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Chapter one

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Chapter 1

The Ancient Near East:

The First Civilizations

Timeline

The First HumansHominids

Australopithecines (3-4 million years ago; simple stone tools; limited to Africa)Homo Erectus (1.5 million years ago; larger, more varied tools; moves into Europe and Asia) Homo Sapiens (“wise human being”)Neanderthals, (c. 100,000 – 30,000 years ago)

• Neander Valley in Germany, other parts of Europe and Middle East• More advanced stone tools; burial of the dead

Homo Sapiens Sapiens, (c. 200,000 B.C. – Present)• “Wise, wise human being”• Replaced Neanderthals• Spread throughout the world

Map 1.1: The Spread of Homo Sapiens Sapiens

The Hunter Gatherers of the Old Stone Age

Paleolithic Age, (c. 2.5 million years ago – 10,000 years ago)Hunting and GatheringNomadic Bands (20 – 30 people)Division of labor between men and womenDiscovery of Fire (c. 500,000 B.C.)

Source of light and heat; cooking of food

Cultural activities notably cave paintings

Neolithic Revolution(c. 10,000 – 4000 B.C.)

Agricultural RevolutionMove from hunting and gathering toward systematic growing of food

Consequences of Neolithic RevolutionPermanent Settlements (Çatal Hüyük)

Trade

Specialized Division of Labor

Improved Tools

Domestication of Animals

Development of Writing

Use of Metals

Copper + Tin = Bronze

Bronze Age (c. 3000 B.C. – c. 1200 B.C.)

The Emergence of Civilization

Six Characteristics of CivilizationUrban Focus – Cities become very important

Distinct Religious Structure (gods; priests)

Political and Military Structures (bureaucracy; armies)

Social structure based on economic power

Writing – Record keeping

Artistic and Intellectual Activity

Civilization in MesopotamiaThe City State of Ancient Mesopotamia

Begins at Sumer (c. 3000 B.C.)City States (Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Umma, Lagash)Temples to the gods / ZigguratsTheocracy (gods rule the cities through priests)Kingship (divine in Origin)Economy primarily agriculturalSome tradeThree Major Social Groups

• Nobles, Commoners, and Slaves

Map 1.2: The Ancient Near East

Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia

Early Dynastic Age (c. 3000 – 2340 B.C.)Instability; warfare between city states

Akkadian Empire (c. 2340 – c. 2100 B.C.)Sargon

Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112 – 2000 B.C.)Amorites

Hammurabi (1792 – 1750 B.C.)

Code of Hammurabi

282 Laws

Strict Justice / Severe Penalties

Principle of Retaliation

Responsibility of Public Officials

Consumer Protections

Agriculture and Trade

Family / Marriage / Domestic Affairs

Culture of MesopotamiaThe Importance of Religion

City State linked to god or goddess.Epic of Gilgamesh Polytheistic (belief in many gods)Human beings subservient to godsDivination

Cultivation of New Arts and SciencesWriting, (c. 3000 B.C.)

• cuneiform = “wedge-shaped”

Record Keeping; Past Events; LiteratureMathematics

• Number System based on 60• Geometry• Astronomy

The Development of Cuneiform

Egyptian Civilization:“The Gift of the Nile”

Nile RiverAnnual, predictable flooding

Food Surplus

Transportation

Security

Changelessness

Mud and thatch wall of Egyptian farmhouse in the Nile River Valley.

Map 1.3: Ancient Egypt

The Old and Middle KingdomsUpper and Lower Egypt United (c. 3100 B.C.)Old Kingdom (c. 2686 – 2125)

Prosperity and StabilityPharaohs (Divine Kings)

• Absolute Rulers• Ma’at

Bureaucracy – VizierNomes (Provinces)

First Intermediate Period (c. 2125 – 2055 B.C.)Middle Kingdom (c. 2055 – 1650 B .C.)

Changing Role of Pharaoh

Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt

Organized HierarchicallyPharaoh at the top

Upper Class (Nobles and Priests)

Merchants and Artisans• Trade

Lower Class; Serfs• Majority of population

• Bound to land

• Tax payers

• Military service; labor force

Culture of EgyptSpiritual Life and Egyptian Society

Religion• Sun Cult (Atum; Re)• Osiris, Isis, and Seth• Book of the Dead

Pyramids• City of the Dead• Physical Body / Spiritual Body (Ka)• Mummification• Great Pyramid at Giza (c. 2540 B.C.)

Art and Writing• Functional / Integral in ritual• Art Formulaic• Writing (Hieroglyphs)

Osiris as Judge of the Dead

Chaos and a New Order: The New Kingdom

Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650 – c. 1550 B.C.)Hyksos InvasionBronze AgeNew Methods of Warfare

New Kingdom (c. 1550 – 1085 B.C.)Militarism and ImperialismAmenhotep IV (c. 1364 – 1347 B.C.)

• Worship of Aten (god of the sun disk)

Tutankhamen (1347 – 1338 B.C.)• Restoration of old gods

Rameses II (c. 1279 – 1213 B.C.)Decline (after 1085 B.C.)

Nubians in Egypt

Life in Ancient EgyptMarriage

Husband – master of the houseWife – head of the household; education of children

WomenLaborHatshepsutArranged Marriages

• Reproduction• Love• Divorce allowed• Adultery strictly prohibited

On the Fringes of Civilization

Farming established in Europe (4000 B.C.)

Megalithic StructuresBuilt around 4000 B.C.

Most famous is Stonehenge in England

Required coordination of labor for construction

The Impact of the Indo-Europeans

Indo-European Languages

Homeland

Migrations (c. 2000 B.C.)

Table 1.2: Some Indo-European Languages

Map 1.4: The Egyptian and Hittite Empires

The Hittite Empire

Rise and Fall of the Hittite EmpireSuppiluliumas I (c. 1370 – 1330 B.C.)

Relations with Egypt

Reasons for fall

Assimilation of other cultures

Discussion QuestionsWhat were some of the key characteristics that separated homo sapiens sapiens from other early hominids?What were the reasons behind the Neolithic Revolution?Why is Mesopotamia called the Cradle of Civilization?What does the Code of Hammurabi tell us about Mesopotamian society?What role did the Nile River play in the development of Egyptian civilization?Why was Egyptian civilization so centered on death and dying?What function did women play in Mesopotamian society?What does the existence of megalithic structures tell us about the societies that built them?

Web Links

Becoming Human

Exploring Ancient World Cultures: The Ancient Near East

Creative Impulse: Mesopotamia

The British Museum: Ancient Egypt

Daily Life in Ancient Egypt

Death and Burial in Egypt

http://www.becominghuman.org/

http://eawc.evansville.edu/nepage.htm

http://eawc.evansville.edu/nepage.htm

http://history.evansville.net/meso.html

http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/menu.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/dailylife/dailylife.html

http://www.carlos.emory.edu/ODYSSEY/EGYPT/d%26b.html

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