unit ii the renaissance and exploration. section 12-1 the renaissance

UNIT II

The Renaissance and Exploration

Section 12-1

The Renaissance

What was society like during the Italian Renaissance?

urban society- a society in which many of the people live in cities

secular- worldly, rather than religious


mercenary- a soldier who sells his services to the highest bidder

dowry- (Italy) a sum of money given by a wife’s family to her husband


The ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1350-1550

-literally means “rebirth”; it began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe; it was an urban society, wealthy increase causing a secular viewpoint; renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman traditions; influenced both people and art


The city-states of Milan, Venice, and Florence developed;

Florence: it was the cultural center of Italy; in 1434, Cosmo deMedici took control; the family was very wealthy and controlled politics

This angered people

Niccolo Machiavelli-wrote The Prince; it is one of the most important books on political power ever written. Summary: Should rule based on what is best for the people.

The ITALIAN STATES Machiavelli and the New Statecraft


RENAISSANCE SOCIETY Feudalism was declining; saw a rise of

people who were self-made as well as artisans; family was a major part of Renaissance Italy. Arranged marriages to strengthen business ties; dowry; father is central figure; gave freedom to his children; women ran the household

The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance

Section 12-2

What were the artistic achievements of the Renaissance?

humanism- an intellectual movement of the Renaissance that was based on the study of ancient Greek and Roman classics


fresco- a painting done on a fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints


Studied grammar, moral philosophy, and history. Petrarch was the father of humanism; he sought out Latin manuscripts; believed in intellectualism.

Vernacular- in the common language Dante The Divine Comedy) and Chaucer (The Canterbury Tales). Christine dePizan French author who wrote in favor of women.

Italian Renaissance Humanism

Vernacular Literature


EDUCATION in the RENAISSANCE Renaissance humanists believed education

changed people.

Wanted to educate people not necessarily to become scholars; but rather, to become complete people. Studied the liberal arts

If women went to school they studied the classics, history, dancing, singing.


Tried to imitate nature in their art; made human beings the focus of their work; frescos; High Renaissance 1490-1520 da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo are associated with this period

Painted illustrations for books; Flemish artist Jan van Eyck first to use oil paint; they were influenced by the Italian Renaissance.

Art in Italy Art in Northern Europe

Leonard da Vinci 1452-1519

Mona Lisa- 1517

The Last Supper- 1498

Leonard da Vinci 1452-1519

Da Vinci created numerous drawings that were accurate of the human body, a flying machine, and other technology. Moreover, da Vinci was considered a “Renaissance Man” because of his many skills and accomplishments.

Michelangelo 1475-1564

Michelangelo 1475-1564

The Sistine Chapel is located in Rome, Italy. Michelangelo also sculpted “David”. The US Capitol Dome, in Washington, DC, is modeled after his work in the Sistine Chapel.

The Protestant Reformation

Section 12-3

What were the causes of the Protestant Reformation?

Christian humanism- a movement in northern Europe during the Renaissance that stressed the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves


salvation- acceptance into heaven

indulgence- a release from all or part of the punishment for sin


ERASMUS and CHRISTIAN HUMANISM Christian humanists believed in the ability

of humans to reason and improve themselves; believed that if you read the works of Christianity you would be pious.

Erasmus: “philosophy of Christ” he believed Christianity should show people how to lead good lives. He sought reform in Catholic church and this helped pave the way for Reformation.


RELIGION on the EVE of REFORMATION

Much corruption in the Catholic Church; popes more interested in politics; indulgences (release from punishment of sin) came into practice by the popes

People just wanted salvation at


MARTIN LUTHER (Germany) Was a monk and teacher; Catholics

believed salvation was achieved by faith in God and good works; Luther disagrees believed that salvation is attained though faith alone.

October 31, 1517, Luther posts 95 Theses, they were an attack on selling indulgences

Excommunicated in 1521 Lutheranism is the first form of

Protestantism


Good works and faith led to salvation; 7 sacraments; non-married clergy

Faith alone led to salvation; 2 sacraments (Baptism and Eucharist)’ married clergy

Catholic Beliefs Protestant Beliefs


POLITICS in the GERMAN REFORMATION

Peace of Augsburg- 1555, accepted the division of Christianity in Germany.

Lutheran states were given the same legal rights as Catholic ones in Germany

The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

Section 12-4

What were the effects of the spread of Protestantism?

predestination- the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will not


annul- declare a marriage invalid


CALVIN and CALVINISM (France) Already converted to Protestantism but

France was primarily Catholic1536 publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion

He believed in predestination

By the mid 1500’s Calvinism replaces Lutheranism


The REFORMATION in ENGLAND

It began out of politics not religion

Henry VIII wanted an annulment from Catherine of Aragon because they did not have a son. Pope refused

Henry asks the archbishop to and he agrees; Henry marries Ann Boleyn


The REFORMATION in ENGLAND (contd) Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy in 1534-

makes Henry VIII the head of the Church of ENGLAND

Moves in a more Protestant direction; Henry died in 1547, his son Edward VI took the throe, was 9 yo and was sickly. Died in 1553

Bloody Mary takes over (daughter with C. of Aragon) she moves to a more Catholic belief system


The CATHOLIC REFORMATION 3 factors that brought it on:

1 Jesuits 2 Reform of the Papacy 3 Council of Trent


Jesuits (Society of Jesus) Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish. Used

education to spread their word and were aligned with the pope. Spread Catholicism to all parts of the world


Reform of the Papacy Acknowledged the corruption of

Renaissance popes and the need for reform Pope Paul III led the reforms


Council of Trent 1545

The council was made of Church leaders and theologians, met on and off for 18 years

Results: 1. both faith and good works necessary for salvation; 2. seven sacraments upheld; 3. the Catholic view of the Eucharist upheld; 4. celibacy upheld; and 5. indulgences forbidden

Exploration and Expansion

Section 13-1

Why did European countries want to explore and expand their territory? conquistadors-

Spanish conquerors of the Americas

colony- a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with a parent country by trade and government control

Why did European countries want to explore and expand their territory?

balance of trade- the difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time


MOTIVE and MEANS

3 major reasons for exploration: God- to spread religious beliefs Glory- to desire for adventure Gold- for trading purposes


VOYAGES to the AMERICAS

By the 1490’s Spain and Portugal explored land in the Americas

Treaty of Tordesillas- treaty created a line of demarcation thru the Atlantic Ocean (land to the west=Spanish; east=Portugese)


Amerigo Vespucci- went along for voyages to the Americans with Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral. Vespucci wrote letters describing what he saw. These letters helped name the Americas.


ECONOMIC IMPACT and COMPETITION

In the 1500 and 1600’s European nations established trading posts in the Americas.

They established colonies.


The colonies supplied bullion (gold and silver) to the nation

The nation prospered.

Colonies were important because they ere sources of raw materials and were markets for finished goods

Africa in the Age of Transition

Section 13-2

How did colonies change slave trade in Africa?

plantations- large agricultural estates that often depended on slavery to provide labor they needed

triangular trade- a pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa and Asia, and the Americas


Middle Passage- the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas (the middle portion of the triangular trade route)


The SLAVE TRADE

Slavery had been practiced in Africa since ancient times

SE Asia wanted to use as domestic servants


The SLAVE TRADE (contd)

The demand for slaves increased after the discovery of the Americas

Plantations in Brazil and in the Caribbean for sugar cane increased the need for free labor


The SLAVE TRADE (contd)

At first, slaves were POW

As need for free labor increased kings sent soldiers to raid helpless villages and sold the victims into slavery


Check point!

What is the triangular trade?

How did the need for free labor change the slave trade?

What do you think were some of the effects on African societies?


Triangular trade European trade shops

carried manufactured goods (guns and cloth) to Africa; traded them for slaves. The slaves were shipped to Americas and sold. Europeans then bought tobacco, molasses, sugar and raw cotton and shipped them to Europe.


The Middle Passage- Between Africa and Americas; as many as 10 million slaves were transported; many slaves died during this because of harsh conditions (lack of immunity as well as harshness of captors)


POLITICAL and SOCIAL STRUCTURES

European culture did not expand past the coastal regions

Mostly maintained indigenous religions but Christianity and Islam spread to some coastal countries

SE Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade

Section 13-3

What impact did Europeans have on the Spice Trade?

mainland states- states that are part of continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands

bureaucracy- a body of nonelective government officials

What impact did Europeans have on the Spice Trade?

In 1511, Europeans seized the Spice Islands; less European influence on the mainland b/c most had monarchies that united the people to drive out European

Between 1500 and 1800, Islam and Christianity began to attract converts, especially on non-mainland states. Buddhism advanced on the mainland; some traditional beliefs still survived but ere influenced by European religions

Arrival of Europeans Religious and Political Systems

unit ii the renaissance and exploration. section 12-1 the renaissance

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