pres sirius es cr 2017 - university of lausanne · 2017. 9. 12. · unil / mids sirius project 3...

SIRIUSSwissIndianResearchprogramon

theglobalizationoftheIndianUrbanSystems

Prof. Céline Rozenblat, Dr. Elfie SwertsUNIL - Institute of Geography and Sustainability - University of Lausanne – Switzerland

Prof. Vijayabaskar Manimegalai, Sankara Pandi Karuppasamy, Gajendran Venkata Perumal RajuMIDS- Madras Institute of Development Studies - India

Indo-SwissJointResearchProgramintheSocialSciences

ScholarsExchangeGrants(SEG)2015-2016

SIRIUS ProjectUNIL / MIDS 2

Integration of Indian Cities in global networksOpening to the global economy (since the 1990’s)

→ Foreign investments as source of many Indian cities’ specializations(Bhagwati, 1993; Piveteau et Rougier, 2010; Vercueil, 2012)

Increase of the diversity of activities (2000’s)→ Industrial clusters (innovation)(Lorenzen & Mudambi, 2012; Mezzadri, A. 2014)

ÞUnderstand multi-scalar factors of innovation spill over in Indian industrial clusters in a comparative perspective

ÞExtent to which such investments generate ‘related’ growth


theglobalizationoftheIndianUrbanSystemsPHASE1:2016-2017- PHASE2:2017-2018

3SIRIUS ProjectUNIL / MIDS

Combinationbetween- UNIL:quantitativeapproachofcities’systemsandmultinationalfirms’networksÞ globalandmacronetworksinrelationwithurbansystemsproperties

- MIDS:qualitativeapproachonactorsandpoliciesactingintheclustersÞ understandinglocallinkagesembeddedness ofclustersbasedonfield-basedresearchandinterviews

Theoreticalframeworks- Regionalscience/UrbanGeography- EvolutionaryeconomicgeographyÞ Clusterformationinsideurbansystems’dynamics:“Relatedvariety”

Þ MACRO-APPROACH

Þ MICRO-APPROACH

ÞCOUPLING- GlobalstudyoftheIndianurbansystem- CaseStudy:Chennai

Multi-scalarlinkagesofeconomicclustersofIndiancities

MULTI-LEVEL CITIES’ NETWORKS



MULTI-LEVEL CITIES’ NETWORKSHYUNDAI- 2013WorldwideNetwork

Bohan,Rozenblat,2016

India toward the World

7CHINESE AND INDIAN CITIES’

NETWORKSWERTS - ROZENBLAT - BIDA

Integration of Indian cities at the global level

100

©Rozenblat,2017Data:ORBISBvD,Rozenblat,Swerts,Bida

India

1,000

ÞMumbai:representative ofmanynationalcities

World toward India

Total number offirms’ linkages:

ÞDifferent origins ofinvestments

National / regional integration in India

8CHINESE AND INDIAN CITIES’

NETWORKSWERTS - ROZENBLAT - BIDA

Þ Hierarchicalorganization

Clustering(Louvain):

AgglomerationEconomies(Ohlin,1933;Hoover,1937,1948)


• EconomiesofscaleInside firms: produce more and cheaper (accessibility to large markets)

• Localizationeconomies/Marshall,ArrowandRomer (MAR)Inside sectors: Highspecialization (labormarketpooling,specializedsuppliers,knowledgespillovers)

• Urbanizationeconomies/UnrelatedvarietyBetween sectors: High level and diversity of services→ Highvarietyofnonrelatedactivities

+Jacobsexternalities(Jacobs,1969)Diversity of related activities

→ Multiplication of indirect activities, Recombination creating new activities

“MAR v/s Jacobs” Theoretical assumptions(Frenken et al., 2007; Content et al., 2016)

1- Specialization (MAR)§ innovation as specialized knowledge § optimize production processes → Growth of productivity

2- Related variety (Jacobs)§ innovation with younger activities→ Growth of jobs

3- Unrelated variety (Economies of urbanization) § Large port-folio of activities→ Reduction of unemployment in case of crisis


TESTINGFORINDIANCITIES

PLAN : Indian cities’ related variety and specialization

1- Evaluating related variety - specializationÞ Methodology

2- Firms, activities, citiesÞ Data

3- Global level: Indian cities’ firms related variety - specializationÞ Empirical analyses / Situation of Chennai inside multinational firms’ of Indian citiesÞ Future addition of the co-patenting network

4- Local level: Spillovers in Industrial clusters (Chennai)Þ Firms’ interviews in Kancheepuram district:

§ Sriperumbudur cluster (automobile)§ IT Corridor (electronic)

5- Implementation and management of the 2 projects SIRIUS 1 & 2


§ 1.1 Distances / proximity metrics

§ 1.2 Proximity measures

§ 1.3 Activity spaces

§ 1.4 Indices of related variety, specialization


1- METHODOLOGY

1- Methodology 2- Data 3- Global analysis 4-Local analysis 5-Implementation/Management

Þ4 steps:

1.1 DISTANCES / PROXIMITY METRIC

Classical distance: § A- Nomenclatures


1- METHODOLOGY

� Categories



Categories ofactivities 2digits

Sub-sub-categories 4digits

SiSi1

Si1p1 Si1p2

Si2Sj

Sj1 Sj2Sub-categories ofactivities 3digitsSi2p1 Si2p2 Sj1p1 Sj1p2 Sj2p1 Sj2p2

(Frenken et al., 2007)PROXIMITY WITHIN NOMENCLATURE

17 Manufactureofpaper andpaper products

17.1 Manufactureofpulp,paper andpaperboard

17.11 Manufactureofpulp

17.12 Manufactureofpaper andpaperboard

17.2 Manufactureofarticlesofpaper andpaperboard

17.21 Manufactureofcorrugated paper andpaperboard andofcontainersofpaper andpaperboard

17.22 Manufactureofhousehold andsanitary goods andoftoilet requisites

17.23 Manufactureofpaper stationery

17.24 Manufactureofwall-paper

ExampleNACERev.2:


Si

Si1p1 Si1p2 Si2p1 Si2p2 Sj1p1 Sj1p2 Sj2p1 Sj2p2

§ Unrelated Variety: Variety between Categories ofactivities


Unrelated Variety

Related Variety

Categories ofactivities

Sub-sub-categories

Sj

§ Related Variety:→ Variety between Sub-categories of activities→ Specialization within Categories of activities

PROXIMITY WITHIN NOMENCLATURE(Frenken et al., 2007)


Limit of the nomenclature classification:

§ Dependent on the nested nomenclature§ Same groups of categories but not related

§ Different groups of categories but related


ÞOtherdistancesnondependentofnestednomenclatures

§ A. Co-practices§ B. Ownership§ C. Co-locations

PROXIMITY WITHIN NOMENCLATURE1- Methodology 2- Data 3- Global analysis 4-Local analysis 5-Implementation/Management


• Whenfirmsdevelopseveralactivities:Sectorofactivitiesarecloserwhentheyaremoreoftenrepresentedinthesamefirmthanareference

A. PROXIMITY BY CO-PRACTICE BY FIRMS1- Methodology 2- Data 3- Global analysis 4-Local analysis 5-Implementation/Management

§ 1.1 Distances / proximity





1- METHODOLOGY

Þ4 steps:


1.2 PROXIMITY MEASURE METHODS (1)

COS Index for co-practice: similarity between two vectors’ distributions in FIRMS (cosine of the angle they form)


Variesfrom0to1:0=thetwovectorsaredissimilar

→Categoriesneverco-present:Minimalproximity1=thetwovectorsarethesame

→Categoriespresentinthesameproportions:Maximalproximity

cos(&, () =∑ ,-./ 0 ,-.1 0�3∈5

∑ ,-./ 0�3∈5 ∑ ,-.1 0

�3∈5

�

i andj:twodifferentcategoriesofactivities0 :afirminasetofF firmsIndk :theindicatorfunction,whichforanyactivityk isequalto1iff practicesk and0otherwise







1- METHODOLOGY

Þ4 steps:


1.3 Graph of the “activities space”


Activity space

Adapted from “Product Space”

According to proximities between activities

→ TOTAL INDIA

Product Space (Global) (Hidalgo et al., 2007)

Þ Referenceforcities







1- METHODOLOGY

Þ4 steps:


1.4 Related Variety


ni,c & nj,c : number of firms in the sector i and j in a city c6i,j : proximity value of i and j based on activity space

Range from (1/n) to 11 : maximal proximity between activities in a city

(Los,2000)

Relatedness ofcities

LOSIndex:Foreachcity,technologicalrelatednessbetweenactivities

789: =∑ ∑ -/,: ∗ -1,:∗ 6/,1

<1=>

</=>

∑ ∑ -/,: ∗ -1,:<1=>

</=>


1.4 Specialization


Specialization:Chi2 distancebetweencity’sprofileandtheaverage→SumofthesquaresofthedifferencesbetweenaCityprofileandareferenceprofile,weightedbytheinverseoftherelativeweightsofeachactivities.

-1,: :Sizeoftheactivityjinthecityc-: :Totalsizeofalltheactivitiesinthecityc-1 :Totalsizeoftheactivityjinthespaceofreference-?@?:Totalsizeofalltheactivitiesinthespaceofreference

ABC/D(E) = F-?@?-1

∗-1,:-:

− -1-?@?

HI

1=>

�


Indian cities specialization and related variety


LowSpecialization

HighSpecialization

HighRelatedness RelatedVariety Related

Specializations

LowRelatedness

UnrelatedVariety(Diversification)

UnrelatedSpecializations

Specialization

Relatedness

Average

Average


MICRO NETWORKS DATA:3.000 WORLDWIDE FIRMS’ OWNERSHIP NETWORKS

2006-2010-2013-2016

3 000Topworldgroups(Turnover)

Source:BureauVanDijk (Paris- Brussels)

Þ In2016:1.4milliondirectorindirectsubsidiaries(nodes)

Information:2millionownershiplinks(links)FunctionsLocations(Urbanareas)ActivitiesTurnover– employees


UNIL– Database 1

UNILDatabase2:(OECD,2017)Patents(1978-2016)- Patenting- Co-patenting- Citations



Harmonizeddefinitionof“cities”(Swerts,2013):morphologicalagglomerations(built-upareas)largerthan10,000inhabitantsin2011Þ 5,857cities

§ Population1961to2011§ Socio-economicinformationfrom2001to2011

AggregationinFunctionalUrbanAreas(FUA):Þ 490FUAs(Swerts,2017)

§ Population1961to2011§ Socio-economicinformationfrom2001to2011

UNIL- Database 3IndiaCities


GLOBAL ANALYSIS



ACTIVITY SPACE inside TOTAL INDIA


CO-PRACTICE

Proximitybetweenactivities:COS>0.002


©Rozenblat,Swerts,Bida,2017

Clustering(SpinGlass)

CO-PRACTICE ACTIVITY SPACE by CITIES (FUA)



CHENNAI DELHI

MUMBAIBANGALORE


©Rozenblat,Swerts,Bida,2017

CITIES (FUA): Related variety / Specialization


CO-PRACTICE

Þ Largemetropolises:mostlyspecialized,andintheaverageforrelatedness


CITIES’ SIZE EFFECT ONSPECIALIZATION AND RELATEDNESS


Specialization Relatedvariety


CORRELATIONS on cities properties



Þ INPROGRESS

MICRO NETWORKS DATA:3.000 WORLDWIDE FIRMS’ OWNERSHIP NETWORKS

2006-2010-2013-2016

3 000Topworldgroups(Turnover)

Source:BureauVanDijk (Paris- Brussels)

Þ In2016:1.4milliondirectorindirectsubsidiaries(nodes)

Information:2millionownershiplinks(links)FunctionsLocations(Urbanareas)ActivitiesTurnover– employees


UNIL– Database 1

UNILDatabase2:(OECD,2017)Patents(1978-2016)- Patenting- Co-patenting- Citations


MICRO NETWORKS DATA:CO-PATENTING NETWORKS

1986-2016

Multinationalfirms– SME– Universities

Source:OECD,PATSTAT,update2016

around3millionpatents,400,000applicants(nodes)

Information:200,000 co-patenting (links)9 million citations (links)ActivitiesQuality of the patents


UNIL- Database 2

PERSPECTIVES:SIRIUS2(2017-2018)


LOCAL ANALYSIS




SIRIUS1(2016-2017):SURVEYPREPARATIONListof60multinationalfirmslocatedinornearSriperumbudur

Hyundaifirms OtherKoreanfirms

Japanesefirms Indian&othernationalities

FirmsnotlinkedwithAutomobileorelectronic



SIRIUS1(2016-2017):SURVEYPREPARATIONListof42HyundaisubcontractorsinIndia


VendorName Component Address_Office AddressPlant EmailSaintGobainGlassIndiaLimited W/Shiled T/Gate,DrGlass SigapiAchiBuilding,FloorNo.718/3,Rukmini

LakshmipathyRoad,Egmore,ChennaiChennaiTN600008IN

WorldGlassComplex,PlotNo.A-1,SIPCOTIndustrialPark,Sriperumpudur,Chennai- 602105

[email protected]

TIMetalForming W/Shiled,DIVChannel DAREHOUSE,NO.234,NSCBOSEROADCHENNAITN600001IN

[email protected]

AsahiIndiaSafetyGlassPrivateLtd. W/Shiled,T/Gate,DrGlass PlotNo.F76to81,SIPCOTIndustrialPark,Sriperumbudur,Irungattukottai

SuspaPneumaticsprivatelimited T/GateLifter ThiruporuGuvancherryRoad16KayarampeduPandurVilagePandurKancheepuramTN603202IN

[email protected]

SonoKoyoSteeringSystemLimited Steeringsystem NH4,Sriperumbudur,Kanchipuram,TamilNadu602105 09597026931ApolloTyres Tyres&Tubes NoB25SipcotIndustrialGrowthCentre,SingaperumalHighRoad,

Sriperumbudur,Kanchipuram- 602105,OragadamJunction+(91)-44-37182165, 37182049

SathyaAutoPrivateLimited Wheels NO.133,SIDCOINDUSTRIALESTATE,THRIUMAZHISAICHENNAI-602107CHENNAI-602107TN000000IN

[email protected]

DeltronixIndiaLimited JackAssy,ToolSet NoA14SipcotIndustrialPark,NH4,Sriperumbudur,Kanchipuram- 602105,NearHyundaiMotorsIndiaLtd,Thandalam (Map)

RaneTrwSteetingsSystemsLimited Canishter MAITHRI132,CATHEDRALROADCHENNAITN600086IN

[email protected]

GKNDriveline P/STG/Gearboxassy PlotNoB13,SipcotIndustrialPark, Sriperumbudur,Kanchipuram-602105,VaipurA&BOragadamKanchipuramDistrict

[email protected]

ShardaMotorIndustries Strut/Shot Irungattukottai,TamilNadu602105 [email protected] SPRING/Stabbar SteelStripsWheelsLtd,S.C.O.49-50,Sector26,

MadhyaMarg,Chandigarh- 160019,IndiaSteelStripsWheelsLimited,A-10,SipcotIndustrialGrowthCentre,Oragadam,VallamVillage,SriperumbudurTaluk,Distt.Kancheepuram,TamilNadu- 602105India

04430998910,[email protected]

BoschElectricalDrivesIndiaLimited Driveshaft Plot#A20/2,SIPCOTIndustrialGrowthCentre,Oragadam,Sriperubudur,Kanchipurum,TamilNadu602105

[email protected]

JayUshinLimited Exhaustmuffker,WCC G.1-48GTKARNALROADINDUSTRIALAREADELHIDL110033IN

[email protected]

UcalFuelSystemsLimited SttelalloyWheel RAHEJATOWERS,DELTAWING-UNIT705177,ANNASALAI,CHENNAI-600002TN600002IN

[email protected]

BorowarnerMorsetec TimingChainSystems PLOTNO.G78,G79,G92,G93KAKKALURINDUSTRIALESTATEPUTTLURVILLAGE,THIRUVALLURTKKANCHEEPURAMDT.PIN- 602001Kancheepuram TN602001IN

[email protected]… … … … …


SIRIUS1(2016-2017):SURVEYPREPARATIONListofscientificcollegesnearSrimperumbudur


NameofCollege ContactNo Mailid AddressSreeSasthaCollegeofEngineering 04426810121 [email protected] SasthaNagar,Chembarambakkam,Chennai-123.

KingsEngineeringCollege 04471224400 [email protected]– BangaloreHighway,OppositetoHyundaiMotors,SriperumbudurTaluk,Irungattukottai,TamilNadu602117

Rajalakshmi EngineeringCollege 09381436664 [email protected],Thandalam,Chennai,TamilNadu602105

P.BCollegeofEngineering 04427198033Chennai-BangaloreHighway,SriperumbudurTaluk,,Irungattukottai,KancheepuramDistrict,Chennai,TamilNadu602117

GlobalInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology 04172266050 [email protected]/1,Bangalore-ChennaiHighway,Melvisharam,Vellore,TamilNadu632509

UniversityCollegeofEngineering,Kancheepuram 09244900630NH4,Chennai-BangaloreHighway,KaraipettaiVillageandPost,Kanchipuram,NH4,Kanchipuram,TamilNadu631552

S.A.EngineeringCollege 04426801999 [email protected] AvadiRoad,Veeraraghavapuram,Thiruverkadu,Chennai,TamilNadu600077

JayaCollegeofEngineeringandTechnology 04426493505 [email protected] BypassRd,Poonamallee,Chennai,TamilNadu600056

J.N.NInstituteofEngineering 0442762961390,UshaaGarden,Kannigaipair,ChennaiPeriyapalayamHighway,TamilNadu601102

MohamedSathak A.J.College ofEngineering 04427470025 [email protected] ITPark,Siruseri,OldMahabalipuramRoad,Chennai,TamilNadu603103

PanimalarEngineeringCollege 04426490404 [email protected],Varadharajapuram,Nazarethpettai,Poonamallee,Chennai,TamilNadu600123

VelTechUniversity 180030706949 [email protected] 400,OuterRingRd,Thoraipakkam,Chennai,TamilNadu600062

SKREngineeringCollege 04426273380 [email protected] Nazarathpet,Poonamallee,Varadharajapuram,TamilNadu60012

SRMUniversity 04447437500SRMNagar,Potheri,Kattankulathur,KancheepuramDistrict,NearPotheriRailwayStation,Chennai,TamilNadu603203

CentralInstituteofPlasticsEngineeringandTechnology 04422254780 [email protected] T.V.K.Industrial Estate,Guindy,Chennai,TamilNadu600032


SIRIUS1(2016-2017):SURVEYPREPARATION

Questionnaire(1/3)MarketDetailsProducts/servicesprovidedmajorcustomers?a. Sriperumbudur orcloseb. Chennaic. Inthestated. Inthecountrye. International

InputRequirementsVendorsforsourcecomponents?a. Sriperumbudur orcloseb. Chennaic. Inthestated. Inthecountrye. International

OutsourcingDetails




Questionnaire(2/3)Employment&skillsDetailsÞ satisfactionwiththeskilllevelsoftheemployees

Workwithanyinstitutions(associations,educational,recruitmentcompanies)

CapitalIssues- Initialsourceofcapital- Helpfrombanksandotherstatelendinginstitutionsinprovidingcreditforexpansion,purchaseofnewequipment,etc?

TransportandinfrastructuresAccesstoinputsandinfrastructure

Inter-FirmNetworkingInteractionwithotherfirmsinthearea?(sharingservices,infrastructures,subcontractors,knowledge…)a)Tosolveproductionissuesb)Forinnovationc)Otherlearning?




Questionnaire(3/3)

QuestionsofUpgrading1. Whatisthepotentialforyoutoupgradeintonewproducts?2. Howdoesyourcurrentmarket/productpositionhelpyouinthis?3. Doyourclientsprovideyouwithsupportonthis?

InterfacewithGovernmentAgencies/Associations1. Doyouavailofanyincentivesprovidedbythegovernment?Yes/No2. Ifyes,mentionthenatureofincentivesprovided.3. Ifno,whatarethereasons?4. Whataretheclearances/approvalthatyouneedtogetfromgovt bodies?

Moredetailsofthecompanyandfutureperspectives4. Ifyouweretoexpandyouroperationsintheregion,willitbebetterforyoutoa. Increasecapacityforsameproduct/serviceb. DiversifyintonewlinesWhatarethereasons?




Expectedresults

- Localfactors ofspecialization /relatednessÞ Linkswith other firms ofthesurveyÞ Linkswith other localfirms

- Role ofPathdependenceÞ Evolutionary Economic geography

- Role ofÞ InstitutionsÞ Schools


• Fundamentalandappliedresearch

•Education

• Socialaspirationsandneeds• Competences

• Identification ofopportunities• Risk-taking•Innovationinprocesses

/organisations

• Regulatoryframeworks• Network• Infrastructures

Publicauthorities Industries

UniversitiesCivilsociety?

Triple,Quadruple,N-tupleHelixmodelLeydesdorff (2012)


SIRIUS1:Visit1(01-2017):SwissteamintheMadrasInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesÞ DiscussionsontheoriesandmethodsÞ VisitoftheIndustrialdistrictÞ Conference:1st results2016onMACROfirms’linkagesofIndiancitiesVisit2(05-2017):IndianteamintheUniversityofLausanneÞ ApplicationofnetworkanalysisandaccesstothedatabaseÞ FirstpanelofenterprisesforsurveysÞ FirstdraftofthequestionnaireVisit3(06-2017):SwissteamintheMadrasInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesÞ Firstsurveysandrevision


PROJECTIMPLEMENTATION

SIRIUS2:Visit1(11-2017):SwissteamintheMadrasInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesÞ Analysesoftheresultsontherelatedvariety/specializationofIndiancitiesÞ Surveys(1)+meetingswithlocalauthoritiesandinstitutionsÞ InitiationofascientificpaperVisit2(02-2018):SwissteamintheMadrasInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesÞ Surveys(2)Þ ContinuationofthescientificpaperVisit3(05-2018):IndianteamintheUniversityofLausanneÞ Finalizationofthescientificpaper


SIRIUS1&2:

- Reciprocalvisits(programsupport)

- Preparationsonbothsidesinbetweenvisits

- ExchangesbyemailsandSkypemeetings

- Surveys(wouldrequirefinancialsupportfortheIndianstudents)


PROJECTMANAGEMENT



theglobalizationoftheIndianUrbanSystems

Thank you for your attentionध्यान देने के लिए आपका धन्यवादஉங்கள் கவனத்திற்கு நன்றி

[email protected]@[email protected]@gmail.com

[email protected]

MULTI-LEVEL / MULTI-DIMENSIONAL CITIES’ NETWORKS



Activities arecloser when they areoften linked byownershiprelationbetween firms (Financiallink)(Yan&Luo,2015)

B. PROXIMITY BY OWNERSHIP LINKAGES1- Methodology 2- Data 3- Global analysis 4-Local analysis 5-Conclusion-Perspectives


Activities arecloser when they aremoreoften located inthesame citiesC. PROXIMITY BY CO-LOCATION IN CITIES

1- Methodology 2- Data 3- Global analysis 4-Local analysis 5-Conclusion-Perspectives


COS Index for co-location: similarity between two vectors’ distributions in CITIES (cosine of the angle they form)


Variesfrom0to1:0=thetwovectorsaredissimilar

→Categoriesneverco-present:Minimalproximity1=thetwovectorsarethesame

→Categoriespresentinthesameproportions:Maximalproximity

i andj twosectorsofactivitiesc :acitywithinasetofcitiesCnc(i):numberoffirmsincityc practicingtheactivityi

cos(&, () =∑ -: & -:�:∈B (

∑ -: & H�:∈B ∑ -: ( H�

:∈B�

COSIndexforco-location 2=COSIndexforco-location - COSIndexforco-practice



Π&( = ⋕ 0, ℎ|0, ℎfirms, 0ownsℎ, 0practices&andℎpractices(orℎpractices&and0practices(

⋕ 0|0firm, 0practices&or0practices(


fandh:twofirmsi andj:twosectorsofactivities∏ij:proximitybetweentheactivitiesi andj


Indexforownership proximity


0- Introduction 1- Methodology 2- Data 3- Empirical analysis 4-Conclusion-Perspectives

OWNERSHIP

Sumofthedistancestothecloseactivities

ProximitybetweenActivities:COS>0.005MAX

MIN




Sumofthedistancestothecloseactivities


MAX

MIN

CO-LOCATIONINFUA(withoutco-practice)


CITIES (FUA): Related variety / Specialization



CO-LOCATIONINFUA(withoutco-practice)

CO-PRACTICE OWNERSHIP

Largemetropolisesareeitherrelatedspecialized,eitherunrelatedspecialized

pres sirius es cr 2017 - university of lausanne · 2017. 9. 12. · unil / mids sirius project 3...

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