PROCEEDINGS ICCS '97

Proceedings of the9th InternationalConference on Coal Science7-12 September 1997Essen, Germany

Volume II

DGMK Tagungsbericht 9703

UNIVERSITATSBIBUOTHEKHANNOVER

TECHNiSCHEINRDRMATIONSBiBLIOTHEK

Edited by:A. Ziegler, K.H. van Heek,J. Klein and W. Wanzl

UB/TIB Hannover116 451 564

89

P & W Druck und Verlag GmbHD - 45141 Essen, Germany

Volume II

Pyrolysis and Carbonisation 543

Kinetics and Mechanisms 545

Pore structure evolution and volatiles release during high pressure coal pyrolysis 545J. Tomeczek, S. Gil

The influence of the humic constituents upon the nature of thermal conversion of 549brown coalL. Butuzova, A. Krzton

Kinetics of mesophase formation from coal tar pitch and coal tar pitch-graphite / 553metal chloride mixtureJ. Pajak, E. Alain, I. Gerard, D. Bdgin

Comparison of different mechanisms for the product formation in the simulation of 557coal pyrolysisJ. Pelek, B. Rummer, V. Seebauer, G. Staudinger

Extension of a coal pyrolysis model to biomass feedstocks 561Y. Chen, S. Charpcnay, A. Jensen, M.A. Serio, M.A. Wdjtowicz

Primary devolatilization during the initial stages of pressurized combustion and 565gasificationS. Niksa

Flash pyrolysis of single coals 569Th. Kellerhoff, S. Wirtz, H. Kroner

Evaluation of precombustion control of mercury emissions from coal combustion 573by mild pyrolysis in a Rijke pulse combustorT.C. Keener, A.T. Wolf, S.-J. Khang

Effect of preheating of coal on product distributions in flash pyrolysis 577S. Morooka, T. Mori, T. Isoda, K. Kusakabe, H. Kumagai, J.-i. Hayashi, T. Chiba

Degradation of Yallourn coal by mild oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in 581alcohols and flash pyrolysis of the treated coalsT. Isoda, H. Tomita, K. Kusakabe, S. Morooka, J.-i. Hayashi

Hush pyrolysis of coal solubili/cd in mcthanol based binary solvents 585K. Miura, K. Mae, T. Maki, H. Okutsu

Characterization of dcsulfurization, denitrogenation and process sulfur transfer 589during hydropyrolysis of Chinese high sulfur coalsCh.-G. Sun, B.-Q. Li, C.E. Snape

Pyrolysis kinetics of coal and biomass - comparative investigations and evaluations 593of kinetic parametersV. Seebauer, H. Schogler, J. Petek, G. Staudinger

Quantifying the contributions of pyridine extractables and pitch additives to 597fluidity in coal carbonisationJ.M. Andresen, M.M. Maroto-Valer, C.E. Snape

The mechanism of the development of coking pressures 601A. Walker, C. Barriocanal, J.W. Patrick

Pyrolysis of coals with alkali hydroxides. Kinetics, mechanism and products 605T.I. Zubova, T.V. Khabarova

Investigation into the effect of dolomite upon the fate of sulphur, nitrogen, chlorine 609and trace elements during the flash pyrolysis of Polish coalsK.D. Bartlc, K.M.L. Holden, P.J. Bysh, S.C. Mitchell, M. Sciazko, K. Kubica, M.Czaplicka, A. Kordas

A new bench-scale high-pressure fluidized bed pyrolysis and gasification reactor 613designA. Megaritis, Y.-Q. Zhuo, R.C. Messenbock, D.R. Dugwell, R. Kandiyoti

Prediction and measurements of devolatilisation of large coal particles under 617combustion conditionsW. Rybak, T. Banaszak, R. Miller, B. Morsy

Kinetic model of hydrocarbon generation from coals using maceral composition 621A. Jimenez, L. Martinez, F. Rubiera, E. Fuente, JJ. Pis, I. Suarez-Ruiz

XX

Catalytic pyrolysis of tars. A kinetic approach 625B.J. Faundez, X.A. Garcia, A.L. Gordon

Dcvolatilisation of Yallourn Brown coal at elevated pressure in an entrained flow 629reactorJ.F. Mathews, H. Yeasmin, S. Ouyang

Effects of pretreatments on the flash pyrolysis behaviour and the coking properties 633of a non-fusible coalM. Kishino, T. Nonaka, K. Sakanishi, I. Mochida

Pyrolysis mechanism of dculcratcd lower-rank coal and model compounds 637H. Takagi, T. Isoda, K. Kusakabe, S. Morooka

Pyrolysis mechanisms of lignin model compounds 641P.F. Britt, A.C. Buchanan, M.J. Cooney

Coal dcvolatilization submodel for comprehensive combustion and gasification 645codesY. Zhao, Y. Chen, D.G. Hamblen, M.A. Serio

Interaction of coal with water during mild pyrolysis 649M.S. Ismagilov, I.A. Korobetskii

An analysis of coal pyrolysis rates using thermogravimetry 653H. Okuo, T. Kojima, Y. Yamashita, A. Inaba

Methods for the Determination of Coking Properties 657

Evolution of paramagnetic centres during thermal decomposition of coal and 657maceralsA.B. Wieckowski, B. Pilawa, M. Lewandowski

The role of semi-fusinite in coal plasticity development 661M.M. Maroto-Valer, D.N. Taulbee, J.M. Andresen, J.C. Hower, C.E. Snape

1 lydrogenation and carbonization of coal tar pitch using organometallic complexes 665A. Ishihara, X. Wang, H. Shono, T. Kabe

Use of a low rank Brazilian coal for cokemaking 669E. Osorio, A.C.F. Vilela

The main petrographic characteristics which determine coke reactivity 673G. Predeanu, C. Panaitescu, F. Maties

XXI

Assessment of coking plant wastes as additives for cokemaking 677C. Barriocanal, R. Alvarez, M.A. Diez, M.D. Casal, C.S. Canga

Characterisation of Products 681

Meat distribution in pyrolysis products in relation to ignition potentials of coals of 681varying ranksV. Tan, J. Zelkowski

New structural concept for carbonized coals 685A. Marzcc

Characteristics of chars produced from devolatilisation of Yallourn brown coal at 689elevated pressureH. Yeasmin, S. Ouyang, J.F. Mathews

Sulphur in the coke and ash of eocene coal and utilisation constraints and prospects 693M. Ahmed, A. Rahim

Microstructural and microtextural investigations of cokes derived from inertinite- 697rich coalsA.K. Varma

Pyrolysis of coal tar 701M. Godo, W. Qian, S. Otsuki, A. Ishihara, T. Kabe, S. Miwa, H. Katahira, K.Mukai

Research on structure of tar by Py-GC and Py-FTIR 705K.-Ch. Xie, J. Feng, W.-Y. Li, F. LI

The identification of cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the 709pyrolysis products of brown coalB.A. Vcmaglia, M.J. Wornat, A.L. Lafleur, E.F. Plummer, K. Taghizadeh, P.F.Nelson, C.-Z. Li, A. Necula, L.T. Scott

Vapor pressures of coal tars 713O. Vahur, E.M. Suubcrg

New methodology for pitch characterization by HPLC 717Y. Martin, R.A. Sole, R. Garcia, S.R. Moinelo

Behaviour of trace elements during the pyrolysis of biomass and sewage sludge 721C. Storm, H. Spliethoff, K.R.G. Hein

XXII

Studies of the optical texture of cokes from different rank coals 725S. Jasienko, U. Swietlik, H. Machnikowska

Catalyst application in carbonaceous materials production by pyrolysis and coking 729

processesB.N. Kuznetsov, M.L. Shchipko, M.Yu. Ygay, T.G. Shendrik, V.I. Saranchuk

Evaluation of hydrogen transfer properties of pitches 733J. Machnikowski, H. Kaczmarska, A. Jerusel, F. Czechowski

Pyrolysis of a mixture of coal and lube oil wastes in a continuous-mode fluidized 737

bedR. Molincr, M.J. Lazaro, I. Suelvcs

Improvement of coal pyrolysis yields by blending coal with lube oil wastes 741M.J. Lazaro, I. Suclves, R. Moliner

Synergism from copyrolysis of coal and petroleum residues 7451. Suelves, M.J. Lazaro, R. Moliner

A new method to characterize the textural components of metallurgical coke and 749ist changes in the blast furnaceA. Ollig, H.W. Hagemann, U. Janhsen

The influence of water pretreatment on the medium-rank coal pyrolysis 753V.I. Saranchuk, L. Butuzova, V. Oshovskij, G.P. Matsenko

Separation of sulphur from metallurgical coke by temperature treatment up to 7572.400 CM. Legin-Kolar, A. Radenovic

Comparative investigations of tar from pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis and their 761relationship with coal structureH.-K. Chen, B.-Q. Li, B.-J. Zhang

Bed retained products in swept fixed bed (SFB) coal hydropyrolysis 765A.M. Mastral, M.J. Perez-Surio

Structural changes of Fanzhi brown coal during hydrous pyrolysis 769S. Guo, Y. Ma, S. Li, Y. Liang, Q. Shi, K. Qin

Desulfurization behaviour in rapid pyrolysis of coals with various pretreatments 773K. Sugawara, N. Tsubouchi, T. Sugawara, M. Shirai, Y. Nishiyama

The influence of microporosity on resistance and carboxyreactivity of cokes 777J. Medek, Z. Weishauptova

XX11I

Characterization of chars from coal-tyre pyrolysis 781R. Alvarez Rodriguez, M.S. Callen, C. Clemente, A.M. Mastral, M.C. Mayoral, R.Murillo

Pore structure evolution of low rank coals during rapid and slow pyrolysis 785A. Albiniak, W. Rybak, E. Broniek

Dcsulfurizing effect of the water vapour in the process of pyrolysis of solid fuels 789V. Minkova, M. Razvigorova, N. Petrov, T. Budinova, M. Goranova

A comparison of activated carbon from coal and coconut shell 793M. Zielinska-Blajet, N. Yoshizawa, T. Furuta, K. Maruyama, Y. Yamada

Coking Mechanisms and Reactions of Coke 797

Characterization of the swelling behavior of coals in industrial coke ovens 797P. Arendt, F. Huhn, D. Hinz, J. Strunk

Distribution of coal moisture as inner and outer gas within coke oven charges 801F. Huhn, H. Kiihl

Studies on coke strength in relation to coal properties 805H. Sato, J.W. Patrick, A. Walker

The softening mechanisms of heat-treated caking coals 809T. Yoshida, T. Takanohashi, M. lino, K. Katoh, K. Fukada

Interaction between high-volatile coals and coal tar pitch at the preplasticity stage 813S.A. Aipshlein

Influence of coke oven chamber width on by-product characteristics 817P. Arendt, H. Kiihl

The influence of petroleum caking additives on the process of structural 821transformation of substances in organic mass for the poorly caking coals in coke-makingV.V. Zubkowa, M.G. Sklyar, V.V. Prezhdo

I lydrogenation of high-volatile coals at the preplasticity stage 825S.A. Aipshtein

Heat treatment of high-volatile coals at the preplasticity stage 829S.A. Aipshtein

XXIV

Formation of lustrous carbon by two-stage pyrolysis of coal 833J. Buchtele, P. Jelinek, P. Straka

Coking Properties of Blends 837

Co-pyrolysis of coal and used tyres 837Ph. Laurent, C. Braekman-Danheux, A. Fontana, M. Lecharlier

The copyrolysis of an oil shale and polyethylene 841M. Ozdemir, A. Akar, M. Citiroglu, E. Ekinci

Comparison of coking behaviour of coal blends in the SCS-syslcm and in 845conventional high capacity coke ovensW. Rohde, J. Strunk

Interactions between coals in blends during coking 849R. Sakurovs

The process of utilization of organic waste by method of hard coal coking 853W. Zmuda, B. Tora, W. Woyciechowski

Effect of pitch characteristics on plastic phase formation during coal coking 857R. Alvarez, C. Barriocanal, M.A. Diez, G. Gryglewicz, U. Swietlik, J.Machnikowski, H. Machnikowska

How to recirculate the coke (-10 mm) grain size in coke oven charges 861Gh. Cadar, I. Dinu

Improving of coking properties of coal blends with products of liquefaction of 865brown coalV.V. Malkova, S.A. Aipshtein, M.I. Rogaielin

Co-pyrolysis of coal with waste materials 869J. Buchtele, O. Burdova, P. Buryan, P. Straka

Reactions of Coke in Metallurgical Processes 873

Reduction behaviour of carbon-coated-iron ore in a high temperature nitrogen 873streamK. Sugawara, K.i. Fukase, K. Morimoto, T. Sugawara, Y. Enda

XXV

Effect of ash content and composition on coke high temperature properties 877G. Predeanu, P. Albastroiu

Mechanisms of Formation of Carbon Materials 881

Study of the polymerisation of pitches during their treatment under argon- and air- 881blowing conditionsY. Martin, R.A. Sole, R. Garcia, S.R. Moinelo

Toward the development of a superior binder for carbon materials 885S.C. Martin, A.N. Adams, H.H. Schobert, F. Rusinko

One kind of technology on producing char without pollution 889Ch. Yin

Preparation of pitches by coal-tar air-blowing 893V. Prada, M. Granda, J. Bermejo, R. Menendez

Polymerization of anthracene oil by thermal treatment in the presence of sulphur 897A.L. Fernandez, M. Granda, P. Bernad, J. Bermejo, R. Menendez

Polymerization of anthracene-oil by thermal treatment in the presence of 901aluminium trichlorideA.L. Fernandez, M. Granda, J. Bermejo, R. Menendez

Comparative study on porous textures of lignite and anthracite based activated 905carbons produced in steam pyrolysisL. Lutskanow, R. Nickolov, D. Douchanov, E. Bjornbom, L. Lakov

The study of the precursor states for the graphitization of Northwestern 909Bangladeshi coalJ. Podder, T. Hossain

Combustion 9 ! 3

Kinetics of Conversion 915

Effect of mineral matter content on combustion kinetics of some Turkish lignites 91511. Haykiri-Acma, A. Ersoy-Mericboyu, S. Kiictikbayrak

XXVI

Observation of pulverised coal heterogenity before, during and after combustion 919T.J. Beeley, J. Crelling, J.R. Gibbins, R.H. Hurt, A. Scott, N.M. Skorupska, J.Williamson

Fragmentation of coal particles at high temperature environment 923P. Dacombre, M. Pourkashanian, A. Williams, L. Yap

A numerical study of the origin of unburned carbon 927J.-K. Sun, R.H. Hurt

An extended high temperature coal particle combustion model 931J.M. Jones. P.M. Patterson, M. Pourkashanian, L.E. Rowlands, A. Williams

Mathematical modeling of slag tap fired boilers - a parametric study 935S. Murza, M. Deilmann, II. Krcmcr, S. Wirtz

Evolution of volatile species from the combustion of coal pyrolysis volatilcs 939E.B. Lcdcsma, Ch.-Z. Li, P.F. Nelson, J.C. Mackie

Interaction of molten salts with a semi-anthracite char at 743 K. Influence on the 943gasification in airV. Gomez-Serrano, M. Alfaro-Dominguez, F.J. Higes-Rolando, R.M". Martin-Aranda, M'.L. Rojas-Cervantes, A.J. Lopez-Peinado

Assessing coal quality impacts on p.c. combustion behavior 947S. Niksa

A study of the effect of air oxidation on the combustibility of different coals 951G. dc la Puente, E. Fuente, M.J. Iglesias, F. Rubiera, J.J. Pis

Continuum radiation analysis of size distributed ensembles of char particles 955L.P. Zarkova, P.S. Pirgov, LA. Vasilieva, V.E. Banin, J.H.J. Moors, A. Veefkind

New application of the fixed bed reactor to the measurement of coal reactivity 959under dynamic combustion conditionsM. Ozdemir, J. Zelkowski

Experimental study of coal combustion under fluidized bed conditions 963T. Weber, M. Wirsum, F.N. Fett

XXVII

Ignition, Burnout, Reactivity 967

Relationship between combustion properties and formation of volatile matter of 967coal and biomassW. Li, W. Wanzl, E. Pilarczyk, P. Leonhardt

Effect of natural and/or forced convection on ignition mechanism of single coal 971particlesH. Katalambula, K. Ikeda, K. Kitano, J.-i. Hayashi, T. Chiba

I ah scale investigations of ignitability and flame stability of pulverised coals 975S. Rcmke, J. Zelkowski

Role of the evolution of the porous structure under oxidation in fragmentation of 979chars1.1. Kantorovich, E. Bar-Ziv

Predictions of char burnout at higher conversion levels with a new char burnout 983modelJ.H.P. Haas

Investigation of ignition behaviours of solid fuels 987A. Sinag, Z. Misirlioglu, M. Canel

A comparative classification of coal reactivity 991A. Zolin, A. Jensen, L. Storm Pedersen, P. Torslev Jensen, K. Dam-Johansen

Char deactivation at elevated temperatures 995N.V. Russell, TJ. Beeley, J.R. Gibbins, C.K. Man, J. Williamson

Drop tube investigations into coal particle combustion at elevated temperatures and 999pressuresA. Schcrello. G. Hackert, S. Wirtz, B. Bonn, H. Seewald

Combustion characteristics of intensively cleaned coal fractions. Effect of mineral 1003matterF. Rubiera, A. Arenillas, E. Fuente, S. Ivatt, J.J. Pis

Morphological and rcacitivity changes of char during pulverised fuel combustion 1007in a 1 MW furnace and a drop-tube furnaceE. Lester, M. Clokc, W.H. Gibb

Effect of maceral content on volatile release and char combustion reactivity 1011Il.-Y. Cai, A. Megaritis, R.C. Messenbock, J. Palacin, D.R. Dugwell, R.Kandiyoti

XXVIII

Combustion reactivity of chars from copy roly sis of coal with coke-oven gas 1015H.-Q. Liao, Ch.-G. Sun, B.-Q. Li

P.f. combustion behaviour of Canadian coals in relation to their petrographic 1019characteristicsA.G. Borrego, M.J.G. Alonso, D. Alvarez, W. Kalkreuth, R. Menendez

Effect of temperature on ash volatility and improvements in entrained flow 1023combustion conversion measurementsC.K. Man, J.R. Gibbins, N.M. Skorupska, M.H. Seitz

Reactivity of coal chars prepared in a fluidized bed reactor at different burn-off 1027degreesA.H. Moreno, A. Arcnillas, F. Rubiera, E. Fuente, J.J. Pis

Catalytic activity of carbon by K2CO3 supported on several oxides 1031T. Miyazaki, N. Tokubuchi, M. Arita, M. Inoue, I. Mochida

Heat and Mass Transfer 1035

On the simulation of the two-phase-flow in coal dust fired furnaces using a grid 1035decompositionA. Schiller, K.C. Fischer, H. Miiller, R. Leithner

Mathematical model for heat transfer in char combustion processes 1039F. Chejne J., W.F. Florez E., A. Rivera A., A. Hill B., E. Arenas C.

Prediction of slagging of a lignite fired boiler 1043K.C. Fischer, R. Leithner, H. Muiler, W. Pauker, H. Heitmiiller

Formation, Reduction and Separation of Pollutants 1 0 4 7

Alkali release and adsorption by ash components and additives during the 1047combustion of lignitesC.B. Muchmore, R. Kopsel, E.J. Hippo, D. HShne, D. Maiwald

Release of alkali vapour during combustion in a semi-technical entrained flow 1051reactorT. Reichelt, K.T. Hartinger, H. Spliethoff, K.R.G. Hein, P.B. Monkhouse, J.Wolfrum

XXIX

Study on the evaporation and reaction of alkali in coal ashes 1055C. Steffin, W. Wanzl, K.H. van Heek

Thermodynamic investigations of desulphurization and emission of heavy metals 1059in combustionB. Meyer, D. Rehn, M. Brand

Heavy metal emissions from a bituminous coal and lignite combustion 1063E. Ekinci, B. Can, H. Okutan

XANES studies of nitrogen and oxygen surface species in the pyrolysis and 1067combustion of carbons and coal charsQ. Zhu, J.A. Turner, A.E. Russell, K.M. Thomas

Investigations on influences of nitrogen release and nitrogen oxide formation due 1071to coal pyrolysis and combustionR. Kdpsel, J. Friebel, S. Halang

Influence of char texture and volatile matter content on NO emissions 1075A. Arenillas, F. Rubiera, J.B. Parra, A.H. Moreno, J.J. Pis

The role of N-containing surfaces species on NO reduction by carbon 1079P. Chambrion, T. Kyotani, A. Tomita

Carbons as models for coal devolatilisation and combustion 1083J.M. Jones, K.M. Thomas, Q. Zhu

Unwanted volatile organic compounds from coal fluidised bed combustion 1087A.M. Mastral, M.S. Callen, R. Murillo, M.C. Mayoral

On the role of limestone in the conversion of fuel-N in fluidized bed combustion of 1091coalS. Schafer, B. Bonn, H. Baumann

Development of a drop tube furnace based method for assessment of the effects of 1095coal reactivity on the propensity for reduction of NOx emissions during pfcombustionM.J. King, A.M. Marraffino, D.J.A. McCaffrey, J.J. Powis, D.G. Richards, M.Whitehouse

Performance of different kinetic models in the low temperature gas reburning 1099process

R. Bilbao, L. Prada, A. Millera, M.U. Alzueta

The catalysed reaction of NO and N2O with activated charcoal 1103S. Carabinciro, I.F. Silva, F.B. Fernandes

XXX

Coal characterisation for NOx prediction • 1 0 7

C.K. Man, N.V. Russell, J.R. Gibbins, J. Williamson, H. Tominaga

A pilot-plant study on NOx reduction by coal reburning 1111E. Hampartsoumian, T.A. Naja, Y.B. Yang, B.M. Gibbs

Equitherm calculations to alkali absorption by ash components and additives at 1115fluidized bed combustion temperatureR. Kopsel, D. Hdhne, B. Meyer

Catalytic influence of ash elements on NOx formation from bound nitrogen in coal 1119combustionR. Kopsel, S.I lalang

The release of NO during char combustion 1123Q. Zhu, A. 1 larding, K.M. Thomas

Reactions of NO and N2O with chars 1127W.A.T. Ellyat, F.E. Nadji, K.M. Thomas

Reducing sulphur emission in the process of burning high-sulphur lignite coal 1131D.D. Rustschev, E.E. Bekyarova, D.P. Samnaliev, V.D. Toteva

A mathematical model of SO2 emission in fluidized bed oil shale combustion 1135S. Li, G. Wang, J. Wang, J. Qian

Sulphur capture in fluidized bed combustion of coal at oxidising and reducing 1139conditionsB. Bonn, H. Baumann

High conversion of fuel nitrogen to N2 during the fixed-bed pyrolysis of a German 1143brown coalZ. Wu, Y. Ohtsuka

Coal Blends and Fuel Mixtures 1147

Characterizing multicomponent fuel effects during the initial stages of pulverized 1147coal combustionS. Niksa, S. Cho

Prediction of combustion behaviour of coal blends in industrial scale boilers from 1151laboratory scale dataS.V. Pisupati, A.W. Scaroni

XXXI

Emissions from combustion of coal-tyre rubber mixture in fluidised bed 1155A.M. Mastral, M.S. Callen, R. Murillo, M.C. Mayoral

Solid Fuel Injection into the Blast Furnace 1159

The influence of oxygen on the ignition and combustion of clouds of coal particles 1159Y. Rhandi, R. Gadiou, Y.-C. Choi, G. Prado, P. Gilot, O. Charon

Formation and Properties of Ash and Slag 1163

Assessing the changes in slagging propensity with composition for blended coals 1163N.J. Manlon, G.S. Rilcy, J. Williamson

A kinetic model for iron based mineral matter transformations in coal combustion 1167environment0. Bozic, R. Leithner

Fate of inorganic constituents during fluidised bed combustion of low-rank coals: 1171effect of temperature on ash characteristicsH.B. Vuthaluru, Y. He, J.N. Zhu, D.K. Zhang

Behaviour of chlorine and sulfur during coal combustion in AFBC systems 1175W. Xie, W.-L. Pan, D. Shen, J. Heidbrink, W.-P. Pan, J.T. Riley, K. Ho

Influence of coal characteristic in the ashes from AFBC 1179L. Armesto, J.L. Merino, A. Cabanillas

Assessing the deposition propensity of a suite of power station coals 1183F. Wigley, J. Williamson, W.H. Gibb, A.K. Mehta

Composition and morphology of fly ash from fluidized bed combustion of brown 1187coal1. Sykorova, J. Smolik, J. Schwarz, O. Kerkkonen, J. Kucera, V. Havranek

Agglomeration behaviour of Beyparzari and Can lignites in a fluidized bed 1191B. Hilmioglu, H. Atakiil, M.F. Yardim, E. Ekinci

Characterization of fly ash and ash deposits from AFBC systems 1195W. Xie, J. Napier, J. Xu, W.-P. Pan, J.T. Riley, K. Ho

XXXII

The relationship between coal mineral matter and deposit formation during 1199pulverised coal combustionD. Alvarez, R. Menendez, F. Wigley, J. Williamson

Fly ash characterization from fluidized-bed combustor, Xiezhuang power plant, 1203Shandong, ChinaJ. Shao, H. Li, Z. Wang, S. Zhu, X. Shao

Gasification 1207

Kinetics of Conversion and Reactivity 1209

Coal gasification: kinetics and burn-off behaviour 1209I". Kaptcijn, M. Wecda, J.A. Moulijn

Theoretical study on composition of gas produced by coal gasification 1213M. Kaiho, H. Yasuda, M. Kobayashi, O. Yamada, Y. Soneda, M. Makino

Char combustion and gasification rates deduced from CO and CO2 production 1217J.H.J. Moors, V.E. Banin, A. Veefkind

Non-isothermal and isothermal TG study of sub-zone R4 of Tarfaya's oil shale 1221residual carbon under a reactive atmosphere (mixture of nitrogen and steam)K. Nabih, A. Boukhari, T. Cordero, J. Rodriguez-Mirasol

Dynamic pore analysis of shock tube, grid reactor and entrained flow reactor 1225experiments on char combustion and gasificationJ.1I.J. Moors, V.E. Banin, A. Veefkind

Coal reactivity correlations with active sites and FTIR data 1229W. Zhao, F. Li, K.-Ch. Xie

High-pressure CO2-gasification of Daw Mill coal and combustion reactivities of its 1233chars: effect of reactor configurationsA. Megaritis, R.C. Messenbock, A.-G. Collot, Y.-Q. Zhuo, J.-Y. Lim, D.R.Dugwell, R. Kandiyoti

Reactivity of cokes from waste pyrolysis 123 7S. Burkle, R. Reimert, E. Henrich

Laser Raman microscope and XPS investigations on char reactivities 1241S. Kambara, Y. Fusegawa, T. Yamada, M. Harada, S. Shinozaki

XXXIII

Large rate enhancement by calcium catalysts in the gasification of petroleum coke 1245Y. Ohtsuka, Y. Oshima, A. Yamauchi, Q. Zhuang

Chemical and physical properties of chars with heat treatment 1249K. Morishita, I. Yamazaki, H. Takei, T. Takarada

Effect of Fe and Cu catalysts on the gasification kinetics of carbons 1253Z.I. Meza-Renken, E. Henrich, G. Wolf

Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the CO2 catalytic gasification of char 1257A. Molina, T. Angulo, J. Calo, P. Hall, F. Mondragon

Cheap, low temperature coal gasification catalysts 1261E.J. Hippo, D. Tandon

Heat and Mass Transfer 1265

Co-gasification of biomass and coal in a pressurized fluidized bed gasifier 1265J. Andries, W. De Jong, K.R.G. Hein

Transient modeling of gasification 1267W. Klose, R. Bielmeier

Recent progress in underground coal gasification modelling 1271A. Coeme, M. Mostade, J.-P. Pirard, P. Pirlot, I. Sintzoff

The entrained flow reactor as a tool in coal research 1275F. Kapteijn, M. Weeda, J. Heiszwolf, J.A. Moulijn

Pressurised entrained-flow gasification simulator 1279A. Bos, S. Eenkhoorn, J.H.A. Kiel

Mathematical model for the gasification of coal under pressure 1283E. Klose, R. Kopsel

Theoretical analysis of schemes for complex coal processing 1287V.I. Anikeev, A.V. Gudkov, A. Yermakova

XXXIV

Formation, Reduction and Separation of Unwanted Products 1291

Studies on the sulphur-capture of calcium during coal gasification in a fluidized 1291bed reactorZ.-B. Zhao, L.-P. Chang, K.-Ch. Xie

High temperature removal of H2S in gasifier using a new macroporous lime 1295particleK. Miura, K. Mae, J. Inatomi, M. Shimada

II2S removal by injection of calcium based sorbents in an entrained bed reactor 1299J. Adanez, L.I', de Diego, F. Garcia-Labiano, V. Fierro

The removal of II2S from coal gas by calcium oxide: the effect of temperature and 1303residence time on CaO/CaS sinteringJ. Agnew, E. Hampartsoumian, J.M. Jones, W. Nimmo

Removal of tar by secondary air in fluidized-bed gasification of residual biomass 1307Y.G. Pan, X. Roca, E. Velo, L. Puigjaner

Solid Fuel Injection into the Blast Furnace 1311

Characterization of pulverized and granular coal injection chars 1311J.A. MacPhee, W.P. Hutny, L. Giroux

Effect of injected coal properties on performance of the blast furnace 1315W.P. Hutny, L. Giroux, J.T. Price, J.A. MacPhee, A. Mclntyre

Formation and Properties of Ash and Slag 1319

Underground coal gasification process: petrological and mineralogical approaches 1319T. Nzali, C. Jacquemin, J. vander Auwera, J.C. Duchesne

Slagging phenomena in entraincd-flow gasification 1323ll.J.M Visser, A. Bos, H.B. Vuthaluru, S. Eenkhoorn, J.H.A. Kiel

Reactivity and agglomeration behavior of various coal chars in a jetting fluidized- 1327bed coal gasifierS. Ucmiya, K.-I. Aoki, Ch.-H. Luo.T. Kojima

XXXV

Deposits of coal ash to the water-cooled wall under an entrained bed gasification 1331conditionY. Ninomiya, S. Fujita, A. Sato, H. Karriiya, H. Horio

Author Index

Key Word Index