Remote Sensing in Remote Sensing in Modern Military Modern Military

OperationsOperations

OutlineOutline

►BackgroundBackground►Former cruise missile technologyFormer cruise missile technology►Current cruise missile technologyCurrent cruise missile technology►GIS on the battlefield: ESRI products GIS on the battlefield: ESRI products

for the militaryfor the military►Future of GIS applied to small unit Future of GIS applied to small unit

tacticstactics

►What is a GIS?What is a GIS?►A GIS is a computer system capable of A GIS is a computer system capable of

capturing, storing, analyzing, and capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced displaying geographically referenced information; that is, data identified information; that is, data identified according to location. Practitioners according to location. Practitioners also define a GIS as including the also define a GIS as including the procedures, operating personnel, and procedures, operating personnel, and spatial data that go into the system.spatial data that go into the system.

►A GIS makes it possible to link, or A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate, information that is difficult integrate, information that is difficult to associate through any other means. to associate through any other means. Thus, a GIS can use combinations of Thus, a GIS can use combinations of mapped variables to build and analyze mapped variables to build and analyze new variables (fig. 9).new variables (fig. 9).

►For example, using GIS technology, it For example, using GIS technology, it is possible to combine agricultural is possible to combine agricultural records with hydrography data to records with hydrography data to determine which streams will carry determine which streams will carry certain levels of fertilizer runoff. certain levels of fertilizer runoff. Agricultural records can indicate how Agricultural records can indicate how much pesticide has been applied to a much pesticide has been applied to a parcel of land. parcel of land.

Former Cruise Missile Former Cruise Missile TechnologyTechnology

►NavigationNavigation Inertial Navigation System (INS)Inertial Navigation System (INS) Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM)Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM) (later) Global Positioning System (GPS)(later) Global Positioning System (GPS)

►Terminal phaseTerminal phase Digital Scene Matching Area Correlator Digital Scene Matching Area Correlator

(DSMAC)(DSMAC)

TERCOMTERCOM

Target

Launch

INS Navigation

Waypoint fix

Stored map

Missile track

•Multiple raster maps stored (all with same dimensions)

•Maps are DEMS of areas that have distinct topography

•Spatial resolution increases with each successive map—“precision funneling”

Tomahawk Cruise Missile Track using INS and TERCOM

DSMAC and TERCOMDSMAC and TERCOM

High-resolution imagery (spatial and radiometric)

Radar-altimeter used to compare elevation of terrain with stored data

Generate DEM from high-resolution satellite imagery

Right time of day—correct range of contrast

•Accurate 30-100 m

•Must obtain data for entire land surface of earth

•Very inefficient over flat areas—circuitous route necessary

Next Generation Missile—Next Generation Missile—JASSMJASSM

► Joint Air-Surface Standoff MissileJoint Air-Surface Standoff Missile NavigationNavigation

► INSINS►GPSGPS

Terminal PhaseTerminal Phase► IR seekerIR seeker►Real-time target correlatorReal-time target correlator

Much more preciseMuch more precise

► The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) has tapped Space Imaging ((NGA) has tapped Space Imaging (www.spaceimaging.comwww.spaceimaging.com) to provide the ) to provide the remote sensing imagery to underpin the remote sensing imagery to underpin the installation visualization effort. The installation visualization effort. The commercial firm is supplying its Precision 1-commercial firm is supplying its Precision 1-meter IKONOS imagery to cover more than meter IKONOS imagery to cover more than 300 defense sites, mostly in the United States 300 defense sites, mostly in the United States and Guam. Much of the needed imagery and Guam. Much of the needed imagery came from the company’s existing inventory came from the company’s existing inventory of installation images in its archive.of installation images in its archive.

GIS on the Battlefield: ESRIGIS on the Battlefield: ESRI

Command and ControlCommand and Control

GIS on the Battlefield: ESRIGIS on the Battlefield: ESRI

Mission Planning—Threat DomesMission Planning—Threat Domes

GIS on the Battlefield: ESRIGIS on the Battlefield: ESRI

Military Operations in Urbanized TerrainMilitary Operations in Urbanized Terrain

GIS on the Battlefield: ESRIGIS on the Battlefield: ESRI

Tracking and MonitoringTracking and Monitoring

► The GIS imagery product can serve a number of The GIS imagery product can serve a number of functions. Local installation officials can use the functions. Local installation officials can use the multilayered GIS product to plan additional security multilayered GIS product to plan additional security measures to deal with new terrorist threats. These measures to deal with new terrorist threats. These local officials also can examine infrastructure local officials also can examine infrastructure issues, such as expansion or return of land to issues, such as expansion or return of land to civilian use, in the context of the effects these civilian use, in the context of the effects these changes would have in a variety of environmental changes would have in a variety of environmental areas. And, Defense Department officials can areas. And, Defense Department officials can consider all of these factors in determining base consider all of these factors in determining base realignment or closure.realignment or closure.

The Future: GIS Integrated with The Future: GIS Integrated with Land WarriorLand Warrior

► Land Warrior SystemLand Warrior System

What GIS can do for small units:What GIS can do for small units:

► Command and controlCommand and control For company commanders, For company commanders,

platoon and squad leadersplatoon and squad leaders Track movements and Track movements and

status of each person and status of each person and unitunit

Transmit messages, images, Transmit messages, images, maps, to individualsmaps, to individuals

► NavigationNavigation View 2D or 3D maps of current View 2D or 3D maps of current

location in multiple viewslocation in multiple views GPS to direct toward waypointsGPS to direct toward waypoints

► Soldier identification and target Soldier identification and target discriminationdiscrimination Friendly troopsFriendly troops Enemy troopsEnemy troops CiviliansCivilians

GIS for small units:GIS for small units:

► Terrain analysisTerrain analysis Cross-country mobilityCross-country mobility Patrol base analysis—OCOKAPatrol base analysis—OCOKA

► OObservation and fields of firebservation and fields of fire► CCover and concealmentover and concealment► OObstaclesbstacles► KKey terrainey terrain► AAvenues of approachvenues of approach

Automated real-time data correctionAutomated real-time data correction

► Communication with command centerCommunication with command center Field commanders can query GIS analysts at Field commanders can query GIS analysts at

command center to conduct terrain analysis or command center to conduct terrain analysis or least cost pathleast cost path

Questions/comments/Questions/comments/suggestions?suggestions?