UNIT 8. HUMANISM, REFORMATION AND RENAISSANCE ART

2nd graders Social Studies

Year 2015-2016

1 . REFO RM ATIO N AND CO UN TER -REFO RMATION

1.1. PROTESTANT REFORMATIONLa reforma protestanteIt was initiated by the German monk Martin Luther. He rejected the pope’s authority and criticised corruption whiting the Church.Luther argued that to gain salvation it was enough to have faith in Christ and that any person could interpret the Bible freely; therefore priests were not necessary. He also proclaimed that there were only two sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist.

Luther presents the 95 thesis on Wittenberg

church gates, Germany, 1517.

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1.2. OTHER PROTESTANT MOVEMENTS

There were other protestant movements as well as Lutheranism.

• CALVINISM-CALVINISMOCreated by John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination, that is to say each person is destined by God to eternal condemnation or salvation.• ANGLICANISM-

ANGLICANISMOAnglicanism started when king Henry VIII of England rejected the pope’s authority- the pope didnt allow the monarch to divorce Catherine of Aragon (Catholic Monarchs daughter)- and proclaimed himself head of the Anglican Church.

John Calvin by Holbein

Henry VIII by Joos van Cleve

1.3. THE COUNTER REFORMATION- La Contrarreforma

To combat Protestantism, the Catholic Church underwent a process of reform. The Council of Trent (El Concilio de Trento), a series of 25 meetings of the principal members of the Church, between 1545 and 1563 in Trento, northern Italy, consisting of determining the measures to be taken in order to stop Protestantism.The resolutions were:

• It confirmed the authority of the Pope and the Church.• It reaffirmed that good works were necessary to achieve

eternal salvation.• Only Church authorities had the right to interpret the

Bible.• There were seven sacraments.• It determined the steps to be taken to improve the training

of priests and to make sure they carried out their duties.

• They Society of Jesus (La Compañía de Jesús), a religious order founded by Ignacio de Loyola, spread the ideas of the Counter-Reformation.

The Council of Trent, 1545-1563

2. HUMANISM- HUMANISMO

Humanism was an intellectual movement, characterised by its admiration for the Classical Art. Humanists considered that human beings were the centre of the universe and explained reality in a rational way. They rejected medieval theocentrism. The main humanists were Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More.

Homework:Who was Erasmus of Rotterdam?(10-15 lines)Homewor

k:Who was Thomas More?(10-15 lines)

3 . ITALY THE CRADLE O F THE RENAISSANCE

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RENAISSANCEInspiration:

Greece and Rome• Idealised beauty• Classical

architectural elements: columns, semicircular arches, proportion, simplicity and simetry

Emphasis on human figure.

Realism

Pursuit of Perspective.

Light

ARQUITECTURE• Features inspired by the Ancient World.• Latin cross plans and circular plans;

semicircular arches, barrel vaults, doric, ionic and corinthian columns.

SCULPTURE• Depicted both religious and mythological

themes• Characterised by the beauty and

idealisation of the figures.

PAINTING• Fresco on the walls, tempera on wood panels

and oil painting on canvas.• Wide variety of themes (religious and

mythological scenes, portraits, landscapes)• Scenes appear to have depth (perspective)

RENAISSANCE ART IN ITALY AND ITS CHRONOLOGY

QUATTROCENTO• CHRONOLOGY: 15 th century (1400 onwards)• ARTISTIC CENTRE: Florence• SPONSORS: Medici family MAIN ARTISTS

ARCHITECTURE: Brunelleschi (The Dome of Florence Cathedral) Alberti (St. María Novella)SCULPTURE: Ghiberti (Gates of Paradise in Florence)PAINTING: Fra Angelico (Annunciation)

Botticelli (The birth of Venus, Allegory of Spring)

RENAISSANCE ART IN ITALY AND ITS CHRONOLOGY

CINQUECENTO• CHRONOLOGY: 16 th century (1500 onwards)• ARTISTIC CENTRE: Rome• SPONSORS: The Church (Pope Julio II)MAIN ARTISTSARCHITECTURE: Bramante (Tempietto at St. Pietro in Montorio) Michelangelo (Dome of New St Peter’s basilica , Vatican

City)SCULPTURE: Michelangelo (Pieta, David, Moses)PAINTING: Michelangelo(Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican City)

Rafael(The Athens School) Leonardo da Vinci (The Virgin and the

Child, The last supper)