; Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu and Zomba with a total population of 1,546,263. Blantyre City accounts for 43 percent of the population in cities. Annual inter-censual growth rate for Blantyre is at 2.8 percent while population density stands at 3,007 persons per square kilometre. Blantyre City is located in the southern region of Malawi (Figure 1). It is one of the oldest cities in the country. It is considered to be the financial hub of the nation as it houses the major commercial and industrial sites in the country. It was first associated with the missionaries in 1876 and then later, trade and agricultural processing from 1908. Blantyre became a British Consular post in 1883 and a township in 1894. The city consists of two towns of Blantyre and Limbe that are eight kilometres apart, and which grew independently until they were amalgamated in 1956. Limbe progressed from being a farming land to a commercial and finally to an industrial town due to the arrival of the Shire Highlands Railway Company in 1906. The first plan of Limbe was developed in 1909 when it became a township. This plan was revised in 1920. Limbe and Blantyre towns were amalgamated and became Blantyre municipality on 25th August 1959. Blantyre was granted a city charter status on 5th November 1966. 1.2 Topography and Drainage The topography of Blantyre City is varied, with the highest point being 1,600 meters above sea level on Ndirande Mountain while the lowest is 790 meters in Chileka. This has resulted in three main types of topographical features, which comprise hills, plateaus and ridges and the natural drainage system. There are seven big hills in Blantyre namely; Ndirande, Michiru, Soche, Nyambadwe, Sanjika, Bangwe and Mpingwe. These hills are the headwaters of several rivers and streams which originate and radiate from the city, forming a natural drainage system with nine distinct catchment areas. The existence of slum areas has contributed to pollution of most of the rivers (Figure 2). 1.3 Road Infrastructure and Accessibility Blantyre City has an extensive network of roads totaling about 550 kilometres (Figure 2). The majority of the roads within the city are all weather roads despite the fact that they are poorly and infrequently maintained. This means that all the slum areas can be accessed by a motor vehicle throughout the year. However, within the slums, access by road is very poor because new structures are regularly being put up with little regard to issues of access.

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Figure 1: Map of Malawi showing location of Blantyre

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Figure 2: Map of Blantyre City

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1.4 Housing Situation The population of Blantyre City in 2008 was 661,444 (NSO, 2008) and over 70 percent of this population was in unplanned areas. Rapid population growth in Blantyre City puts tremendous pressure on housing provision. The high population growth rate is compounded by lack of capacity, lack of regulatory enforcement mechanisms, poor quality of existing housing stock and a complex land tenure system. This means that demand for housing will continue to be a major challenge in the development process of the city. It is clear that demand for housing might reach proportions difficult to satisfy as can be seen in Table 1. Table 1: Percentage of Population by Housing Category, 1971-1999 Population Permanent housing areas(%) Planned THAs(%) Unplanned(%) Year 149,000 39 17 44 1971 230,000 22 35 43 1980 300,000 21 24 55 1982 400,000 18 25 57 1991 519, 033 17 16 67 1999 Source: NSO (2000, 2008), Blantyre City (1999) Table 1 reveals that, between 1971 and 1999, the housing situation in Blantyre City was deteriorating with the population in unplanned settlements increasing from 44% in 1971 to 67% in 1999 while that in permanent housing areas declined from 39% to 17% over the same period. This shows that the urban managers have failed to meet the ever expanding housing demand. The failure to supply adequate housing has increased the impetus for squatter and slum development in Blantyre City. 1.5 Land Situation The current land situation in Blantyre City has its origins in the history of the development of the city. Land acquisition was unleashed by the emergence of European firms who acquired vast land within the current city boundaries. Most of such land was left vacant for speculation or became forest reserves. Some of the private land is still vacant and is used by local people for maize cultivation. Since some of the land in the city has absentee land lords, people have occupied such land resulting in the development of informal settlements. Examples of such include Mbayani, Nancholi and Ntopwa (Figure 2). Current land use pattern has been indicated in Table 2 and land tenure structure in Table 3.

Table 2: Land Tenure Structure in Blantyre Tenure Hectares Percentage Freehold 9, 200.0 40.0 Malawi Housing Corporation 4, 877.6 21.4 Public 8, 722.0 38.6 Total 22,800.0 100.0 Source: NSO (2000, 2008), Blantyre City (1999)

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Table 3: Current Land Use in Blantyre City

Source: Cities without Slums (2006) 1.6 City Council Administration Blantyre City Council is mandated to make policies and decisions on local governance and development of the city (LGA, 1998). The Mayor is elected from among the councilors and is the head of the city council, while the Chief Executive heads the Secretariat. 1.7 Socio-Economic Situation Historically, Blantyre is the industrial and commercial capital of Malawi. Over 90 percent of Blantyre City’s revenue is collected from property taxes. Apart from this revenue, Blantyre City Council also gets loans and grants from central government and donors. The formal sector plays an important role as it employs a significant number of residents from the informal settlements as maids, guards, gardeners etc usually on a daily labour basis.

2.0 Slum Overview 2.1 Background to Ntopwa Ntopwa is a slum that developed on private land which originally belonged to William Partridge and Malawi Railways. The land was later subdivided into several plots and sold as freehold land. Figure 3 shows the map of Ntopwa. 2.2 Background to Misesa Misesa has developed on public land and the residents cannot remember exactly when they settled in Misesa. Focus group discussion revealed that the residents have lived in the area for a very long time and this is treated as their home. The slum is occupied by the Yao, Lomwe, Mang’anja, and Ngoni tribes. The map of Misesa is as shown in Figure 4. 2.3 Land Ownership in Ntopwa Ntopwa developed on freehold land. An attempt was made in 1978 by Malawi Housing Corporation (MHC) to resettle the residents at Namiyango some four kilometres to the south of Ntopwa. However, the residents were not given any compensation as capital to build core houses. Furthermore, a plan to develop the land was not included. This resulted in the residents returning to

Housing Category Area (ha) Total Area(ha) % Developed Land Low Density 2,187.57 2,187.57 32.6 Medium Density 621.40 621.40 9.3

Informal 2,235.96 33.3 Permanent (MHC) 536.40 8.0 THAs 1,126.30 16.8

High Density

Total High Density 3,898.66 (58.1) Total Housing Development Land 6,707.63 100

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Ntopwa and continuing squatting on the private land. The plots at Namiyango were abandoned and were allocated to willing buyers, while some were sold by the residents returning to Ntopwa.

Figure 3: Ntopwa settlement in Blantyre City 2.4 Land Ownership in Misesa

Misesa developed on land that was originally customary land south east of Soche Mountain. The 1971 Urban Structure Plan incorporated the area into the city boundary, thus converting the land from customary to public land. The residents still assume that the land is customary because they have been on this land for a very long time. The traditional chief in this area plays an important in land transaction issues.

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Figure 4: Misesa settlement in Blantyre City

2.5 Housing situation in Ntopwa Most of the houses in Ntopwa are temporary in nature with 69.6 percent of the houses built using green bricks with mud. Most of these houses were built using resident’s own savings (26.1 percent) while 9.5 percent of the houses were inherited. Ntopwa has one of the highest population densities in Blantyre City of 252.7 persons per hectare. 2.6 Housing situation in Misesa

The majority of the houses at Misesa are constructed using green bricks with mud. This slum attracts many low income earners because of the simplified land acquisition process that has evolved.

2.7 Education situation in Ntopwa There is no school in Ntopwa proper. The children in this area go to Namatapa Primary school which is at a distance of 1.12 kilometres. The statistics reveal that 11.9 percent of the residents have not undergone any formal education and only 0.6 per cent have attained university education. 2.8 Education in Misesa

The nearest primary school is Kapeni Demonstration located about 250 metres outside the northern boundary of the slum. The school has 5,451 pupils against 56 teachers. This represents a teacher pupil ratio of 1 teacher to 97 pupils. This ratio is significantly high mainly because the school is also serviced by lecturers and student teachers from the nearby Blantyre Teachers. Pupils are requested to pay money for certain services such as reports hence most parents feel that education is not free.

2.9 Water situation in Ntopwa The study has shown that about 91% of the households access piped water with the majority (about 78 percent) accessing it through communal points which are well spread around the slum area (Figure 3). The average walking distance to a water point is 82 metres. About 9 percent of the households depend on unprotected sources (Figure 5) because they cannot afford to buy water at the kiosks. In terms of water facilities, there are three Blantyre Water Board Kiosks, three MASAF Kiosks, three private water taps and one borehole in the area against a population of 2,208 people. 2.10 Water situation in Misesa Misesa residents report that water is the biggest challenge for them. They complained of the high water bills and frequent water stoppages in the area for the few connected houses (about 15%). The majority of the households (about 78%) obtain water from communal points such as kiosks or from neighbours. About 89% of the households obtain water from unsafe sources such as wells and rivers. There are only 2 boreholes (Figure 4) for the 3,414 people under Village Headman Macheso and one borehole in Kapichi village which has 1,200 people. 2.11 Sanitation in Ntopwa Sanitation facilities in Ntopwa are generally temporary in nature. Sacks or grass is usually used to construct such facilities (Figure 6). Latrines are usually shared by several families. Recently, the Centre for Community Organisation and Development (CCODE) built a Sky-Loo toilet (Figure 7)

for demonstration purposes. There are no proper drainage systems for both wastewater and storm water in the area.

Figure 5: Women using polluted water from a river in Ntopwa

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2.12 Sanitation in Misesa Sanitation facilities are generally in poor state and do not offer privacy (Figure 8). Solid waste management is also a challenge as wastes are simply dumped on the compound. Water for People, a non-governmental organization, requested the residents to apply for loans amounting to US$344 for each household to construct latrines. The loan was to be paid back in six months period. Residents turned that down as they could not afford to pay back such an amount. Fig 8: Latrines in Misesa

2.13 Energy sources in Ntopwa Only 32.6 percent of the people in Ntopwa are connected to Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM) grid. This is why 54 percent of the people use charcoal and 13.4 percent use firewood exclusively. 2.14 Energy sources in Misesa Residents reported that it takes a long time to attain electricity connection after an application is made. In addition, some are asked by ESCOM to buy some of the materials required for the connection. This poses a challenge due to the abject poverty in the slum. Electricity rates are also reported to be high. 2.15 Environmental situation in Ntopwa The topography of Ntopwa does not indicate that the area is prone to flooding. The main environmental problems in the area are the issues of pollution from dump sites and the absence of a proper drainage system. 2.16 Environmental situation in Misesa The location of Misesa close to Soche Forest Reserve (Figure 4) has resulted in rampant cutting down of trees in the reserve. The study has revealed that this is facilitated by the forestry guards who sell the resources to users. Some residents have actually encroached on the forest reserve.

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2.17 Health situation in Ntopwa There is no clinic in the area. The nearest clinic is in Limbe a distance of about 6.37 km which, on foot, is far for emergencies. The use of contaminated water and inadequate sanitation facilities may result in water and sanitation diseases which are otherwise preventable. 2.18 Health situation in Misesa

In Misesa, there is one dispensary and most residents rely on this public facility, although some have access to both the public and a private clinic which is outside the area.

2.19 Roads infrastructure in Ntopwa Generally, access roads in Ntopwa have deteriorated and the slum is least accessible with only 17.2% of the houses accessible by road. Lack of proper drainage systems for storm water in the settlement is also a major challenge. 2.20 Roads infrastructure in Misesa There are no internal access roads. The existing access roads are seasonal and almost impassable during the rainy season. 3.0 Conclusion In both the two slums residents indicated that there is lack of or inadequacy of community facilities such as accessible water, roads, drainage systems, clinics, police units, and vocational training centres. It is also apparent that distances to the health facilities and schools are usually too long. 4.0 Key Components of Slum Upgrading

4.1 Land Tenure in Blantyre Slums

Two dominant land tenure systems in Misesa and Ntopwa exists namely: are public land (100% in Misesa) and private (100%) in Ntopwa). Ntopwa grew on a private land which needs to be assessment of future tenure implications. However, in both areas land is de facto under customary tenure. All the land in Misesa and Ntopwa is not registered in cadastre. This is a major threat to land security as ownership can easily be disputed and be a source of conflicts. In both areas, there is no community based informal land. The study revealed that 46% and 43% of the households own residential house in Misesa and Ntopwa respectively. The study also found that 53% and 57% of the households in Misesa and Ntopwa respectively are renting their

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residential houses, of which 87% and 83% of landlords in Misesa and Ntopwa respectively leave within the residential areas. However, only 5% and 4% of the households in Misesa and Ntopwa respectively have formal land title, which means that about 95% of the households in Misesa and Ntopwa have no formal land title. Lack of formal land titles may subject residents to tenure insecurity as evidenced by about 3% of the households interviewed experiencing evictions from their residential houses. Average monthly rent for residential houses in Misesa and Ntopwa is MK2, 950.00 (US$17.88) and MK2, 101.00 (US$12.73) and their average incomes are MK18, 241.00 (US$110. 55) and MK13, 487 (US$81.74) respectively giving an rent-income ratio of 0.156. (Refer to Annex VIII).

4.2 Urban infrastructure and basic services in Ntopwa and Misesa In both slums studied, there is evidence of lack/inadequacy of or poor infrastructure services.

4.2.1 Water Misesa has an average distance to a water source greater than 502 metres while for Ntopwa, the average distance is 82 metres. A notable proportion of residents in Misesa walk a distance of up to 950 metres to a water source. The longest distance to a water source for Ntopwa is 162 metres. Even though distances to the water source might be less than 500 metres as was the case with Ntopwa, water points providing potable water are inadequate. About 89% of residents in Misesa settlement use water from wells and rivers or streams. This water is not safe to drink considering the poor sanitation facilities and poor drainage systems in the settlement. During focus group discussion, slum dwellers in Misesa narrated that they do not prefer water from wells because it is believed that the water is contaminated from the pit latrines which are located very close to water points. In Ntopwa, about 91% of the households access piped water with the majority (77%) accessing it through communal points. About 9 percent of residents in Ntopwa rely on water from wells and other unsafe sources such as streams. In addition, potable water sources are inadequate. Misesa and Ntopwa have in house water connection ratios of 0.6% and 1.4% respectively which is very low compared to percentages for slums in Zomba. Settlements in Blantyre have water supplied by Blantyre Water Board while those in Zomba by Southern Region Water Board. This difference could be due to the difference in effectiveness of the two institutions.

4.2.2 Sanitation and hygiene There is no collection of solid wastes by the City Council in both the studied slums. Solid wastes are disposed of indiscriminately. Wastes are thrown in pit latrines, rubbish pits, riverbanks, roadsides, and gardens. Ntopwa has a higher percentage of indiscriminate solid waste disposal at 46% compared to about 15% for Misesa. In a slum settlement where no collection of solid wastes is undertaken, the better alternative option is to introduce composting technology which would reduce the cost of purchasing fertilizer for their crops. The percentage of households with a rubbish pit for Misesa was 56.7%. On the other hand, Ntopwa had 11.3% of households with

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rubbish pits and solid wastes are disposed of haphazardly. This is against the National Sanitation’s vision of ensuring that the majority of the residents practice solid waste recycling. The majority of the residents in both slums seemed not to be aware that solid wastes can be recycled as evidenced by the very low recycling percentages of 1.7% for Misesa and 2.8% for Ntopwa. This could be attributed to lower education levels in the two slums. Slightly over half of the households in Misesa and Ntopwa in Blantyre rely on communal pit latrines. In Ntopwa, about 2% of the households defecate in the bush. The goal of the National Sanitation Policy is that every household should have some form of basic sanitation. According to the National Sanitation Policy (2008), basic sanitation is one which provides privacy, is safe to use and is about 30 metres away from a water source. Such was not the case in both the slums studied. The majority of the households use pit latrines that do not offer privacy. The doors in most cases were either cardboard paper or sacks where another person could easily walk in. In addition, most pit latrines in the slums had no roof making them unsafe to use especially in the rainy season where the muddy floor could become slippery. About 77% and 68% of the pit latrines in Ntopwa and Misesa respectively are constructed with temporary materials (green bricks and mud). All pit latrines in the studied households did not have hand washing facilities for hygiene which is crucial in prevention of faecal-oral disease transmission. In addition, most residents do not wash their hands with soap after using the latrines.

4.2.3 Roads and drainage Roads in both slums are in very poor conditions and unpaved. In Misesa, about 50% of households are accessible while in Ntopwa, there is only 17% accessibility. Roads in both slums are in poor condition. Wastewater from bathrooms is in most cases left flowing anyhow by the road sides. This poses a health hazard as it puts residents who come in contact with polluted water at risk. All roads do not have storm water drainage systems.

4.2.4 Energy sources In both slums studied, less than half of the households are connected to electricity. The other half of the households rely on other sources of energy such as firewood, charcoal, paraffin, etc. Some residents complained that the time lag to acquire formal electricity connection is lengthy. According to one of the interviewees, it took 4 years to receive electricity. In addition, residents who are already poor cannot afford to purchase some of the required connection materials as instructed by the electricity supply company. All the roads in the slums do not have street lights. Due to frequent blackouts (almost daily), the majority of residents use other sources of energy such as charcoal and firewood.

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4.2.5 Housing The average household size for Misesa is 4.32 persons while that for Ntopwa is 4.5. Average plot size for Misesa and Ntopwa in Blantyre is 0.0176 ha and 0.0132ha respectively. In Blantyre, Misesa has a higher percentage of permanent dwellings at 20.5% compared to Ntopwa at 11.7% which is the lowest among the areas under study. Percentage of semi-permanent dwellings is 8.4% and 8.1% for Misesa and Ntopwa respectively. Semi-permanent dwellings are those constructed with burnt bricks and mud and with iron sheets. In Blantyre, more than half of the slum dwellers in the studied settlements have temporary dwellings (constructed using mud or poles, green bricks and grass thatch). Misesa has a percentage of 54% while Ntopwa has 69.6%. Ntopwa has the highest percentage of houses constructed with temporary building materials. The proportion of people renting houses is 53.4% for both Misesa and Ntopwa. Out of these, less than 4.6% for Misesa and 2.2% for Ntopwa have lease agreements. This poses a threat as there are no agreed conditions for renting the houses. Rent is additional income for the landlords. In most cases the city or Malawi Revenue Authority (MRA) does not collect tax on such rent. The average construction cost of permanent dwellings in the studied settlements is US$2,051for Misesa and US$739 for Ntopwa. This could be attributed to the fact that Ntopwa is nearer to Limbe CBD (2.06 km) while Misesa is 6.37 km from Limbe CBD. Transport costs increase with distance.

4.2.6 Transport Ntopwa settlement in Blantyre has the shortest distance to the CBD at 2.06 km while Misesa in Blantyre has an average distance of 6.37 km. Overall, it is cheaper for one to travel to the CBD from Ntopwa compared to Misesa. Generally, In Malawi there is no public transportation system. Residents rely on private minibuses, which are not very reliable. The cost from the settlement to a CBD varies from one location to another but on average it costs about MK300 (US$1.8) for one round trip in Misesa and about MK200 (US$1.2) in Ntopwa.

4.2.7 Education The study revealed that in Ntopwa, about 12 % of the residents have no education. The majority of the residents (61.5%) have attained primary school education at Ntopwa compared to 47.3% in Misesa. There is need for additional secondary schools in both Misesa and Ntopwa. Misesa requires three more primary schools and construction of fences for the existing ones for the children’s security. Similarly, there is need for a primary school and day care centre in Ntopwa. In addition the majority of children walk to school. However, residents of Misesa lamented the high pupil to teacher ratios in their area.

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4.3 Housing Finance There are a number of financial institutions in the cities of Malawi, but most of them do not provide housing finance to low income groups largely because of security concerns and lack of collateral. Again, interest rates are relatively high averaging 18%. In both Misesa and Ntopwa, house loans accessed by residents have been accessed from cooperative financial institutions such SACCOs. These financial institutions are limited because of less liquidity. Two formal housing loans for the purchase, construction and improvement that exist in Malawi are Mortgages which are loans provided for the purchase or construction of a house and Home Improvement Loan which is used to enlarge or renovate existing houses. These financial institutions are however not accessed by residents in Misesa and Ntopwa largely because of high interest rates and high cost of accessing them (Appendix X). In Ntopwa only 4.3% acquired their houses through loans while only 1.8% did so in Misesa. This figure indicates that loans are not available to low income groups largely because the conditions for accessing loans are not favourable for this group. Banks need collateral which most low income groups do not have. There is also a weak legal framework to facilitate loan recovery. This means that any loan scheme designed to serve the residents in informal institutions should be designed to suit their socio-economic standards and problems which is hardly possible with the commercial banks.

Organisations providing community based savings and credit schemes also provide housing loans in some informal settlements in Blantyre. Such organisations include Centre for Community Organization and Development (CCODE) and Malawi Homeless People’s Federation (MHPF). These organizations however are not currently providing loans in Misesa and Ntopwa. Both organizations support slum and informal communities to address their housing and infrastructure needs and rights by providing affordable housing, water and sanitation loans to poor communities. Some of the areas in Blantyre that have benefited from these initiatives are Kanjedza and Machinjiri. On average households can get US$ 580 at an interest of 12 percent per annum for an 8 year repayment period. Since this loan target the low income groups, it can benefit Misesa and Ntopwa if it be extended to the two areas. The loan is for building cost only as land is provided free of charge by the city council to the organisations aiming at providing such loans to low income groups. Another organisation working with residents in informal settlements is Habitat for Humanity (HFH) (Malawi), which build simple, decent houses and latrines. HFH has built 3,027 low cost housing in 461 communities in Malawi. In Blantyre HFH has built houses in South Lunzu. HFH works on a revolving fund funding model at beneficially contribution of local building materials and unskilled labour. A full house loan is US$3,690.00 and the loan period is 8 years. This organisation does not however work in Misesa and Ntopwa and thus efforts to extend its services to the two areas would help solve the housing finance problem. In short, housing finance in the two areas is constrained by three issues: firstly limited access to financial services; secondly limited capital stock by informal funding institutions; and lastly cost of funding options available to slum dwellers. Under the current macroeconomic system and condition, these challenges can be solved by extending the already existing informal funding options to include Misesa and Ntopwa.

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5.0 Stakeholder Analysis for Blantyre City

5.1 Slum Community Organisations

Four community organisations operate in Misesa i.e. the Water Committee, Welfare Community Organisation, Health Committee and Neighborhood Watch. The community organisations aim at managing and maintaining boreholes, managing the welfare of the community, providing health services and advice to the community, and maintaining the security of the slum, respectively. There is a substantially balanced representation of women and men in all committees.

There lacks outstanding community organisations in Ntopwa. In 2010, Water for People embarked on a project to construct water kiosks in the settlement. Three Kiosks were constructed under the Blantyre Water Supply and Sanitation for Low Income Area (LIA) Project on the notion that Water Users Association (WUA) will manage the Kiosks. However, the intermittent supply of water by BWB and the use of alternate water sources by the urban poor render the operation of Kiosks by WUA in Ntopwa economically unviable. The MASAF water point project was abandoned on the same premise i.e. the operators of the water points failed to remit to BWB.

In both settlements the establishment and effectiveness of the community organisations is largely affected by the vacuum created due to lack of councilors. At times, the operation of the organisations is greatly influenced by party politics which, at times, results in conflicts between the roles of local leaders and the politicians. Further, capacity building is required for the local leadership to manage local development. It is apparent though that Ntopwa needs an external catalyst to facilitate the established and sustenance of outstanding community organisations. Annex IV gives details of community organisations in Misesa and Ntopwa.

5.2 Ministries and Slum Upgrading

There are five ministries which substantially and specifically contribute to slum upgrading and prevention initiatives in Malawi. These ministries include;

a) Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development which deals with land administration, lease agreements, land valuation [Lands Department], urban development planning [Physical Planning Department], and housing production, maintenance and management [Housing Department];

b) Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development that deals with policy and decisions on local governance and development for the local development areas;

c) Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment deals with the coordination and collaboration of sound utilization and management of the natural resources, energy and environment in Malawi;

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d) Ministry of Finance and Development Planning which manages and administers Government finances in Malawi;

e) Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development has a task to achieve equitable access and use of sustainable and integrated water resources by all individuals and entrepreneurs.

The aforementioned ministries have slum upgrading and prevention related strategies and projects. However, there is insufficiency of knowledge in slum upgrading, participatory planning, conflict management, building technologies, project management, and policy making and implementation in most ministries. It is also evident that there is lack of coordination of slum issues within and across the already existing structures of the ministries which may result in some slums benefiting more on upgrading projects than others. Lastly, the percentage of staff dedicated to slum management is negligible (or nonexistent in most cases) in all ministries. Annex V gives details of the five ministries contributing to slum upgrading and prevention. 5.3 Municipalities and Slum Upgrading

5.3.1 Blantyre City Council (BCC)

Blantyre City Council (BCC) has the Department of Town Planning and Estates Services, Department of Engineering Services, Department of Health and Social Services, Department of Administrative Services, Education Department, Department of Finance that deal with slum upgrading and prevention in Blantyre City. Other departments like Leisure, Culture and Environment Services have some activities in the slum areas such as management of environment but their activities are not directly related to slum upgrading and prevention.

BCC has a number of development instruments in form of strategy plans, structural plans, stakeholder guides and evidence based documents that guide and inform slum upgrading and prevention initiatives. In the 2011/2012 budget 7.4%, 56%, and 15.6% of the total annual budget was used for slum upgrading initiatives, general service provision and capital investment in infrastructure respectively. Initiatives like, the expansion of the revenue base through inclusion of all properties outside the valuation roll, introduction of improved ways of collecting taxes and fees, and the proposed land transfer from central to local authority to increase revenue from ground rents, have a potential to increase the BCC’s financial base substantially.

Currently, the BCC is implementing an AfDB funded Water and Sanitation Project in South Lunzu – Area 11, and various government and donor funded roads and lighting projects. There is an evident shortage of staff at BCC which needs to be addressed immediately and continuously since the staff turnover is also considerably high.

Annex VI gives details of BCC’s departments, available staff, development instruments, revenues and activities under implementation in Blantyre City. 5.4 Academia and Slum Upgrading

In Blantyre the Polytechnic, a constituent of The University of Malawi, has collaborated with Water for People and CCODE on projects related to slum upgrading. The institution under the

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Centre for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED) has worked with Water for People, in Ntopwa-Blantyre on a Human Waste Disposal project. The project was aimed at addressing the space challenge of digging new pits after other latrines have filled up and to find ways of treating the human waste for reuse.

Secondly, the Polytechnic under WASHTED collaborated with Centre for Community Organisation and Development CCODE and Blantyre City Council on a project titled “Improving Access to Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor in the City of Blantyre.”. The objective of the project was to contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of the urban poor of Blantyre as well as demonstrate and stimulate interest in integrated urban development by combining water, sanitation and low income housing. The project was carried out in several slums of Blantyre City. Thirdly, the Polytechnic, under the Department of Land Surveying collaborated with CCODE on the “Nkolokoti Self-built Housing for the Federation for the Homeless” project in South Lunzu Area 11. This phase of the project was aimed at designing access roads centre-lines. The project was coordinated by CCODE and the Blantyre City Council. 5.5 External Support for Slum Upgrading The current project aimed at improving living conditions of slums in Blantyre is being undertaken by Water for People. The project is called “Blantyre Water Supply and Sanitation for Low Income Area “ The project is aimed at providing affordable access to safe drinking water for 723, 000 people who currently rely on uncontrolled and unsafe sources; providing basic sanitation to 468,000 people in low income areas of the cities of Blantyre and Lilongwe in a sustainable manner, providing another 408, 000 people in Blantyre with a 24-hour water supply service which currently only have water for some hours per day; and reducing the currently un-served population in the supply areas of the Blantyre and Lilongwe Water Boards from 30% to below 10%. The Centre for Community Organisation and Development (CCODE) is an NGO that has supported Homeless Federations in reaching out to professionals and policy makers, ensuring there is adequate information on the poor, and promoting the inclusion of the poor in the formulation of interventions on housing, water and sanitation, employment opportunities and other initiatives. Since 2003, CCODE has managed to facilitate land acquisition for 465 plots in Blantyre from the government and city authorities, and has facilitated a construction of 450 houses in Blantyre. Currently, CCODE with the support of Homeless Federation has acquired another piece of land in South Lunzu Area 11 for the construction of 500 houses. The World Bank initiated a Low Income Housing project in Kameza and Chimwankhunda in 1987. Under the project, Malawi Housing Corporation (MHC) introduced a range of affordable housing designs, and options for purchase were with the help of mortgages obtained from the New Building Society based on full cost-recovery principles. The project failed due to affordability concerns and lack of political will.

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In 1994, the World Bank collaborated with BCC to upgrade the access routes of some slums in Blantyre. The conspicuous project was the one in Ndirande – Malabada. However, the details of the project are not available at this time. 5.6 Private Sector and Slum Upgrading Information on private sector involvement in slum upgrading either does not exist or is hard to access. Several private entities were contacted but gave out no information on the involvement of the companies/organisations is slum upgrading initiatives. The companies/organisations consulted include Press Trust, Press Properties, Rotary Club, Lions Club, Lafarge Cement Company, City Glass, Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi, Carlsberg Malawi Limited, Wood Industries Company. Lack of information may be attributed to projects being undertaken sporadically on an ad hoc basis or, indeed, a lack of endeavour in slum upgrading. However, there are several companies whose mode of business positively impact on the improvement of lives in slums of Blantyre City. These companies are Airtel Malawi Limited, Telkom Networks Malawi, Chibuku Breweries and others who promote economic activity of the urban poor by supporting kiosk and stalls businesses. Such institution initiatives need to be integrated within slum upgrading strategies.

6.0 Conclusions and recommendations 6.1 Land tenure for Blantyre City The study has revealed that although all land in Ntopwa is private and public in Misesa, but it is defacto under customary land. It is recommended therefore that there be civic education programme to harmonize land management issues. All the land in Misesa is not registered and poses a threat to tenure security of households. This is equally true for residents in Ntopwa where the land is still registered as private land at the Ministry of Lands. Thus, simple land registering mechanism should be explored to provide identity and security. Improvement on land is also affected by fears of eviction by the city council, thus BCC need to sensitize the households in the two slums that they will not be evicted from their area. Lastly, rent is taking about 15% of the households’ income which is a challenge to low income groups. It is therefore recommended that business and employment opportunities be explored to provide livelihood platforms in the area. The following areas should therefore be considered as priority areas:

• Land adjudication • Plot demarcation and recording by BCC • Establishment of Land allocation committee • Public awareness • Capacity building of BCC on THAs management

6.2 Urban Infrastructure and Basic Services in Ntopwa

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Provision of safe water, affordable sanitation management systems (wastewater and solid wastes), and affordable energy resources for Ntopwa are key priority areas. In addition, there is need for providing access roads and storm water drainage systems. Street lighting and provision of police units are other needs that would assist in curbing some of the malpractices in the area. Also, there is need to build more primary schools to reduce the teacher/pupil ratio. Residents need also to be aware of hygiene and the proper use of the resources if objectives of slum upgrading are to be realised. 6.3 Urban infrastructure and Basic Services in Misesa Provision of safe water is the main priority in Misesa as more than 1,000 people use one well for water needs. Misesa residents also are in dire need of affordable sanitation management systems (wastewater and solid wastes). Affordable energy resources for Misesa are also key priority areas. In addition, there is need for providing access roads and storm water drainage systems. Misesa settlement is over eight kilometers from Limbe CBD yet there is no clinic. Street lighting and provision of police units are other needs that are required. Also, there is a need to build three more primary schools to reduce the teacher/pupil ratio. Residents need also to be aware of hygiene and the proper use of the resources if objectives of slum upgrading are to be realised. CDC members highlighted that Misesa residents are very poor and as such they would not want to be re-located as they cannot afford to construct new facilities. Also, they cannot afford technologies that require them to pay substantial sums of money for facilities such as toilets. 6.4 Housing Finance The majority of Malawi’s urban population are concentrated in the very low income group which is out of reach of credit as housing finance in Malawi is highly underdeveloped. Mortgage and home improvement loans are the only products targeting housing development from macro finance institutions. Of all institutions NBS Bank was the first bank to offer loans targeting construction of houses. Nowadays, there are several banks offering these loans. The requirement for collateral by formal institutions; and the affordable repayment level and period that limit the potential size of the loan are the major constraints affecting access to housing finance for bank customers. Land administration systems, legal framework, funding sources and base lending rates are the major limitations affecting banks’ willingness to lend to low income groups. It is therefore important to formalise land ownership in areas to be upgraded. The formalisation and upgrading would subsequently help to valorise the property hence allowing owners access to macro finance institutions. Few microfinance institution offer housing related products. Microfinance institutions offering housing products are affected by liquidity and type of collateral they can demand. There is need for macro finance institutions to support the micro finance institutions with credit guarantee products. A small group of people in the four informal settlements rely on financial institution for loans. This implies that there can be no assumption that people in the informal settlement will start to borrow if loans are made available and affordable. CCODE in alliance with Malawi Homeless People’s Federation and HFH are contributing to access to decent housing. However, their impact is very little in comparison to the

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problem. There is need for more community based savings and credit institutions. MASAF 1 contributed greatly to the construction, improvement and upgrading of housing in urban areas. Moving forward there is need for quality assurance in similar projects. Municipalities are contributing to access to shelter through provision of free land. However, they should provide land in locations near to social and economical opportunities. Locations such as Misesa and Ntopwa are strategically located near place of economic and social opportunities. Donors such as European Union contribute significantly towards infrastructure development of Malawi as a whole. Consequently, there is need to harness this relationship with the donors for continued and increase support.

6.5 Stakeholder Analysis Blantyre City It has been observed that CBOs effectively manage water among the urban poor. However, the effectiveness of the CDCs is largely affected by the vacuum created due to lack of councillors and lack of capacity of the local leadership to manage local development. Lack of knowledge in slum upgrading, participatory planning, conflict management, building technologies, policy making and implementation is common in all ministries. This is evident, in a way, by the lack of budget allocation for slum upgrading initiatives in all ministries. Apart from the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, and the Ministry of Local Government, all other ministries have no strategies for addressing slum upgrading and prevention. The percentage of staff dedicated to slum management is negligible or nonexistent in most cases in all ministries. This may heavily compromise the implementation of slum upgrading projects in Blantyre as collaboration is essential to achieve sustainable development.

The city budget allocation for slum upgrading is very minimal much that the impact of slum upgrading initiatives is dismal. Initiatives to improve the lives of the urban poor are also implemented under the capital investment and general provision budget allocations. There are several external supports for slum upgrading that have been undertaken and being implemented presently. However, the external support endeavours need to be coordinated by the city assembly for sustainability of the projects.

The Polytechnic, a constituent institution of UNIMA, is the only academic organisation in Blantyre that collaborates with government institutions and NGOs on slum upgrading projects.

There is lack of information on private sector involvement in slum upgrading initiatives which attribute to private sectors’ projects being undertaken sporadically on an ad hoc basis or lack of endeavors in slum upgrading. However, there are several companies such as Airtel Malawi Limited, Telkom Networks Malawi and Chibuku Breweries who promote economic activity of

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B.2 Policy and Regulatory Framework Review

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REVIEW OF POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS

RELATED TO SLUM UPGRADING AND PREVENTIONIN MALAWI

Background Malawi has numerous legal and regulatory frameworks that have an influence on slum upgrading and prevention in one way or another. These legal provisions stipulate political commitments and government intentions in a particular sector, including goals, priorities, benchmarks or indicators of achievement, expected volumes of public investment, need for subsidies, beneficiaries, institutional arrangements for implementation, and the roles of key actors. Policies related to slum upgrading and prevention are based on legal frameworks that are prepared and adopted by Government. These broad policies require effective regulatory frameworks to be implemented. The regulatory frameworks generally comprise legal and semi-legal instruments and include laws/legislation, bylaws, codes, customary traditions, regulations (planning, building, financial, etc.), standards (services and products) and procedures (procurement, design, public works, financial, audit, etc.) related to urban planning, land administration and development, building, public health, environment and others. While the Central Government is responsible for establishing the policy and legal framework, local authorities are empowered to exercise delegated authority over urban development.

Rationale The success of slum upgrading and slum prevention depends on the existence of the right policy mix and regulatory frameworks which are operationalised through effective regulations, standards and procedures and their efficient application by staff in the respective institutions. The existing regulations, standards and procedures and their day-to-day applications may contradict or even undermine the existing policies. These differences therefore lead to contradictions between political commitments and government objectives coupled by obsolete, inadequate or not pro-poor regulatory frameworks, which need to be addressed urgently if slum upgrading and prevention is to be realized.

There is need, therefore, for an in-depth review of the existing policy and regulatory frameworks to be undertaken in order to analyse how they influence slum growth, upgrading and prevention.

Review of the Legal Frameworks The review of the available existing legal frameworks included the National Constitution, Acts of Parliament, Policies and Administrative Documents at all levels. The summary

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below and table 11 presents the most pertinent findings in terms of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the existing legal and regulatory frameworks that facilitate or hinder slum upgrading and prevention in Malawi.

3.1 STRENGTH There are a number of existing frameworks that support slum upgrading and prevention including the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (2012-2016) which addresses the issues of sustainable urban development including slum upgrading. Sectoral policies such as on sanitation and water are also strong on facilitating access to basic urban services. The mandate bestowed to local authorities through the policy of decentralization to implement policies, provide infrastructure and services by the local government, provides room for the provision of coordinated development and slum upgrading and prevention by the local governments in their areas of jurisdiction.

3.2 WEAKNESSES These include all provisions that do not facilitate slum upgrading and prevention by excluding the poor from participating in local development in various ways. Some of the legal provisions lack clarity or specific regulations on issues of slum upgrading, making it difficult to address the same. Another weakness is that some of the existing legal and regulatory provisions are obsolete, inadequate and mostly not pro-poor and sometimes contradictory. An example of a regulatory framework that is not pro-poor is the Town Planning Standards and Guidelines which were formulated on the assumption that all development will be planned and formal. Such assumptions in designing such frameworks whose standards are not affordable by the majority of the urban poor, shut out the poor from the processes of urban development forcing many of them into the slums.

3.3 OPPORTUNITIES The existence of some of these regulatory frameworks is an opportunity that more issues including slum upgrading can be taken on board through reviews as most of these were formulated duration the 1950s to the 1980s and have been overtaken by new developments. It is noted that while a significant number of policies does have some bearing on slums, Malawi actually does not have a national urban policy which would address the issue of slums in a comprehensive fashion. It is important that the proposed national urban policy should address the weaknesses and threats to slum upgrading and prevention identified in existing policies. The Malawi Growth and Development Strategy II is the overarching medium term strategy designed to attain Malawi’s long term development goals. Under theme 4 on ‘Infrastructure Development’, the issue of slum upgrading and the provision of infrastructure is to be one of the key strategies for realizing sustainable urban development in Malawi. The inclusion of this strategy in the MGDS presents a real

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opportunity for Malawi to begin to address these issues in an effective and comprehensive manner.

3.4 THREATS Some of the existing legal frameworks and policies are threatened by several factors including contradiction, weak transparency and accountability in decision making, corruption and political interferences, inadequate funds and technical expertise to implement and enforce provisions and absence of legal frameworks in some thematic areas at the local level e.g. local level gender policies. It has to be noted that some of the existing statutory provisions and legal frameworks lack clarity when addressing slum issues. Standards are applied universally and no regard is given to the economic and affordability capacity of the different social groups in the urban areas.

Conclusion and RecommendationsSome of the existing acts, policies, regulatory frameworks and standards are discriminatory to slum upgrading and prevention issues as they are biased towards formal planning and formal development and occupation of land. There is urgent need for specific slum upgrading or prevention strategies as well as pro-poor policies in such sectors as basic urban services and infrastructure provision, land, housing and housing finance, gender and HIV/AIDs. It is recommended that the existing legal frameworks that do not facilitate slum upgrading and prevention be reviewed, repealed or ammended to address current urban issues including slum upgrading and prevention. The housing policy (under formulation), the national urban policy (proposed) offer an opportunity to address comprehensively issues of the poor in urban areas through slum upgrading and prevention. Annex

Table 11: REVIEW OF POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS

Topics/Issues

Names (with adoption year) of policies, laws, regulations

Provisions facilitating slum upgrading

Provisions hindering slum upgrading

Gaps and contradictions

Recommendations for improvements

Section 3, 5,6,23,42 &103 (Governance)

Section 23 &33 (Governance)

Section 6 (Decentralisation)

Section 63,64,66,68 &91 (Taxation and Resources)

Section 14 (Institutional Set-up) -

Urban governance

Local Government Act, 1998

Section 76 (Taxation) -

Lack of specific interventions for decision making with regard to slum upgrading

The Act must take recognisance of the prevalence of Slums and must include provisions addressing Slums

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Malawi Decentralisation Policy, 1998

The policy aims at enhancing good governance, accountability and participation

-

The Policy does not address issues of Slum Upgrading

The Policy must integrate decentralisation with solutions to slum problems

Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) 2006-2011

Theme 5: Good Governance -

The Strategy does not address issues of Slum Upgrading

The strategy must unbundle the rural and urban development deficiencies hence facilitating specific solutions to urban slums

Aims at participatory slum upgrading (Section 6.11.1)

-

Land Policy , 2002 Promotes decentralized and transparent land administration

-

• Poor funding for the upgrading exercise

• Lack of study during formulation of the National Land Policy that focused on the slums

-

Land Act, 1965 No provision for Slum Upgrading

Must incorporate issues concerning Slum Upgrading within the Act

The Constitution of Malawi, 1995

Section 28 (Land Ownership) - - -


Section 34 &35 (Land Administration & Compensation)

-

• The Act does not specifically acknowledge the existence of slums


Zomba Outline Zoning Plan (1989)

• Aims at ensuring an orderly, coordinated and efficient development of the municipality under proper condition of health, safety and amenity

• The plan recommends an incremental approach to upgrading i.e. the provision of basic services especially safe and expanded water supply in the primary phase

-

• Proposal to embark on upgrading in the unplanned areas was not properly articulated.

• It did not establish the resources and the local planning and implementation capacity for the tasks.

• Was an isolated action to deal with a pressing problem and demand other than an integrated approach to planning for the whole City.

• The Plan needs and articulation of how slum upgrading will be carried out

• A resource identification and mobilisation strategy must be included in the Plan

• Must be integrated with other development initiatives for the City

Aims at arresting growth of informal settlements through timely delivery of serviced land, allocation of THAs and slum upgrading.

-

Land tenure

Land Policy , 2002

Aims at ensuring -

The policy does not clearly spell how land rights of slum dwellers will be protected after upgrading of the slums i.e. who is the owner of the

Must include the implications of Slum upgrading on the Land Rights of the slum dwellers

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tenure security and equitable access to land

land after upgrading.


Section 30 (Access to Services) - - -

Section 36 (Coverage)

Schedule 2 (Standards)

Section 38 (Institutional Set-up) - Local Government

Act, 1998

Schedule 2 (Norms) -

The Act does not dealt with the issues of Slum development and upgrading- overemphasis on Urban Structure Plans


National Water Policy, 2005

• Providing water in sufficient quantities and acceptable quality to all users through cost‐effective and manageable technological options for both urban and rural communities.

• Rehabilitating existing infrastructure

• Advancing water pollution control in order to promote public health and hygiene and environmental sustainability.

• Encouraging PPPs in urban, peri‐urban and market centres for water supply and sanitation

-

The policy does not spell out how the urban poor and other vulnerable groups would benefit from the services which are offered on a cost recovery basis such as kiosks.

The Policy must provide for mechanisms which will effectively and efficiently avail water to the urban poor and other vulnerable groups at affordable rates

Sanitation Policy, 2008

• aims at achieving universal access to improved sanitation

-

There are still some limitations to employing some low cost sanitation systems due to environmental concerns

The Policy must include incentives for environmental friendly disposal systems and penalties for non-compliance.


• Theme 4: Infrastructure Development e.g. aims at improving access to safe water to a maximum distance of 500m for all people and improving sanitation

-

• The paper lacks action solutions to sanitation improvement.

• The paper does not tackle the problem faced in water abstraction which is the main problem in the city of Blantyre for example.


Services and infrastructure

Water Works Act, Section 18 – 20 - The act does not The policy must state

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1995 (Safe Water and Sanitation)

particularly tackle problems faced in slums (low income areas)

how provision of safe water and sanitation will be achieved in slums

Aim at supplying appropriate levels of services, facilities and infrastructure

-

Blantyre Structural Plan, 1999 and Mzuzu Urban Structure Plan, 1995

Aim at achieving sustainable provision of water supply and sanitation services that are equitably accessible by all individuals in urban, peri-urban areas at affordable cost

-

The plans do not clarify the “appropriate levels of service” for different areas within Blantyre city.

The Plans must articulate “appropriate levels of service” for different areas within Blantyre and Mzuzu city

Section 30 (Economic Development)

- - - Housing finance The Constitution of

Malawi, 1995 Section 30 (Access to Shelter) - - -


Schedule 2 (Production)

Schedule 2 (Standards)

The Act does not dealt with the issues of Slum development - overemphasis on Urban Structure Plans



Theme 4: Infrastructure Development i.e. Housing and Land Development

-

Lacks action oriented solutions to the delivery of houses in slums


Blantyre Structure Plan, 1999 and Mzuzu Urban Structure Plan 1995

Aims at ensuring orderly settlement

Aim at ensuring orderly settlement

• Put more emphasis on conventional standards which are costly.

• “Orderly” may mean resettling slums which is against the fundamental goal of PSUP.

The Structure Plan must include provisions for dealing with slums while acknowledging that conventional standards are costly for slum dwellers

Draft National Building Regulations, 1990 & The Code of Practice

The code of practice allows the engagement of unregistered professional, who are affordable

Enforces high building standard which are costly

No recognition of low income areas hence no standards developed for such environments

Must incorporate the minimum standards for THAs to facilitate slum upgrading

Housing construction and delivery systems

Land Policy, 2002 - -

Lack of “simplified building regulations” for the low housing special areas.

The policy must incorporate mechanisms of simplifying building regulations without compromising the safety of slum dwellers

Community and local economic development


Section 30 (Right to Economic & Social Development)

- - -

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Section 6 (Training/Capacity Building)

-

Training is provided for local government staff but there is no provision for capacity development for local communities

The Act must provide for knowledge transfer from Assemblies to locals


Promotes community involvement in sanitation management as a strategy for creation of wealth

- - -

Theme 1: Sustainable Economic Development

- Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) 2006-2011 Theme 3: Social

Development -

- -

National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2004

Promotion of sustainable social and economic development

- - -

Land Policy, 2002

Aims at facilitating the attainment of social harmony and broad based social and economic development

-

The provision is not specific to problems in slums/low income areas

The Policy must provide for specific issues addressing problems in slum/low income areas

Environment Management Act, 1996

Section 5 (disaster & risk reduction)

Section 30 (standards)

The act has no specific sections addressing slum situations and upgrading



Aims at improving health and hygiene behaviour and recycling of wastes for sustainable environmental management

-

Policy does not elucidate the relationship between the provision and the situation in slums (low income areas)

-

Vision 2020

Aims at natural resource and environmental management

- The document is not slum upgrade specific

-


Theme 2: Social Protection and Disaster Risk Management

- - -

National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2004

Promotion of appropriate management of the environment and natural resources

-

Policy does not elucidate the relationship between the provision and the situation in slums (low income areas)

-

Urban environment

Water Works Act, 1995

Section 29 &30 (Regulation and Enforcement)

- • Low penalties for polluters

• Weak enforcement of legislation

• There is no provision for

• Penalties must be of the charge that instils discipline

• Must provide for incentives for compliance

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rewards for those conforming to environment regulations

Environment Management Act, 1996

Section 5 (Disaster Risk Reduction) Section 42 (Pollution Control

-

• Weak enforcement of legislation

• Low penalties for polluters

• There is no provision for rewards for those conforming to environment regulations

• Penalties must be of the charge that instils discipline

• Must provide for incentives for compliance

Blantyre Structural Plan, 1999

Aims at accommodating the residents in an environment that was affordable and conducive to the general health and well being of its inhabitants

-

Conformity to conventional standards may be costly for low income areas

The Structure Plan must include provisions for dealing with slums while acknowledging that conventional standards are costly for slum dwellers

Land Policy, 2002

Promotes optimum and ecologically balanced use of land and land based resources

- - -

Urban heritage

National Physical Development Plan 1987

Provides for development of an integrated transport system.

Does not specify how the integrated transport system will be developed.

• The MPRS has highlighted transport issues mainly in pillars 1 and 3.

• These pillars emphasis is on transport infrastructure.

Transport services are not emphasized, modes of transport such as air, water and railway are not covered and road infrastructure is confined to rural feeder roads.

The MPRS has emphasized more on the rural poor than the urban poor in terms of infrastructure

The MPRS does not address the plight of the urban poor who live in areas that are not accessible by road or they lack infrastructure such as bus stages, stations, and pedestrian pavements.

Rural-urban linkages

Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy, 2002.

The MPRS is not clear whether government

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should provide transport services where the private sector does not find it economically viable

The MPRS recognizes the regional distribution of poverty and targets the interventions in those areas.

Transport safety is not covered in the MPRS.

Gender, youth, HIV/AIDS


Schedule 22 (Regulations and Enforcements

-

Does not specify how to address the spreading of communicable diseases such as the HIV/AIDS pandemic

-

Land Policy, 2002

Recognises the plight of vulnerable groups - i.e. women, children, the disabled and the HIV/AIDS affected – in land administration issues.

-

Does not specify how vulnerable groups will be assisted.

-

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the urban poor by supporting kiosk and stalls businesses. Such institutions initiatives need to be integrated within slum upgrading strategies.

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B.3 City-wide Slum Upgrading and Prevention Strategy

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OUTPUT THREE

City wide slum upgrading and prevention strategy for Blantyre City

1.0 Introduction

There have been several initiatives implemented by Blantyre City to improve the living conditions of the urban poor, for example, the housing delivery mechanism through green field housing and informal settlements’ upgrading promulgated and adopted in the Urban Structure Plan (1999). This was a positive step towards reducing the housing backlog. Other initiatives include the Cities Without Slums (CWS), Millennium Cities Initiative (MCI), Blantyre Informal Settlements Situation Analysis (2006), Blantyre Urban Profile(2010), and the Blantyre City Strategic Plan (2000). However, population increase and the extension of city boundaries have led to increased demand for municipal engineering and socio-economic services. The demand has not matched with the supply of such services and there has been an evident service gap increase in housing provision, basic services, social services, environmental conservation, urban governance, and local economic development.

The City Wide Slum Upgrading and Prevention Strategy(CWSUPS) has identified priority actions that promise to mitigate the service gaps identified within the PSUP II situation analysis for Blantyre City in general and for Misesa and Ntopwa in particular. A CWSUPS is a consultative strategy that adopts participatory methodologies which guarantees sustainability and ownership of implemented priority actions through the participation of all stakeholders during the initiation, planning and implementation of the projects.

2.0 Priority Areas of Intervention

The Blantyre City situation analysis has revealed that there are several upgrading elements such as land administration and management, provision of basic urban services, provision of housing, issues of local economic development (LED), urban governance, gender and HIV and AIDS and environment which exacerbate service gaps and facilitate the growth of slums. These upgrading elements have been itemized and detailed in Annex XII on “Setting Priorities, Expected Accomplishments, And Time Frame For The CWSUPS” for Blantyre City

The main challenges regarding land administration in Blantyre City include the existence of ‘villages’, where chiefs allocate land to their subjects. This system of land allocation is done by those that had been allocated land in the past for housing and farming. The traditional chief sometimes oversees the transfer of land and solves land conflicts between individuals. This has been a mechanism of land management which has developed and has been the accepted norm in most slums. The aforementioned parallel systems render monitoring land transfers difficult. Unfortunately, the cost for formalizing land transfers is exorbitant and unaffordable for the majority of slum dwellers thus aggravating informality.

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The CWSUPS has identified water supply and sanitation as key priority areas of intervention since the majority of the population in slums uses water from unprotected sources such as wells and streams that are not safe. Storm water management, solid waste management systems and clean energy provision are other challenges that need intervention.

Housing production in the formal sector is very costly so much that the rate of delivery of formal housing has been very slow. In addition, the rate of urbanisation is also high and housing production is failing to keep up pace. Further, high building and planning standards partly contribute to high cost of housing production. The urban poor take advantage of the availability of traditional chiefs in the city to develop housing informally. In most cases such houses, which are usually of poor quality, do not follow planning bye laws and building standards.

Annex XIII, XIV and XV have compiled in such a way that they complement on the “Slum Situation Analysis for Blantyre City”. The findings from the analysis have been useful in drawing up a strategy in terms of priorities, expected accomplishments, time frames, activities to be used for achieving the desired accomplishments as well as how to measure the successes of the planned and prioritised activities. Information from Annex XII has been useful in drawing activities and outputs, and associated cost estimates in Annex XIII which has also been used to draw a monitoring and evaluation plan on selected priority actions as indicated in Annex XIV.

In terms of time frames, Annex XII and XIII have provided expected accomplishments in the short, medium and long term. These accomplishments will be achieved by different stakeholders with the Blantyre City coordinating the implementation of the priority actions. Choice of partners under specific areas is based on experience and expertise in those areas. Some of the partners have also been incorporated under certain areas based on their current projects, which if synergized will work towards realization of the CWSUPS.

3.0 Prevention strategy

In order to deal with land administration and management challenges, the strategy proposes three priority intervention areas in Blantyre City, which include land development, land regularisation and land management. The strategy, therefore, includes reviewing urban land use standards to increase affordability, land servicing for allocation to low income earners, introduction of simplified land title registration processes in slums for security of tenure, land adjudication in informal settlements, pragmatic extension of city boundary and harmonising land management and administration at local level. These will facilitate the availability of land for development benefiting all income groups within the city.

Housing provision for the urban poor and slum upgrading can be expedited through the development of low income housing estates, reviewing of building codes and standards to improve affordability while at the same time not compromising on quality of housing units. It can also be expedited through establishing a city resettlement and compensation fund for slums, encouraging the use of low cost environmentally friendly building technologies and materials and the facilitation of the access to housing loans by the urban poor. The strategy has to be

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complemented by BCC’s deliberate policy on the promotion of rental housing. This can be achieved by creating a conducive environment for housing developers so that they provide housing units that are affordable to urban people of all income groups.

In order to address the service gaps in water and sanitation provision, the strategy has proposed priority actions which include extending water supply to all parts of the city and peri urban areas and increasing the number of communal water points, setting up sustainable community water users associations, preservation of water catchment areas. Other means include promoting individual sustainable toilet systems at household level, upgrading the sewer system in the city to cater for the urban poor where possible and championing integrated sustainable waste water management systems in the city.

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B.4 Resource Mobilisation Strategy

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Resource Mobilisation Strategy for Blantyre City 1.0 Introduction

A resource mobilization strategy is a fundamental prerequisite for slum upgrading. Upgrading is used here in its comprehensive sense to embrace the improvement to social and physical infrastructure in existing settlements including the consequential improvement of the self-made houses.

The allocation of resources to different sectors of the economy is guided by social, political and economic objectives. These allocations are expressed in a form of a national economic plan or in a more limited way, in the budgets of government, public agencies or local authorities. However, it is unfortunate that very little has been done to address the plight of the urban poor who live in slums or unplanned areas. In Blantyre, the main commercial and industrial city in the country, about 70% of the people live in the informal settlements/slums.

1.1 Funding sources and recommendations

The current sources of funding for upgrading are limited and the total amounts of funding are not satisfactory but there is potential to generate a continuous pool of resources for this task that is important to all stakeholders. The main prospective sources of funding are central government transfers, Blantyre City Council (BCC), multilateral and bilateral donors, private sector organizations and the local communities themselves.

The central government budget is funded by nationally generated returns through taxes, donor support, and loans from various institutions. These sources generally improve with associated fiscal discipline and sound economic policies. So far, Malawi has portrayed both, hence has a potential for a continued increase in tax collection, and increased support for donor support and loans. Some donor funding is particular to predetermined projects such as water and sanitation, solid waste management, roads and drainage construction. In regard to slum upgrading and prevention, bilateral institutions must concentrate on sanitation, drainage, water supply and capacity building (equipment, training and technical advice).

The municipality annual budget is based on central government transfers, BCC locally generated funds and donor funding. The 2011/12 BCC budget provided for MK 262Million (US$1.541Million) and MK 2.3Billion (US$ 19.2 Million) from central government and locally generated funds respectively, of which MK200Million (US$1,176,000) was dedicated to slum upgrading and prevention initiatives. However, for sustainable slum upgrading initiatives, central government must within the annual transfers incorporate a budget particularly dedicated to slum upgrading. The suggested provision must complement the locally generated funds that are devoted to slum upgrading and prevention.

Currently, central government channels further slum upgrading and improvement funds through other ministries resulting into a disintegrated administration and management of slum upgrading and prevention is some cases. This disintegration can be mitigated if central government

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channels the slum specific upgrading funds to local authorities for infrastructure development in slum areas. Further, this can facilitate coordinated approach to slum upgrading and prevention at city level. The afore-suggested entails reinforcement and capacity development of BCC staff to ensure effective and efficient initiation, planning and implementation of slum upgrading and prevention projects at city level. There is also need to adapt, enact and uphold policy and regulations (e.g. total implementation of the Decentralisation Policy) that will enable cities to successfully manage and provide basic services in general.

BCC has the potential to realize more resources for slum upgrading through: • Expansion of the revenue base through inclusion of all properties outside the valuation roll • The introduction/improvement of technology employed to collect all taxes and fees (i.e.) the

current system is archaic and unreliable • Land transfer from central to local authority that may increase BCC’s revenue base if the

land transfers are effectively implemented and land effectively managed thereafter.

In the short term there is a potential of increasing revenues by US$1,500,000.00 if the suggested initiatives are undertaken

The United Nations has been and is still funding through several slum upgrading and prevention programmes. For example, UN-Habitat is currently funding the Malawi National Upgrading Programme (MNUP) and the Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP) while UNDP is funding the implementation of the Malawi National Housing Policy (MNHP). UN must continue focusing on slum upgrading projects especially water, sanitation, housing, roads and capacity building. And, through sound project proposals, and effective and efficient programme implementation and management, more funding for slum upgrading initiatives may be sourced from UN. However, the UN initiatives must be integrated into city wide approached to slum upgrading if the initiatives are to be sustainable. Some donor projects which have been implemented in isolation of BCC have proved to be unsustainable in the mid to long terms for lack of ownership of the projects.

Currently, some NGO initiatives are undertaken on ‘ad hoc’ basis and in most cases in isolation. There are several NGOs that have positively contributed to improvement of slum conditions in Blantyre e.g. CCODE, Habitat for Humanity and Water for People. Projects of the aforementioned organisations have of recent been involving BCC and the local community in order to ensure sustainability after commissioning of the projects. Resources from these organisations may further complement BCC resources in undertaking slum upgrading and prevention initiatives. Additional areas of intervention may include energy, environmental management, and roads that is apart from water and sanitation most NGOs venture in.

Further, the private agencies can play a big role in transforming the lives of people in the slums by providing funds and engaging in specific projects such as energy, environmental management, infrastructure provision and sanitation. The private institutions may augment BCC’s resource base through cash donations, in kind, specific project funding such as drainage, health, water supply and HIV/AIDS campaigns. Such initiatives need to be coordinated and steered by BCC.

It is important to exploit the willingness of people to contribute in kind and their ability to contribute in cash to the improvement of their environment. Self- funding has proved to be the root of any effective low income housing. It is essential that this initiative should be recognized

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and harnessed thus supplementing on available public resources and exploiting the existing community’s resources. The households contribute through participation, leadership, and cash or sweat equity which in the end ensures total ownership of slum upgrading endeavours.

Annex I gives details of the resource mobilisation strategy.

1.2 Conclusion There is a potential to generate more and a continuous pool of resources for slum upgrading and prevention at the city level through central government transfers, locally generated funds, multilateral and bilateral donors, private sector organizations and the local communities themselves. However, these sources of funds must be coordinated and integrated in their undertakings in order for the resources to effectively supplement each other and for the augmentation of the effectiveness of the slum upgrading and prevention programmes.

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B.5 Project Concept Notes

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OUTPUT 5: Concept Note for Blantyre City

Title of the priority action: Extend water system to all parts of the city and Peri-urban areas

Location(s) of the action:

Country: Malawi

City: Blantyre City

Settlements: Ntopwa and Misesa

Total duration of the action (months): 24 months

Amount US$ US$ 300,000 Expected Donor The European Union

Objectives of the action

Overall objective: Increase water coverage to Ntopwa and Misesa The specific objectives are to:

• Reduce the travel distances to communal water point by more than 50%

• Strategically position water points for the benefit of all residents

• Minimise resettlement of PAPs where possible • Ensure sustainability of the installed services

Target group(s) • 500 households in Ntopwa and 900 in Misesa • 1 school in Misesa

Final beneficiaries • City council, slums dwellers

Estimated results • Extended trunk services in Misesa and Ntopwa

• 20 Communal points in Misesa and 10 in Ntopwa

Main activities

• Needs assessment • Identification of possible donors • Designing trunk services and communal water

points • Identification & compensation of Project Affected

People (PAP) • Installation of trunk services and communal

water points

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1.1 Relevance of the Priority Action

The Blantyre City situation analysis has revealed that there are several challenges that are encountered in terms of land administration and management, provision of basic urban services, provision of housing, local economic development, urban governance, gender, HIV and AIDS, and environmental issues in slums within the city.

Ntopwa and Misesa are some of the slums in the City of Blantyre. Misesa and Ntopwa are both located in the proximity of Limbe which is Blantyre’s second Central Business District. Ntopwa is a slum that developed and flourished on private land which originally belonged to William Partridge and part of Malawi Railways land. In Misesa, 100% of the land is by law public. However, the chiefs and local communities consider the land customary.

In Ntopwa, most households depend on natural sources of water such as unprotected shallow wells, springs and streams. There are three Blantyre Water Board Kiosks, three MASAF Kiosks, three water taps and only one borehole in the area against a population of 2,208 people. The situation is also calamitous in the studied area of Misesa where apart from 0.6% connected houses the rest utilize alternative sources of water such as surface water, shallow wells and boreholes which are potentially harmful due to contamination. Evidently, there are 5 functional boreholes which are not enough for the 3,414 people.

Misesa has at present an average distance to a water source of more than 500 metres with a maximum distance of 950 metres while for Ntopwa the average distance is 82 metres and a maximum of 162 metres. Even though distances to the water source might be less than 500 metres as was the case with Ntopwa, water points providing potable water are inadequate. About 87% of residents in Misesa settlement use water from wells and rivers or streams. This water may not be safe for drinking considering the poor sanitation facilities and poor drainage systems in the settlement. Slum dwellers in Misesa alluded to the fact that they do not actually prefer water from wells because they feel the water is contaminated from the pit latrines which are located very close to water points and in most cases within 10 metres distance. Misesa and Ntopwa have in-house water connection ratios of 0.6% and 1.4% respectively which are unprecedentedly very low. Settlements in Blantyre are supposed to be reticulated by Blantyre Water Board but issues concerning land tenure, affordability, cost recovery, technical layout hindrances, capacity of Blantyre Water Board, and sustainability of the pursued water systems hinder efforts to service the two slums.

Consequently, during focus group discussion with community leaders and other members water was considered to be the biggest challenge in both slums of Ntopwa and Misesa.

1.2 The priority action

The overall objective of the priority action is to extend the reticulation system and increase the number of communal points in Ntopwa and Misesa. This will be achieved through the conducting of a needs assessment, identification of possible donors/funders, designing trunk services and communal points, identifying and compensating Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and finally the installation of trunk services and communal water points. The project is estimated to last 48 months after being sanctioned by all stakeholders. The priority action targets 494 and 818 households in Ntopwa and Misesa respectively.

In order to deal with these challenges, the study proposed priority actions, which included extending water system to all parts of the city and peri urban areas, setting up sustainable Community Water Users Associations and the afforestation and re-afforestation of all water catchment areas. Of the aforementioned, the extension of water systems to all parts of the city and peri urban areas was deemed

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feasible. The priority action also promises immediate and visible results that can in the short term have a positive impact on the communities and be sustainable in the long term. The priority action compromises the resource identification in the short term, and the design and implementation of trunk and communal services in the mid and long terms.

The needs assessment intends to evaluate the capacity of service providers i.e. Blantyre Water Board and the Blantyre City Council. This evaluation will be in relation to the feasibility of the action to be integrated into the existing reticulation system, human and financial resources requirements in regard to the service providers, and the sustainability of the implemented action with regards to the maintenance and management of the trunk services and communal water points. The assessment also aims at establishing the evident needs of the community which will in turn facilitate the appropriate and strategic installation of trunk services and communal water points. The needs assessment guarantees a smooth transition across subsequent activities of the priority action and the monitoring and evaluation following implementation. The needs assessment will be conducted by a consultant in collaboration with Blantyre City Council and Blantyre Water Board.

There are several probable and existing sources of funding for the priority action. However, these sources need to be verified and a commitment confirmed so that the implementation of the action is fail-safe. The verification of funding will be followed by the technical but participative design of the system. This will ensure that strategic positions are identified with the input from local communities, the service providers and the consultant.

The layout emanating from the design exercise will facilitate the identification of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will either need to be temporarily resettled or will have to give up part of their property. Such persons will need to be compensated accordingly. The exercise will involve service providers, the consultant, local communities and Blantyre District Council. District Councils under the Office of the President and Cabinet are entrusted with compensation of appropriated property. The installation of trunk services and communal water pipes by Blantyre Water Board in collaboration with Blantyre City Council and the local community will follow subsequently.

It is expected that the number of reticulated communal water points will be increased from 3 to 10 in Ntopwa, and zero to 20 in Misesa. Installation of communal water points in Misesa will be preceded by the installation of trunk services which are lacking at present. If implemented, the priority action will substantially reduce the travel distances to water points and hence save stakeholders time for undertaking of other obligations. And, the action will also greatly and positively impact on the local communities’ health.

1.3 Sustainability of the priority action

Community ownership of the implemented priority action will be very crucial for the sustainability of the extended services. Therefore, participation and consultation of the local community must be ensured during all activities of the priority action. Further, members and structures of Water Users Associations and CDCs must be trained and harnessed, respectively, for the proper management of the services. Finally there must be collaboration among BCC, BWB, CDCs, WUA and the local community for the maintenance of the installed services. BCC will be the coordinating agent of the aforementioned stakeholders and will be entrusted with the monitoring and evaluation of the progress and sustainability of the implemented action.

There a number of assumptions that may derail the anticipated success of the priority action. The identified risks and assumptions are summarised in Table 1.

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Table 1: Risk analysis for extending trunk services and communal water points in Ntopwa and Misesa

ACTIVITY RISK & ASSUMPTION MITIGATION

Infrastructure Requirements

Risk Type: Human capital and economic Assumption: Relevant human and financial resources will be timely available at BWB and BCC

Donor List

Risk Type: Political and human capital Assumptions:

1. The political environment will be suitable for the donor funded projects

2. Relevant human resources will be timely available at BCC.

Layout Plans

Risk Type: Human capital and physical Assumptions: 1. Relevant human resources will be timely

available at BCC and that staff turnover will be minimal

2. The terrain will not hinder nor make costly the development of layout plans

PAP Compensation

Risk Type: Human capital, social, economic and political

Assumptions: 1. There will be political will to compensate

PAPs 2. Relevant human and financial resources

will be timely available at BWB and BCC 3. People will be willing to part with property

Trunk services and communal water points

Risk Type: Human capital, social, economic, political and physical

Assumptions: 1. Relevant human and financial resources

will be timely available at BWB and BCC 2. The terrain will not hinder nor make costly

the installation of services 3. Local communities ownership will be

achieved 4. The action will not be turned into a

milestone for politicians

• Conduct awareness campaigns

• Civic educate the stakeholders

• Ring fence the identified funds for the project

• Motivation of staff • Capacity development of

staff • Continuous professional

development of staff

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7.0 References Bloomfield, K, 1965, The Geology of Zomba Area, Geological Survey Department, Ministry of

Natural Resources, Government Printer, Zomba, Malawi. FinScope 2008, Access Frontier for Housing Finance in Malawi, Malawi. IOB, 2011. Interest rates. http://www.iobmalawi.com/info4.htm retrieved on 27th December 2011. GoM, 2007, 2010 Malawi Millennium Development Goals report, Lilongwe. GoM, 2010, National Water Policy, Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, Lilongwe,

Capital Printing Press. GoM, 2010, Malawi Urban Housing Sector Profile, UNION, Nairobi. Manda, M, 2009, Water and Sanitation in Urban Malawi: Can the Millennium Development

Goals be met? A study of informal settlements in three cities, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

MASAF, 2005, MASAF 1. http://www.masaf.org/about/masaf1.htm, Retrieved on 4th December 2011.

Ng’ong’ola, D, 1999, Policies Influencing Patterns of Use of Water Resources in Malawi, Ministry of Water Development, Malawi.

NSO,2008, Population and Housing Census, Preliminary Report, September, Malawi. Thompson, L, Agar, J, 2009 Access to housing finance in Africa: Exploring the issues. No. 8

Malawi, Overview of the housing sector in Malawi, Commissioned by FinMark (South Africa) with support from Habitat for Humanity, Blantyre.

World Bank, 2011, Malawi Third Social Action Fund (MASAF 3) APL II (LDF Mechanism), http://www.worldbank.org/projects/search?lang=en&searchTerm=&countryshortname_exact=Malawi&src= retrieved on 4th December 2011.

UN-HABITAT, 2011, Blantyre Urban Profile, Nairobi, Kenya. UN-HABITAT, 2011, Zomba Urban Profile, Nairobi, Kenya. ZUDP, 2007, Zomba Municipality urban development plan 2007-2012, Zomba ZUP, 2007, Urban Profile, Zomba Municipality, Zomba

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C. ANNEX

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ANNEXES

Annex I: City level information Data required Blantyre

Total city population (including slums) Total = 661,256; Male=337,655;

Female=323,789 Total city land area (including slums) 22,800 ha Population density 30 persons/ha Total population in slums 476, 196 Total land area covered by slums 2,320 ha Average population density in slum areas 205 persons /ha

Land for further extension 1,510 ha

Available vacant public land for housing and services

60% for residential 906 ha

Available vacant private land for housing and services The Ministry of Lands has no information regarding the total private land that is available for housing

Available vacant land for housing and services under customary or other informal tenure According to the Town and Planning Act, there is no customary land within Blantyre Planning Area

Average household size at city level 4.3 Average residential plot size in formal areas 670m2 Average living area in dwellings in formal areas 80 m2 Average construction cost of house in formal areas MK42 600(US$ 258)/m2 Average monthly income per household at city level MK5,000 HIV/AIDS prevalence 17.4%

Note: The average monthly rent of US$31 from Household Integrated Survey of 2005.

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ANNEX II: Unplanned settlement information for Misesa and Ntopwa

NO CHARACTERISTIC INFORMATION MISESA NTOPWA

1 Slum population Total population Male population Female population:

8,595 4,469 4,126

2,208 1,126 1,082

2 Level of Education of residents

None Primary Secondary Vocational University

6.2% 47.3% 39.5%

3.2% 2.8%

11.9% 61.5%

23.9% 0.4% 0.6%

3 Land area covered by the slum 263 ha 8.7 ha 4 Number of dwellings1 818 494

5 Population density persons/km2

(persons/ha) 3,270

(32.7 ) 25,278 (252.7)

6 Average household size persons/household 4.32 4.5 7 Room occupancy (MEAN) persons/room 2.8 2.4 8 Average residential plot size per household 0.0176 ha 0.0132 ha 9 Average living area in dwellings 24m2 23m2

10 Proportion of permanent dwellings (cement block or burnt brick walls; iron sheet or other permanent roof)

Bricks + cement Iron sheet roofs

20.5 %

74.4% 11.7% 37.4%

Bui

ldin

g m

ater

ials

Bricks + mud mortar Green bricks +cement

8.4% 15.5%

8.1% 7.3%

11 Proportion of semi-permanent dwellings (mud/pole walls; iron sheet roof)

Roo

fing

mat

eria

ls

Thatched houses 15.6% 5.1%

12 Proportion of temporary dwellings (mud/poles or other temporary wall materials; thatched roof)

Green bricks + mud mortar Grass thatched Other

54.0% 15.6%

9.9%

69.6% 5.1%

57.5%

13 Average construction cost of permanent dwelling MK338,420 (US$2,051)

MK122,060 (US$739.00)2

14 House acquisition

Loan Savings Gift Inheritance Other

1.8% 26.3%

7.2% 9.3%

55.4%

4.3% 26.1%

4.0% 9.5% 56.1%

15 Availability of piped water on plot

Communal pipe Neighbour pipe Water Kiosk Stand pipe on plot In house connection

6.0% 0.4% 2.3%

1.6 % 0.6%

35.0% 20.4% 21.3% 12.6 %

1.4%

16 Distance to water point

Average distance Longest distance

502 metres 947.5 metres

82 metres 162 metres

2 This figure was obtained from the statistical analysis of the data collected in this research

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17 Distance to the nearest city centre Distance to Limbe CBD 6.37 kilometres 2.06 kilometres

18 Distance to the nearest school Distance 2.17 kilometres 1.12 kilometres

19 Distance to the nearest health centre Distance 6.37 kilometres 2.06 kilometres

20 Proportion of households depending on sources other than piped water (boreholes, rivers, wells, etc)

Communal protected Open well River Borehole

19.2% 39.7%

0.2% 27.5%

3.6% 3.4 %

21 Availability of formal electricity connection in dwelling Connected 49.8% 33%

22 Availability of other energy sources (if no formal connection)

Charcoal Firewood Other Paraffin

49.0% 11.7% 38.1%

1.1%

54.0% 13.4% 4.3%

3.4%

23 Average monthly household income MK18,241

(US$111)

MK13,487 (US$ 82)

24 Households with permanent source of income (formal sector employment) Employed 37.7% 18.6%

25 Households with formal businesses

Selling firewood Selling foodstuffs Bottle store Grocery shop Selling second hand clothes Maize mill

4.3% 4.0% 0.9%

20.8% 4.9% 0.1%

13.8% 31.0%

4.5% 5.7% 4.0%

26 Households in farming (own farm) 9% 9%

27 Households with main income or productive activity at home/plot (small shop, dressmaker, shoemaker, etc)

Small business Self employed

29.7% 13.9%

48.2% 14.4%

28 Households in casual labour 10.2% 14.8% 29 Unemployed and other Unemployed 13.8% 14.8%

30 Proportion of owner-occupied housing

Owners Owners with other houses Owners who stay same location Owners who stay outside

45.5% 19.6% 39.1% 13.3%

42.5% 21.7% 35.0% 17.0%

31 Proportion of rental housing Rent Renters with lease agreement

53.4%

4.6%

53.4% 2.2%

Plot acquisition

Bought Allocated by chief Inherited Other

25.4% 4.4%

15.9% 54.3%

27.5% 4.0%

15.8% 52.7% 32

Land tenure type Freehold status(residents perception) Leasehold Other

19.9% 4.5%

75.6%

9.1% 0.3%

90.6%

33 Average monthly rent per room/house MK2,950 (US$18)

MK2,101 (US$13)

34 HIV/AIDS prevalence 17.4% 17.4% 35 Proportion of population receiving food assistance Not known Not known 36 Male headed households 87.8% 84% 37 Female headed households 12.2% 16%

38 Waste Disposal Pit Backyard Dumped in skips

56.7% 21.9%

2.9%

11.3% 5.7% 9.9%

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Dumped anyhow Other

15.2% 1.3%

46.0% 22.0%

39 Waste Recycling Yes 1.7% 2.8%

40 Accessibility Yes 49.3%

17.2%

41 Health Facility Private Public Other (including both)

7.2% 84.7%

8.1%

10.7% 84.0%

5.3%

42 Sanitation

Household flush Household pit latrine Communal pit latrine In the bush Other

1.3% 0.2%

44.9% 51.1%

1.6% 0.9%

1.6% 43.7% 50.2%

1.8% 2.7%

Mat

eria

ls fo

r to

ilets

Green bricks +mud mortar Bricks +mud mortar Green bricks +cement Bricks + cement Other

68.0% 6.5% 8.8%

13.4% 3.3%

76.5% 6.1% 4.3% 7.1% 6.0%

Roo

fing

mat

eria

ls Iron sheets

Grass thatched None

46.3% 38.9% 14.8%

20.4% 24.5% 55.1% 43 Sanitation Materials

Toile

t doo

r ty

pe

Wooden doors Sack door Metal door No door Other

37.8% 55.0%

1.7% 2.7% 2.8%

51.2% 39.9%

3.2% 1.2% 4.5%

44 Environmental hazards • Drainage system is a main problem in both Misesa and Ntopwa • Pollution from pit latrines is a problem both in Misesa and Ntopwa

Annex III: Data for Misesa and Ntopwa in a comparative view

CHARACTERISTIC Misesa Ntopwa Comments and comparisons by specific data

Total population 8,595 2,208 Male 4,469 1,126 Slum population

Female 4,126 1,082

Misesa is one of the biggest slum in Blantyre while Ntopwa being one of the smallest slums in terms of land coverage.

None 6.2% 11.9%

Primary 47.3% 61.5%

Secondary 39.5% 23.9%

Vocational 3.2% 0.4%

Level of Education of residents

University 2.8% 0.6%

Ntopwa has the highest percentage of primary education residents

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Land area covered by the slum Hectares 715.0 8.7

Number of dwellings2 in the study area 818 494 The number of dwellings indicate the number of people interviewed in an area

persons/km2 3,270 25,278 Population density

(persons/Ha) (32.7) (252.3) Ntopwa has one of the highest population densities in Blantyre City

Average household size persons/household 4.3 4.5 This agrees with the national household of 4.6 for Malawi Room occupancy (MEAN) persons/room 2.8 2.4 Average residential plot size Ha per household 0.0176 0.0132 Average living area in dwellings - 24m2 23m2

Bricks + cement 20.5 % 11.7 % Proportion of permanent dwellings (cement block or burnt brick walls; iron sheet or other permanent roof) Iron Sheet roofs 74.4 % 37.4%

Misesa has more permanent houses than Ntopwa as only 37.4% of the houses have iron sheets. The figure for Ntopwa is far below the average for urban centres of 83% of houses having iron sheets roofs.

Bricks + mud mortar 8.4% 8.1% Proportion of semi-permanent dwellings

(mud/pole walls; iron sheet roof) Green bricks +cement 15.5%

7.3%

Green bricks + mud mortar 54%

69.6%

Thatched houses

15.6%

5.1%

Proportion of temporary dwellings (mud/poles or other temporary wall materials; thatched roof)

Other 9.9% 57.5%

There are more temporary dwellings in Ntopwa than Misesa. Note that 57.5% of the residents in Ntopwa used other materials for thatching their houses

MK 338,420 122,060 Average construction cost of permanent dwelling (US$) 2,051 739.00

Note that it is more expensive to build in Misesa than in Ntopwa

Loan 1.8% 4.3% Savings 26.3% 26.1%

Gift 7.2% 4.0% Inheritance 9.3% 9.5%

House acquisition

Other 56.1% 55.4%

Amongst the residents who did not provide information on how they acquired the house are renters (53.4% in both Ntopwa and Misesa) and those people who are in a house owned by another family member. These are indicated as others in the statistics.

Communal pipe 6.0% 35.0%

Neighbour pipe 0.4% 20.4%

Water Kiosk 2.3% 21.3% Stand pipe on plot 1.6 % 12.6 %

Availability of piped water on plot

In house connection 0.6% 1.4%

In-house connection remains very low for all settlements. However, Ntopwa is close to the urban average of 39% of communal stand pipe access.

Average distance 502.0 82.0 Distance to water point (metres) Longest distance 947.5 162.0

Ntopwa is very close to Limbe CBD and this explains why the population density is actually higher than that of Blantyre City as a whole.

Distance to the nearest city centre(Km) Distance to Limbe CBD

6.37

2.06

Ntopwa is the closest to a CBD and yet seems to be the financially worse off. This is due to education levels of the residents. The statistics show that 61.5 percent of the residents have attained primary school education while only 23.9 percent have secondary education.

Distance to the nearest school(Km) 2.17 1.12 Although there is no school within the area, Ntopwa has the shortest

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distance to the nearest school.

Distance to the nearest health centre(Km) 6.37 2.06 Although there is no health centre within the area, Ntopwa has the shortest distance to the nearest health centre.

Communal protected well 19.2% 2.2%

Open well 39.7% 3.4%

River 0.2% 0.1%

Proportion of households depending on sources other than piped water (boreholes, rivers, wells, etc)

Borehole 27.5% 0.0%

Misesa depends mainly on open wells and boreholes while Ntopwa relies on communal piped water. There is only one borehole in Ntopwa which is not functional.

Connected 49.8% 33%

Blackouts: Everyday 7.3% 20.6% Twice a weak 16.0% 26.1%

Availability of formal electricity connection in dwelling

Once a month 1.7% 0.1%

Most settlements have a higher connectivity than the national average of 6%

Charcoal 49.0% 54.0%

Firewood 11.7% 13.4% Other 38.1% 4.3%

Availability of other energy sources (if no formal connection)

Paraffin 1.1% 3.4%

Ntopwa uses more charcoal and firewood than Misesa

MK 18,241 13,487 Average monthly household income (US$) (111) (82) Ntopwa in Blantyre City seems to be the worst financially

Households with permanent source of income (formal sector employment) 37.7% 18.6%

Small Business 27.0% 13.8%

Selling firewood 4.3% 31.0% Selling foodstuffs 4.0% 4.5%

Grocery shop 0.9% 5.7%

Selling second hand clothes 20.8% 4.0%

Maize mill 4.9% 0.0%

Households with formal businesses

Selling bricks 0.1% 0.0%

The level of business is still very low. Major business activities are also easily affected by economic shocks and risks. A lot of people engage in selling firewood but as was reported by one resident: “it’s a risk business; sometimes we lose our money as forest guard snatch firewood from us. You just have to be prepared to hide or fight with them or even bribe them”. A number of women also engage in selling Kaunjika (second hand clothes) but current economic situation might affect them.

Small business 29.7% 48.2% Households with main income or productive activity at home/plot (small shop, dressmaker, shoemaker, etc) Self employed 13.9% 14.4%

Households in casual labour 9% 9% Unemployed and other 13.8% 14.8%

Owners 45.5% 42.5%

Owners with other houses 19.6% 21.7%

Owners in location 39.1% 35.0% Proportion of owner-occupied housing

Owners outside 13.3% 17.0%

There considerable owner occupation in all slums with some of the owners living in the same location

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Rent 53.4% 53.4%

Proportion of rental housing Renters with lease agreement

4.6%

2.2%

There are very few (negligible) contractual agreements between landlords and tenants

Bought 25.4% 27.5%

Allocated by chief 4.4% 4.0%

Inherited 15.9% 15.8%

Freehold status 19.9% 27.1%

Plot acquisition

Leasehold 4.5% 4.7%

Chiefs play a very insignificant role in terms of plot allocation. Most residents have bought their plot. Those residents who indicated that the plot was freehold were referring to the de facto status.

Average monthly rent per room/house MK(US$) 2,950 (18) 2,101 (13)

HIV/AIDS prevalence 17.4% 17.4% Proportion of population receiving food assistance - - - Not known

Male headed households 87.8% 84% Female headed household 11.4% 16%

Pit 56.7% 11.3% Backyard 21.9% 5.7%

Dumped in skips 2.9% 9.9%

Dumped anyhow 15.2% 46.0% Waste Disposal

Other 2.3% 22.0%

Ntopwa has the greatest challenge in waste disposal as seen from the low percentage of pit disposal and highest occurrence of “anyhow dumping”

Waste Recycling 1.7% 2.8% There needs to be a specific survey to determine how the recycling is done

Accessibility 49.3% 17.2% Ntopwa is the least accessible settlement but all settlements have below par accessibility.

Private 7.2% 10.7%

Public 84.7% 84.0% Health Facility

Other 9.1% 5.3%

Most residents rely on public health facilities, but there are those who have access to both private and public as indicated “other” in the statistics

Household flush 1.3% 1.6%

Communal flush 0.2% 0.0%

Household pit latrine 44.9% 43.7%

Communal pit latrine 51.1% 50.2%

Sanitation

In the bush 0.0% 1.8%

Most residents in both Ntopwa and Misesa rely on communal pit latrines.

Green bricks + mud mortar 68.0% 76.5%

Bricks + mud mortar 6.5% 6.1%

Green bricks + cement 8.8% 4.3%

Sanitation Materials

Burnt bricks + cement 13.4% 7.1%

Most sanitation facilities are constructed using temporary materials. This may be attributed to the fact that these facilities get to be demolished once they are filled up.

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Other 0.5% 0.6% Iron sheets 46.3% 20.4% Grass thatched 38.9% 24.5%

Wooden doors 37.8% 51.2%

Sack door 55.0% 39.9%

Metal door 1.7% 3.2% No door 2.7% 1.2%

Environmental hazards - - • Flooding : was not seen as a problem • Drainage system is a main problem • Pollution from pit latrines: perennial

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ANNEX IV: Information on Slum Community Organizations in Misesa and Ntopwa

Community Based Organisations in Misesa

Questions/Issues Information Conclusions and Recommendations

Which community organisation(s) operate(s) in the slum?

1. Organisation names: A. Water Committee (WC) B. Welfare Community Organisation (WCO) C. Health Committee (HC) D. Neighborhood Watch (NW)

2. In existence since: A. 2004 B. 2001 - Around the time the slum was established C. 2001 - Around the time the slum was established D. 2006

3. The main purposes: A. Managing and maintaining communal boreholes B. Managing the welfare of the community including mobilising

community resources in times of need i.e. funnels, weddings etc. C. Providing health services and advice to the residents D. Maintaining security of the slum.

• Apparently the community’s social and engineering services needs are effectively managed by the community members through community organisations.

How many members does each organisation have?

A. 10 (5 Women & 5 Men) B. 15 (5 Women, 5 Youths & 5 Men) C. 10 (5 Women & 5 Men) D. 15 (5 Women & 10 Men)

• There is an equal participation of men and women (or substantially so) in all committees

How are leaders elected? All members of committees are identified and selected by “Slum Elders” • The selection of committee members may be more open if

conducted at a public meeting. Are women, youth and elderly represented? Elderly not within committees but the WCF caters for them

How many meetings are held in a month/year?

A. Fortnightly B. Monthly plus Emergency Meetings C. Quarterly plus Emergency Meetings D. Monthly plus Emergency Meetings

• The WCO may be harnessed to transform it to a CDC. Currently, it is apparent that there are no permanent structures for a CDC on the ground in the slum.

How are community organisations represented at the municipality?

A. No representation B. The committee seeks audience with the municipality on issues

affecting the slum (at least 3 times a year) C. Representation through the City Health Surveillance Attendant D. No representation but recognised by Police Department

How effective is their influence in decision-making and implementation by the municipality regarding slum improvement projects?

Negligible – no noticeable project implemented within the slum

• The election of councilors may greatly improve the representation and influence of the community organisations at municipality level. For example, effectiveness of the WCO is greatly affected by the vacuum created due to lack of councilors.

• At present, the WCO is to some extent influenced by party politics especially on community development projects

Community Based Organisations in Ntopwa

Which community organisation(s) operate(s) in the slum?

1. Organisation name: Water Users Association (WUA)

2. In existence since: 2010

3. The main purposes: Managing and maintaining water kiosks

How many members does each organisation have? • No formal members but the Kiosks are being managed by 3 individuals

The Kiosks in Ntopwa were constructed by Water for People under the Blantyre Water Supply and Sanitation for Low Income Area (LIA) Project on the notion that WUA will manage the Kiosks. However, the intermittent supply of water by BWB and the use of alternate water sources by the urban poor render the operation of Kiosks by WUA in Ntopwa economically unviable. The MASAF water point project was abandoned on the same premise i.e. the

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ANNEX V: Information and recommendations on ministries’ contribution to slum upgrading

Questions/Issues Information Conclusions and Recommendations

Name of ministry/department Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development

Ministry departments dealing with slum issues

• Department of Lands, • Department of Housing, • Department of Surveys, and • Department of Physical Planning

Main tasks of the ministry and departments addressing slums

• Improve and sustain urban systems • Provide affordable and adequate housing • Provide geospatial information for development planning and

policy making • Provide land use planning and management • Ensure equitable access to land and tenure security through

policy making

• Standards that are maintained within the guidelines of the departments prove economically unachievable and unsustainable by most urban poor. Presently lowering of standards is done on an ad-hoc basis. Therefore, there is need to be a clear policy on how to deal with standards when addressing land/housing with regard to the urban poor

Number of Ministry staff working/getting involved on slum issues • There is no specific staff dealing with slum issues

Specific knowledge lacking for the ministry staff dealing with slums

• Land Valuation • Estate Management • Conflict Management

• There is need to train and employ additional staff for the department

Ministry strategy addressing slum upgrading and prevention

• Promote public-private partnership in the development of urban infrastructure and social services

• Promote urban housing financing mechanisms • Provide safe and adequate space to public institutions and

officers for housing development • Provide physical development planning, management, policies

strategies and legal framework • Raising awareness of land related laws, policies and procedures • Promote land ownership and title registration • Decentralise land administration

Total ministry budget allocated to slum upgrading and prevention

• There is no specific budget allocation to slum upgrading. The Total Budget for the Ministry for 2010/11 was 4.058 Billion. There was no allocation to urban infrastructure development which is related to slum upgrading. In 2011/12, the Ministry’s Budget is 4.478 Billion and 11.76 million has been allocated for urban infrastructure improvement.

Slum upgrading/prevention projects currently implemented by • National Slum Upgrading Programme - 32 housing dwelling

• There is need to consider budget allocation to slums separately so that issues of slum infrastructure development are not overlooked.

• Increase and sustain funding to facilitate and speed-up the completion and commissioning of the project.

on a cost recovery basis How are leaders elected? • No leaders yet

Are women, youth and elderly represented? - How many meetings are held in a month/year? • No meetings

How are community organisations represented at the municipality? • No representation

How effective is their influence in decision-making and implementation by the municipality regarding slum improvement projects?

• No contribution to decision making at municipality level

operators of the water points failed to remit to BWB.

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the ministry houses - MK150Million (US$882352). • National Land Information Management Systems –

MK100Million (US$666666.67) Name of ministry/department • Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development

Names of ministry departments dealing with slum issues • Department of Planning and Development • Department of Local Government Services


• To provide linkages between the central and local governments. • To promote an effective system of local governance and

development. • To provide the policy and legal framework for the efficient and

effective operation of local assemblies.

• The Ministry must facilitate a speedy devolution of approved responsibilities and resources to Local Authorities so that the City Councils effectively coordinate development initiatives among stakeholders at the local level.

Number of ministry/department staff working on slum issues • There is no specific staff working on slum issues


• Technical expertise on infrastructure development • Participatory planning • Conflict Management

• There is need for continued professional development and recruitment of staff.

Ministry strategy addressing slum upgrading and prevention • Integrated Rural Development Strategy • Support the vulnerable groups in society with access to basic

needs of life Total ministry budget allocated to slum upgrading and prevention

• MK600Million (US$3529411.71) – 2011/2012 Budget Allocation

Slum upgrading/prevention projects currently implemented by the ministry • Rural Growth Center Project

• The Ministry’s focus on rural development as a slum prevention strategy must not jeopardise financing initiatives for upgrading existing urban slums.

Name of ministry/department • Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment

Names of ministry departments dealing with slum issues • Department of Energy • Department of Environmental Affairs


• To generate sufficient amount of energy to meet the economic and social demands

• To promote development, implementation and compliance of communities to natural resources, energy and environment policies, programs, legislation and other related instruments

• The Ministry must steer the promotion of alternative energy sources and facilitate access to such by the urban poor so as to conserve the natural resource.

Number of ministry/department staff working on slum issues • There is no specific staff working on slum issues


• Slum Upgrading • Participatory planning • Conflict Management

• There is need for continued professional development and recruitment of staff.

Ministry strategy addressing slum upgrading and prevention • Provide reliable energy sources to all sectors, encourage use of

energy efficient technologies and promote private sector investment in energy generation and distribution


• MK100000000 (US$666666.67) – 2010/2011 Budget Provision but no provision for 2011/12

Slum upgrading/prevention projects currently implemented by the ministry • Alternative Sources of Energy Project

• There is need to maintain funding for research, promotion and making accessible of alternative energy sources.

Name of ministry/department • Ministry of Finance and Development Planning Names of ministry departments dealing with slum issues • The Treasury


• Support planning, management and accountability of Local Councils for service delivery.

• Finance capacity enhancement of local governance institutions at National, Local Authorities and Community levels

• Protect financial resources for pro-poor development activities

• Consult widely when funding ministries and include informal settlement funding as a percentage of the whole city funding

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and service delivery at Local Council and Community levels • Provide resources which ensure that development investments

respond to prioritized Community development needs Number of ministry/department staff working on slum issues • There is no specific staff working on slum issues


• Most of staff lack an understanding of the predicament in slums and, hence do not appreciate the need to seriously consider funding for slum upgrading and prevention initiatives.

• There needs to be awareness workshops for staff, especially those in planning and resource mobilisation, on slum related problem and how such problems relate to the economic and social developments both at national and local levels.

Ministry strategy addressing slum upgrading and prevention

• Support Programme management, Knowledge Generation and Application.

• Strengthen Local Authorities organizational and institutional capacity for improved and innovative service delivery.

• Facilitate socio-economic infrastructure development in potential growth points

• Facilitate implementation of community driven development projects to address service gaps.


• Local Development Fund - MK220Million (USD$1294117.65) 2011-2012 Budget Provision

Slum upgrading/prevention projects currently implemented by the ministry • (067 – MASAF) Urban Window

• The tapping from the financial provision is based on sound project proposal submissions. City councils lose out if proposals are not submitted or if they are unjustified.

• There also seems to be a problem in developing project proposals for slum upgrading initiatives. Training in project proposal writing and project management is, beyond question, pertinent.

Name of ministry/department • Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development

Names of ministry departments dealing with slum issues • Department of Water Resources • Department of Water Supply • Department of Sanitation and Hygiene


• To contribute to economic growth and development by enhancing irrigated agriculture production for food security and export.

• To achieve universal access to improved sanitation and safe hygiene practices, while ensuring sustainable environmental management for economic growth

• To increase availability and accessibility of potable water for socio- economic growth and development

• To achieve sustainable and integrated water resources management and development that make water readily available and equitably accessible to and used by all.

• The Ministry must champion all water and sanitation initiatives in slum upgrading in collaboration with Water Boards and City Assemblies.

• Some of the responsibilities of the ministry – i.e. the implementation of the projects - must be devolved from central to the local level.

Number of ministry/department staff working on slum issues • There is no specific staff working on slum issues • There must be a sustained establishment for coordination of slum issues within and across the already existing structures of the ministries.


• Slum Upgrading • Participatory planning • Conflict Management

• There seems to be a problem in developing project proposals for slum upgrading initiatives. Training in project proposal writing and project management is, beyond question, pertinent.

Ministry strategies for addressing slum upgrading and prevention

• Facilitating the rehabilitation, upgrading and/or provision of new facilities for effective solid and liquid waste management, treatment and disposal, and ensuring the availability at district level of good waste removal and transportation facilities and services

• Intensifying information and public sensitization campaigns on the need for good sanitation and use of safe hygiene practices, promoting and encouraging safe and efficient management, and re-use and/or recycling of waste

• Increasing the number of people connected to water supply

• The ministries strategies may sustainably address slum problems in sanitation and water supply provided there is a concomitant sustainable resource allocation to facilitate the strategies put in place.

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systems, undertaking rehabilitation, installation and construction of water supply and sanitation infrastructure

Total ministry budget allocated to slum upgrading and prevention • MK308 420 000 (US$1,846,826) – 2010/11

• Slum upgrading may be sustainably undertaken if the financial allocation is maintained within the budget. Further, slum upgrading may be scaled up and become evident if all resource allocations from the Ministry, City Councils and the LDF within the Ministry of Finance budget are integrated and, if projects are implemented in a harmonized manner.

Slum upgrading/prevention projects currently implemented by the ministry

• National Water Development Programme II • Construction of 30 Kiosks in Low Income Areas of Blantyre

• The upgrading/prevention projects currently being implemented must be synchronized by efforts of all interested stakeholders like BCC, NGOs and Communities,

ANNEX VI: Information and recommendations on Blantyre City Council

Question/Issues Information Conclusion and Recommendations

Municipal departments dealing with slum issues

1. Department of Town Planning & Estates Services 2. Department of Engineering Services 3. Department of Health and Social Services 4. Department of Administrative Services 5. Education Department 6. Department of Finance

List main tasks of the municipal departments in addressing slum issues

1. Provision of basic services e.g. water, health etc 2. Security of tenure 3. Development control functions 4. Provision, maintenance and rehabilitation of basic urban

infrastructure especially roads. 5. Upgrading and rehabilitating infrastructures 6. Improvement quality of housing/durability 7. Developing infrastructure for small businesses 8. Create an enabling environment/policy for business development

HIV/AIDS mainstreaming activities 9. Gender main streaming activities 10. Management of market places

• Other Departments like Leisure, Culture and Environment Services have some activities in the slum areas such as management of environment but their activities are not directly related to slum upgrading and prevention.

Municipal staff working on slum upgrading

1. Total number of staff: 50 2. Total number of professionals: 10 • There is need to recruit and fill key vacant positions

List city development instruments

1. Blantyre Urban Structure Plan (BUSP) 2. Cities Without Slums Initiative (CWS) 3. Millennium Cities Initiative (MCI) – Investor’s Guide 4. Blantyre Informal Settlements Situation Analysis (2006) 5. Blantyre Urban Profile 6. Strategic Plan (2000)

• BUSP is due for mid-term review. • Investor’s Guide has been launched to assist the City in attracting investors hence

creates more jobs and improve the city economy. • Implementation of CWS and MCI Social Sector initiatives to improve lives of the

people in the informal areas.

MUNICIPAL REVENUES 2011/12 Financial Year MK ( , 000, 000) US$ (,000) Comments & Conclusions

Annual Total Budget 2, 689 15,818

Total Annual Salaries 564 3,318

Total for infrastructure 420 2,471

Total municipality budget

Total for service provision 1, 500 8,824

Initiatives like, the expansion of the revenue base through inclusion of all properties outside the valuation roll, introduction of improved ways of collecting taxes and fees, and the proposed land transfer from central to local authority to increase revenue from ground rents have a potential to increase the BCC’s financial base substantially.

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Total for slum upgrading 200 1,176

Others 5 29

Total from central budget 262 1,541

Total from city revenues 2, 300 13,529 Main sources of municipal income per year

Total from other sources 127 747

Property rates 1, 600 9,412

Income from market establishments 184 1,082

Income from commercial undertakings 20 118

Fees and service charges 359 2,112

List of sources and total of revenues obtained at city level per year

Licences and permits 106 624

The finances realized may complement NGO, Donor and communities efforts in slum upgrading projects

Information on municipal activities under implementation in slums

List of water and sanitation projects Water and Sanitation Project (South Lunzu – Area 11 AfDB funded) This project is being implemented in collaboration with BWB, CCODE and the communities.

List of road improvement projects Mpingwe-Namatapa, Namiyango, Sanjika-Sigerege, Ndirande-Nkolokoti, Chirimba, Zingwangwa, BCA Hill-Bisiyeli.

Some of the roads are not within settlements per se BUT their upgrading positively affect the lives of urban poor living in slums

List of electricity projects Construction of Aerial Lighting Towers for security The projects are principally for security purposes List of other projects Other projects fall the Constituency Development Fund (CDT) provision

‐ MK32Million – 2011/12 Budget Provision These projects are initiated by parliamentarians, BCC acts as the secretariat.

ANNEX VII: Information and recommendations on academia involvement in slum upgrading

University / Institution / Research Centre

Information on projects, studies and advisory services

Conclusions and Recommendations

Polytechnic with Water for People (under WASHTED)

1) Project name: Human waste disposal 2) Project type: Provision of a technology of pumping out human waste from pit latrines. 3) Main objectives: to address the space challenge of digging new pits after other latrines have filled up and to find ways of treating the human waste for reuse. 4) Location (if field project): Ntopwa, Blantyre 5) Budget (US$): not available 6) Main results: not yet. 7) Titles and location of relevant documents: Water for People

Project is in its planning stage.

Polytechnic (WASHTED)working with CCODE and BCC

1) Project name: Malawi: Improving Access to Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor in the City of Blantyre. 2) Project type : Water and Sanitation 3) Main objectives: to improve the living conditions of the urban poor from slums surrounding the City of Blantyre as well as to demonstrate and stimulate interest in integrated urban development by combining water, sanitation and low income housing. 4) Location (if field project): Blantyre City urban slums 5) Budget: (EUR) 814,897 6) Main results: Improved living condition of the urban poor in Blantyre City 7) Titles and location of relevant documents: Malawi: Improving Access to Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor in the City of Blantyre. Appraisal Report. WASHTED office, CCODE.

Quality of the outputs: very good Impact: Improved living conditions of some urban poor in Blantyre city in terms of water supply, hygiene and sanitation. Availability of staff and resources: Through consultancies and community contribution. Any other relevant recommendations: Funding to be increased for other slum areas in Blantyre city.

University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, Department of Land Surveying

1) Project name: Nkolokoti self built housing for the Malawi Homeless People’s Federation (coordinated by CCODE) 2) Project type: Setting out works (road centerline)

Relevance of the project: Students and members of staff were able to appreciate field conditions and setting out procedures in practice

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3) Main objectives: Design and field location of access roads centerlines. 4) Location (if field project): Nkolokoti, Blantyre 5) Budget (US$ 871): K148,000 6) Main results: Centre line pegs placed (78) 7) Titles and location of relevant documents: CCODE 8) Institution’ human resources dealing with slums: CCODE and Blantyre City Assembly 9) Any other relevant information

Quality of the outputs: Very good Impact: The project has direct impact on the students in understanding slum upgrading concepts Availability of staff and resources: Students and members of staff were readily available for the project Any other relevant recommendations:

• The involvement of students and members is a great opportunity for capacity building as they get to appreciate real life interaction with local communities.

• The exercise inculcates slum upgrading ideologies in students who may later be essential stakeholders in slum upgrading projects

• There is need of investing more in field equipment if students and members of staff are to participate effectively in consultancies.

Centre for Social Research 1) Project name: Various Research Projects

2) Project type: Research 3) Main objectives: Generation of knowledge on urban issues 4) Location: National and urban specific 5) Budget (US$) Varies with research project 6) Main results: Wide areas of coverage 7) Titles and location of relevant documents: www.sdnp.or.mw/crs/index.html 8) Institution’ human resources dealing with slums: academic researchers

Relevance of the project: Very high quality research Quality of the outputs: Quality output Impact: Knowledge generation Availability of staff and resources: Highly qualified

Joint study on the situation of Urbanisation to focus on a number of sub themes. The project should finally lead to digitalisation of the output. This could assist in data management and access to data in Malawi.

ANNEX VIII: External Support Agencies

External Support Agencies Information on Projects (ongoing and completed if experience is still relevant) Conclusions and Recommendations

Water for People

Funding Agencies:

1. European Union – Water Kiosks 2. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation - Sanitation

1. Project name : Blantyre Water Supply and Sanitation for Low Income Area(LIA)

2. Main objectives: i. To provide affordable access to safe drinking water for

723, 000 people which currently rely on uncontrolled and unsafe sources.

ii. To provide basic sanitation to 468,000 people in low income areas of the cities of Blantyre and Lilongwe in a sustainable form.

iii. To provide another 408, 000 people in Blantyre a 24-hour water supply service, which currently only have water for some hours per day, and

1. Achievements • A participatory approach to action planning among local

communities, BWB and Water for People to plan the construction of kiosks in Ndirande, Bangwe, Namiyango, BCA, Mzedi, Chigumula, Nancholi, Manyowe, Chilomoni, Sigelege and Chirimba Chileka Road. 125 kiosk locations were identified for Blantyre Water Board to verify for further construction.

• Capacity building for sanitation entrepreneurs in skills for latrine construction and business management.

2. Upgrading Methodologies

• Water for People and its implementing partners ARCOD

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iv. To reduce the currently un-served population in the supply areas of the Blantyre and Lilongwe Water Boards from 30% to below 10%. According to the project’s implementation.

3. Activities i. Facilitate the sustainable delivery of water and sanitation

services to LIAs in Blantyre; ii. Building strong civil society support in order to ensure

sustainability of the water and sanitation activities; iii. Mobilization, community sensitization and capacity

building of various stakeholders in water and sanitation; iv. Facilitate the construction of some 360 water kiosks, and

facilitation of and financial support for the construction of 40,000 ventilated improved pit latrines.

4. Budget USD$ 1, 500, 000

5. Main Results 51 Water Kiosks handed over i.e. in Ndirande-(8),Namiyango-(9), Bisieli-(9), Bangwe- Ntopwa-(3), Manyowe, Nancholi, Chilomoni, Sigerege-(11), Chrimba-Chileka Road-(11).

identified 36 sanitation entrepreneurs in 3 of the LIAs, namely Bangwe, Chigumula and Basiyele, based on the LIA sanitation implementation plan. Most of these identified entrepreneurs are already in the construction business, but lacked the skills to construct affordable and sustainable latrine technologies.

3. Availability of staff and resources

Staff from Water for People, ARCOD and resources provided by Water for People. 4. Sustainability

Most of the activities have just been implemented as such there has not been comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of the projects to determine the activities sustainability. Further, the mobilizing and senstisation of communities and CSO has just been launched. But it is assumed that the communities will sustainably operate the kiosks through community organisations while the latrines will be individually managed by each household or communally by the groups using the latrine. 5.Lessons Learnt

Involvement of all stakeholders at the onset is vital for a successful implementation of projects

i. Private institutions (entrepreneurs in this case) may play a great role in swift implementation of projects

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CCODE

Funding Agencies:

1. Shack Dwellers International 2. Blantyre City Council

1. Project name : Low Cost Housing for Low Income Earners

2. Main objectives: The main objective was to provide low cost housing to city low income earners (specifically federation members).

3. Activities i. Mobilising communities to have saving groups

ii. Establishment of loan facility (Revolving Fund) iii. Managing the revolving fund iv. Negotiating for land from government v. Negotiating with the Department of Physical Planning

for smaller plot sizes 6. Budget

US$277,787.5 (MK 46, 446, 000) Land: Donated by BCC

7. Main Results • 465 Houses have been constructed

2. Achievements • 465 Houses have been constructed • Land was acquired from Government through BCC • Smaller plot sizes were negotiated and approved by The

Department of Physical Planning • Job creation in carpentry, bricklaying and other labour

intensive jobs. 2. Upgrading Methodologies

• Houses built on land allocated by BCC • Beneficiaries were selected from members of the

federation. 3. Availability of Staff and Resources

• Staff from CCODE, University of Malawi students supervised some construction works, funding from SDI and resource contribution by beneficiaries

4. Sustainability

• A timely repayment of the loan may guarantee the sustainability of the project since the funds are meant to be revolving. However some beneficiaries default on payment which threatens sustainability of the project.

• Inadequate land for housing may also hinder scaling up of the project

5. Lessons Learn

• The urban poor can contribute their resources in order to improve their lives.

• State institutions, NGOs and international institutions play a major role in the implementation of the projects.

ANNEX IX: Information and recommendations on land tenure security in Misesa and Ntopwa Tenure Type Information Misesa Ntopwa Conclusions and Recommendations

• % of land under public ownership 100% 0.0%

• % of land under private ownership 0.0% 100%

Land Ownership

• % of land under customary tenure 0.0% 0.0%

Ntopwa settlement grew on private land although there is now a village headman, while Misesa grew on public land.

• % of land registered in a cadastre 0.0% 0.0%

• %of land registered in a public title register 0.0% 100%

Land Registration System

• %of land registered in community based informal or customary land management system.

0.0% 0.0%

All the land in Ntopwa was registered in 1992 during the adjudication exercise. Of all the registered land, only two plots belong to Ministry of Lands.

• % of households owning their dwelling unit 45.5% 42.5% Residential Tenure

• % of household renting their dwelling unit 53.4% 53.4%

Almost half of the residents in Misesa and Ntopwa own their houses (45.5% in Misesa and 42.5% in Ntopwa). For the 53.4% Misesa and 53.4% in Ntopwa who are renting houses, only 2.2% and 1.2%

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• %of owner households with formal land title 0.0% 0.0%

• % of owner households with administrative residential permits 0.0%

0.0%

• % of owner households without any title or permit 0.0% 0.0%

• % of tenant households with written lease agreement 1.2%

2.2%

respectively have lease agreements. This means that there is no security of tenure for most of the tenants.

• Slum dwellers general perception of their security of tenure

Dwellers in both slums feel eviction cannot be implemented but they are not ready to invest in the land in case it is implemented.

• Month or year of forced evictions None None • Percentage of households to be evicted None None

• If evictees will be resettled, where is the resettlement site? None None

Forced evictions carried out in the past five years

• What is the planned use of the cleared land be used for? N/A N/A

There has never been any forced eviction in the two areas. An attempt was made in 1978 to relocate people from Ntopwa to Namiyango. This was not successful because of lack of compensation.

Forced evictions planned

• Monthly or year schedule of forced evictions to take place • Percentage of households to be evicted

N/A

N/A

No evictions have taken place and none planned for Ntopwa although it grew on private land. Part of Misesa is on public land and Forestry Department. Those who have encroached on forest land are threatened with eviction.

• Average monthly rent per dwelling unit US17.88 US$12.73 Rental System

• Average Monthly income US$110.55 US$81.74

• Rent to income ratio

0.162 0.156

Dwellers in Misesa and Ntopwa spend about 16 per cent of their income on rent.

ANNEX IX: Information and recommendations on service delivery in Misesa and Ntopwa Questions/Issues Information Conclusions and Recommendations

Parameter Misesa Ntopwa % of households have piped water on plot (including in-house connection) 2.2 14 % of households access water through communal stand-pipe 8.7 76.7 % of households depend on sources other than piped water such as boreholes, rivers and open wells 89.1 9.3

Average distance to communal stand-pipe (metres) 502 82 Estimated water consumption per capita per day (litres) 20 15

Access to safe water

Quality of water: (i) piped wate (ii) untreated Good Not tested

Good polluted

Piped water in the area is very low (about 11%). This is due the elevation of the area above sea level. As a result, residents rely on boreholes and open wells as a source of water. Over 90% of the residents in Ntopwa access piped water. The challenge is that the communal water points are not adequate.

% of houses have flush toilet connected to sewerage system 1.5 1.6 % of houses have pit latrine 40.9 44.7 % of houses that depend on communal pit latrines. 55.1 51 Access to sanitation % of the houses have no access to a toilet. 2.5 2.1

Most residents use shared sanitation facilities in Misesa and Ntopwa.

% of houses benefit from regular public solid waste collection 0 0 No regular-size public waste truck per week currently provided 0 0

No trips by regular-size public waste truck required per week for full coverage 2 1

Solid waste disposal

existence of community-based recycling system 1.7 2.8

Blantyre City Council does not collect solid waste from both areas.

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% of houses benefit from privately organised solid waste collection 0 0 % of the houses having formal electricity connection 50 33 Electricity % of houses depending on other forms of energy such as paraffin, charcoal and firewood.

100 75.1 The majority of houses use other sources of energy such as charcoal due to frequent blackouts.

Distance from slum to city centre (km) 9 5 Average distance from home to nearest public transport stop(km) 2 3

Public transport

Cost of daily commute to work by public transport Mk300 (US$0.82) MK200

day care centre 1 0 Number of primary school classrooms 1 0 Student/teacher ratio in primary schools 1:97 N/A Number of secondary school classrooms 0 0

Education

Student/teacher ratio in secondary schools N/A N/A

There is need to construct more day care centres and primary schools in Misesa. There is need to construct both one day care centre and a primary school in Ntopwa

Health Dispensaries/clinics/health centres is in the area 0 1 formal market stalls 0 0 % of the people work/sell in the market 30 48

Formal market area (with water and sanitation) Number of days the market operates in the week 7 7

police stations 0 0 Police and security police staff 0 0

There is no community policing in both slums.

% of houses are accessible by motor vehicle 49.3 17.2 % of roads without storm water drainage 100 100 % of roads without street lighting 100 100

Roads, drainage, street lights

% of existing roads and footpaths that are in need of urgent repairs 80 100

There need for providing street lighting too.

List other services that should be provided

Formal market, Primary schools, Police unit

Formal market, Primary schools, Police unit

ANNEX X: Information and recommendations on finance for housing and slum upgrading

Questions/Issues Information Conclusions and Recommendations Formal loans for housing purchase, construction or improvement

1) Financial institution(s) offering loans include NBS, Standard Bank, National Bank, OIBM, EcoBank, Leasing and Finance / FMB and MUSCCO. 2) Minimum and maximum amount of the loan is based on payment capacity 3) Average interest rate per year are base lending rate for owner occupied mortgage, base lending rate plus 2.5 percent for rental mortgage 4) Maximum period for reimbursement varies from bank to bank but the longest is 20years 5) Basic requirements are income, collateral, down payment, account holding, titled land within city boundaries and valid identification 6) Number of households in slums that have accessed formal housing loans in past 5 years: the banks lend over titled land only. As such slum dwellers have no access to formal housing loans

Title to land is an important aspect that banks consider when deciding where to do business. It is therefore important to formalise land ownership in areas to be upgraded.

Community-based savings and credit schemes

1) Name of organisation running the scheme: Centre for Community Organisation and Development (CCODE) and Malawi Homeless People’s Federation 2) Slum settlements where schemes are in operation: Kanjedza in Blantyre, Area 49 in Lilongwe, Mzuzu, Kasungu etc 3) Source of seed capital Mchenga Fund (community saving scheme) 4) Eligibility criteria: membership with Malawi Homeless People’s Federation, creation of saving clusters 5) Average loan amount: US$ 580.00 through Mchenga fund. 6) Average interest rate 7) Period for reimbursement: within 8 years. 8) Basic requirements (income, collateral, down payment, savings, others): sweat equity, savings

Community participation and mobilisation is recognised as an important component for access to finance and housing delivery. It is therefore recommended that all efforts to improve conditions in slums must involve the slum dwellers.

Subsidy systems for housing construction/improvement and slum

There are no clearly defined subsidy schemes in Malawi. However, there are some donor funded projects that related to subsidy stems for housing improvement

Need for effective quality assurance mechanisms: where quality assurance mechanisms are inadequate as was the

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upgrading

1) Institution(s) providing the subsidy: MASAF 1 2) Purpose for which subsidy is available: The subsidy was designed to contribute to the goal of poverty alleviation through among others the upgrading of community infrastructure by rehabilitation of old structures and construction of new ones in education, health, water and transport and communication sectors 3) Amount of the subsidy: US$56.0 million 4) Requirements for obtaining the subsidy: in order to access the fund communities were required to form community development committees, contribute sweat equity and locally available construction materials.

case in the early stages of the Project, facilities tend to be of sub-standard quality

Municipal subsidies and other financial instruments

None of the municipalities have existing or planned municipal bonds for infrastructure provision, existing or planned revolving funds for tenure regularisation, nor existing or planned revolving funds for physical upgrading. However, Blantyre City Council sometimes offers for free land for low income housing projects. Recently in has given land for free to Malawi Homeless People’s Federation for the construction of 500 low cost housing. However, the beneficiaries have to meet the cost for developing the plots and basic infrastructure.

Despite good intentions by the assembly, sometimes their interventions are not sensitive to the needs of the low income people. For example location is considered crucial for low income people as it determines how much of their income is spent on transport when going to social amenities and place of work.

Donor-funded loan projects under implementation

1) Project name/s: MASAF 3 2) Donor(s):World Bank 3) Implementing organisation: MASAF 4) Slum settlements where projects operate: This project is not slum specific however; some of the fund will target slum settlements as the project aim at promoting decentralisation, social safety nets, participation and civic engagement etc. 5) Capital of revolving fund or loan guarantee (local currency and USD): US$ 51 million. 6) Number of beneficiaries: difficult to say as data is currently unavailable. 7) Any comment on implementation: difficult to say as data is currently unavailable.

The contribution of donors to the infrastructure development in Malawi is clearly massive. The presence of such donors demonstrates willingness of international to assist with projects in our country.

Other NGOs involved housing provision 1) Name of organisation running the scheme: Habitat for Humanity (HFH) –loans are provided towards construction of simple and decent shelter. 2) Slum settlements where schemes are in operation include: South Lunzu in Blantyre, Area 49 sector 6 in Lilongwe 3) Source of seed capital are donors from around the world and a revolving fund 4) Eligibility criteria: willingness to provide sweat equity (transporting all materials from HFH office, providing all bricks, performing all unskilled labour) and the ability and willingness to repay the costs of inputs. 5) Average loan amount: Building Material i.e. windows, doors, iron sheets, cement bags worth between US$ 1,760.00 to US$ 3,690.00 6) Average interest rate: Interest free loans but are subject to inflation rates 7) Period for reimbursement 3 to 5years. 8) Basic requirements are: the loan must be use for construction of a simple and decent shelter, application for loan, and formation of community HFH affiliate groups

The ability to pay back a loan and willingness to provide sweat equity and community participation on similar projects are recognised as important components for access to loans and housing delivery. In addition, the absence of a mandatory savings scheme allows flexibility in choice of savings scheme to join and minimises the process for access to loans. Besides the sweat equity approach bridges the affordability gap created by need for unskilled or semi skilled labour during construction. It is therefore recommended that efforts to improve conditions in slums must engage the slum dwellers in all of these mechanisms.

ANNEX XI: Home finance products available from financial institutions

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Source: Fin Mark (2009)

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Annex XII: Citywide Upgrading and Prevention Strategy for Blantyre

Expected Accomplishment and Time Frame Upgrading Element Priority Intervention

Area Priority Action Short Term 2011-2012

Medium Term 2013-2015

Long Term 2016-2020

a) Review urban land use standards to increase affordability

Slum Management Guidelines

Reviewed Standards 1) Land Development b) Land servicing for allocation to low

income earners Layout plan Services

Urbanisation Policy

2) Land Regularization c) Introduce Land Title Registration in slums for security of tenure Mapping of slums Land Titles Land Titles

d) Land Adjudication in informal settlements

Property Identification and Registration

Property Register Property Register

e) Extension of city boundary Mapping of peri-urban land for extension

Land Transfer Land Management

Land

3) Land Management

f) Harmonise Land Management and administration at local level

Review institutional and administrative frameworks

Local land management structure

Land Act Review

a) Extend water system to all parts of the city and peri urban areas

Resource Identification Trunk Services Trunk Services

b) Set up sustainable Community Water Users Associations

Election of Community Water Users Association

Management Training

Functional Community Water Users Association

4) Sustainable access to safe drinking water

c) Afforestation and re-afforestation of all water catchment areas

Resource Mobilisation Afforestation Afforestation

a) Promote individual sustainable toilet systems at household level

Exploration of sustainable systems Promotion Promotion 5) Sustainable Access to

Adequate Sanitation b) Upgrade the sewer system in the city Feasibility Study Network Design Network

Installation

Basic URBAN Services

6) Sustainable access to roads and storm water drainage at the slum level

a) Provide gravel, access roads with storm water drainage at the local slum level

Resource Identification Layout Plans Provision

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b) Establish and manage public waste collection points at the slum level

Identify strategic collection points

Waste Management

Waste Management 7) Sustainable Solid

Waste Management c) Establish Community and Private based waste collection services

Community and private mobilisation and capacity building

Contracts Agreements

Waste Management

a) Upgrade and expand electricity supply systems

Feasibility study of other HEP sources

Private Public Partnerships Investor Identification

Implementation 8) Energy Sources

b) Sensitise communities on the availability of alternative energy sources Sensitisation Strategy Sensitisation Sensitisation

a) Provide street lighting in the slums of the city

Resources Identification Installation Street lightning

9) Safety and security b) Introduce community policing systems in the city’s residential areas.

Establishment of Police Security Units Staffing Secure

Environment

a) Develop low income housing estates Identify vacant land Layout Plans Servicing and Provision

b) Establish a city resettlement and compensation fund for slums Identifying resources Fund established Compensation

c) Encourage the use of low cost environmentally friendly building technologies and materials

Evaluation of building technologies and materials

Promotion of Technology and materials

Environmental-friendly building Technologies and materials

10) Housing Delivery Mechanisms

d) Capacity building Identification of manpower requirements

Training Qualified professionals

a) Review building codes and standards to improve affordability

Review building regulations and bye-laws

Public awareness National building codes and standards 11) Housing Regulatory

framework b) Preparation and enactment of the Landlord-

Tenant Regulatory frameworks Policy formulation Enactment Enactment

Housing

12) Housing Finance a) Improve access to housing loans

Creation of community credit and savings scheme and cooperatives

Agreements with financial institutions

Loan Access

Local Economic Development 13) Business Environment a) Provide basic urban infrastructure for local

economic development Identification of appropriate urban infrastructure and

Provision Improved urban infrastructure

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locations

b) Formulate an economic development plan Needs assessment/ (Stakeholder Consultations)

Implementation Monitoring, evaluation and review of plan

c) Promote Public Private Partnerships Identification of PPP opportunities

Development of PPP guidelines Guidelines

a) Improve financial management systems and revenue base

Financial Management systems review

Management system formulation

Monitoring, Evaluation and review of system Urban Governance 14) Local Governance

b) Review the structure of the council and the conditions of service to reduce staff turnover

Policy review on council’s institutional framework

Proposed conditions of service and council’s structure

Improved conditions of service

a) Development of a gender policy for the city council

Needs assessment/ (Stakeholder Consultations)

Gender Policy Monitoring, evaluation and review of policy

Gender And HIV/AIDS 15) Community and Social Facilities b) Provide social support for HIV and AIDs

affected persons in slums

Formulation of structures for social support units

Updated list of HIV and AIDS affected people

Monitoring, evaluation and review of support

a) Promote the participation of communities in urban environmental management

Community mobilisation and capacity building

Management Agreements

Environmental Management Plan Environment 16) Environment and

climate change b) Build the city council’s environmental planning and management capacity

Identification of training needs Training Sustainable

practices

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Annex XIII: Defining activities, outputs, costs, and responsible stakeholders for Misesa and Ntopwa

Priority Action Activity Estimated Cost (US$) Output Responsible stakeholders

Acquire satellite image of high resolution 15,000.00 Images 1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants Short Term

2011-2012 Physical identification of households 2,000.00 Household Records 1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants 3. Local Community

Formulate a simplified boundary mapping methodology

3,000.00 Adjudication 1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants 3. MLHUD Medium Term

2013-2015 Physical identification of boundaries 3,000.00 Maps 1. Consultants

2. Local Community

Introduce Land Title Registration in slums for security of tenure

Long-Term 2016-2020 Computerise Land Title Register 40,000.00 Electronic Property

Register

1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants 3. MLHUD

Needs assessment 10,000.00 Infrastructure Requirements

1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants 3. Blantyre Water Board 4. Local Community Short Term

2011-2012

Identify possible donors 2,000.00 Donor List

1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants 3. MAFWS 4. Blantyre Water Board

Designing Trunk Services 50,000.00 Layout Plans

1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants 3. Blantyre Water Board 4. Local Community

Extend water system to all parts of the city and peri-urban areas

Medium Term 2013-2015

Identify & Compensate Project Affected People (PAP) 100,000.00 PAP Compensation

List

1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants 3. Blantyre Water Board 4. Blantyre District Council 5. Local Community

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Long-Term 2016-2020 Install Trunk Services 150,000.00 Trunk Services

1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants 3. Blantyre Water Board 4. Local Community

Short Term 2011-2012 Identify sustainable toilet technologies 1,000.00 Toilet Technologies

1. Blantyre City Council 2. Consultants 3. Local Community

Medium Term 2013-2015 Awareness Campaign 20,000.00

1. Model Toilets 2. Campaign

Materials


Promote individual sustainable toilet systems at household level

Long-Term 2016-2020 Awareness Campaign 20,000.00

1. Model Toilets 2. Campaign

Materials


Needs assessment 5,000.00 Knowledge and Skills Requirements


Short Term 2011-2012

Development of Course Modules 8,000.00 Course Modules 1. Academic Consultants

Medium Term 2013-2015 Training 15,000.00 Knowledge and

Skills


Capacity building for land and housing professionals

Long-Term 2016-2020 Training 120,000.00 Knowledge and

Skills


Short Term 2011-2012

Investigate low cost environmentally friendly building technologies and materials 10,000.00 Building

Technologies

1. Blantyre City Council 2. Academic Consultants 3. Local Community

Medium Term 2013-2015 Awareness Campaign 30,000.00

1. Model Houses 2. Campaign

Materials


Encourage the use of low cost environmentally friendly building technologies and materials Long-Term

2016-2020 Awareness Campaign 15,000.00 1. Model Houses 2. Campaign

Materials


Estimated total Costs 619,000.00

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Annex XIV: Monitoring and evaluation for Blantyre City

1 Output Indicators of achievement Means of verification Assumption and risks

2 Images % Image coverage Hard copy/electronic images

Timely availability of clear satellite images

3 Household records % household data captured Reports Nonexistence of migration

4 Adjudication % Plots Adjudicated Cadastral maps No further subdivisions

5 Maps % Mapped Topographic maps Adequate capacity

6 Electronic property register % property registered Title Deeds Adequate capacity

7 Infrastructure requirements % infrastructure installed As built maps Adequate capacity

8 Donor list Number of donors Formal pledges 3. Favourable political climate 4. Adequate capacity

9 Layout plans % completed layout plans Reports Adequate capacity

10 Pap compensation % pap compensated Financial records Availability of resources

11 Trunk services and communal water points

% Installed Reports Adequate capacity

12 Toilet technologies Number of toilet technologies adopted Reports Acceptability

13 Model toilets Campaign materials

Number of campaign materials distributed Adoption of model toilets Acceptability

14 Knowledge and skills requirements A list of priority improvement from stakeholders

Reports All required needs will be identified

15 Course modules Number of modules developed Module documents Adequate capacity Retention of knowledge

16 Knowledge and skills(academia) Number of participants trained Reports Participants will acquire the skills and low staff turnover

17 Knowledge and Skills Number of students trained Reports Students will be employed

18 Building technologies Number of building technologies adopted Reports Acceptability and affordability

19 Model houses campaign materials

Number of campaign materials distributed Number of community meetings held Number of active participants

Adoption of model houses

Model houses will be used Acceptance and affordability

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Annex XV: Resource Mobilisation Strategy for Blantyre City Funding sources for slum upgrading Current funding Recommendations for resource mobilization

Municipality regular budget from central government - (A)

• Central government must set aside a regular budget for slum upgrading.

• Through regulations, enable cities to adapt policies so that they can manage and provide basic services in general.

• Central government must channel the slum specific upgrading funds to local authorities for infrastructure development in slum areas

• The city level sources include taxes and levies.

Municipality city revenues from city taxes and other sources – (B)

A. 2011/12 - MK 262Million (US$1.541Million) B. 2011/12 – MK 2.3Billion (US$ 19.2 Million)

‐ MK168Million (US$0.988Million) – Dedicated to Slum Upgrading related projects,

‐ MK34Million (US$0.2Million) – Dedicated to Constituency Development Fund available to parliamentarians for various settlements improvement projects.

• Expansion of the revenue base through inclusion of all properties outside the valuation roll.

• Technology to collect all taxes and fees • Land transfer from central to local authority to increase

revenue from ground rents etc. • US$1,500,000.00 potential revenue increase

Budget support from donors to central government budget allocated to slum upgrading

• 2010/2011

‐ US$ 105.5Million (Total)

‐ US$ 25.3Million (Slum Upgrading Related, through the Malawi Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project. Project funded by EU – US$12.27 Grant & US$13.03 - Loan)

• 10% annual increase for a period of 10 years • Most projects are implemented over a number of years so

economic factors like inflation must be taken into account • Areas of intervention include: water and sanitation, solid

waste management, roads and drainage construction.

Cross-subsidy service charges contributing to slum upgrading Non existent

• Establishment of Land Development Fund • Potential amount :30% of Development charges for low

and medium density plots should go to Land Development Fund

Loans for infrastructure provision

Main Sources: • World Bank – US$ 21Million (National Water Project) • African Development Bank ‐ US$ 714000 (Water and Sanitation Project for Blantyre

City-WSPBC) • EU/European Investment Bank - WSPBC ‐ US$18.35Million (2010 Approved) ‐ US$ 9.13Million (2011/12 Malawi Budget Projection)

• Area of intervention: ‐ Water, sanitation, road and drainage provision, access to

housing land • Current amounts plus 10% annual increase where project

run over a number of years • BCC must contribute to the repayment of loans from city

revenues especially where loans contribute to infrastructure development of the City. And, part of the loans may be serviced by direct beneficiaries of the loans as is with the AfDB – WSPBC

Loans to communities Available organizations include: Homeless Peoples • Areas of intervention: material loans, cash loans, site servicing loans and home ownership loans.

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Federation and Habitat for Humanity (micro-finance)

Direct donor funding for projects 2010/2011 – US$ 611.1Million (Total) • Bilateral institutions must concentrate on sanitation,

drainage, water supply and capacity building (equipment, training and technical advice)

• US$500,000.00 per annum potential donor increase

UN projects and mobilization of funds

• UN-Habitat ‐ MNUP - US$160000 ‐ PSUP – US$13.3Million (For 79 ACP countries)

• UNDP ‐ MNHP -

• UN must continue focusing on slum upgrading projects especially water, sanitation, housing, roads and capacity building.

• US$500,000.00 per annum potential additional amounts

Direct NGO contributions for projects Available organizations include: CCODE, Habitat for Humanity (by providing basic construction training)

• Area of interventions may include energy, environmental management, water, sanitation and roads.

• US$ 500,000.00 per annum

Community contribution with cash/payments

Available contribution towards community policing (security and safety) and social purposes. By paying rents Participate in community watch Participate in the community meetings

• Road safety efforts, protection of public infrastructure, labour contribution and material and equipment contribution and good will.

• Potential amounts:US$20,000.00 per annum

Community contribution in-kind (‘sweat equity’)

Availability of labour, protection for public infrastructure, materials and equipment

• Labor intensive road construction, drainage channels, beautification, cleaning and cleansing, security and safety, community policing

• Potential amounts: US$30,000.00 per annum Total current funding Total additional funding to be mobilized Total funds for slum upgrading at city level (in

local currency and USD) MK11,050,000,000.00 (US$65,000,000.00) MK523,600,000 (US$ 3,080,000.00)

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