1. RENAISSANCEANDREFORMATIONUNIT 9

2. What was the Renaissance ?Renaissance was the period of European history marking thedecline of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world:usually considered as beginning in Italy in the 14th century.With this term we refer to the spirit, culture, art, science, andthought of this period.Characteristics of the Renaissance are usually considered toinclude intensified classical scholarship, scientific andgeographical discovery, a sense of individual human 3. HumanismHumanism was a cultural movement of the Renaissance, based onclassical studies. It was also a philosophical position thatstresses the autonomy of human reason in contradistinction tothe authority of the Church.Definitions1. the denial of any power or moral value superior to that ofhumanity; the rejection of religion in favour of a belief in theadvancement of humanity by its own efforts2. a philosophical position that stresses the autonomy of humanreason in contradistinction to the authority of the Church3. often capital a cultural movement of the Renaissance, based onclassical studies 4. The Printing PressJohannes Gutenberg - His invention of mechanical movabletype printing started the Printing Revolution and is widely regardedas the most important event of the modern period.Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of aprocess for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-basedink; and the use of a wooden printing press.His truly epochal invention was thecombination of these elements intoa practical system which allowed themass production of printed books andwas economically viable for printers andreaders alike. 5. ScienceNicolaus Copernicus - was a Renaissance mathematician andastronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universewhich placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center. 6. ScienceAndreas Vesalius - was an anatomist,physician, and author ofone of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humanicorporis fabrica. Vesalius is often referred to as the founder ofmodern human anatomy. 7. ScienceMiguel Servet - was a Spanish theologian, physician,cartographer, and Renaissance humanist. He was the firstEuropean to correctly describe the function of pulmonarycirculation. He was a polymath versed in many sciences.Most copies of his book were burned shortly after its publication in1553 because of persecution of Servet by religious authorities.Three copies survived, but these remained hidden for decades. 8. Renaissance Art-Renaissance art is the painting, sculpture and decorative arts ofthat period of European history known as the Renaissance,emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400, in parallel withdevelopments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music andscience. Renaissance art, perceived as a "rebirth" of ancienttraditions, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity.-It can be divided into two main periods:.Quattrocento - 15th Century.Cinquecento - 16th Century 9. ActivitiesExercises 1 and 2 on page 83Exercises 1 and 2 on page 84. 10. Architecture. The QuattrocentoBRUNELLESCHI 11. Brunelleschi. Pitti Palace 12. Brunelleschi.Santo Spirito Church 13. Brunelleschi.San Lorenzo Church. 14. Leon Battista Alberti.Santa Maria Novella, Florence 15. Alberti.Rucellai Palace 16. Alberti. Basilicaof SantAndrea 17. Architecture. The CinquecentoROME. Saint Peters Basilica 18. Saint Peters Basilica 19. Venice. Andrea PalladioVilla Rotonda 20. ActivitiesExercise 1 on page 85. 21. Renaissance PaintingThe Quattrocento. Florence.Masaccio. Trinity and The tribute money 22. Piero della FrancescaThe Baptism of Christ andThe Flagellation of Christ 23. Sandro BotticelliPrimavera (c. 1482): icon of the springtime renewal of the FlorentineRenaissance. 24. Sandro Botticelli. The Birth of Venus 25. Painting. The Cinquecento.LEONARDO DA VINCI. Mona Lisa and Last Supper. 26. MichelangeloBuonarroti.Sistine Chapel 27. Sistine Chapel 28. Raphael Sanzio.The Wedding of the Virginand The School of Athens. 29. Tiziano Vecellio (Titian). VeniceCinquecentoThe Rape of Europa (1562) and Charles V at Mlhberg 30. RenaissanceSculptureThe Quattrocento.Ghiberti. 31. DonatelloDonatellos equestrian statueof Gattamelata at Padua andStatue of St. Georgein Orsanmichele, Florence. 32. MichelangeloPiet and Moses. 33. Michelangelo. David and Tombof Lorenzo de Medici. 34. ActivitiesExercise 1 on page 87. 35. Leonardo da Vinci, prototype ofhumanist. 36. Michelangelo Buonarroti 37. The expansion of the Renaissance 38. Albrecht Drer-Example of German Renaissance. 39. Spanish RenaissanceThe Gothic style continued to predominate inSpain until the early 16th Century.Renaissance in Spain had two possibilities theItalian tendency, not very extended, and thespanish own styles, which were two:Herrerian, and Plateresque. 40. Italian style in GranadaCharles V Palace in the Alhambra 41. Cathedral of Granada 42. Spanish style: HerrerianThe Monastery of El Escorial 43. Spanish style: PlateresqueUniversity of Salamanca, facade. 44. Spanish style: PlateresqueSan Marcos, Len 45. Painting.El Greco. 46. ActivititesExercise 1 and 2 on page 89 47. The Reformation It was a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses inthe Roman Church ending in the establishment of theReformed and Protestant Churches. The roots of the Reformation go back to the 14th-centuryattacks on the wealth and hierarchy of the Church made bygroups such as the Hussites. But the Reformation is usuallythought of as beginning in 1517 when Martin Luther issued95 theses criticizing Church doctrine and practice. InDenmark, Norway, Sweden, Saxony, Hesse, andBrandenburg, supporters broke away and establishedProtestant Churches, while in Switzerland a separatemovement was led by Zwingli and later Calvin. 48. Martin Luther 49. The Counter-ReformationCouncil of Trent, 1545 50. Consequences of religious change-Two religious blocks: Protestans and Catholics.-Violent religious wars in Europe.-Intolerance.-In Spain the Inquisition continued. 51. ActivitiesExercises 1 on page 90 and 1 on page 91.