professor andreas hoff [email protected] , zittau/goerlitz university, germany
DESCRIPTION
International Comparison of Working C arers ‘ Reconciliation Strategies in Germany, Italy, Poland, and the UK. IFA 11 th Global Conference on Ageing 31 May 2012. Professor Andreas Hoff [email protected] , Zittau/Goerlitz University, Germany on behalf of the Carers@Work consortium - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Carers@Work
International Comparison ofWorking Carers‘ Reconciliation Strategies
in Germany, Italy, Poland, and the UK
Professor Andreas Hoff [email protected],Zittau/Goerlitz University, Germany
on behalf of the Carers@Work consortiumhttp://www.carersatwork.tu-dortmund.de/en/
IFA 11th Global Conference on Ageing
31 May 2012
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Carers@WorkContents
1. Research consortium and funding2. Research questions3. Rationale for selecting countries4. Methodological design4.1Research methods4.2Theoretical sample and sample realisation5. Socio-demographics, care and work situation6. Combining employment and family care6.1Typical conflict patterns6.2 Reconciliation strategies7. Conclusions: How can working carers be effectively
supported?
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Carers@Work
1. Research consortium and
funding
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Carers@Work
Funding
This project was funded (€ 400,000) by the Volkswagen Foundation within their Research
Programme “Individual and Societal Perspectives of Ageing“ for 2 years from
01/01/2009 to 31/12/2010
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Carers@Work
Carers@work research consortiumEnterprise study: Technical University Dortmund (Germany):
Prof. Dr. Monika Reichert (Coordinator), Annette Franke University Duisburg-Essen (Germany): Prof. Dr.
Gerhard Bäcker, Angelika Kümmerling Family carer study: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (Germany):
Dr. Hanneli Döhner, Susanne Kohler Instituto Nazionale Riposo e Cura Anziani INRCA (Italy)
Dr. Giovanni Lamura, Dr. Andrea Principi, Sara Santini Jagiellonian University Cracow (Poland):
Dr. Jolanta Perek-Bialas, Justyna Stypinska University of Oxford (UK):
Dr. Andreas Hoff, Kate Hamblin
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Carers@Work10 Research Reports
1 Final Report Secondary Data Analysis SHARE/ELSA + EUROFAMCARE
1 Final Report Employers Perspective
4 National Reports (Germany, Italy, Poland, UK)
1 International Comparative Report 1 International Literature Review
1 European Policy Report
1 Expert Report on the Economic Costs of Lack of Reconciliation
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Carers@Work
2. Research questions
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Carers@WorkResearch questions
1. What are typical conflict situations between work and care?2. What strategies do carers use to reconcile work and care for an
older individual? 3. How does qualification level of the carers influence the
reconciliation of work and care for an older individual?4. How do employment and income situation of the caregivers'
households influence the reconciliation of work and care?5. What kind of gender inequalities result from reconciliation?6. What kind of support at public, company or societal level is most
efficient for the reconciliation of employment and care for older people?
7. Are there any country specific conflicts or reconciliation strategies?8. Do carers and employers identify similar or different
conflicts/strategies?
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Carers@Work
3. Rationale for selecting
countries
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Carers@WorkCountry differences: Welfare state regimes
(Esping-Andersen 1990; Deacon et al. 1992; Ferrara 1996)
Conservative-corporatist
Liberal-residual
Mediterranean
Post-communist
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Carers@Work
Country differences: care providers
Family and professional care services
Family and professional care services
Family (low level of care infrastructure)
Family (low level of care infrastructure)
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Carers@Work
Country differences: Labour force participation rate of women in % (Eurostat 2010)
Women between 15 and 64 years 66.2 65.0 46.4 52.8
Older workers (55-64 years) 58.2 57.5 35.7 32.3
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Carers@Work
4. Methodological design carers
study
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Carers@Work
4.1 Research methods
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Carers@WorkWho is a working carer?
According to EUROCARERS a carer is ‘a person who provides unpaid care to someone with a chronic illness, disability or other long lasting health or care need, outside a professional or formal framework’.
‘Carers’ in this study are defined as any person who cares on an unpaid basis for someone 60 years and older (does not need to be family member), for at least 10 hours per week.
‘Caring’ means: physical care, instrumental support, household tasks (ADL and IADL), emotional care, and management of care (excluding financial help only);
A ‘working carer’ is any person who reconciles these caring tasks and work- for this study, we have included anyone who works more than 10 hours per week in regular employment (therefore seasonal or occasional employment was not included).
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Carers@Work
Research methods Semi-structured, topic-guide based interviews with 60
working family carers in each of the four participating countries (Germany, Italy, Poland, UK) Problem-centred interview according to Witzel
Transcription of all interviews Computer assisted analysis (MAXQDA) using qualitative
content analysis Qualitative content analysis according to Mayring
Same topic-guide in the 4 countries Country based analysis first (4 National Reports),
feeding into comparative report
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Carers@Work
4.2 Theoretical sample
and sample realisation
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Carers@WorkTheoretical Sample
60 interviews in each country; Combining the aim of a mixed sample with saturation; The desired mixed sample is as follows:
Qualification Level
Couple, both working
Couple, one working
Single, working
High (A Levels and above)
10 10 10
Low (up to GCSEs)
10 10 10
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Carers@WorkRealised Sample (N=226)
Couple both working
Couple one working
Single Total Total
High level of education (ISCED 4-6)
DE = 21 DE =12 DE = 08 41
139UK = 11 UK = 10 UK = 13 34
I = 11 I = 03 I = 10 24PL = 18 PL = 05 PL = 17 40
Low level of education (ISCED 0-3)
DE = 08 DE = 04 DE = 05 17
85UK = 06 UK = 03 UK = 05 14
I = 16 I = 10 I = 10 36PL = 11 PL = 03 PL = 04 18
Total
DE = 29 DE = 16 DE = 13 58
226UK = 18 UK = 14 UK = 18 50
I = 27 I = 13 I = 20 60PL = 29 PL = 8 PL = 21 58
Total 102 50 72 226
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Carers@Work
5. Socio-demographics,
work and care situation
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Carers@WorkSocio-demographics
Female carer 86 % 82 % 68 % 81 %
Married carerWidowed car.
78 %3 %
68 %8 %
70 %3 %
60 %17 %
Age carer 54 years 54 years 52 years 52 years
Age care recipient
82 years 78 years 84 years 82 years
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Carers@WorkCare situation
50+ hours care p. Week
36 % 60 % 2 % 33 %
3-5 y. care10+ years
36 %8 %
30 %32 %
50 %15 %
29 %32 %
1 care recipient
78 % 64 % 92 % 81 %
Caring for mother
47 % 42 % 67 % 58 %
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Carers@WorkWork situation
Emp. status employee
67 % 84 % 42 %(55% civil s.)
74 %
Priv. SectorPubl. Sector
36 %30 %
26 %48 %
27 %70 %
31 %43 %
Occupation professionals
38 % 44 % 25 %(47% clerks)
48 %
Full-timeEmployment
66 % 50 % 78 % 66 %
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Carers@Work
6. Combining employment
and care
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Carers@Work
6.1 Typical conflict patterns
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Carers@Work
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Typical conflict situations – similar
TIME
Lack of time X X X X
Never time to relax X X X X
No break between work and care
X X X X
Inflexible opening hours
X X X X
Not enough time for friends & family
X X X X
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Carers@Work
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Typical conflict situations – similar
WORKPLACE / HEALTH
Tiredness, lack of attention
X X X X
Crises X X X X
Limited career progression
X X X X
Stress – detoriating health
X X X X
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Carers@Work
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Typical conflict situations – different
Financial problems Low (LTCI, many
better off)
Strong (additional expenses for care)
Medium (extra
expenses)
Medium (much family
involve-ment)
Problems with work colleagues / line managers
Frequent (fight for
entitlem., priv.
Sector)
Rarely(Line
managers, public sector)
Infrequent(Private matter)
Infrequent(Private matter)
Conflicts with siblings Frequent Frequent Rarely Rarely
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Carers@Work
Conflicts: most significant cross-country variationAdjustments in job necessary (working hours, career progression)High prevalence of burn-outFinancial effect (half of the sample, the other half not)
Adjustments in job necessary (working hours, career progression) Family conflict (brothers & sisters) Financial effect
No reduction of working hours – strict separation work / family Strengthening of family bondsConflicts in case of hospitalisation
No reduction of working hours – strict separation work / familySignificant effect on well-being of the working carersFamily conflict (brothers & sisters)
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Carers@Work
6.2 Reconciliation strategies
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Carers@Work
Informal reconciliation strategies
Sharing burden among family members x x X X
Friends & neighbours as last resort x X
Time out X X X X
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Carers@WorkSemi-formal reconciliation strategies
‘Bank of trust’ with line manager, colleagues (includes working long hours, etc.)
(x) X
Support from voluntary sector X X
Purchase of private care services (x) X
Migrant care workers (x) x
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Carers@Work
Formal reconciliation strategies
Flexi-time X X
Care leave X X X
Public care services X (x) (x)Cash benefits for care recipients X X X X
Cash benefits for carers X X X (x)
Day-care centres X X
Formal company policies X X
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Carers@Work
Strategies: most significant cross-country variation
Using care services + payments of Long-Term Care Insurance
Building a relationship of trust with line manager
Employing a migrant care worker
Sharing the burden with other family members
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Carers@Work
7. Conclusions
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Carers@WorkOutlook: How to support more effectively?
Paid care leave schemes Entitlement to flexibility in workplace Entitlement to respite care, ideally at home Introduction of emergency services for carers Longer hours + greater flexibility of care services Home visits by care services (information, advice) Holiday resorts including care facilities Less bureaucracy! Shorter waiting times! Co-operation between professional + informal carers Better transition between institutional/home care Accommodate specific needs of Dementia patients
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Carers@Work
Thank you very much for your attention!
Find out more at: http://www.carersatwork.tu-dortmund.de/en/
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Carers@Work
Annex: Additional information
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Carers@WorkKey elements of the research
(A) Carers Study International literature review Secondary data analysis of
SHARE/ELSA+EUROFAMCARE N = 60 qualitative topic-guide
based interviews in Germany, UK, Italy and Poland with working carers
Four national reports International report Guidelines, policy briefs
(B) Enterprise Study International literature review Review of enterprise-level
agreements on reconciliation Identification examples of best
practice expert interviews in Germany,
UK, Italy and Poland Expert report on economic
costs if no reconciliation European Care Policy Report Guidelines, policy briefs