repository of adaptation indicators

Published by:

Repository of Adaptation IndicatorsReal case examples from national Monitoring and Evaluation Systems

In cooperation with:

Responsible Susanne Schwan (GIZ)

AuthorsAnne Hammill and Julie Dekens (IISD)Timo Leiter, Julia Olivier, Lena Klockemann, Eva Stock, Anne Gläser (GIZ)

GIZ As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development.

IISDThe International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), established in 1990, is a non-partisan, charitable organization specializing in policy research and analysis to improve the well-being of the world’s environments, economies and societies.

Contents

Context of the repository ……………………………………………………….………..…. 2

Selecting relevant indicators ……………………………………………………………….. 3

Definitions and explanations ……………………………………………………………….. 3

Structure and navigation …………………………………………………………………...... 5

List of indicators by focus area ……………………………………………………............ 6

Lists of indicators by sector ………………………….…....….…………………………... 45

Adaptation indicator and data factsheets …….…….…..….……………………....... 54

Attachment: giz2014-en-climate-adaptation-indicator-repository.xlsx

Repository of Adaptation Indicators – Introduction 2

Context of the repository

The increasing importance of and spending on climate change adaptation has led to a growing interest in

its monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Decision-makers want to be sure that investments in adaptation are

justified, effective and sustainable, answering the question: ‘are adaptation activities leading to expected

outcomes?’

This repository of adaptation indicators, which draws from some of the latest experiences in adaptation

M&E, is intended to illustrate possible adaptation indicators and their application context, thereby sup-

porting the selection and context-specific formulation of indicators.

Specifically, this repository seeks to provide support to adaptation, development as well as M&E experts

who are involved in developing and implementing adaptation M&E systems at regional, national and sub-

national levels. It systematically presents various indicators from a range of sectors that track different

aspects of the adaptation context, process and results to determine if adaptation strategies or investments

are meeting their objectives. Since indicators utilised for adaptation M&E may draw upon established sec-

tor-based indicators or data sources, the repository offers details on a given indicator’s specific relevance to

adaptation. It also describes their calculation, limitations, and the information needed to use it. Users can

conduct tailored searches within the repository looking for specific “sector” indicators or for indicators

with a particular “adaptation focus”. An Excel file of the indicator repository is attached to this document

(click on the paper-clip on the sidebar to view it). It is also available on www.AdaptationCommunity.net

under Monitoring & Evaluation: Repository of Adaptation Indicators.

The indicators presented in this repository are based on regional, national and sub-national M&E systems

currently being piloted or implemented which have been reviewed in the study “Monitoring and Evaluat-

ing Adaptation at Aggregated Levels: A Comparative Analysis of Ten Systems”. The study provides an over-

view of each national adaptation M&E system in form of a factsheet. By presenting the individual indica-

tor linked to its context of application, the repository´s user gets an idea of the mutual conditionality of

an M&E system´s objectives (e.g. focusing on measuring progress in implementing adaptation actions, like

in the French M&E system) and the selection of indicators for an M&E system (e.g. focus on progress-based

indicators in the French system). Indeed, this repository serves as the practical counterpart to the study,

offering users numerous example indicators that might be used directly – or with some adjustments – for

tracking climate adaptation in their particular context.

Progress in adaptation can be interpreted in different ways, cover a range of sectors, and focus on different

types of activities. As such, the indicators selected for inclusion in this repository attempt to showcase this

diversity. It strives to be representative rather than exhaustive. Moreover, because relatively few adapta-

tion M&E systems are fully established and operational, experience with the application of these indicators

is limited.

Finally, the repository is not intended to be prescriptive or trying to provide a basis for standardizing ad-

aptation metrics. Rather, its contents should serve as a prompt or a reference point for practitioners who

are involved in the formulation of adaptation indicators and M&E systems that best serve their own coun-

try-specific and decision-making contexts. Indeed, the level of functionality and detail contained in the

repository is one of its biggest assets, as it strives to move beyond static and simplified indicator lists.

Moreover, the accompanying Excel file offers an infrastructure for capturing, organising and presenting

indicators. It also serves as a “living document” which will be periodically updated. If you would like to

suggest adaptation indicators, please email [email protected].

http://www.adaptationcommunity.net/

https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp342deP/1443/?wpfb_dl=221



mailto:[email protected]


Selecting relevant indicators

The repository seeks to provide users with some illustrative examples of adaptation indicators that might

be applied in their own M&E context. A relevant selection of indicators will depend on a number of factors,

however, including:

» The purpose of using an indicator – i.e. what aspect of adaptation the user is trying to monitor and eval-

uate. Is it to track context – i.e. the climate parameters and climate change impacts that shape what kind

of adaptation is needed and if/how it will succeed (e.g. M&E system of the Mekong River Commission)?

Is it to track progress in implementing adaptation strategies or actions (e.g. M&E system of France)? Or

the results of such actions (e.g. Kenyan M&E system)? Or some combination thereof? This means having

a clear idea of your information needs and key questions to be answered by the M&E system is crucial

for indicator selection.

» Relevance to the user’s specific context: The indicators selected should be suited to the vulnerability

and risk context that the user is trying to monitor and evaluate. Thus, for example, if an area is subject to

sea level rise and accelerated coastal erosion, or human health is regularly affected by droughts, or ac-

cess to mobile banking services is deemed critical to building adaptive capacity in rural areas, then these

should be reflected in the final iteration and combination of indicators. Scale should also be taken into

account, i.e. whether an indicator focuses at national, sectoral or local levels. Some indicators, for exam-

ple the Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience’s indicator “number of people supported to cope with

the effects of climate change” are not worded to suit a particular geography, socio-economic activity, or

stakeholder group, in order to be widely applicable across numerous countries. In such a case it is useful

to have standardized guidelines on how to measure the indicator like the PPCR Monitoring and Report-

ing Toolkit.

» The resources and capacities available for developing and applying indicators – i.e. the relative ease of

measurability, data availability, acquisition costs, etc. compared to the time, money, and personnel

available. The more difficult or cumbersome an indicator is to track, the less likely it is actually going to

be applied. This may mean accepting trade-offs, where simpler and less descriptive indicators are select-

ed over more sophisticated and representative indicators. It may also be wise to start with a smaller

number of indicators and build up the indicator set as experience with adaptation M&E grows (e.g. in

case of the Moroccan M&E system).

» Alignment with existing M&E systems: Related to the previous point but worth mentioning, the user

should also consider information that is already being gathered by existing M&E systems when selecting

indicators. That is, there may be national or sub-national programmes in place that are gathering rele-

vant data and information on demographic trends (i.e. census results), environmental conditions, eco-

nomic performance, poverty indices, etc. These may feed relevant information into an adaptation M&E

system.

Definitions and explanations

The detailed indicator tables include the following:

Sector: The sector(s) most relevant to the adaptation indicator. The sectors included in the repository are

those that are most affected by climate change or relevant to climate adaptation. They are: Agriculture,

Biodiversity, Building Sector, Coastal Zones, Energy, Financial Services, Fishery, Forestry, Human Health,

Information/Communication, Tourism, Trade and Industry, Transport, Urban areas, and Water Resources.

Those indicators that are associated with efforts to integrate adaptation into planning or to build capacity

for adaptation in general (i.e. not sector-specific) are captured under “Mainstreaming/Capacity Building.”


https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/node/14652

https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/node/14652



Focus of indicator: The aspect of adaptation the indicator is trying to capture. These are broadly divided

into:

Climate parameters: Information about observed climatic conditions – e.g. temperature, rainfall, ex-

treme events – that help track the climatic context within which adaptation strategies are being im-

plemented.

Climate impacts: Information about the observed impacts of climate variability and change on socio-

ecological systems – e.g. number of people displaced due to floods – to help track the climate context

within which adaptation strategies are being implemented.

Adaptation action (implementation): Information to help track the implementation of adaptation

strategies – e.g. number of awareness raising workshops organised, % of building codes updated, etc.

Adaptation results (outcome): Information to help monitor and evaluate the outcomes of adaptation

strategies – e.g. % increase in crop yield per hectare during dry season, % of household income used to

treat water-borne diseases following floods – where outcomes are broadly understood in terms of in-

creased adaptive capacity (often framed as development outcomes), decreased sensitivity to climate

stress, or some combination thereof.

Indicator: A general description of the adaptation indicator derived from the more specific example.

Unit of measurement: Unit of measurement for the indicator (e.g. °C, mm, number of households, %, etc.).

Adaptation relevance: Brief explanation of why the indicator is useful for tracking the adaptation context

(i.e. climate parameters and climate impacts) or progress in adaptation (i.e. adaptation action and adapta-

tion results.) For the latter, a brief explanation of a theory of change or adaptation hypothesis may be pre-

sented in order to highlight how particular adaptation outcomes address climate-related risks or vulnera-

bilities. Spelling out and scrutinising the adapgtation relevance is a useful exercise for any adaptation indi-

cator.

Potential limitations: Brief descriptions of some of the limitations of the indicator, in terms of its assump-

tions and information it cannot provide.

Indicator example: A specific example of the adaptation indicator, drawn from an existing M&E system,

which demonstrates how it could be applied in a given context.

Reference for the indicator: The resource or reference document from which the indicator example is

drawn – e.g. national climate change policy, national adaptation plan, etc.

Data needs: Description of the kind of data that might be needed to calculate / apply the indicator.

Data sources: Description of the agencies and arrangements through which data relevant to the indicator

might be obtained.

Calculation of the indicator: Method used to arrive at an indicator value – e.g. specific equation, simple

summation, etc.

Spatial scale: The geographic scale most relevant to the application of the indicator – e.g. national, sub-

national, regional (basin-wide), etc.


Disaggregation: The ways in which the indicator may be disaggregated to account for differences in gen-

der, livelihood, climate hazards, etc.

These categories capture both the basic information needed for describing a given indicator, as well as

supplemental information to illustrate how it can be applied in a real world context. The combination of

these types of information, organised in a systematic and searchable manner, render the repository a use-

ful information management tool.

Structure and navigation

The most important categories used to organise the indicators are “Sector” and “Focus” since this type of

information will often serve as a basis for adaptation indicator development. In other words, users will

likely consult the repository looking for indicators that are most relevant to a particular (or multiple) sec-

tor(s) of interest and/or that capture a specific aspect of the adaptation progress.

Below you will find a list of all indicators, grouped according to “focus of the indicator”. By clicking on an

indicator you can jump to its respective detailed table of information, which includes entries for relevant

sectors. By clicking on those entries you can jump to overviews for all sectors at the end of the document.

Hyperlinks are provided so that users can access further resources that describe the decision-making con-

text for an indicator example. These include links to the factsheets of ten M&E systems analysed in the

study “Monitoring and Evaluating Adaptation at Aggregated Levels: A Comparative Analysis of Ten Sys-

tems” and relevant policy documents that are available online.

Indicator Factsheets: Eight factsheets have been prepared to describe the rationale, calculation and appli-

cation of particular indicators. The purpose is to provide detailed and structured information for indicator

development. The factsheets also present a format for documenting relevant information, or metadata, on

indicators used in an M&E system. A detailed documentation of the information is necessary to warrant

measurement or quantification of each indicator according to the same procedures and measurement

techniques ensuring comparability over time. The format builds on the indicator factsheets developed by

Germany’s Vulnerability Network (Netzwerk Vulnerabilität) and used for the German vulnerability as-

sessment conducted in the framework of the German Adaptation Strategy.

A practical example is provided for each indicator to demonstrate how it was applied in a given context

and hopefully make it easier for the user to adjust or elaborate the indicator for use in their own context.

Note: Most of the information included in the repository is directly taken from documents outlining a par-

ticular indicator example. If information on a certain indicator category was not available, expert judge-

ment was used to complete the indicator tables (entries in blue font colour).

If you prefer working with the accompanying spreadsheet, you can use the filter function to group infor-

mation according to “Sector” and “Focus”. In the spreadsheet, the categories described above are grouped

in two sections:

i. basic information describing a particular adaptation indicator (blue headings) and

ii. supplemental information on the indicator, including an illustrative example from an existing M&E

system (green headings).



Repository of Adaptation Indicators 6

List of indicators by focus area

Climate parameters

Change in annual temperature

Mean monthly temperature

Number of hot days

Change in annual precipitation

Monthly precipitation

Extreme precipitation events

Climate impacts

Number of households affected by drought

Percentage of total livestock killed by drought

Number of surface water areas subject to declining water quality due to extreme temperatures

Urban Heat Island Effect in summer

Number of people at high risk of heat stress

Reduced work productivity due to heat stress

Number of people living in flood prone areas

Number of properties flooded per year

Number of properties located in river/coastal floodplain

Number of businesses located in areas of flood/coastal erosion risk

Number of hospitals located in areas at risk from flooding/coastal erosion

Number of households within most deprived communities located in areas of flood/coastal erosion risk

Number of properties lost due to coastal erosion per year

Number of hectares of productive land lost to soil erosion

Percentage of area of ecosystem that has been disturbed or damaged

Total forest area impacted by wildfire per year

Annual timber losses from pests and pathogens

Areas covered by vegetation affected by plagues or fires

Distribution of climate sensitive species

Acidification of marine water

Distribution of warmth-adapted marine species

Decline in fish habitats due to temperature change

Decreased annual average fish catch as a result of temperature change

Shift of agrophenological phases of cultivated plants

Total length of sewerage and drainage network at risk from climate hazards

Weather-related disruption of electricity supply

Losses of GDP in percentage per year due to extreme rainfall

Financial losses to businesses due to extreme weather events

Number of cases of water-borne diseases

Number of people permanently displaced from homes as a result of flood, drought or sea-level rise


Adaptation action

Number of methodological guides produced to assess impacts of extreme weather events on transport systems

Number of climate responsive tools developed and tested

Number of vulnerable stakeholders using climate responsive tools to respond to climate variability or climate change

Number of communication tools that incorporate climate change adaptation

Number of public awareness campaigns on water efficiency

Number of visitors to the national climate adaptation website

Percentage of trade and industry chambers using and distributing climate information

Number of urban adaptation best practices disseminated

Percentage of population living in flood and/or drought-prone areas with access to rainfall forecasts

Number of government staff that have received training on adaptation

Degree of integration of climate change into development planning

Number of policies and coordination mechanisms explicitly addressing climate change and resilience

Number of policies, plans or programmes introduced or adjusted that mainstream climate risks

Percentage of municipalities with local regulations considering adaptation and vulnerability assessment results

Percentage of new hydroelectric projects that consider future climate risks

Existence of interministerial/ intersectoral commissions working on adaptation

Number of financial mechanisms identified to support climate change adaptation

Number of businesses with risk management plans considering climate change aspects/or adaptation options

Number of people supported to cope with the effects of climate change through the availability of a service or facility

Percentage of farmers and fisherfolk with access to financial services

Funding for climate-adapted construction and refurbishment

Total sum of investments in programmes for the protection of livestock

Number of inventories of climate change impacts on biodiversity

Conservation of forest genetic resources

Percentage of transport infrastructure standards revised

Green label for neighborhoods requiring climate change vulnerability assessments established

Number of wave recorders installed along coastal areas

Number of existing meteorological stations per territorial unit

Climate change vulnerability maps of coastal zone developed

Number of properties with retrofitted flood resilience measures; water meters; water efficiency measures; cooling measures

Number of water efficiency measures used in energy generation/extraction

Number of water companies rationing water during droughts

Number of businesses that have changed their working hours

Uptake of early warning systems (UV and air/water quality)

Uptake of measures to reduce air pollution

Uptake of soil conservation measures


Percentage of climate resilient trees

Proportion of forest managers taking action on adaptation

Area of land under ‘landscape scale’ conservation

Uptake of riparian tree planting

Number of businesses with insurance for extreme weather events

Percentage of companies assessing risks and opportunities from extreme weather and reduced water availability to their supply chains

Percentage of treated wastewater

Percentage of agricultural land with improved irrigation

Percentage of coastline under marine protection

Number of firebreaks constructed

Number of farmers involved in pilot irrigation messaging projects

Number of women organised in agricultural cooperatives

Cultivation of varieties of red wine which like warmth

Compliance with fishing quota

Priority areas for precautionary flood protection

Energy Storage Capacity

Adaptation results

Percentage of climate resilient roads in the country

Percentage of poor people in drought-prone areas with access to safe and reliable water

Percentage of urban households with access to piped water

Number of cubic metres of water conserved

Volume of water consumed by tourist facilities

Percentage of water demand being met by existing supply

Percentage of households at reduced flood risk due to construction of new or enhanced defences

Reduction of flood damage and disaster relief costs in cities due to increased standards for flood protection and improved flood emergency preparedness

Number of new major infrastructure projects located in areas at risk

Percentage of livestock insured against death due to extreme and slow-onset weather events

Percentage of farmland covered by crop insurance

Percentage of additional fodder for grazing livestock

Increase in agricultural productivity through irrigation of harvested land

Increase in the percentage of climate resilient crops being used

Percentage of cultivated surface cultivated with drought resistant varieties

Turnover generated by agricultural cooperatives

Number of people with diversified income


Climate parameters

Indicator Change in annual temperature

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Building sector, Coastal zones, Energy, Financial services, Fishery, Forest-ry, Human health, Information & communication, Tourism, Trade & Industry, Transport, Urban areas, Water resources, Capacity building & mainstreaming

Focus of indicator Climate parameters Unit of measurement Degree Celsius Adaptation relevance Climate change may lead to gradual change in average climatic conditions such as changes in annu-

al temperature which will have profound impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods and businesses. Potential limitations This indicator requires a data series across decades (usually of at least 30 years) to be able to associ-

ate any observed trends in climate variables to climate change (versus climate variability). Indicator example Change in annual temperature (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Observed annual temperature changes Data sources, collection methods Meteorological office Calculation of the indicator Difference in annual temperature over a certain period of time Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By region

» list of indicators

Indicator Mean monthly temperature


Focus of indicator Climate parameters Unit of measurement Degree Celsius Adaptation relevance Climate change may lead to gradual change in average climatic conditions such as changes in mean

monthly temperature which will have profound impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods and businesses. Potential limitations This indicator requires a data series across decades (usually of at least 30 years) to be able to associ-

ate any observed trends in climate variables to climate change (versus climate variability). Indicator example Mean monthly temperature (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Daily mean temperature, number of days per month Data sources, collection methods Meteorological office Calculation of the indicator Summation of daily mean temperatures for each day of a month / number of days in that month Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By region


Indicator Number of hot days


Focus of indicator Climate parameters Unit of measurement Days/year Adaptation relevance The frequency of very hot days is important for adaptation since very hot days impose the highest

amount of stress on species, infrastructure and ecosystems. Potential limitations This indicator requires a data series across decades (usually of at least 30 years) to be able to associ-

ate any observed trends in climate variables to climate change (versus climate variability). Indicator example Number of hot days (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of hot days per year Data sources, collection methods Meteorological office Calculation of the indicator Summation of days above a certain day or night temperature. Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By region









Indicator Change in annual precipitation


Focus of indicator Climate parameters Unit of measurement mm / year Adaptation relevance Climate change may lead to gradual change in average climatic conditions such as changes in annu-

al precipitation which will have profound impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods and businesses. Potential limitations This indicator requires a data series across decades (usually of at least 30 years) to be able to associ-

ate any observed trends in climate variables to climate change (versus climate variability). Indicator example Change in annual precipitation (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Amount of precipitation per year Data sources, collection methods Meteorological office Calculation of the indicator Difference in annual precipitation over time Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By region


Indicator Monthly precipitation

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Building sector, Coastal zones, Financial services, Fishery, Forestry, Hu-man health, Information & communication, Tourism, Trade & Industry, Transport, Urban areas, Water resources, Capacity building & mainstreaming

Focus of indicator Climate parameters Unit of measurement mm / month Adaptation relevance Climate change may lead to gradual change in average climatic conditions such as changes in

monthly precipitation which will have profound impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods and businesses. Monthly or seasonal changes in precipitation are of particular importance for agriculture.

Potential limitations This indicator requires a data series across decades (usually of at least 30 years) to be able to associ-ate any observed trends in climate variables to climate change (versus climate variability).

Indicator example Monthly precipitation (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Amount of rains per month Data sources, collection methods Meteorological office Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By region


Indicator Extreme precipitation events

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Building sector, Coastal zones, Financial services, Fishery, Forestry, Hu-man health, Information & communication, Tourism, Trade & Industry, Transport, Urban areas, Water resources, Capacity building & mainstreaming

Focus of indicator Climate parameters Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change may lead to an increase in extreme weather events including extreme precipitation

events which will have profound impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods and businesses. Potential limitations Definition of extreme required. Experiencing an extreme event in one season or year does not nec-

essarily mean it will reoccur in the next. Associating any observed trends to climate change requires a data series across decades.

Indicator example Extreme precipitation events (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of extreme precipitation events Data sources, collection methods Meteorological office Calculation of the indicator Summation of events (or days) above a certain amount of rainfall Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By region









Climate impacts

Indicator Number of households affected by drought

Sectors Agriculture, Human health, Water resources

Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change will bring more frequent, prolonged, and/or more intense drought events. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess households' vulnerability to mul-

tiple hazards (not just drought) since people are often affected by a combination of stresses and shocks.

Indicator example Number of households affected by drought (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs List or map of areas declared as affected by drought; number of households present within

drought-declared areas Data sources, collection methods Ministry/ies responsible for climate change and/or disaster risk reduction; Meteorological agency Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By sub-national units, by gender, by livelihoods


Indicator Percentage of total livestock killed by drought

Sectors Agriculture, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Drought can impact livestock both directly (e.g. changes in water and fodder availability) and indi-

rectly (e.g. increased livestock diseases), with negative impacts on livelihoods and economic sectors. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture loss in livestock productivity,

reduced weight, increased health issues, etc. due to drought. Other factors than climate change may contribute to livestock death, even during drought periods (e.g. health of livestock).

Indicator example Percentage of total livestock numbers killed by drought in the county (Kenya) Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Total number of livestock in target area; Total number of livestock killed by drought in target area;

Number and severity of droughts over a period of time Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock; national database, insurance records Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of livestock killed by drought; Denominator = total number of livestock; Mov-

ing Average: Numerator = sum of annual measurements over the period; Denominator: number of years in the period

Spatial scale National or sub-national Disaggregation By types of livestock, by region


Indicator Number of surface water areas subject to declining water quality due to ex-treme temperatures

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Fishery, Forestry, Human health, Tourism, Water resources

Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Extreme temperatures in the context of climate change can lead to water quality degradation. Vul-

nerability maps can help identify hot-spots and support decision-making. Potential limitations This indicator only focuses on surface water quality (not quantity) due to one climate hazard (i.e.

extreme temperatures). Indicator example Number of surface water areas at high risk of degradation in quality in the event of extreme tem-

peratures mapped (France) Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action

sheets Data needs Geographical location of surface water area in the country; number of surface water areas exposed

to extreme temperatures; number of surface water areas vulnerable to extreme temperatures Data sources, collection methods Water agencies Calculation of the indicator Geographical Information System (GIS) (overlapping maps of surface water areas exposed to ex-

treme temperatures and those highly vulnerable to extreme temperatures) Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By region, by type of surface water (running, …)




http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Kenya-National-Climate-Change-Action-Plan.pdf




Indicator Urban Heat Island Effect in summer

Sectors Human health, Urban areas Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Degree Celsius Adaptation relevance Climate change affects the urban climate in a way that can result in severe thermal stress with det-

rimental effects on people's health (well-being, mortality, morbidity). Potential limitations The Manifestation and magnitude of the heat island effect is not only due to changing climatic pa-

rameters but also influenced by architecture, building density and materials, urban planning and green spaces etc.

Indicator example Heat Island Effect in Berlin (temperature difference to surrounding countryside) Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on

Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency Data needs Temperatures of different points in the urban centre and in the surrounding hinterland Data sources, collection methods German Weather Service (DWD) Calculation of the indicator Temperature of hinterland minus temperature urban centre (Substraction) Spatial scale Local Disaggregation With respect to time (week, month)


Indicator Number of people at high risk of heat stress

Sectors Human health Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Heat stress can be a serious health problem which can increase as a result of climate change. Potential limitations The number of people does not solely depend on climate factors but also demograhic and social

factors (mobility, people moving to other regions and cities) Indicator example Number of people with cardiovascular/respiratory illnesses at risk of heat stress (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Location and number of people with cardiovascular/respiratory illnesses; areas exposed to heat

stress Data sources, collection methods Health insurance companies; national health service; national census; national agencies responsible

for climate risk management, heat stress maps; health records Calculation of the indicator Summation; requires definition of “high risk” Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By region; by gender; urban versus rural areas


Indicator Reduced work productivity due to heat stress

Sectors Human health, Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Increased warming and humidity can lead to reduced work productivity especially for outdoor ac-

tivities. Potential limitations Reduced work productivity may be due to multiple causes other than just climate change. Indicator example Reduced work productivity due to heat stress (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of outputs completed; number of employees; hours paid in companies; periods of heat

stress Data sources, collection methods Businesses Calculation of the indicator Number of outputs completed / number of employees x hours paid before and during a period of

heat stress Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of activities, by gender, by regions


http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/establishment-of-an-indicator-concept-for-german





Indicator Number of people living in flood prone areas

Sectors Building sector, Coastal zones Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance A high number of people living in flood prone areas shows a high exposure to flood risks. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the impacts of floods on people

living in flood prone areas (in terms of socio-economic impacts). Indicator example Number of people living in flood prone areas (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Total number of people living in flood prone areas in the country Data sources, collection methods National Bureau of Statistics; population census Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By sub-national unit, by socio-economic group


Indicator Number of properties flooded per year

Sectors Building sector, Coastal zones, Trade & Industry, Water resources

Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as floods. It

can also change the location and timing of floods. Potential limitations Attribution issue: the number of properties flooded per year may be due to other non-climatic fac-

tors (e.g. deforestation, rapid population growth, wetland degradation) or a combination of climatic and non-climatic factors.

Indicator example Number of properties flooded per year (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Flood affected areas; Number of properties located within flood-affected areas Data sources, collection methods National land management agencies, private companies (e.g. insurance) Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By region, by types of properties


Indicator Number of properties located in river/coastal floodplain

Sectors Building sector, Trade & Industry, Urban areas, Water resources

Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance A high number of properties in floodplains signifies a higher vulnerability (more houses exposed to

risk). River and coastal floodplains serve as natural barriers to minimize the impacts of flood risks from climate change on properties. Properties should be located outside of the floodplains to pre-vent them from being destroyed or damaged by floods.

Potential limitations This indicator does not capture the types of properties exposed to flood risk (e.g. public and private assets). Implications of removing properties from exposure zone are not considered; areas may still be sealed (which means reduced damage due to absence of properties but no positive effects on water retention)

Indicator example Decreased number of properties located in river/coastal floodplain (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Location of designated river/coastal floodplains; Number of properties located in river/coastal

floodplain Data sources, collection methods National land management agencies, private companies (e.g. insurance) Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By region, by types of properties







Indicator Number of businesses located in areas of flood/coastal erosion risk

Sectors Coastal zones, Trade & Industry, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change can lead to increased risks of coastal erosion and flood with negative impacts for

businesses located in those areas. A reduced number of businesses located in areas of flood/coastal erosion risk shows a reduced exposure of businesses to those risks.

Potential limitations This indicator only assess the exposure of the businesses to flood/coastal erosion risk. It could be completed with other indicators to assess the vulnerability of the businesses to flood/coastal ero-sion risk.

Indicator example Number of businesses located in areas of flood/coastal erosion risk (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Location of current and future potential flood/coastal erosion risks; location of businesses Data sources, collection methods National agency responsible for the private sector; national agency responsible for climate change

and disaster risk reduction Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By business type and size, by region


Indicator Number of hospitals located in areas at risk from flooding/coastal erosion

Sectors Human health, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Essential services, such as hospitals should be located outside of the floodplains/coastal erosion

areas to prevent them from being damaged and/or destroyed from floods/coastal erosion. Potential limitations This indicator only assess the exposure of hospitals to flood/coastal erosion risk. It could be com-

pleted with other indicators to assess the vulnerability (i.e. sensitivity and adaptive capacity) of hos-pitals to flood/coastal erosion risk.

Indicator example Number of hospitals/walk-in centers located in areas at risk from flooding/coastal erosion (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Location and number of hospitals in a specific area; Distribution of flooding/coastal erosion risks Data sources, collection methods Health and environmental agencies, national census; flood/coastal erosion risk maps Calculation of the indicator Summation (or geographical information system) Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By region, by types of climate hazards


Indicator Number of households within most deprived communities located in areas of flood/coastal erosion risk

Sectors Coastal zones, Human health, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance The most deprived communities lack resources to prepare, cope and recover from floods, thereby

requiring government support. Potential limitations This indicator only assess the exposure of households within most deprived communities to

flood/coastal erosion risk. It could be completed with other indicators to assess the vulnerability (i.e. sensitivity and adaptive capacity) of the households to flood/coastal erosion risk.

Indicator example Number of household within most deprived communities located in areas of flood/coastal erosion risk (UK)

Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Location and number of households with high poverty level; distribution of flooding/coastal ero-

sion risks Data sources, collection methods Environmental agencies Calculation of the indicator Summation (or geographical information system) Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of climate hazards






Indicator Number of properties lost due to coastal erosion per year

Sectors Building sector, Coastal zones, Trade & Industry, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Increasing sea levels and storms due to climate change can increase and intensify the rates of

coastal erosion. Potential limitations Attribution issue: the number of properties lost due to coastal erosion per year may be due to other

non-climatic factors (e.g. sand extraction) or a combination of climatic and non-climatic factors. Indicator example Number of properties lost due to coastal erosion per year (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of properties lost due to coastal erosion per year Data sources, collection methods National land management agencies, private companies (e.g. insurance) Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By region, by types of properties


Indicator Number of hectares of productive land lost to soil erosion

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Coastal zones, Financial services, Transport, Urban areas, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Hectare Adaptation relevance Stable soils have great value in helping people adapt both in terms of agricultural productivity and

ability to deliver other beneficial services (e.g. reduced flooding). Potential limitations Attribution issue: soil erosion may be due to a combination of factors (e.g. deforestation) and not

just climate change. Indicator example Number of hectares of productive land lost to soil erosion (Kenya) Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Number of hectares of productive land in the country and/or region; number of hectares of pro-

ductive land lost to soil erosion Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Agricultre Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Sub-national Disaggregation By region


Indicator Percentage of area of ecosystem that has been disturbed or damaged

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Coastal zones, Fishery, Forestry, Tourism, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Healthier ecosystems are able to deliver ecosystem services that help people to adapt to climate

change. Potential limitations This indicator does not capture the degree of disturbance / damage, nor the source of disturbance

(can be climatic or non-climatic) Indicator example Percentage of area of natural terrestrial ecosystems in the county that have been disturbed or dam-

aged (Kenya) Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Ecoystem types defined; total area (ha) of disturbed or damaged natural ecosystem; information on

disturbance Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Environment; remote sensing/satellite observation of ecosystems Calculation of the indicator Numerator = area (ha) of disturbed or damaged ecosystem; Denominator = total area of ecosystem;

definition of time interval required Spatial scale Regional or sub-national Disaggregation By ecosystem type






Indicator Total forest area impacted by wildfire per year

Sectors Forestry, Tourism Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Hectare Adaptation relevance Increasing temperature due to climate change can lead to increase wildfire with negative impacts

on forest resources. Potential limitations Attribution issue: wildfires may be due to various factors not just increasing temperatures due to

climate change (e.g. land use changes) Indicator example Total forest area impacted by wildfire per year (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of wildfire per year; number of forest area damaged by wildfire per year Data sources, collection methods Environmental agencies Calculation of the indicator Enumeration Spatial scale National Disaggregation By types of forest area


Indicator Annual timber losses from pests and pathogens

Sectors Forestry, Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Hectare Adaptation relevance Changes in temperature and rainfall conditions can lead to changes in pests and pathogens with

negative impacts on the timber industry. Potential limitations Attribution issue: pests and pathogens may be due to a combination of factors (e.g. aging trees, soil

erosion, etc.) and not solely temperature and rainfall changes. Indicator example Annual timber losses from pests and pathogens (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Amount of hectares s of forest lost per year due to pests and pathogens Data sources, collection methods Forest department Calculation of the indicator Enumeration Spatial scale National Disaggregation By region, by forest type, by species


Indicator Areas covered by vegetation affected by plagues or fires

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Coastal zones, Forestry, Human health, Tourism, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Hectare Adaptation relevance Higher temperatures due to climate change are expected to increase the risk for fires and plagues.

Knowing the dispersion of plagues and fires on areas covered by vegetation gives insight into po-tential vulnerability increases of the affected ecosystems and can help identifying appropriate adap-tation measures.

Potential limitations The indicator does not give information on frequency of fire or plagues, neither on the concrete consequences for plant and animal populations, nor on carbon emissions resulting from fires. Be-sides, the indicator does not indicate what the causes for fires and plagues are and if they are relat-ed to climate change.

Indicator example Areas covered by vegetation affected by plagues or fires in the country Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Areas (total number in ha) covered by vegetation; areas (number in ha) covered by vegetation af-

fected by fires; areas (number in ha) covered by vegetation affected by plagues Data sources, collection methods Ministry for Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), National Forest Commission/ man-

agement of forest fires, National Institute for Environmental Information and Natural Resources (SNIARN)

Calculation of the indicator Summation: Number of ha covered by vegetation affected by fires + Number of ha covered by vergetation affected by plagues

Spatial scale National Disaggregation By federal state level






Indicator Distribution of climate sensitive species

Sectors Biodiversity Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Hectare Adaptation relevance Changes in precipitation and temperatures due to climate change could shift the geographic ranges

of some species. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture changes of species' composition,

and functions. Indicator example Distribution of climate sensitive species (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Types of climate sensitive species; spatial location of climate sensitive species Data sources, collection methods Forest department Calculation of the indicator Enumeration Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By regions, by species


Indicator Acidification of marine water

Sectors Biodiversity, Coastal zones, Fishery, Human health, Tourism, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement pH Adaptation relevance More GHG emissions lead to higher acidification levels of marine waters that disturb sea habitats.

Monitoring the increase of acidification trends gives an indication of the resilience of marine eco-systems (e.g. coral reefs, fish populations).

Potential limitations The indicator does not give information to what extent the functioning of marine ecosystems af-fected by acidification is disturbed (further interpretation of acidification trends is necessary). At-tribution issue: Acidification may be due to a combination of factors (human pollution) and not just due to climate change.

Indicator example pH change of marine waters along Mexican coastlines Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Concentration of bases and hydroxide iones in marine water Data sources, collection methods National institute for environmental information and natural resources (SNIARN) and the National

institute for statistics and geography (INEGI) Calculation of the indicator Complex: Panel of specialists has to be formed to develop standardized methodology for measuring

systematically acidification in coastal sea areas. Spatial scale National Disaggregation By national level


Indicator Distribution of warmth-adapted marine species

Sectors Coastal zones, Fishery, Water resources

Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Percentage of stock that has shifted Adaptation relevance The distribution of warmth-adapted marine species indicates changes in marine habitats. Shifts in

distribution imply outmigration of commercially important cold-adapted fish species and necessi-tate the adaptation of fishing as different species proliferate. Commercial fisheries can be signifi-cantly affected by these changes in distribution.

Potential limitations The distribution of warmth-adapted marine species also depends on other factors such as emis-sions or overfishing.

Indicator example Habitats of thermophile fish species shifting Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on

Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency Data needs Data on shifts within fisheries communities, dominance and occurence of fish species in the differ-

ent fisheries communities Data sources, collection methods Long term surveys of the GSBTS (German Smallscale Bottom Trawl Survey) of the vTI (Institut für

Seefischerei) Calculation of the indicator Comparison of distribution patterns; if known: percentage of commercial fish stock that has shifted Spatial scale National Disaggregation By species; protected vs. unprotected areas







Indicator Decline in fish habitats due to temperature change

Sectors Biodiversity, Fishery Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Hectare Adaptation relevance Climate change can lead to sea and freshwater temperatures change. Fish habitats may become

unsuitable for certain species as a result. Potential limitations Attribution issue: the decline in fish habitats may be due to a combination of factors and not just

temperature change; temperature change may also be due to a combination of factors and not just climate change (e.g. impacts of land-use change).

Indicator example Decline in fish habitats (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Total fish habitats areas per year; observed trends in temperature change Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Fisheries; Meteorological office Calculation of the indicator Compare total fish habitats areas per year with observed trends in temperature change Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By sub-national unit, protected versus unprotected area, marine versus limnic


Indicator Decreased annual average fish catch as a result of temperature change

Sectors Biodiversity, Coastal zones, Fishery Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Currency Adaptation relevance Climate change can lead to sea and freshwater temperatures change. As a result, fish availability

may reduce as some species may disappear or will move to different locations. Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events may prevent fishers going fishing.

Potential limitations Attribution issue: the decrease in annual average capture fish availability may be due to a combina-tion of factors and not just temperature change; temperature change may also be due to a combi-nation of factors and not just climate change (e.g. impacts of land-use change).

Indicator example Decreased annual average capture fish availability (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Average capture fish per year; Observed trends in temperature change Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Fisheries; Meteorological office Calculation of the indicator Compare average capture fish between normal years and abnormal years (an abnormal year is asso-

ciated with temperature change) Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By sub-national units


Indicator Shift of agrophenological phases of cultivated plants

Sectors Agriculture Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Days Adaptation relevance Climate change affects the timing of the different agrophenological phases of cultivated plants

such as flowering and fruit development. Farmers need to adjust their cultivation to the prevailing climatic conditions.

Potential limitations Natural climate variability also plays a role for agrophenological phases so long time spans are nec-essary to identify trends.

Indicator example Shift of the start of flowering of winter rape in days. Winter rape has the special characteristic that its flowering time primarily depends on weather conditions.

Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency

Data needs Data on time of flowering of winter rape Data sources, collection methods Farmers associations Calculation of the indicator Substraction (days difference from baseline) Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation Different agri-ecological zones









Indicator Total length of sewerage and drainage network at risk from climate hazards

Sectors Building sector, Trade & Industry, Urban areas, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change may mean new and/or additional risks to sewerage and drainage neworks; inade-

quate preparation may mean flooding, water shortages, water quality issues, etc. as a result of cli-mate hazards.

Potential limitations A sewerage and drainage network may be vulnerable not only because of its location in a hazard-prone area but also its quality / condition. This indicator focuses on the former.

Indicator example Total length of sewerage and drainage network at risk from climate hazards (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Spatial distribution of climate hazards; location and length of the sewerage and drainage network in

the target area Data sources, collection methods National agencies responsible for climate risk management; national water agencies Calculation of the indicator Summation (or geographical information system) Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of climate hazards


Indicator Weather-related disruption of electricity supply

Sectors Energy Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Hours Adaptation relevance Extreme weather events can increase in intensity and frequency due to climate change. They can

result in interruptions of power supply, e.g. by damaging power lines. Potential limitations A blackout in a major city causes larger damages than in less populated areas. This is not accounted

for in the indicator. The indicator could be modifed to include the number of households and com-panies affected. Furthermore, a single extreme weather event cannot be easily attributed to climate change alone.

Indicator example Disruption of power supply due to weather Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on

Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency Data needs Information in power outages, their duration and their causes. Information on extreme events. Data sources, collection methods Bundesnetzagentur (German Federal Agency for Networks) Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation Regions


Indicator Losses of GDP in percentage per year due to extreme rainfall

Sectors Agriculture, Building sector, Energy, Financial services, Tourism, Trade & Industry, Transport Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Extreme precipitation can damage the economic infrastructure and value chains and cause losses in

GDP. The indicator gives an indication as to the level of vulnerability of different sectors to extreme rainfalls (GDP losses in one sector compared to the sector´s GDP contribution).

Potential limitations Attribution issue: The indicator does not consider whether extreme rainfall is due to climate change or natural variability. Furtehrmore, quantifying the indirect losses from extreme rainfall is challeng-ing.

Indicator example Losses of GDP in percentage per year due to extreme rainfall Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Definition criteria for extreme rainfall are required (when is rainfall extreme?); total costs provoked

by extreme rainfalls per year; GDP Data sources, collection methods National Institute for Statistics and Geography (INEGI), National Centre for Disaster Prevention

(CENAPRED), Ministry of the Interior (CEGOB) Calculation of the indicator Numerator = total amount of quantified losses and damages on economic infrastructure due to

extreme rainfalls in one year; Denominator = GDP of the respective year; Result *100

Spatial scale National Disaggregation By sectors







Indicator Financial losses to businesses due to extreme weather events

Sectors Building sector, Financial services, Trade & Industry, Transport

Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Currency Adaptation relevance Climate change can impact businesses negatively through the destruction of infrastructure and

disruptions along their supply chains. Potential limitations Extreme weather events could or could not be linked to climate change (i.e. normal climate variabil-

ity). Indicator example Costs of damages to businesses due to delays caused by flooding, storms and other extreme weath-

er events per year (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Impacts of climate hazards on business operations and estimated costs due to delays incurred Data sources, collection methods Businesses internal budgets Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of climate hazards, by types of business


Indicator Number of cases of water-borne diseases

Sectors Human health, Water resources

Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Changes in precipitation and temperature as well as low access to safe drinking water can increase

the number of water-borne diseases. Adaptation measures targeting sanitation and water facilities or sewage could help keep diseases at bay.

Potential limitations Water-borne diseases are affected by factors other than specific adaptation interventions (e.g. state of hospitals, medical facilities, general level of development and income…).

Indicator example Number of cases of water-borne diseases Reference for indicator example Morocco 2014 Draft Version. Guide to establish an M&E system of vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change in the regions of Souss Massa Drâa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz Data needs Total number of cases of waterborne diseases Data sources, collection methods Regional Directorate for Health (DRS) Marrakech Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Regional or province level Disaggregation Different kinds of diseases; gender


Indicator Number of people permanently displaced from homes as a result of flood, drought or sea-level rise

Sectors Building sector, Coastal zones, Financial services, Transport, Urban areas, Water resources Focus of indicator Climate impacts Unit of measurement Person Adaptation relevance Floods and droughts can cause enough damage to property or livelihoods to make people perma-

nently homeless. With sea level rise, salinisation of soil and /or ground water and loss of agriculture productivity or water supplies can cause displacement.

Potential limitations This indicator assumes that it is climate events or trend that leads to permanent displacement. However, socio-economic conditions of people or housedholds will work in concert to determine when people move permanently.

Indicator example Percentage of people (by gender) in the county permanently displaced from their homes as a result of flood, drought or sea-level rise (Kenya)

Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Total number of people living in a target area; Total number of people permanently displaced from

their homes and the reasons for their displacement Data sources, collection methods Migration and Resettlement department , National Bureau of Statistics Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of people (men and/or women) permanently displaced from their homes as a

result of flood, drought, or sea-level rise; Denominator: total number of people (men and/or wom-en) living in target area

Spatial scale National or sub-national Disaggregation By gender





Adaptation action

Indicator Number of methodological guides produced to assess impacts of extreme weather events on transport systems

Sectors Building sector, Trade & Industry, Transport Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change can lead to localized or widespread damage to physical infrastructures or operating

systems. A methodology for vulnerability assessments of different types of infrastructures to cli-mate change are needed to offer approaches common to different modes, types of network or par-ticular component of a network.

Potential limitations The number of guides is less important than their quality and uptake. This indicator could be com-pleted with other indicators to assess if the methodological guides are used and to what extent.

Indicator example Production of methodological guides for local authorities, network managers and transport opera-tors to assess loss of functionality and transport use following extreme events leading to localized or widespread damage to physical infrastructure or operating systems (France)

Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action sheets

Data needs Number of guides produced to assess functionality and transport use loss following extreme weather events

Data sources, collection methods Relevant authorities responsible for public transport; major sea ports, airports, urban transport network operators, etc.

Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By mode, types of transport nework


Indicator Number of climate responsive tools developed and tested

Sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance The use of tools that incorporate climate variability and change or that can be applied to enhance

climate adaptation (e.g. climate scenarios, vulnerability assessments, weather information services, microfinance, irrigation) can help strenghten the adaptive capacity of relevant govrnment bodies and ultimately vulnerable stakeholders.

Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the quality of these instruments, to what extent these instruments are being scaled up and their impacts on climate adaptation.

Indicator example Quality and extent to which climate responsive instruments/investment models are developed and tested (Pilot Program for Climate Resilience)

Reference for indicator example Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) Monitoring and Reporting Toolkit. CIF, 2013 Data needs List of climate responsive instruments/investment models developed and tested Data sources, collection methods Actual data from ongoing projects, including project/programme-specific surveys and data from

national systems such as the census Calculation of the indicator Scorecard method using Microsoft Excel. Each scorecard lists 4 to 5 key questions that assess pro-

gress in implementing the PPCR activities using a score from 0 (no) to 10 (yes/completely). Qualita-tive self-assessments by the monitoring and evaluation team and relevant stakeholders.

Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By sector, by gender, by vulnerable groups, by livelihoods, by climate hazards, by regions




https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/measuring-results/ppcr-measuring-results


Indicator Number of vulnerable stakeholders using climate responsive tools to re-spond to climate variability or climate change

Sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance The uptake of climate responsive tools, instruments, strategies, and activities can help build the

adaptive capacity of key stakeholders in a particular region or country. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the impacts of using those sup-

port tools, instruments and activities for climate adaptation. Indicator example Extent to which vulnerable households, communities, businesses, and public sector services use

improved PPCR support tools, instruments, strategies, and activities to respond to climate variabil-ity or climate change (Pilot Program for Climate Resilience)

Reference for indicator example Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) Monitoring and Reporting Toolkit. CIF, 2013 Data needs List of climate responsive instruments/investment models developed and tested; Number of target

stakeholders/users using tools to respond to climate variability or climate change Data sources, collection methods Actual data from ongoing projects, including project/programme-specific surveys and data from

national systems such as the census Calculation of the indicator Existing data summarized in a table using Microsoft Excel. The table lists the number of house-

holds, communities, businesses and public sector service entities for each improved PPRC support-ed tools, instruments, strategies and activities identified.

Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By sector, by gender, by vulnerable groups, by livelihoods, by climate hazards, by regions


Indicator Number of communication tools that incorporate climate change adaptation

Sectors Information & communication, Capacity building & mainstreaming

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Perceptions influence people's actions. Sensitizing people to climate change through various com-

munication tools is therefore a pre-requisite to effective climate adaptation. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture the types of communications

tools that mainstream adaptation, the target audience, how they are disseminated, or their effect on adaptation

Indicator example Number of actions carried out [to incorporate an adaptation element into existing or future com-munication tools] (France)


Data needs Number of actions taken to integrate climate adaptation into existing or future communication tools

Data sources, collection methods Government entity responsible for climate change (e.g. Ministry of Environment, Office of the Prime Minister)

Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By communication tools, by gender


Indicator Number of public awareness campaigns on water efficiency

Sectors Information & communication, Water resources

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change can lead to more frequent and intense extreme events such as drought. General

population should be aware of the importance of reducing their water consumption in order to adapt to the increasing risk of water shortages.

Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture the type of campaign, who is targeted, the messages conveyed, the impact (e.g. whether it leads to behavioural change). The latter is important because knowledge does not always translate into effective action.

Indicator example Number of water companies carrying out public awareness campaigns on water efficiency (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of public awareness compaigns on water efficiency carried out by different actors Data sources, collection methods Water companies; government agencies; Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By size and type of business







Indicator Number of visitors to the national climate adaptation website

Sectors Information & communication Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance The Internet has become one of the most important methods for communicating and disseminat-

ing information on climate impacts and adaptation at national level and it supports the increased coordination of activities.

Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture what kind of adaptation infor-mation is accessed, by whom, if/how it is applied, and the results (on awareness raising, increased coordination, etc.).

Indicator example Number of visitors [to the Ministry's adaptation website] (France) Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action

sheets Data needs Number of website visitors Data sources, collection methods Government entity responsible for climate change (e.g. Ministry of Environment, Office of the

Prime Minister), website visitor count Calculation of the indicator Enumeration Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By sector, by region, by climate hazards


Indicator Percentage of trade and industry chambers using and distributing climate information

Sectors Information & communication, Trade & Industry, Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Trade and industry chambers´ are uniquely positioned to distribute knowledge and develop capaci-

ties related to climate change adaptation in the private sector. Potential limitations The indicator only tracks how many trade and industry chambers use and distribute climate infor-

mation, but it neither considers the quality of the distributed information, nor the effects of using and spreading them (e.g. number of enterprises using the given information, impacts on decision-making in the private sector). The indicator also does not specific what constitutes “use” of climate information.

Indicator example Percentage of trade and industry chambers using and distributing climate information Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Number of trade and industry chambers using and distributing climate information

Total number of trade and industry chambers Data sources, collection methods Ministry for Economics (SE), National system for information on enterprises (SIEM) Calculation of the indicator Numerator: number of trade and industry chambers using and distributing climate information;

Denominator: total number of trade and industry chambers Spatial scale National Disaggregation By sector


Indicator Number of urban adaptation best practices disseminated

Sectors Building sector, Information & communication, Urban areas

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance The dissemination of best practices supports the scaling up and replication of adaptation measures. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture the extent to which best prac-

tices are being adapted, scaled up and replicated and their impacts. Indicator example Number of adaptation best practices in cities disseminated (France) Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action

sheets Data needs Number of adaptation best practices targeting cities that have been distributed Data sources, collection methods City authorities, mayors, civil societies organizations Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By cities, by sector (e.g. transport, health, etc)








Indicator Percentage of population living in flood and/or drought-prone areas with ac-cess to rainfall forecasts

Sectors Building sector, Coastal zones, Financial services, Information & communication, Urban areas, Wa-ter resources

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Access to rainfall forecasts can help the population living in areas at risk of floods and/or drought

prepare and minimize the negative impacts on their lives and assets. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the quality of the forecast, if peo-

ple actually acted upon them and who is benefiting from improved access to rainfall forecasts. Indicator example Percentage of population by gender in areas subject to flooding and/or drought in the county who

have access to Meteorological Department information on rainfall forecasts (Kenya) Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Information on designated drought- and flood-prone areas (e.g. hazard maps); number of people

living there and their access to different information channels (radio, extension service etc.) Data sources, collection methods Ministry/ies responsible for climate change and/or disaster risk reduction; Meteorological agency;

Community surveys on climate information provision and access Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of people (men and/or women) living in drought- and/or flood-prone areas

with access to rainfall forecasts; Denominator = total number of people (men and/or women) living in said drought- and/or flood-prone areas

Spatial scale Sub-national Disaggregation By gender


Indicator Number of government staff that have received training on adaptation

Sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Person Adaptation relevance Government capacity to deliver adaptation is essential for the integration of adaptation into plan-

ning and for the roll-out of adaptation actions and associated monitoring and evaluation. Potential limitations This indicator does not capture the results of the training – only that people attended a training

session. This indicator could be combined with other indicators to assess the impacts of the training on government staff's perceptions and practices (i.e. is there any changes in perceptions or behav-iours as a result of receiving training?)

Indicator example Number of ministries at county level that have received training for relevant staff on the costs and benefits of adaptation, including valuation of ecosystem services (Kenya)

Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Participation lists from training workshops Data sources, collection methods Government departments Calculation of the indicator Simple summation Spatial scale Sub-national Disaggregation By gender


Indicator Degree of integration of climate change into development planning

Sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance The integration of climate change concerns into planning processes (i.e. strategies, policies, plans,

laws, regulations and institutional arrangements) at national and sectoral levels supports climate adaptation.

Potential limitations This indicator does not measure how the strategic documents are being implemented and their effects on reducing the negative impacts of climate change.

Indicator example Degree of integration of climate change in national, including sector, planning (PPCR) Reference for indicator example Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) Monitoring and Reporting Toolkit. CIF, 2013 Data needs Number of planning documents that incorporate climate change concerns Data sources, collection methods Existing national data and information (e.g. national policy planning documents, national reposito-

ries from the civil society, program documents, recent data sources, etc.) Calculation of the indicator Scorecard method using Microsoft Excel. Each scorecard lists 4 to 5 key questions that assess pro-

gress in implementing the PPCR activities using a score from 0 (no) to 10 (yes/completely). Qualita-tive self-assessments by the program team together with relevant stakeholders of the various strat-egies, policies, plans and documents to observe changes in terms of integration of climate change priorities.

Spatial scale National Disaggregation By sector






Indicator Number of policies and coordination mechanisms explicitly addressing climate change and resilience

Sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate adaptation requires that institutions and institutional frameworks for mainstreaming cli-

mate change are in place (i.e. political will). Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess how increased mainstreaming

capacity and coordination lead to enhanced climate adaptation (for whom, where, etc.). Indicator example Evidence of strenghtened government capacity and coordination mechanism to mainstream cli-

mate resilience (Pilot Program for Climate Resilience) Reference for indicator example Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) Monitoring and Reporting Toolkit. CIF, 2013 Data needs Data on adjusted policies and coordination mechanism, for example: number of policies integrating

climate change, number of climate change focal points appointed etc. Data sources, collection methods National repositories (incl. meeting documents, workshop and budget reports), policy papers, other

relevant reports Calculation of the indicator Scorecard method using Microsoft Excel. Each scorecard lists 4 to 5 key questions that assess pro-

gress in implementing the PPCR activities using a score from 0 (no) to 10 (yes/completely). Qualita-tive self-assessments by the monitoring and evaluation team together with relevant stakeholders

Spatial scale National Disaggregation By sector


Indicator Number of policies, plans or programmes introduced or adjusted that main-stream climate risks

Sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change is an overarching issue and can affect all sectors and levels. As such it should be

considered in all government planning processes. Potential limitations This indicator could be combined with other indicators to assess the level of implementation and

associated impacts of those policies, plans and programs. Indicator example Number of policies, plans or programmes introduced or adjusted to incorporate climate change

risks (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Total number of climate sensitive policies, plans and programmes in the country Data sources, collection methods Sectoral ministries Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National Disaggregation By sectors, by levels of governance


Indicator Percentage of municipalities with local regulations considering adaptation and vulnerability assessment results

Sectors Urban areas, Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Orientating urban planning and local regultations (e.g. urban development plans, building permits)

at climate risks indicates a high level of mainstreaming of adaptation at local level and allows local decision-makers to consider existing vulnerabilities to climate change systematically.

Potential limitations The indicator only tracks the existence of regulatory instruments that systematically consider adap-tation criteria and vulnerabilities to climate change, but neither their quality of performance, nor their implementation status.

Indicator example Total number of municipalities with local ordinances (e.g. urban development plans, building per-mits) considering adaptation criteria and vulnerability assessment results

Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Number of municipalities with climate resilient local regulations, Total number of municpalities Data sources, collection methods Ministry for Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), Ministry for territorial and urban

development (SEDATU), ordinances from municipalities Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of municipalities considering climate change adaptation in their local regula-

tions; Denominator = total number of municipalities Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By municipalities







Indicator Percentage of new hydroelectric projects that consider future climate risks

Sectors Energy, Trade & Industry, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Any new hydroelectric project that does not account for future potential impacts of climate change

(in terms of location, design and composition of the hydroelectric system) could face important damages or be destroyed.

Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the effectiveness of any new hy-droelectric projects that consider future climate risks.

Indicator example Percentage of new hydroelectric projects in the county that have been designed to cope with cli-mate change risk (Kenya)

Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Total number of new hydroelectric projects in country; number of new hydroelectric projects that

consider climate risk / uncertainty Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Energy Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of new projects that have been designed to cope with climate change risk;

Denominator = total number of new projects in the target area Spatial scale National or sub-national Disaggregation By types of hydroelectric projects, by regions


Indicator Existence of interministerial/ intersectoral commissions working on adap-tation

Sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance The existence of intersectoral coordination mechanisms on adaptation can support coherent plan-

ning and coordination across government departments and can faciliate mainstreaming. It is also an expression of political will.

Potential limitations The indicator does not indicate the quality or resulting impacts of the coordination processes on adaptation.

Indicator example Number of interministerial commissions dealing with adaptation to climate change at federal state level

Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Number of commissions, definition of interministerial commission (e.g. interministerial commis-

sion/ working group comprises at minimum two or more representatives from two or more differ-ent sectors)

Data sources, collection methods Directorate General for Climate Change policies in the SEMARNAT Calculation of the indicator Counting of total number of inter-ministerial commissions/ working groups on adaptation with

respective work plans Spatial scale Sub-national Disaggregation By federal state level


Indicator Number of financial mechanisms identified to support climate change adap-tation

Sectors Financial services Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate adaptation will require additional money; funding can be mobilized in various ways - e.g.

tax contributions from activities which generate greenhouse gases;levies on activities or people settling in high risk areas.

Potential limitations This indicator provides information on the existence of financial mechanisms but not on which ones are most appropriate, if they are sufficient and easily accessible.

Indicator example Number of mechanisms identified which could potentially fund adaptation (France) Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action

sheets Data needs Number of climate adaptation financial mechanisms in the country Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Finance, donor agencies, private sector, civil society organizations involved in climate

change adaptation Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National Disaggregation By sector, by livelihoods







Indicator Number of businesses with risk management plans considering climate change aspects/or adaptation options

Sectors Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Businesses can respond to climate change by integrating risks from climate change (direct and indi-

rect effects) into their corporate risk management plans and procedures. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture the quality of the risk manage-

ment plans, their level of implementation and effectiveness. Indicator example Number of businesses with continuity plans that cover climate risks (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of business risk management plans with a climate risk component Data sources, collection methods Businesses Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By business type and size


Indicator Number of people supported to cope with the effects of climate change through the availability of a service or facility

Sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Support (e.g. capacity building, subsidies) by development partners, government and business can

facilitate adaptation to climate change. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the impacts of those supporting

activities on people's vulnerability to climate change. Indicator example Number of people supported by the PPCR (via the availability of a service or a facility) to cope with

the effects of climate change (Pilot Program for Climate Resilience) Reference for indicator example Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) Monitoring and Reporting Toolkit. CIF, 2013 Data needs Number of people supported to cope with the effects of climate change Data sources, collection methods Actual data from ongoing projects, including project/programme-specific surveys and data from

national systems such as the census Calculation of the indicator Existing data summarized in a table using Microsoft Excel. The table identifies a) the total number

of people ; b) the number of people below the national poverty line and c) females supported by the PPCR per year directly and indirectly.

Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By gender, by vulnerable groups, by livelihoods, by climate hazards, by regions (whenever social

baseline surveys and analysis are available)


Indicator Percentage of farmers and fisherfolk with access to financial services

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Coastal zones, Financial services, Fishery Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Improving farmers and fisherfolks' access to finance can help them build their assets (e.g. drought

resistant seeds, quality houses) and therefore reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards in the context of climate variability and change.

Potential limitations Improved access to financial services alone is not sufficient to support the adaptation of farmers and fisherfolk to climate change. This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the quality or effectiveness of these services.

Indicator example Percentage of poor farmers and fishermen in the county with access to credit facilities or grants (Kenya)

Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Total number of people (men and/or women, farmers and or fisherfolk) living in a target area; total

number of people with access to financial services (credit, savings, insurance) Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Planning; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Fisheries; financial institutions; surveys (of

credit granting facilities, local cooperatives etc.) Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of farmers and/or fisherfolk (men and/or women) in the target area with ac-

cess to financial services; Denomintaor: total number of farmers and/or fisherfolk (men and/or women) in target area

Spatial scale Sub-national Disaggregation By livelihood and/or by gender






Indicator Funding for climate-adapted construction and refurbishment

Sectors Building sector, Urban areas

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Currency (e.g. Euros) Adaptation relevance Climate-adapted construction and refurbishment can prevent or minimise damage resulting from

higher temperatures or extreme climatic events and can contribute to climate protection, e.g. via energy savings. Incentives and/or funding can be prerequisites for people or businesses to under-take climate-adapted construction work.

Potential limitations Without any further regulations/stipulations and assessment it is not self-evident that funds are effectively used for construction which is really climate-adapted. It is not clear whether the funds target the most vulnerable areas, properties or people. Funds for refurbishment need not necessari-ly be spent on work that enhances adaptation.

Indicator example Subsidies for climate-adapted construction and refurbishment Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on

Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency Data needs Data on provision of funds Data sources, collection methods Subsidy statistics of KfW Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National Disaggregation By administrative unit; by target group (private vs. corporate); by target area (urban vs. rural); by

purpose (new construction vs. refurbishment)


Indicator Total sum of investments in programmes for the protection of livestock

Sectors Agriculture, Financial services

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Currency Adaptation relevance Livestock is an important source of livelihood and income. Investing in adaptation measures in-

crease the farmers' adaptive capacity can offset the negative repercussions of climate change. Potential limitations This indicator does not capture the quality of the programmes that are set up to protect livestock or

the effectiveness of the investments (targeted to most vulnerable groups? Corruption?). Indicator example Total sum of investments in the programme for the protection of livestock Reference for indicator example Morocco 2014 Draft Version. Guide to establish an M&E system of vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change in the regions of Souss Massa Drâa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz Data needs Total sum of investments in the programme for the protection of livestock Data sources, collection methods DRA MTH Marrakech Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Regional level Disaggregation By region


Indicator Number of inventories of climate change impacts on biodiversity

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Coastal zones, Fishery, Forestry, Water resources

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Changes in biodiversity result from the complex interaction between species, habitats and anthrop-

ic pressures. The impacts of climate change in combination with other changes need to be moni-tored to understand these complex relations.

Potential limitations This indicator only captures that an inventory has been completed. It could be completed with other indicators to capture the quality of the analysis, its scope, scale and how the inventories are being used.

Indicator example Regular inventories of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity conducted (France) Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action

sheets Data needs Number of inventories conducted Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Environment, civil society organizations working on biodiversity conservation, national

databases Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National Disaggregation By region; marine/terrestrial/limnic; fauna/flora







Indicator Conservation of forest genetic resources

Sectors Forestry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Safeguarding the largest possible diversity of genetic resources is important as to have genetic vari-

eties available which are suitable for a broad range of climatic conditions. Potential limitations The conservation of forest genetic resources on its own is insufficient because the success of grow-

ing the trees is not self-evident. In addition, the indicator does not cover whether adapted tree varieties are actually planted, i.e., whether adapted forest management using adapted species is really implemented.

Indicator example Conservation of forest genetic resources Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on

Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency Data needs Inventory of forest species which are permenantly preserved Data sources, collection methods Inventory of the federal states; Federal-State-Working Group is compiling the data. Calculation of the indicator Counting Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation States, coniferous/broad-leaf


Indicator Percentage of transport infrastructure standards revised

Sectors Building sector, Trade & Industry, Transport Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Transport infrastructure has a long lifespan: it is important that technical standards respond to

current and future potential impacts of climate change. A review and adaptation of technical stand-ards for transport networks (infrastructures and equipment) is therefore needed to support climate adaptation in this sector.

Potential limitations This indicator does not capture the quality of the revised standards, if they have been implemented, or their effectiveness.

Indicator example Percentage of reference standards identified which are vulnerable and where changes are pro-posed; percentage of reference standards which have actually been modified (France)


Data needs Total number of standards for transport networks vulnerable to climate change; total number of revised standards for transports networks that are vulnerable to climate change

Data sources, collection methods Relevant authorities responsible for public transport; major sea ports, airports, urban transport network operators, etc.

Calculation of the indicator Numerator = total number of revised standards for transports networks that are vulnerable to cli-mate; Denominator = total number of standards for transport networks vulnerable to climate change

Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By mode of transport, by region


Indicator Green label for neighborhoods requiring climate change vulnerability as-sessments established

Sectors Building sector, Information & communication, Urban areas Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Adaptation actions could be incentivized through Green labels that broaden their scope beyond

energy saving criteria. For example, an additional crierion could be to complete a vulnerability as-sessment.

Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to monitor the implementation of the label and its impacts on climate adaptation.

Indicator example Award of the EcoQuartier 2012 label [which includes a diagnosis of vulnerability to climate change as an assessment criterion] (France)


Data needs Evidence of the establishment of a green label Data sources, collection methods City authorities, mayors Calculation of the indicator Enumeration Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By urban areas









Indicator Number of wave recorders installed along coastal areas

Sectors Coastal zones Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Understanding the long-term evolution and impact of climate change on coastal areas through

long and continuous observation periods is important for monitoring sea level rise. Potential limitations This indicator provides information on the existence of wave recorders. It could be completed with

other indicators to assess if the wave recorders are functioning or the measurements they are re-cording.

Indicator example Number of wave recorders installed (France) Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action

sheets Data needs Number of wave recorders installed in coastal areas Data sources, collection methods Research institutes specialized in climate change and coastal zones; meteorology office Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By region


Indicator Number of existing meteorological stations per territorial unit

Sectors Information & communication, Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance A higher density and better coverage of climate information per territorial unit helps producing

better climate projections and reducing insecurity related to climate change impacts (e.g. territorial and temporal comparisons). All in all it provides decision-makers a better information basis for strategic policy planning of adaptation.

Potential limitations The indicator does not capture the quality of the generated climate data. It further does not con-sider climate information from ocean weather stations or from space stations in the atmospheric layers and neither if and how the informaton are combined/ analyzed for policy planning.

Indicator example Number of existing meteorological stations per territorrial unit in the country Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Total number of existing meteorological stations and their geographical coordinates

Common definition for territorial unit and total number of territorial units Data sources, collection methods National Meteorological Service (SMN), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), National insti-

tute for statistics and geography (INEGI) Calculation of the indicator Numerator = total number of existing meteorological stations; Denominator = number of territorial

units. Develop maps/networks of climate information coverage by using geopraphic coordinates of meteorological stations.

Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By territorial unit


Indicator Climate change vulnerability maps of coastal zone developed

Sectors Coastal zones Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change vulnerability maps depict the classification of coastal areas – i.e. identifying areas

based on their exposure and vulnerability to different hazards – and support different decisions regarding the development in/around these areas.

Potential limitations This indicator indicates whether or not vulnerability maps have been developed. It could be com-pleted with other indicators to assess the quality of the maps, whether they are used, and with what results.

Indicator example Production of [vulnerability] maps on a national scale for three regions (France) Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action

sheets Data needs Number of climate change vulnerability maps for coastal zones Data sources, collection methods Research institutes specialized in climate change and coastal zones, national and regional databases Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By climate hazards








Indicator Number of properties with retrofitted flood resilience measures; water me-ters; water efficiency measures; cooling measures

Sectors Building sector, Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Property designs need to account for extreme weather events (e.g. floods) and changes in water

availability and temperature due to climate change. Potential limitations This indicator could also be combined with other indicators to assess the quality or effectiveness of

retrofitting measures on climate risk management and the extent to which the properties are actu-ally exposed to flood, higher temperatures, etc. now and in the future.

Indicator example Number of properties retrofitting flood resilience measures; water meters; water efficiency measures; cooling measures (UK)

Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of retroffited properties Data sources, collection methods Local government agencies responsible for tax collection and utility companies Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By region, by types of properties


Indicator Number of water efficiency measures used in energy generation/extraction

Sectors Energy, Trade & Industry, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Climate change reduces water availability in many regions and particularly in dry seasons: energy

generation/extraction needs to promote water saving to remain profitable. Potential limitations This indicator could be combined with other indicators to capture the type of water efficiency

measures and to assess their impacts (e.g. do they lead to the expected outcome, for how long, under what conditions, etc.) on water conservation.

Indicator example Increased uptake of water efficiency measures for energy generation/extraction (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of water efficiency measures adopted by the public and private sector Data sources, collection methods National energy agency, private sector working on energy generation/extraction Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of activities, by region


Indicator Number of water companies rationing water during droughts

Sectors Trade & Industry, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance During extended periods with little or no rainfall, water rationing can help businesses and house-

holds manage the negative impacts of water availability. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators capture the number of water rationing

measures, their timing or duration and to assess the impacts of water rationing during droughts period (it is effective, for whom, for how long, what are the associated costs, etc.)

Indicator example Number of water companies issuing drought orders (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of companies who issue water rationing measures Data sources, collection methods Water companies Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By size and type of business






Indicator Number of businesses that have changed their working hours

Sectors Human health, Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Rising temperatures and seasonal changes in the context of climate change call for a change in

working hours, for example, to reduce exposure of construction workers to extreme heat during mid day or to reduce the consumption of air conditioning.

Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the effectiveness of changed working hours for resources efficiency in the context of rising temperatures and seasonal changes. In addition, changes in working hours may be due to other reasons than climate change (e.g. adop-tion of gender sensitive policies).

Indicator example Uptake of changed working hours by businesses (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of businesses adopting changed working hours Data sources, collection methods Businesses Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of businesses


Indicator Uptake of early warning systems (UV and air/water quality)

Sectors Human health, Information & communication, Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Early warning systems can help people and businesses prepare for and minimize the negative im-

pacts of climate hazards on their activities. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the effectiveness of early warning

systems. The indicator does not consider whether contingency plans are in place. In addition, air and water quality deterioration may be due to other factors than climatic changes.

Indicator example Uptake of early warning systems (UV and air/water quality) (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of early warning systems for UV and air/water quality adopted Data sources, collection methods Environmental agencies Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of early warning systems, by region, by hazard types


Indicator Uptake of measures to reduce air pollution

Sectors Human health, Tourism, Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Air pollution is strongly influenced by shifts in the weather (e.g. heat waves or droughts); adopting

air pollution measures will reduce the impact of such shifts on health. Potential limitations Other factors than climate change have a strong influence on air pollution. This indicator could be

completed with other indicators to capture the type, scale or effectiveness of air pollution measures.

Indicator example Uptake of measures to reduce air pollution (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of measures for air pollution reduction adopted Data sources, collection methods Environmental agencies Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of measures, by region, by hazard types






Indicator Uptake of soil conservation measures

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Forestry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Preserving good ecosystem services, including productive soil, is essential to promoting sustainable

agriculture in a changing climate, though climate change is only one driver of erosion. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture the effectiveness of soil conser-

vation measures in a changing climate. Indicator example Uptake of soil conservation measures (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of soil conservation measures adopted Data sources, collection methods Environmental agencies, NGOs, private sector (agro-food business) Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Sub-national Disaggregation By region


Indicator Percentage of climate resilient trees

Sectors Biodiversity, Forestry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Different tree types and varieties have different sensitivity level to climatic changes. New tree plan-

tations need to account for future potential climate change impacts at the regional level. Potential limitations Climate resilient tree species may be associated with trade-offs – e.g. reduced market value, in-

creased sensitivity to pests and diseases, or unexpected, long-term impacts on the ecosystem by introducing alien species into ecosystems.This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess which tree or combination of tree species is most appropriate under future climatic changes.

Indicator example Proportion of timber trees planted in areas likely to be climatically suitable in 2050 (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Total number of timber trees planted in the country; total number of timber trees planted in areas

likely to be climatically suitable in the long term Data sources, collection methods Forest department; Meteorology agency Calculation of the indicator Numerator: total number of timber trees planted in areas likely to be climatically suitable in the

long term; Denomiator: total number of timber trees planted in the country Spatial scale National Disaggregation By eco-region


Indicator Proportion of forest managers taking action on adaptation

Sectors Forestry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Climate change can affect the growth and productivity of forests and alter the frequency and inten-

sity of forest disturbances (e.g. insect outbreaks, invasive species, wildfires, storms). Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture the type and effectiveness of the

adaptation measures adopted by forest managers. Indicator example Proportion of forest managers taking some form of action on adaptation (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Total amount of forest managers; Total amount of forest managers taking some form of action on

climate adaptation Data sources, collection methods Forest department Calculation of the indicator Numerator:Total amount of forest managers taking some form of action on climate adaptation;

Denominator: total amount of forest managers Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By regions, by forest types






Indicator Area of land under ‘landscape scale’ conservation

Sectors Biodiversity Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Hectare Adaptation relevance Protecting large landscapes can help conserve biodiversity in the face of climate change as they

provide corridors for species migration and allow for holistic solutions adapted to a specific land-scape.

Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the effectiveness of the conserva-tion measures in the context of climate change.

Indicator example Area of land under 'landscape scale' conservation (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Area of land classified under 'landscape scale' conservation Data sources, collection methods National agency responsible for the environment Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By regions, by types of landscape


Indicator Uptake of riparian tree planting

Sectors Coastal zones, Urban areas, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Planting trees along rivers can provide multiple co-benefits in the context of climate change (i.e.

flood mitigation, water quality and/or river cooling benefits). Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture the effectiveness of riparian tree

planting in a changing climate. Indicator example Uptake of riparian tree planting (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Amount of forested riparian area; amount of unforested riparian area Data sources, collection methods Agency responsible for riparian area; forest department Calculation of the indicator Enumeration Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By region, by riparian area


Indicator Number of businesses with insurance for extreme weather events

Sectors Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Insurance products can help businesses to spread the costs associated with the negative impacts of

climate change . Potential limitations Does not capture the type of insurance coverage; it may also create a disincentive for adaptation.

This indicator should be linked with indicators capturing whether adaptation activities are taking place.

Indicator example Number of businesses with insurance for extreme weather events (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of insurance for extreme weather events delivered to businesses Data sources, collection methods Insurance companies, businesses Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By business type and size






Indicator Percentage of companies assessing risks and opportunities from extreme weather and reduced water availability to their supply chains

Sectors Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Extreme weather events and reduced water availability due to climate change can lead to new risks

and opportunities for businesses. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture the quality of the assessments

and if they lead to changes in supply chain management . Indicator example Percentage of companies assessing risks and opportunities to their supply chains from extreme

weather and reduced water availability (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Total number of companies; number of companies conducting climate risk assessments Data sources, collection methods Businesses’ risk management plans Calculation of the indicator Numerator: number of companies conducting climate risk assessments;

Denomiator: total number of companies Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of business


Indicator Percentage of treated wastewater

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Coastal zones, Fishery, Human health, Trade & Industry, Urban areas, Water resources

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Higher temperatures and water scarcity increase the need for treating and reutilizing wastewater.

By treating wastewater the potential use of contaminated water (e.g. in agricultural sector) will be avoided which could result in positive impacts on the natural water balance, soil fertility and human health .

Potential limitations The indicator neither considers which type of water is treated (e.g. industrial, etc.), nor the water´s level of contamination. It does not measure savings or efficiency gains by treating and re-using the water either.

Indicator example Percentage of treated wastewater from municipal wastewater collection systems Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Total wastewater supply in municipal wastewater collection systems in m³

Total wastewater supply that has been treated in municipal wastewater collection systems in m³ Data sources, collection methods National Commission for Water (CONAGUA) Calculation of the indicator Numerator = total wastewater supply in municipal wastewater collection systems in m³;

Denominator = total wastewater supply that has been treated in municipal wastewater collection systems in m³; Result *100

Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By municipalities


Indicator Percentage of agricultural land with improved irrigation

Sectors Agriculture, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Improved irrigation systems are more water efficient and more precise. Crops are more likely to be

irrigated with an appropriate amount of water which can increase yields. Lower water consumption favours sustainability and supply security and helps prevent salinisation and save costs.

Potential limitations This indicator could be combined with indicators covering costs and benefits of improved irrigation. If improved irrigation implies more irrigation, there can be problems concerning overexploitation of groundwater resources and salinisation. This would entail maladaptation.

Indicator example Change in share of agricultural land with improved irrigation systems (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Total amount of agricultural land in the country per year; total amount of agricultural land with

improved irrigation systems per year Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Water; agricultural census Calculation of the indicator Numerator = total amount of agricultural land with improved irrigation systems per year; Denomi-

nator = total amount of agricultural land in the country per year Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By sub-national unit, by crop type (cereals, vegetables,…), by irrigation system (border, furrow, drip)







Indicator Percentage of coastline under marine protection

Sectors Biodiversity, Coastal zones, Fishery, Tourism, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Hectare Adaptation relevance Higher temperatures and more GHG emissions lead to higher water temperatures and acidification

levels in the sea that disturb marine habitats. By protecting marine zones their ecosystem services and biodiversity can be conserved which can contribute to enhance their resilience to climate change.

Potential limitations The indicator neither measures the effectiveness of the nature conservation activities, nor the ex-tent to which the marine ecosystems´ resilience is enhanced.

Indicator example Area of protected marine zones compared to extension of Mexican coast line Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Total number of hectares of marine zones officially protected, total number of hectares of territori-

al sea in Mexico Data sources, collection methods National Commission for Protected Nature Areas (CONANP) and National Commission for the

Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) Calculation of the indicator Numerator = total number of hectares of marine zones officially protected

Denominator = total number of hectares of territorial sea in Mexico Spatial scale National Disaggregation National level


Indicator Number of firebreaks constructed

Sectors Biodiversity, Forestry

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance The construction of firebreaks is important to adapt to the increasing risk of forest fires since they

prevent forest fires from spreading. Potential limitations This indicator does not cover whether or not the firebreaks are effective, e.g. whether they are wide

enough and maintained (cleared) regularly. Indicator example Number of firebreaks constructed Reference for indicator example Morocco 2014 Draft Version. Guide to establish an M&E system of vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change in the regions of Souss Massa Drâa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz Data needs Total number of firebreaks constructed. Total number already existing firebreaks. Data sources, collection methods DREFLCD HA - Marrakech; Annual Report on Forest Fires Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Regional or province level Disaggregation By region, by predominant land use


Indicator Number of farmers involved in pilot irrigation messaging projects

Sectors Agriculture, Information & communication, Water resources, Capacity building & mainstreaming

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance A messaging service for farmers can support adaptation to changing weather conditions.

Knowledge on local weather conditions helps farmers to determine the time for irrigation. A more efficient irrigation system saves scarce water resurces. Moreover, the crops are more likely to obtain the optimal amount of water which increases yields and thus positively affects the farmers' liveli-hoods.

Potential limitations This indicator does not capture whether and how farmers use this service nor whether the forecasts are reliable (they would otherwise lead to sub-optimal irrigation).

Indicator example Number of farmers who are members of the service of pilot irrigation messaging projects Reference for indicator example Morocco 2014 Draft Version. Guide to establish an M&E system of vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change in the regions of Souss Massa Drâa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz Data needs Total number of farmers who are a member of the pilot irrigation project service Data sources, collection methods Agrotech SMD – Action report Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Sub-regional level Disaggregation By region, gender, small-scale vs. Large-scale farmers




Indicator Number of women organised in agricultural cooperatives

Sectors Agriculture, Trade & Industry, Capacity building & mainstreaming

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Being organized in agricultural cooperatives can improve the adaptive capacity of women, e.g.

through better marketing of products, better market access, and support from the cooperative in case of yield losses.

Potential limitations This indicator does not capture whether the cooperatives are fully operational, nor whether women e.g. in male dominated societies really benefit. It is not clear to what extent the organisation pre-sents support in the face of climate change (e.g. is there a form of risk sharing mechanism?). If it does not, then the indicator has no direct adaptation relevance.

Indicator example Number of women organised in argan cooperatives Reference for indicator example Morocco 2014 Draft Version. Guide to establish an M&E system of vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change in the regions of Souss Massa Drâa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz Data needs Total number of argan cooperatives. The total number of women organised in argan cooperatives Data sources, collection methods ODECO Marrakech and ODECO Agadir Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Regional or province level Disaggregation By region


Indicator Cultivation of varieties of red wine which like warmth

Sectors Agriculture Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Acres Adaptation relevance Cultivation systems may need to be adjusted to changing climatic conditions. One adaptation strat-

egy is selecting specific crop varieties that are better adapted to higher temperatures. Potential limitations The indicator does not capture the impact on the wine-makers income (challenges regarding sales

of the new variety, scepticism of consumers, competition, marketing, susceptability to pests and diseases etc.).

Indicator example Cultivation of varieties of red wine which like warmth in Germany Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on

Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency Data needs Compilation of areas and the wine varieties which are cultivated there Data sources, collection methods Wine-maker associations, agricultural agencies; GIS-based assessment Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation Regions; organic and conventional cultivation


Indicator Compliance with fishing quota

Sectors Biodiversity, Fishery

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Fish catch in tons or percentage of discrepency from quota Adaptation relevance Regulation of allowable catches to prevent overexploitation of fisheries resources is important to

sustain fish population. Reducing stress from overexploitation may allow the fis to better cope with additional stress due to climatic change like changes in water temperature.

Potential limitations Avoiding overexploitation of fish is important irrespective of climate change. Thus, this indicator is only a proxy to measure reduced stress on fish populations assuming this creates a higerh capacity for it to adapt to environmental changes.

Indicator example Conformity of total allowable catch with scientific recommendations Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on

Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency Data needs Total allowable catch as determined by authorities; recommendations with regard to total allowa-

ble catch of legitimate scientific body Data sources, collection methods ICES publications; EU regulations/ official fishing quota Calculation of the indicator Substraction: discrepancy in tons of catch Spatial scale National Disaggregation Individual fish species; fresh water versus salt water species







Indicator Priority areas for precautionary flood protection

Sectors Urban areas, Water resources

Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Degree of integration into land use planning (qualitative); acres (quantitative) Adaptation relevance Vulnerability assessments or flood risk modelling can indicate areas which are particularly at risk

and point to areas for precautionary flood protection. This needs to be translated into the land use planning to enable adaptation to take place.

Potential limitations Definition of such priority areas in spatial planning does not necessarily mean that the areas in question are really used as water retention sites: overriding competing interests may result in dif-ferent land use options being given preference (not completely binding).

Indicator example Priority areas for precautionary measures against flooding Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on

Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency Data needs Regional land use plans Data sources, collection methods German Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR).

Raumordnungsmonitor (countrywide GIS-based planning information system containing all spatial plans)

Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National Disaggregation Administrative district; catchment area; high risk versus low risk area


Indicator Energy Storage Capacity

Sectors Energy Focus of indicator Adaptation action Unit of measurement Kilowatt hours Adaptation relevance Extreme weather events such as heat waves can lead to peaks in energy demand which necessitate

the storage of energy; renewable energies also require storage capacity due to fluctuations in sup-ply.

Potential limitations The indicator only assesses the availability of facilities for storage but does no consider whether they are sufficient and well connected to the grid. To be directedly adaptation-related the energy would need to be used for adaptation activities or contribute to adaptive capacity.

Indicator example Facilities for electricity storage Reference for indicator example Schönthaler, K. et al. (2011). Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on

Adaptation to Climate Change. German Federal Environment Agency Data needs Storage capacity at the time of the baseline. Storage capacity at the time of interest. Data sources, collection methods Powerplant database of the UBA (Federal Environmental Agency of Germany) Calculation of the indicator Substraction Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation Federal state level







Adaptation results

Indicator Percentage of climate resilient roads in the country

Sectors Trade & Industry, Transport Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Roads are vital to economic and social well-being. Damage by heavy rains, flooding and extreme

heat can cause disruptions of the transport system with further negative consequences. Poor infra-structure unable to accommodate water flows can exacerbate flooding.

Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the quality and effectiveness of climate resilient roads to climate hazards. Interpretation of this indicator should also take the na-ture of roads (paved or unpaved) and any changes in the total length of roads into account.

Indicator example Percentage of county roads that have been made “climate resilient” or that are not considered to be vulnerable (Kenya)

Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Total length of roads in country (km); length of roads not at risk by virtue of its design and location;

length of roads not at risk because it has been subject to a vulnerability assessment and improve-ment.

Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Transport Calculation of the indicator Numerator = length of road that is not at risk + lengh of road that is at risk but has been subject to

relevant improvements (km); Denominator = total length of road in the target area (e.g. district, country, etc.) (km)

Spatial scale National or sub-national Disaggregation By region, by types of road infrastructures


Indicator Percentage of poor people in drought-prone areas with access to safe and re-liable water

Sectors Agriculture, Human health, Trade & Industry, Urban areas, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Poor people are especially vulnerable during droughts as they often lack the resources to buy water

or rights to access supplies. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess who is benefiting from increased

access to safe and reliable water (e.g. lack of maintenance of water infrastructures may restrict ben-efits).

Indicator example Percentage of poor people (by gender) in drought prone areas in the county with access to reliable and safe water supplies (Kenya)

Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Number of people with access to safe and reliable water supplies; number of people (men and

women) living in areas subject to drought Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Water and Irrigation; Bureau of statistics for information on poverty Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of people (men and/or women) in drought-prone areas with access to safe

and reliable water supplies; Denominator = number of people (men and/or women) in drought-prone area

Spatial scale Sub-national Disaggregation By gender





Indicator Percentage of urban households with access to piped water

Sectors Human health, Trade & Industry, Urban areas, Water resources

Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Urban households without access to piped water spend time fetching water and face increased

risks of waterborne diseases from contaminated sources. Potential limitations This indicator assumes that access to piped water leads to a reduction of vulnerability to climate

change. It could be combined with other indicators to to assess the exact adaptation benefits (e.g. health improvements, increased economic productivity) and to assess who benefits from the im-proved access to piped water (e.g. is it the healthiest urban households?)

Indicator example Percentage of urban households with access to piped water (Kenya) Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Number of people with access to piped water in urban areas; number of people living in urban areas Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Urban Development; national agricultural census Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of people with access to piped water in urban areas; Denominator = number

of people living in urban areas Spatial scale Sub-national Disaggregation By region


Indicator Number of cubic metres of water conserved

Sectors Agriculture, Trade & Industry, Urban areas, Water resources

Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Cubic metre Adaptation relevance Climate change puts additional pressures on water resources; promoting water-saving across all

sectors and uses, particularly in region experiencing shortages can support climate adaptation. Potential limitations Attribution problem: water savings may be due to a combination of factors (e.g. period of temper-

ate climate, technology). The indicator does not provide information on whether the water conser-vation is enough to offset limited water availability.

Indicator example Estimation of water savings achieved via communications operations and funding (France) Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action

sheets Data needs Total amount of water consumption before and after communication campaigns Data sources, collection methods Water agencies Calculation of the indicator Difference in water consumption before and after communication campaigns Spatial scale Subnational Disaggregation By region


Indicator Volume of water consumed by tourist facilities

Sectors Tourism, Water resources

Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Litre Adaptation relevance Harmonising use and availability of water in the tourist sector is crucial to cope with reduced water

availability due to climate change. Water efficiency proves vital for both security of supply (eco-nomic sustainability) and ecological balance (environmental sustainability).

Potential limitations This indicator only includes the volume of water consumed in tourist facilities for which tourist facilities are invoiced (drinking water) and does not take any other supplies of water into account. It does not consider the amount of tourists (water use per head).

Indicator example Volume of water consumed by tourist facilities Reference for indicator example Morocco 2014 Draft Version. Guide to establish an M&E system of vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change in the regions of Souss Massa Drâa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz Data needs Total quantity of drinking water consumed by tourist facilities Data sources, collection methods Régie Autonome Multi-Services Agadir (RAMSA) Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Regional or province level Disaggregation By region; by area; by facility; eco-tourism vs. conventional tourism






Indicator Percentage of water demand being met by existing supply

Sectors Agriculture, Human health, Trade & Industry, Urban areas, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Climate change combined with other changes (e.g. population growth) brings additional pressures

on water resources, threatening the viability of its supply. To get a complete picture of adaptation it is important to consider both the supply and the demand side, i.e. if supply falls short demand may need to be reduced.

Potential limitations Must be clear on what is included under water supply and demand. Does not capture if demand that is met is satisfactory. Also does not capture water quality, or reliability of provision.

Indicator example Percentage of water demand that is supplied in the county (Kenya) Reference for indicator example Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6) Data needs Volume of water supplied to households, farmers (for irrigation), and industry (in cubic metres);

water demand (in cubic metres) Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Water and Irrigation Spatial scale Sub-national Disaggregation By sector (private households, agriculture, industry)


Indicator Percentage of households at reduced flood risk due to construction of new or enhanced defences

Sectors Building sector, Coastal zones, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Flood defences construction can minimize the negative impacts of floods on properties in the con-

text of climate change. Potential limitations Does not capture the type of defense, its quality or state of repair, and effectiveness. Indicator example Increased number of households at reduced flood risk due to construction of new or enhanced

defences (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Flood hazard maps; location of new or enhanced flood defences; location of properties Data sources, collection methods National land management agencies, private companies (engineering, insurance), surveys to identify

new or enhanced defences Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of properties with new or enhanced flood defenses

Denominator = total number of properties in flood prone areas Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By region


Indicator Reduction of flood damage and disaster relief costs in cities due to increased standards for flood protection and improved flood emergency preparedness

Sectors Building sector, Urban areas Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Currency Adaptation relevance Standards for flood protection and flood emergency preparedness in cities can incenticize the

adoption of common, coordinated adaptation measures. Potential limitations Reduced flood damage and disaster relief costs can be attributed to multiple factors. Indicator example Annualized flood damage and disaster relief costs are reduced in cities as a result of increased

standards for flood protection works and improved flood emergency preparedness (Mekong River Commission)

Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate change and adaptation (draft, 2013)

Data needs Total costs of flood damage and disaster relief in cities per year; number of flood and disaster relief standards implemented per year

Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Urban Development; Ministry/ies responsible for climate change and disaster risk re-duction

Calculation of the indicator Compare trend in the number of standards released with the trend in the total costs of flood dam-age and disaster relief per year

Spatial scale National Disaggregation By cities







Indicator Number of new major infrastructure projects located in areas at risk

Sectors Building sector, Coastal zones, Energy, Tourism, Trade & Industry, Transport, Urban areas, Water

resources Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Reducing the amount of infrastructure in or near areas that are/will be subject to climate impacts

will help reduce the economic costs of climate change. Potential limitations Attribution issue: the number of infrastructure projects located in areas at risk may be due to other

reasons than policy implementation. For example, a lack of public and private funding may prevent the development of new infrastructure.

Indicator example Reduced number of approved new major infrastructure projects located in areas at risk (UK) Reference for indicator example UK Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (draft, 2013) Data needs Areas at risks from climate hazards; number of approved new major infrastructure projects Data sources, collection methods National agency responsible for infrastructures; national agency responsible for climate risk man-

agement, maps of climate hazards and maps of recent infrastructures Calculation of the indicator Superposition (mapping) Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By types of climate hazards, by types of infrastructure (e.g. road network, houses)


Indicator Percentage of livestock insured against death due to extreme and slow-onset weather events

Sectors Agriculture, Financial services, Trade & Industry Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance The indicator provides information on the progress in implementing insurance schemes for the

livestock sector and allows for temporal and territorial comparisons. Potential limitations The indicator does not provide information on whether the amount of insurance per animal is suffi-

cient. Indicator example Number of livestock insured against death due to extreme and slow-onset weather events Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Insured number of livestock per lifestock type, total number of livestock type Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA) and the

component on natural disasters (CADENA) of the SAGARPA, Information service on agri-food and fish industry (SIAP), Ministry of Finance (SHCP)

Calculation of the indicator Numerator = number of insured livestock per livestock type; Denominator = total number of live-stock type; Result *100

Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By regions, federal state; by livestock type


Indicator Percentage of farmland covered by crop insurance

Sectors Agriculture, Financial services Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Crop insurance mechanisms against climate risks can help farmers cope against the negative im-

pacts of climate hazards. By showing farmers the level of exposure to climate risk of their crops through their insurance premium, this mechanism encourages them to give greater consideration to this risk factor in decisions making.

Potential limitations Crop insurance does not directly prevent or minimize damages from climate change. It helps share potential losses between farmers and insurers. This indicator could be completed with other indica-tors to evaluate changes in farming practices aimed at preventing losses from climate change (e.g. switching to different, more climate resilient crops).

Indicator example Proportion of the total surface area insured by crop type (France) Reference for indicator example French National Climate Change Impact Adaptation Plan 2011-2015. Annex II. Detailed action

sheets Data needs Total surface area for agricultural production; total surface areas insured by crop type Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock; insurance companies Calculation of the indicator Numerator = total surface areas insured by crop type; Denominator = total surface area for agricul-

tural production by crop types Spatial scale National Disaggregation By crop types







Indicator Percentage of additional fodder for grazing livestock

Sectors Agriculture Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Building food reserves for livestock helps to adapt to situations in which grazing does not provide

sufficient fodder due to unfavourable weather conditions. Potential limitations It does not capture from which type of adaptation activities the additional fodder comes from. Pos-

sible adverse effects are unclear and neglected (overfertilisation to obtain the additional fodder, debt accumulation, deforestation, soil erosion)

Indicator example Percentage of additional fodder for grazing livestock Reference for indicator example “Morocco: Adaptation monitoring as part of the Regional Environmental Information System” Fact-

sheet in GIZ (2014) “Monitoring and Evaluating Adaptation at Aggregated levels: A Comparative Analysis of Ten Systems”

Data needs Total amount of fodder. Then compare to baseline. Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAPM) Calculation of the indicator Numerator = difference of baseline year (year 1) and year 2;

Denominator = baseline year (year 1) Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By region


Indicator Increase in agricultural productivity through irrigation of harvested land

Sectors Agriculture, Trade & Industry, Water resources Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance The indicator provides information on potential increases in productivity resulting from irrigating

agricultural land as an adaptation measure (efficiency of adaptation action). The generated data allows to make temporal and territorial comparisons of productivity levels.

Potential limitations The indicator does not provide information on the concrete causes or combination of causes lead-ing to a higher productivity apart from irrigation, e.g. efficient use of other natural resources, like soil – or the use of agrochemicals or transgenic crops. If water shortage is an issue, increased irriga-tion could lead to maladaptation.

Indicator example Increase in agricultural productivity through irrigation of harvested land Reference for indicator example Adaptation M&E indicator system of Mexico Data needs Real crop production in tons (e.g. corn) per harvested land in ha

Potential crop production in tons per harvested land in ha Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA) Calculation of the indicator Numerator = real crop production output in tons (e.g. corn) per harvested land in ha;

Denominator = Potential crop production output in tons per harvested land in ha; Result *100; models for calculating potential crop production output under climate variations have to be developed/ improved.

Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation National, federal state, irrigation district, municipalities


Indicator Increase in the percentage of climate resilient crops being used

Sectors Agriculture Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Drought and flood resistant crops can help farmers adapt to a changing climate. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to assess the impacts (and potential trade-

offs) associated with the production of climate resilient crops. For example, in some instances cli-mate resilient crops may be more prone to pests and diseases or they may not find a market due to changes in taste and/or color which does not match socio-cultural habits of consumption.

Indicator example Share of more climate resilient crops (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Total amount of crops cultivated per crop types per year; total amount of climate sensitive crops

cultivated per year Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Agriculture, national agricultural census Calculation of the indicator Numerator = total amount of climate sensitive crops cultivated per year; Denominator = total

amount of crops cultivated per crop types per year Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By sub-national unit, by crop types








Indicator Percentage of cultivated surface cultivated with drought resistant varieties

Sectors Agriculture, Biodiversity, Water resources

Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Percentage Adaptation relevance Farm land which is cultivated with drought resistant varieties helps to sustain the livelihoods of

farmers and their families. It makes them less vulnerable to the adverse effects of severe droughts. Potential limitations Drought resistant varieties might not be adapted to other environmental conditions in the area such

as lower temperature and pests. Higher yields are not guaranteed; drought resistant varieties might yield less on average due to different reasons and might only be the best option in the case of se-vere drought. In addition, the seeds may be expensive or require adjusted farming techniques.

Indicator example Percentage of cultivated surface with drought resistant varieties Reference for indicator example “Morocco: Adaptation monitoring as part of the Regional Environmental Information System” Fact-

sheet in GIZ (2014) “Monitoring and Evaluating Adaptation at Aggregated levels: A Comparative Analysis of Ten Systems”

Data needs Total surface of land which is cultivated with drought resistant varieties Data sources, collection methods Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAPM) Calculation of the indicator Numerator = total amount of hectares of cultivated surface with drought resistant varieties; De-

nominator = total amount of hectares of cultivated surface Spatial scale National and sub-national Disaggregation By region; organic vs. Conventional farming; by variety; by broad crop type (cereal, vegetable,

fruit,….)


Indicator Turnover generated by agricultural cooperatives

Sectors Agriculture, Financial services, Trade & Industry

Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Quantity or value of traded goods Adaptation relevance The turnover of agricultural cooperatives increases or is stable if the adaptation process of agricul-

tural production to the specific climatic conditions has been successful. Potential limitations The turnover of agricultural cooperatives is influenced by a range of external factors such as politi-

cal framework conditions, world market prices, competition, macroeonomic shocks. All these fac-tors need to be taken into account when interpreting the indicator. The indicator could otherwise be misleading.

Indicator example Turnover realised by argan cooperatives Reference for indicator example Morocco 2014 Draft Version. Guide to establish an M&E system of vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change in the regions of Souss Massa Drâa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz Data needs Total turnover of argan cooperatives Data sources, collection methods ODECO Agadir Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale Regional or province level Disaggregation By region, by gender, conventional vs. organic farming


Indicator Number of people with diversified income

Sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming Focus of indicator Adaptation results Unit of measurement Number Adaptation relevance Diversified income supports climate adaptation: if one activities is negatively impacted by climate

change, people can still rely on other less climate sensitive activities for a living. Potential limitations This indicator could be completed with other indicators to capture the sustainability, desirability

and impact of alternative income sources. Indicator example Number of people with diversified income (Mekong River Commission) Reference for indicator example Mekong River Commission: Lower Mekong basin-wide monitoring and reporting system on climate

change and adaptation (draft, 2013) Data needs Number of people with more than one source of income Data sources, collection methods National Bureau of Statistics, population census Calculation of the indicator Summation Spatial scale National and subnational Disaggregation By region; by gender; by age; by household type (e.g. women headed); by income level






Repository of Adaptation Indicators – By Sector 45

Lists of indicators by sector

Agriculture Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days




Climate impacts Number of households affected by drought






Shift of agrophenological phases of cultivated plants


Adaptation action Percentage of farmers and fisherfolk with access to financial services








Cultivation of varieties of red wine which like warmth

Adaptation results Percentage of poor people in drought-prone areas with access to safe and reliable water





Percentage of additional fodder for grazing livestock


Increase in the percentage of climate resilient crops being used



Biodiversity Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days




Climate impacts Number of surface water areas subject to declining water quality due to extreme temperatures





Distribution of climate sensitive species








Area of land under ‘landscape scale’ conservation





Adaptation results Percentage of cultivated surface cultivated with drought resistant varieties

Building sector Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days




Climate impacts Number of people living in flood prone areas








Adaptation action Number of methodological guides produced to assess impacts of extreme weather events on transport systems






Number of properties with retrofitted flood resilience measures; water meters; water efficiency measures;

cooling measures

Adaptation results Percentage of households at reduced flood risk due to construction of new or enhanced defences

Reduction of flood damage and disaster relief costs in cities due to increased standards for flood protection

and improved flood emergency preparedness



Coastal zones Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days




Climate impacts Number of people living in flood prone areas












Adaptation action Percentage of population living in flood and/or drought-prone areas with access to rainfall forecasts



Number of wave recorders installed along coastal areas

Climate change vulnerability maps of coastal zone developed




Adaptation results Percentage of households at reduced flood risk due to construction of new or enhanced defences


Energy Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days


Climate impacts Weather-related disruption of electricity supply


Adaptation action Percentage of new hydroelectric projects that consider future climate risks


Energy Storage Capacity

Adaptation results Number of new major infrastructure projects located in areas at risk

Financial services Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days





Climate impacts Number of hectares of productive land lost to soil erosion




Adaptation action Percentage of population living in flood and/or drought-prone areas with access to rainfall forecasts

Number of financial mechanisms identified to support climate change adaptation



Adaptation results Percentage of livestock insured against death due to extreme and slow-onset weather events



Fishery Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days















Forestry Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days










Adaptation action Number of inventories of climate change impacts on biodiversity

Conservation of forest genetic resources



Proportion of forest managers taking action on adaptation


Human health Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days






Urban Heat Island Effect in summer

Number of people at high risk of heat stress

Reduced work productivity due to heat stress






Adaptation action Number of businesses that have changed their working hours







Information & communication Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days




Adaptation action Number of communication tools that incorporate climate change adaptation

Number of public awareness campaigns on water efficiency

Number of visitors to the national climate adaptation website









Tourism Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days










Adaptation action Uptake of measures to reduce air pollution


Adaptation results Volume of water consumed by tourist facilities


Trade & Industry Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days




Climate impacts Reduced work productivity due to heat stress












Number of businesses with risk management plans considering climate change aspects/or adaptation options


Number of properties with retrofitted flood resilience measures; water meters; water efficiency measures; cool-

ing measures




Number of businesses that have changed their working hours



Number of businesses with insurance for extreme weather events

Percentage of companies assessing risks and opportunities from extreme weather and reduced water availability

to their supply chains



Adaptation results Percentage of climate resilient roads in the country

Percentage of poor people in drought-prone areas with access to safe and reliable water








Transport

Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days




Climate impacts Number of hectares of productive land lost to soil erosion






Adaptation results Percentage of climate resilient roads in the country


Urban areas Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days




Climate impacts Urban Heat Island Effect in summer






Adaptation action Number of urban adaptation best practices disseminated












Reduction of flood damage and disaster relief costs in cities due to increased standards for flood protection and

improved flood emergency preparedness


Water resources Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days





















Adaptation action Number of public awareness campaigns on water efficiency
















Volume of water consumed by tourist facilities


Percentage of households at reduced flood risk due to construction of new or enhanced defences




Capacity building & mainstreaming Climate parameters Change in annual temperature


Number of hot days




Adaptation action Number of climate responsive tools developed and tested

Number of vulnerable stakeholders using climate responsive tools to respond to climate variability or climate

change

Number of communication tools that incorporate climate change adaptation


Number of government staff that have received training on adaptation

Degree of integration of climate change into development planning

Number of policies and coordination mechanisms explicitly addressing climate change and resilience

Number of policies, plans or programmes introduced or adjusted that mainstream climate risks


Existence of interministerial/ intersectoral commissions working on adaptation

Number of people supported to cope with the effects of climate change through the availability of a service or

facility




Adaptation results Number of people with diversified income

Repository of Adaptation Indicators – Factsheets 54

Adaptation indicator and data factsheets

Kenya: Percentage of population with access to rainfall forecasts

Kenya: Percentage of climate resilient roads

Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR): Use of support tools

Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR): Degree of integration of climate change in national, including sector, planning

Mexico: Existing meteorological stations

Mexico: Percentage of livestock insured against climate-induced risks

Morocco: Farmers involved in irrigation projects

Morocco: Women organised in agricultural cooperatives


Kenya: Percentage of population with access to rainfall forecasts

Indicator

Name of the indicator % of population by gender in areas subject to flooding and/or drought in the county who have access to Kenya Meteorological Department infor-mation on rainfall forecasts (Kenya)

Focus of the indicator Which aspect of adaptation is described by the indicator? Adaptation action

Adaptation relevance Further description of the indicator A growing number of people in Kenya are directly affected by flooding or drought. Access to rainfall forecasts can increase the capacity of these peo-ple to prepare for these events, minimizing harm and losses. Access to cli-mate information and responses to climate disasters l vary depending on the gender of those affected. For instance, in societies in which largely women stay at home or on family plot, where often no radios and conse-quently no rainfall forecasts are available, it will be more difficult for them to take appropriate action implying a lower adaptive capacity for these women.

Relevant sectors Building sector, Coastal zones, Financial services, Information & communi-cation, Urban areas, Water resources

Limitations of indicator The indicator only measures the number of people with access to rainfall forecasts but not the quality of the forecasts or if people actually acted upon them. Access to rainfall forecasts is assumed to take place via community radio stations; other media may be relevant and should be included in the calculation of this indicator

Data

Data sources Who provides data?

Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD)

Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS)/ National Drought Management Authority (NDMA)

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

Community radio stations

Data availability What are the conditions to obtain the data? KMD is responsible for measuring this indicator. Data supply is facilitated through Data Supply and Reporting Obligation Agreements, which are is-sued to all organisations that are required to supply data or information to the M&E system.

Data needs What kind of data and information is needed?

Provision of rainfall forecast information via community radio stations

Designation of drought affected areas

Designation of flood affected areas

Population size

Number of people with access to radios


Spatial level Coverage and scale of the data County level, up to 4 values per county (depending on the number of haz-ards affecting the county)

Unit of measurement In which unit is the indicator presented? %

Method of calculation Which method has been applied for calculation? Numerator = number of people living in areas subject to flooding and drought with access to KMD rainfall forecasts Denominator = total number of people living in areas subject to flooding and drought

Sub-indicators Are sub-indicators needed? Which? Four sub-indicators can be calculated (i.e. disaggregated by gender and haz-ard)

Sub-indicator 1: Numerator = number of females living in areas subject to flooding with ac-cess to rainfall forecasts Denominator = total female population in areas subject to flooding

Sub-indicator 2: Numerator = number of males living in areas subject to flooding with access to rainfall forecasts Denominator = total male population in areas subject to flooding

Sub-indicator 3: Numerator = number of females living in areas subject to drought with ac-cess to rainfall forecasts Denominator = total female population in areas subject to drought

Sub-indicator 4: Numerator = number of males living in areas subject to drought with access to rainfall forecasts Denominator = total male population in areas subject to drought

Time reference and frequency of measurement

For which year(s) are the data available? Baseline year: 2014 Frequency of measurement: Annual Duration of measurement: Long-term

Expected trend with adaptation

As adaptation takes place, the value will … Increase

Source: Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6)



Kenya: Percentage of climate resilient roads

Indicator

Name of the indicator % of county roads that have been made “climate resilient” or that are not considered to be vulnerable

Focus of the indicator Which aspect of adaptation is described by the indicator? Adaptation result

Adaptation relevance Further description of the indicator Roads (particularly dirt roads) are damaged by heavy downpours and flood-ing. Culverts that are unable to accommodate water flows due to under-specification or poor maintenance can exacerbate flooding. Bridges and embankments may also be damaged, making roads impassable. Roads are vital to the economic and social well-being of the country and damage to them impacts multiple sectors, including agriculture, transport, trade and industry and tourism.

Relevant sectors Trade & industry; Transport

Limitations of indicator The indicator includes in its measurement the proportion of the road net-work that has been subject to a vulnerability assessment and improvement (e.g. moving roads further inland, increasing culvert capacity), but the amount and quality of the improvement cannot be captured (i.e. do not know how much improvement took place relative to a baseline level of vul-nerability or if it led to greater economic and social well-being in the face of floods).To achieve such understanding, this indicator could be considered alongside results of regular vulnerability assessments that measure vulnera-bility levels over time, relative to a baseline. The definition of what consti-tutes a road is important, as smaller roads may actually be more important to peoples’ livelihoods than larger roads. As such, the definition should be clarified before applying the indicator. Besides, the extent to which these small roads are captured by the database (Kenya Roads Board) used for cal-culating the indicator should also be considered in terms of data representa-tiveness.

Data

Data sources Who provides data? Kenya Roads Board

Data availability What are the conditions to obtain the data? Kenya Roads Board is responsible for measuring this indicator. Data supply is facilitated through Data Supply and Reporting Obligation Agreements, which are issued to all organisations that are required to supply data or in-formation to the M&E system.



Information on total length of road in the county

Location of roads in relation to flood risk

Design and condition of roads in the county

Number / length of roads that have been subject to climate vulnerabil-ity assessments and subsequent improvements

Spatial level Coverage and scale of the data County level

Unit of measurement In which unit is the indicator presented? Percentage

Method of calculation Which method has been applied for calculation? Numerator = length of road that are not at risk + length of road that are at risk but that have been subject to relevant improvements (km) Denominator = total length of road in the county (km)

Sub-indicators Are sub-indicators needed? Which? N/A

Time reference and frequency of measurement




Additional comments This indicator measures the proportion of the road network that is not at risk, either by virtue of its design and location, and hence lack of susceptibil-ity to climate related damage, or because it has been subject to adaptation (vulnerability assessment and improvement) that has increased its resili-ence.

Source: Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan, Subcomponent 6: Section B (Annex 6)



Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR): Use of sup-port tools

Indicator

Name of the indicator Extent to which vulnerable households, communities, businesses, and public sector services use improved PPCR supported tools, instruments, strategies, and activities to respond to climate variability or climate change


Adaptation relevance Further description of the indicator Indicator is based on the assumption that if vulnerable stakeholders use high quality climate responsive tools, strategies or activities (referred to as 'tools/etc.') to a greater extent, this will strengthen their adaptive capacities. These 'tools/etc.' include investments in technologies and infrastructure (e.g. improved buildings, transport systems), information and knowledge assets (e.g. forecasts and risk assessments), public awareness platforms (e.g. media campaigns, websites), financial instruments (e.g. insurance), and pub-lic/community services (e.g. social protection, early warning.) Thus, the in-dicator tries to capture whether developed tools, policies or strategies – de-pending on the project context – are actually used/implemented by the tar-get group.

Relevant sectors Capacity building & mainstreaming

Limitations of indicator The indicator measures the number of stakeholders (i.e. households, com-munities, businesses, and public sector services) who have used PPCR tools but not the results of this use – i.e. if it led to different decisions, behaviours, improved capacities, etc. and if the tools were effective in reducing vulnera-bility.

Data

Data sources Who provides data? Data obtained from existing project/program documentation and other relevant reports available from civil society and the PPCR stakeholder community

Data availability What are the conditions to obtain the data?

PPCR project/program implementation units/teams collect pro-ject/programme-level data on PPCR supported tools/etc. and enter it into the relevant Monitoring and Reporting Table

Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR – country program lev-el) management unit/team compiles and aggregates project/program-level data for a country program-level synthesis



List (number and type) of climate responsive tools, instruments, strate-gies or activities improved and supported by the PPCR

Number of target stakeholders or users for each tool/etc. (i.e. number of households, communities, businesses, and/or public sector services deemed climate vulnerable in project/program baseline documenta-tion)

Number of target stakeholders that have used each tool/etc.

Description of how users have used each tool/etc.

Spatial level Coverage and scale of the data Measurement at individual project/program level, aggregated at the level of the SPCR (usually country level)

Unit of measurement In which unit is the indicator presented? Number of target stakeholders / users (specifically, number of households, businesses, communities, and public sector services)

Method of calculation Which method has been applied for calculation? Counting. (The number of households / communities / businesses / public sector services that have used a particular tool during a reporting period measured against the number that was originally targeted in the PPCR pro-ject/program.) (Where a target user uses an improved PPCR-supported tool/etc. more than once in a reporting period, they should only be counted once. Where a user is the target of several tools/etc. they should be counted once for each tool they use during the reporting period.)

Sub-indicators Are sub-indicators needed? Which? N/A

Time reference and fre-quency of measurement

For which year(s) are the data available? Baseline year: 2013 Frequency of measurement: Annual Duration of measurement: Duration of project/programme



Sources: PPCR Results Framework and Monitoring and Reporting Toolkit

PPCR Factsheet (GIZ, 2014)

http://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/measuring-results/ppcr-results-framework-and-monitoring-toolkit



Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR): Degree of integra-tion of climate change in national, including sector, planning

Indicator

Name of the indicator Degree of integration of climate change in national, including sector, planning


Adaptation relevance Further description of the indicator Countries that have systematically integrated climate resilience (risks and opportunities) into their planning processes at national and sectoral levels will have a greater capacity to respond or adapt to the impacts of climate change. This indicator tries to capture the extent to which a country has integrated climate resilience into national, ministry, and sector planning.

Relevant sectors Capacity Building and Mainstreaming

Limitations of indicator The indicator measures the existence of specific documents, (e.g. sectoral strategy that considers climate resilience), processes (e.g. risk screening) and people (e.g. climate coordinator), but not their quality and effectiveness – i.e. if countries are better responding to climate risks.

Data


Climate change coordination units, secretariats

Sectoral ministries and planning departments

Civil society and PPCR stakeholder community

Data availability What are the conditions to obtain the data?

Official policy planning documents made publicly available

National repositories

Accessibility of meeting documents, workshop and budget reports, pol-icy papers, and other relevant reports

Data needs What kind of data and information is needed? Using official planning documents, meeting reports, workshop and budget reports, policy papers and other relevant reports, indicator will capture if the following criteria are to determine the degree of integration :

Existence or status of a specific climate change policy, plan for the country/ sectors

Resilience strategies embedded in national government / sector princi-pal planning documents

Responsibility assigned to coordinate the integration of climate resili-ence into planning (e.g. inter-ministerial steering group)

Identification and prioritization of specific measures for addressing climate resilience – e.g. laws, regulations, investments, programs

Routine screening for climate risk in all planning processes


Spatial level Coverage and scale of the data Data scored at the country level

Unit of measurement In which unit is the indicator presented? Score between 0 and 10 0 = No integration, 5 = halfway, 10= Yes, complete integration.

Method of calculation Which method has been applied for calculation? Qualitative scoring. Meeting organised with the Strategic Programs for Climate Resilience (SPCR – country-level program of PPCR) Management Unit / Team; at least two representative from each identified sector; government, private sector and civil society. These representatives should be knowledgeable about climate resilience programs in the country and represent both women and men. In the meeting, each participant would complete the relevant PPCR Monitor-ing and Reporting Scorecard individually. The scores would be aggregated or negotiated through discussion to arrive at one score for each cell in the scorecard by consensus.

Sub-indicators Are sub-indicators needed? Which? For each priority sector, five questions must be answered with a score be-tween 0 and 10:

Is there an approved climate change plan for the nation / sector?

Have climate resilience strategies been embedded in the central gov-ernment’s / sector’s principal planning documents?

Has responsibility been assigned to institutions or persons to integrate climate resilience planning?

Have specific measures to address climate resilience been identified and prioritized? E.g. investments and programs.

Do all planning processes routinely screen for climate risks?


For which year(s) are the data available? Baseline year: 2013 Frequency of measurement: Annual Duration of measurement: Duration of project/programme



Additional comments The methodology is subjective and PPCR recommends that results be vetted by a wider stakeholder group to ensure that they are as proximate as possi-ble to the reality being experienced on the ground.

Sources: PPCR Results Framework and Monitoring and Reporting Toolkit

PPCR Factsheet (GIZ, 2014)

http://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/measuring-results/ppcr-results-framework-and-monitoring-toolkit



Mexico: Existing meteorological stations

Indicator

Name of the indicator Number of existing meteorological stations per territorial unit in the country


Adaptation relevance Further description of the indicator A higher density and better coverage of climate information per territorial unit helps producing better climate projections and reducing insecurity related to climate change impacts (e.g. territorial and temporal compari-sons). All in all it provides decision-makers a better information basis for strategic policy planning of adaptation relevant for all sectors.

Relevant sectors Information & communication, Capacity building & mainstreaming

Limitations of indicator The indicator does not capture the quality of the generated climate data. It further does not consider climate information from ocean weather stations or from space stations in the atmospheric layers and neither if and how the information is combined/ analysed, for example with regard to policy plan-ning.

Data


National Meteorological Service (SMN)

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

National institute for statistics and geography (INEGI)C

Complementary:

Weather/ climate stations from Federal Commission for Electricity (CFE), Ministry of Marine Affairs (SEMAR), Ministry of Defence (SEDENA), Mexican Petrol company (PEMEX)

Data availability What are the conditions to obtain the data? The data is available in the sub-directorate of the medium and long term projections of the National Meteorological Service (SMN)


Total number of existing meteorological stations and their geographic coordinates

Total number of territorial units

Spatial level Coverage and scale of the data National and sub-national (disaggregation by territorial unit)

Unit of measurement In which unit is the indicator presented? Number per territorial unit


Method of calculation Which method has been applied for calculation? Numerator = Total number of existing meteorological stations Denominator = Number of territorial units

Sub-indicators Are sub-indicators needed? Which? No sub-indicators are needed, but a common definition for territorial unit has to be determined. In addition maps/ networks of climate information coverage can be developed by using geographic coordinates of meteorologi-cal stations.





Additional comments Support for measuring this indicator can be requested from National Mete-orological Service (SMN) , National Commission for Water (CONAGUA), Mexican institute for water technologies (IMTA), National autonomous uni-versity of Mexico (UNAM)

Sources: Modernization projects of National Meteorological Service (MoMet)

Technical reports by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

Assessment reports by IPCC Working group I

http://smn.cna.gob.mx/modernizacion/modernizacionSMN.pdf


Mexico: Percentage of livestock insured against climate-induced risks

Indicator

Name of the indicator Percentage of livestock insured against death due to extreme and slow-onset weather events

Focus of the indicator Which aspect of adaptation is described by the indicator? Adaptation results

Adaptation relevance Further description of the indicator The indicator gives information on the progress in implementing insurance schemes for the livestock sector and allows for temporal and territorial comparisons. The insurance schemes protect livestock breeders from poten-tial production losses due to climate risks, in this case the death of livestock due to extreme heat stress, drought, etc. The indicator is especially relevant for the agricultural sector and the finan-cial sector in which the respective insurance products are developed.

Relevant sectors Agriculture, Financial services, Trade & Industry

Limitations of indicator The indicator does not take into account the amount of livestock privately insured by producers. It further does not give information on the amount of insurance per animal, e.g. if the insurance amount is cost covering for pro-ducers and if the insurance scheme takes all climate risks into account.

Data


Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA)

Ministry of Finance (SHCP)

Mexican information service on agri-food and fish industry (SIAP)

Data availability What are the conditions to obtain the data? The data is available at the component of natural disasters (CADENA) of the SAGARPA and at the Mexican information service on agri-food and fish industry (SIAP).


Insured number of livestock per livestock type

Total number of livestock type

Spatial level Coverage and scale of the data National and sub-national level; disaggregation of data by regions, federal state or by livestock type

Unit of measurement In which unit is the indicator presented? Percentage


Method of calculation Which method has been applied for calculation? Numerator = Number of insured livestock per livestock type Denominator = Total number of livestock type Result *100

Sub-indicators Are sub-indicators needed? Which? No sub-indicators are needed.




As adaptation takes place, the value will … Increase (Based on monitored increase from 2001 to 2010, it is expected that in 2018 10% of livestock will be insured against death due to climate risks)

Additional comments Support for measuring this indicator can be requested from the component on natural disasters (CADENA) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA) and from the Ministry for Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT)/ the National insti-tute for ecology and climate change/ INECC

Sources: Climate Change General law in Mexico

National Communications of Mexico to the Framework Convention of the United Nations on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

National Strategy for Climate Change

http://climatedatabase.eu/sites/default/files/mexican_climate_change_law.pdf

http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php

http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php

http://www.mitigationpartnership.net/mexico-2013-national-climate-change-strategy-10-20-40-vision


Morocco: Farmers involved in irrigation projects

Indicator

Name of the indicator Number of farmers who are members of the service of pilot irrigation messaging projects


Adaptation relevance Further description of the indicator A messaging service to farmers can facilitate adaptation to changing weath-er conditions. Knowledge on short-term changes in local climate helps farmers to determine at what time to irrigate their crops. A therefore more efficient irrigation system protects water resources as water can be saved or used for other pressing needs. Moreover, the crops get the optimal amount of water which increases yields and thus positively affects the farmers' live-lihoods.

Relevant sectors Agriculture, Information & communication, Water resources, Capacity building & mainstreaming

Limitations of indicator This indicator does not capture whether and how farmers use this service. Moreover, the weather forecasts might be wrong leading to sub-optimal irrigation.

Data


Agrotech SMD

Agrotech SMD – Action Report

Data availability What are the conditions to obtain the data? Agrotech SMD is responsible for data collection. Data is supplied by the offi-cial partners of the project: COPAG, Agrumar Souss, Zaouia, Mabrouka, El-boura, Kabbage Souss, Pack Souss, Priagrus

Data needs What kind of data and information is needed? Total number of farmers who are a member of the pilot irrigation project service

Spatial level Coverage and scale of the data Sub-regional level of the Region Sous Massa Drâa

Unit of measurement In which unit is the indicator presented? Number

Method of calculation Which method has been applied for calculation? Summation







Additional comments Additionally to the number of farmers who are member of this pilot irriga-tion service project, data on the number of messages per day that are direct-ly sent to farmers is available

Sources: Morocco 2014 Draft Version. Guide to establish an M&E system of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the regions of Souss Massa Drâa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz

Official website of the Association of Agrotechnologies of the region Souss Massa Drâa: www.agrotech.ma

Access to the pilot system for irrigation: http://yobeen.phytoconsulting.com/

Web-based “Platform of Solutions” established by the 6th World Water Forum: www.solutionsforwater.org

http://www.agrotech.ma/

http://yobeen.phytoconsulting.com/

http://www.solutionsforwater.org/


Morocco: Women organised in agricultural cooperatives

Indicator

Name of the indicator Number of women organised in agricultural cooperatives


Adaptation relevance Further description of the indicator Being organized in agricultural cooperatives can improve the adaptive ca-pacity of women, e.g. through better marketing of products, better market access, and support from the cooperative in case of yield losses.

Relevant sectors Agriculture, Trade & Industry, Capacity building & mainstreaming

Limitations of indicator This indicator gives evidence on whether women are organised in agricul-tural cooperatives or not. However, it does not capture whether the cooper-atives are fully operational and if women really benefit. Most importantly, the indicator does not specifiy to what extent the organisations present support in the face of climate change (e.g. is there a form of risk sharing mechanism?). If they do not facilitate adaptation, than the indicator has no direct adaptation relevance. Additionally, this indicator is limited to the sub-regional level as argan oil production and thus argan cooperatives do not cover the whole area of the two regions MTH and SMD.

Data

Data sources Who provides data? Regional Delegation of the Office of Development of Cooperation (ODECO)

Data availability What are the conditions to obtain the data? Data is available in the regional delegation offices of ODECO Marrakech and ODECO Agadir


Total number of argan cooperatives

Total number of women organised in argan cooperatives

Spatial level Coverage and scale of the data Regional level (Region SMD and Region MTH)

Unit of measurement In which unit is the indicator presented? Number

Method of calculation Which method has been applied for calculation? Summation




For which year(s) are the data available? Baseline year: 2003-2013 (Region MTH) Baseline year: 2000-2013 (Region SMD) Frequency of measurement: Annual Duration of measurement: Long-term



Source: Morocco 2014 Draft Version. Guide to establish an M&E system of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the regions of Souss Massa Drâa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz

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