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INTELLECTUAL PROPERY CODE(R.A. No. 8293, effective January 1, 1998)

INTELLECTUAL PROPERY

-those property rights which results from the physical manifestation of an original

thought.)

COVERAGE – Intellectual property right conit o!"a# Copyright an$ relate$ right%&# Tra$e'ar( an$ er)ice 'ar(%c# Geographic in$ication%$# In$utrial $eign%e# Patent%!# Layout*$eign +Topographie# o! Integrate$ Circuit% an$g# Protection o! Un$icloe$ In!or'ation, +-ec, .#

-TATE POLICY IN RE-PECT O/ INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIG0T- +IPR#*There i a $eclaration o! -tate Policy that1 a'ong other1 the -tate recogni2e that an

e!!ecti)e intellectual an$ in$utrial property yte' i )ital to the $e)elop'ent o! $o'etic an$creati)e acti)ity1 !acilitate tran!er o! technology1 attract !oreign in)et'ent an$ enure'ar(et acce !or our pro$uct1 hence it hall protect an$ ecure e3clui)e right o! cientit1in)entor1 artit1 an$ other gi!te$ citi2en to their intellectual property an$ creation, +-ec, 4#

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AND RECIPROTICY

• Any peron 5ho i a national or 5ho i $o'icile$ or ha a real an$ e!!ecti)e in$utrial

eta&lih'ent in a country 5hich6# i a party to any con)ention1 treaty1 or agree'ent relating to intellectual property right or

the repreion o! un!air co'petition to 5hich the Philippine i alo a party1 or 4# e3ten$ reciprocal right to national o! the Philippine &y la51 hall &e entitle$ to &ene!it

to the e3tent neceary to gi)e e!!ect to any pro)iion o! uch con)ention1 treaty1 or reciprocal la51 in a$$ition to the right to 5hich any o5ner o! an intellectual property righti other5ie pro)i$e$ &y la5, +-ec, 7#

REVERSE RECIPROCITY OF FOREIGN LAWSSection 231 – 'a(ing en!orcea&le on national o! a !oreign tate all con$ition1

retriction1 li'itation1 $i'inution1 re8uire'ent or penaltie that 'ay &e i'poe$ &y uch!oreign tate on a /ilipino national ee(ing intellectual property protection,

Reciprocal application i not auto'aticRather1 the Phil, 'ay apply to the !oreign national thoe retriction that hi country

i'poe on /ilipino applicant

9hat are :TEC0NOLOGY TRAN-/ER ARRANGE;ENT-<=*contract or agree'ent in)ol)ing the tran!er o! yte'atic (no5le$ge !or the

'anu!acture o! a pro$uct1 the application o! a proce1 or ren$ering o! a er)ice inclu$ing'anage'ent contract% an$ the tran!er1 aign'ent or licening o! all !or' o! intellectualproperty right1 inclu$ing licening o! co'puter o!t5are e3cept co'puter o!t5are $e)elope$!or 'a 'ar(et, +-ec, .#

PRESCRIPI!E PERI"# "$ ACI"NS $"R #A%A&ES 'N#ER E IPC*No $a'age 'ay &e reco)ere$ a!ter !our +.# year !ro' the ti'e the caue o! action

aroe +-ec, 44>#

J'RIS#ICI"N "!ER #ISP'ES 'N#ER IPC



A. Original Jurisdiction1) #irector &enera (IP")

*ha original ?uri$iction to reol)e $ipute relating to the ter' o! a licene in)ol)ingthe author@ right to pu&lic per!or'ance or other co''unication o! hi 5or(,

2) *ureau of +ea Affair-

*ha ?uri$iction o)er the !!"i, Oppoition to application !or regitration o! 'ar(%ii, Cancellation o! tra$e'ar(%iii, Cancellation o! patent1 utility 'o$el an$ in$utrial $eign%i), Petition !or co'pulory licening o! patent%), A$'initrati)e Co'plaint !or )iolation o! la5 in)ol)ing IPR 5here the total

$a'age clai'e$ i not le than P41,

3) #ocuentation, Inforation an/ ec0nooy ran-fer *ureau*ha ?uri$iction to ettle $ipute in)ol)ing technology tran!er pay'ent

B. Appellate Jurisdiction1) #irector &enera*o)er all $eciion ren$ere$ &y the !!"

• Dir, o! Legal A!!air

• Dir, o! Patent

• Dir, o! Tra$e'ar(

• Dir, o! the Docu'entation1 In!or'ation an$ Technology Tran!er

2) Court of Aea-*o)er $eciion o! the Director General in the e3ercie o! hi appellate ?uri$iction o)er the $eciion o! the"

• Dir, o! Legal A!!air• Dir, o! Patent

• Dir, o! Tra$e'ar(

3) Secretary of ra/e an/ In/u-try*o)er $eciion o! the Director General on the e3ercie o! hi appellate ?uri$iction o! theDirector o! Docu'entation1 In!or'ation an$ Technology Tran!er% AND*o)er $eciion o! the Director General in the e3ercie o! hi original ?uri$iction relatingto the ter' o! licene in)ol)ing the author@ right,

A#%INISRAI!E PENA+IES I%P"SE# $"R !I"+AI"NS "$ +AS IN!"+!IN& IPR*The Director !or Legal A!!air 'ay i'poe the !!"

a# Iuance o! a ceae an$ $eit or$er +CDO#%&# Acceptance o! )oluntary aurance co'pliance +VAC# or )oluntary aurance o!

$icontinuance +VAD#%c# Con$e'nation or ei2ure o! pro$uct u&?ect o! the o!!ene%$# /or!eiture o! propertie ue$ in the co''iion o! the o!!ene%e# I'poition o! a$'initrati)e !ine%!# Cancellation o! per'it1 licene1 authority or regitration%g# 9ithhol$ing o! per'it1 licene1 authority or regitration%h# Ae'ent o! $a'age%i# Cenure%

?# Analogou penaltie or anction +-ec, 6,4 B&#

+A "N PAENS

PAEN – an e3clui)e right ac8uire$ o)er an in)ention1 to ell1 ue1 an$ 'a(e the a'e5hether !or co''erce or in$utry,



PAENA*+E IN!ENI"NS*any technical olution o! a pro&le' in any !iel$ o! hu'an acti)ity 5hich i NEW 1

in)ol)e an INVENTIVE STEP an$ i INDUSTRIA! APPI"ABE hall &e patenta&le, Thepatenta&le in)ention 'ay &e1 or 'ay relate to1 a pro$uct1 or proce1 or an i'pro)e'ent o! anyo! the !oregoing, +-ec, 46#

Reuireent-41) ec0nica -oution of a ro5e in any fie/ of 0uan activity2) Novety – that 5hich $oe not !or' part o! a prior art conit o!"

a# that 5hich ha &een 'a$e a)aila&le to the pu&lic any5here in the 5orl$ &e!ore the !iling$ate or the priority $ate o! the application

&# that 5hich !or' part o! an application 5hether !or patent1 utility or in$utrial $eign1e!!ecti)e in the Philippine1 pro)i$e$ that"i, the in)entor or applicant are not the a'eii, the content o! the application are pu&lihe$ in accor$ance 5ith the re8uire'ent

o! patent application rule,iii, the !iling $ate o! the prior art i earlier,

3) Inventivene--6Inventive Ste*an in)ention in)ol)e an in)enti)e tep i!1 ha)ing regar$ to prior art1 it i not o&)iou to

a peron (ille$ in the art o! the ti'e o! the !iling $ate or priority $ate o! the application clai'ingthe in)ention, +-ec, 4>#

7) In/u-tria Aica5iity*an in)ention that can &e pro$uce$ an$ ue$ in any in$utry, +-ec, 4#

N"NPAENA*+E IN!ENI"NSThe !ollo5ing hall &e e3clu$e$ !ro' patent protection"

a# Dico)erie1 -cienti!ic Theorie an$ ;athe'atical ;etho$%&# -che'e1 rule an$ 'etho$ o! per!or'ing 'ental act1 playing ga'e or $oing

&uine1 an$ progra' !or co'puter%c# ;etho$ !or treat'ent o! the hu'an or ani'al &o$y &y urgery or therapy an$ $iagnotic

'etho$ practice$ on the hu'an or ani'al &o$y%$# Plant )arietie or ani'al &ree$ o! eentially &iological proce !or the pro$uction o!

plant or ani'al%e# Aethetic creation%!# Anything 5hich i contrary to pu&lic or$er or 'orality +-ec, 44#

RI& " A PAENThe right to a patent &elong"

a# to the in)entor1 hi heir1 or aign&# 5hen 4 or 'ore peron ha)e 'a$e the in)ention eparately an$ in$epen$ently – to the'

?ointlyc# i! t5o +4# or 'ore peron ha)e 'a$e the in)ention eparately an$ in$epen$ently o! each

other – to the peron 5ho !ile$ an application !or uch in)ention ($IRS " $I+E R'+E)$# 5here 4 or 'ore application are !ile$ !or the a'e in)ention – to the applicant 5ho ha the

earliet !iling $ate or the earliet priority $ate ($IRS " $I+E R'+E) +-ec, 4#e# in cae o! in)ention create$ puruant to a co''iion – to the peron 5ho co''iion

the 5or( UNLESS agree$ other5ie,!# in cae an e'ployee 'a$e the in)ention in the coure o! hi e'ploy'ent1 the patent hall

&elong to"

• the e'ployee – i! in)ention not part o! hi regular $utie e)en i! he ue the ti'e1

!acilitie an$ 'aterial o! the e'ployer% OR

• the e'ployer – i! the in)ention i the reult o! the per!or'ance o! hi regularly aigne$

$utie unle agree$ other5ie,



RI&S AC'IRE# *: E PAENEEThe patentee ac8uire the !ollo5ing right un$er hi patent

a# 9here the u&?ect 'atter o! a patent i a product 1 to retrain1 prohi&it an$ pre)ent anyunauthori2e$ peron or entity !ro' 'a(ing1 uing1 o!!ering !or ale1 elling or i'porting thatpro$uct%

&# 9here the u&?ect 'atter o! a patent i a process1 to retrain1 pre)ent or prohi&it anyunauthori2e$ peron or entity !ro' uing the proce1 an$ !ro' 'anu!acturing1 $ealing in1uing or o!!ering !or ale1 or i'porting any pro$uct o&taine$ $irectly or in$irectly !ro' uchproce%

c# to aign1 or tran!er &y ucceion the patent1 an$ to conclu$e licening contract !or thea'e +-ec, 6#

C"NENS "$ PAEN APP+ICAI"N A patent application hall contain"

6# a re8uet !or the grant o! patent%4# a $ecription o! the in)ention%

*the $icloure o! the in)ention 'ut &e in a 'anner u!!iciently clear an$ co'plete !or it to&e carrie$ out &y a (ille$ in the art,7# Dra5ing neceary !or the un$ertan$ing o! the in)ention%.# One or 'ore clai'F# An a&tract +-ec, 74#

'ut contain rele)ant in!or'ation a to the i$entity o! the peron +no anony'ou

peron# i! the applicant i not the in)entor% he 'ut ho5 proo! o! authority to ee( application

!or regitration

'NI: "$ IN!ENI"N*e)ery application !or patent regitration 'ut contain an application o)er a i'plein)ention or e)eral in)ention &ut 'ut !or' part o! a ingle general in)enti)e concept

PR"CE#'RE $"R E &RAN "$ PARENa# Accor$ing a !iling $ate to the application +-ec, .6#%&# E3a'ination o! co'pliance &y applicant 5ith the !or'al re8uire'ent peci!ie$ in -ec, 741

i,e,1 content o! application +-ec, .4#%c# Clai!ication o! application an$ earch !or prior art +-ec, .7#$# Pu&lication o! patent application in the IPO Ga2ette +-ec, ..#%e# Inpection o! the application $ocu'ent &y any interete$ party an$ 5ritten o&er)ation &y

any thir$ party concerning the patenta&ility o! the in)ention +-ec, ..,4 an$ .#%!# 9ritten re8uet &y the applicant1 5ithin > 'onth !ro' the $ate o! pu&lication o! hi patentapplication1 !or the u&tanti)e e3a'ination &y the IPO o! hi application, +-ec .#%

g# Grant o! the patent +-ec, F#1 or re!ual o! the e3a'iner to grant the patent +-ec, F6#% in thelatter cae1 the re!ual 'ay &e appeale$ to the Director o! the Hureau o! Patent%

h# Pu&lication o! the grant o! patent in the IPO Ga2ette +-ec, F4#

ER% "$ A PAEN, 'I+I: %"#E+, IN#'SRIA+ #ESI&Na# Patent – 4 yr !ro' the !iling $ate o! application1 5ithout rene5al&# Utility 'o$el – yr1 5out rene5alc# In$utrial $eign – F yr1 rene5a&le t5ice

'I+I: %"#E+S*'o$el o! i'ple'ent or tool o! any in$utrial pro$uct e)en i! not poee$ o! the

8uality o! in)ention &ut 5hich i o! :practical utility<

IN#'SRIA+ #ESI&N*any co'poition o! line or color or any three*$i'enional !or'1 5hether or not

aociate$ 5ith line or color pro)i$e$ that uch co'poition or !or' gi)e a pecialappearance to an$ can er)e a pattern !or an in$utrial pro$uct or han$icra!t,



CANCE++AI"N "$ PAENS0o ay fie;

• any peron

• IPO motu proprio

&roun/-4a# That the patent i in)ali$ +-ec, 6#%&# That 5hat i clai'e$ a the in)ention i not ne5 or patenta&le%c# That the patent $oe not $icloe the in)ention in a 'anner u!!iciently clear an$ co'plete

!or it to &e carrie$ out &y any peron (ille$ in the art% or $# That the patent i contrary to pu&lic or$er or 'orality, +-ec, >6#e# !ailure to 'a(e pay'ent o! annual !ee or $ue

0ere to fie;

• HLA – i! in )iolation o! IPC +a$'initrati)e#

• RTC – other5ie

IN$RIN&E%EN*the 'a(ing1 uing1 o!!ering !or ale1 elling or i'porting a patente$ pro$uct or a pro$uct

o&taine$ $irectly or in$irectly !ro' a patente$ proce or the ue o! a patente$ proce 5ithoutthe authori2ation o! the patentee, +-ec, >#

ES "$ PAEN IN$RIN&E%EN

1) +itera Infrineent – reort i ha$ to the :5or$< o! the clai',

2) #octrine of Euivaent- – i! t5o $e)ice $o the a'e 5or( in u&tantially the a'e 5ay1

the a'e reult1 an$ pro$uce u&tantially the a'e reult1 they are the a'e e)en thoughthey $i!!er in na'e1 !or'1 or hape,

RE%E#IES IN CASE "$ IN$RIN&E%EN A# /ile civil cse !or the !ollo5ing purpoe"

6# To reco)er !ro' the in!ringer uch $a'age a the court 'ay a5ar$ coni$ering thecircu'tance o! the cae pro)i$e$ it hall not e3cee$ 7 ti'e the a'ount o! the actual$a'age utaine$ plu attorney@ !ee an$ other e3pene o! litigation%

4# To ecure an in?unction !or the protection o! hi right%7# To recei)e a reaona&le royalty1 i! the $a'age are ina$e8uate or cannot &e rea$ily

acertaine$ 5ith reaona&le certainty%.# To ha)e the in!ringing goo$1 'aterial an$ i'ple'ent pre$o'inantly ue$ in the

in!ringe'ent $ipoe$ o! outi$e the channel o! co''erce1 or $etroye$ 5ithout

co'penation%F# To hol$ the contri&utory in!ringer ?ointly an$ e)erally lia&le 5ith the in!ringer,

H# /ile crimi!l cse 5ithin 7 year !ro' $ate o! co''iion o! the cri'e !or repetition o! in!ringe'ent +-ec, .#

+A "N RA#E%AR<S

RA#E%AR< – anything 5hich i a$opte$ an$ ue$ to i$enti!y the ource o! origin o! goo$1an$ 5hich i capa&le o! $itinguihing the' !ro' goo$ e'anating !ro' a co'petitor

SER!ICE %AR< – $itinguihe the er)ice o! an enterprie !ro' the er)ice o! other enterprie, It per!or' !or er)ice 5hat a tra$e'ar( $oe !or goo$,

C"++ECI!E %AR< * any )ii&le ign $eignate$ a uch in the application !or regitrationan$ capa&le o! $itinguihing the origin or any other co''on characteritic1 inclu$ing the8uality o! goo$ an$ er)ice o! $i!!erent enterprie 5hich ue the ign un$er the control o! the regitere$ o5ner o! the collecti)e 'ar( +-ec, 646,4#



RA#E NA%ES – the peron +5hether natural or ?uri$ical# 5ho $oe &uine an$ pro$ucethe goo$ or the er)ice i $eignate$ &y a tra/e nae,

*Un$er the la51 there i no nee$ to regiter tra$e na'e in or$er to ecure protection !or the',

RA#E #RESS – in)ol)e the total i'age o! a pro$uct1 inclu$ing uch !eature a i2e1hape1 color or color co'&ination1 te3ture1 an$or graphic,

" %AR<S ARE AC'IRE#*Un$er RA 471 the right in a 'ar( hall &e ac8uire$ through regitration 'a$e )ali$ly

in accor$ance 5ith it pro)iion, +-ec, 644#*Thi propoition o! la51 ho5e)er1 'ay not &e con)erte$ !or it i not true that 5here

there i no regitration1 there i no protection,

• Acui-ition t0rou0 u-e

*9hether or not a regitere$ tra$e'ar( i e'ploye$1 5hen a peron ha i$enti!ie$ in the'in$ o! the pu&lic the goo$ he 'anu!acture or $eal in hi &uine or er)ice !ro'

thoe o! other1 uch a peron ha a property right in the goo$5ill o! ai$ goo$ or er)ice 5hich 5ill &e protecte$ in the a'e 'anner a other property right +-ec,6>,6#

RI&S C"N$ERRE#*the o5ner o! a regitere$ 'ar( hall ha)e the e3clui)e right to pre)ent all thir$ partie

not ha)ing the o5ner@ conent !ro' uing in the coure o! tra$e i$entical or i'ilar ign or container !or goo$ or er)ice 5hich are i$entical or i'ilar to thoe in repect o! 5hich thetra$e'ar( i regitere$ 5here uch ue 5oul$ reult in a li(elihoo$ o! con!uion, +-ec, 6.#

#'RAI"N

*the certi!icate o! regitration o! a tra$e'ar( hall &e ten +6# year !ro' the !iling $ateo! application pro)i$e$ the regitrant hall !ile a $eclaration o! actual ue 5ithin a year !ro' theFth anni)erary o! regitration $ate +-ec, 6.F#

*rene5a&le !or another 6 yr, +-ec, 6.>#

N"NRE&ISRA*+E RA#E%AR<S, RA#E NA%ES AN# SER!ICE %AR<

A 'ar( cannot &e regitere$ i! it"a# Conit o! i''oral1 $ecepti)e or can$alou 'atter1 or 'atter 5hich 'ay

$iparage or !alely ugget a connection 5ith peron1 li)ing or $ea$1 intitution1 &elie!1 or national y'&ol1 or &ring the' into conte'pt or $irepute%

&# Conit o! the !lag or coat o! ar' or other inignia o! the Philippine or any o! itpolitical u&$i)iion1 or o! any !oreign nation1 or any i'ulation thereo!%c# Conit o! a na'e1 portrait or ignature i$enti!ying a particular li)ing in$i)i$ual

e3cept &y hi 5ritten conent1 or the na'e1 ignature1 or portrait o! a $eceae$ Prei$ent o! the Philippine1 $uring the li!e o! hi 5i$o51 i! any1 e3cept &y 5ritten conent o! the 5in$o5%

$# I i$entical 5ith a regitere$ 'ar( &elonging to a $i!!erent proprietor or a 'ar( 5ithan earlier !iling or priority $ate1 in repect o!"

+i# The a'e go$ or er)ice1 or +ii# Cloely relate$ goo$ or er)ice1 or +iii# I! it nearly ree'&le uch a 'ar( a to &e li(ely to $ecei)e or caue con!uion%e# I i$entical 5ith1 or con!uingly i'ilar to1 or contitute a tranlation o! a 'ar(

5hich i coni$ere$ &y the co'petent authority o! the Philippine to &e 5ell*(no5ninternationally an$ in the Philippine1 5hether or not it i regitere$ here1 a &eing alrea$y the'ar( o! a peron other than the applicant !or regitration1 an$ ue$ !or i$entical or i'ilar goo$ or er)ice" pro)i$e$1 that in $eter'ining 5hether a 'ar( i 5ell*(no5n1 account hall&e ta(en o! the (no5le$ge o! the rele)ant ector o! the pu&lic1 rather than o! the pu&lic at large1inclu$ing (no5le$ge in the Philippine 5hich ha &een o&taine$ a a reult o! the pro'otion o! the 'ar(%

!# I i$entical 5ith1 or con!uingly i'ilar to1 or contitute a tranlation o! a 'ar(coni$ere$ 5ell*(no5n in accor$ance 5ith the prece$ing paragraph1 5hich i regitere$ in the



Philippine 5ith repect to goo$ or er)ice 5hich are not i'ilar to thoe 5ith repect to5hich regitration i applie$ !or" pro)i$e$1 that ue o! the 'ar( in relation to thoe goo$ or er)ice 5oul$ in$icate a connection &et5een thoe goo$ or er)ice1 an$ the o5ner o! theregitere$ tra$e'ar(" Pro)i$e$ !urther that the interet o! the o5ner o! the regitere$ 'ar(are li(ely to &e $a'age$ &y uch ue%

g# I li(ely to 'ilea$ the pu&lic1 particularly a to the nature1 8uality1 characteritic or

geographical origin o! the goo$ or er)ice%h# Conit e3clui)ely o! ign that are generic !or the goo$ or er)ice that theyee( to i$enti!y%

i# Conit e3clui)ely o! ign or o! in$ication that ha)e &eco'e cuto'ary or uualto $eignate the goo$ or er)ice in e)ery$ay language or in a &ona!i$e an$ eta&lihe$tra$e practice%

?# Conit e3clui)ely o! ign or in$ication that 'ay er)e in tra$e to $eignate the(in$1 8uality1 8uantity1 inten$e$ purpoe1 )alue1 geographical origin1 ti'e or pro$uction o! thegoo$ or ren$ering o! the er)ice1 or other characteritic o! the goo$ or er)ice%

(# Conit o! hape that 'ay &e neceitate$ &y technical !actor or &y the nature o! the goo$ the'el)e or !actor that a!!ect their intrinic )alue%

l# Conit o! color alone1 unle $e!ine$ &y a gi)en !or'% or'# I contrary to pu&lic or$er or 'orality +-ec, 647#

$I+IN& #AE "$ AN APP+ICAI"N*The !iling $ate o! an application hall &e the $ate on 5hich the o!!ice recei)e$ the

!ollo5ing in$ication an$ ele'ent in Englih or /ilipino"a# An e3pre or i'plicit in$ication that the regitration o! a 'ar( i ought%&# In$ication u!!icient to contact the applicant or hi repreentati)e1 i! any%c# In$ication u!!icient to contact the applicant or hi repreentati)e1 i! any%$# A repro$uction o! the 'ar( 5here regitration i ought% an$e# The lit o! the goo$ or er)ice !or 5hich the regitration i ought, +-ec, 64,6#

NO !iling $ate hall &e accor$e$ until the re8uire$ !ee i pai$ +-ec, 64,4#

PR"CE#'RE $"R RE&ISRAI"Na# E3a'ination to $eter'ine 5hether the application ati!ie the re8uire'ent !or the grant

o! a !iling $ate,&# E3a'ination to $eter'ine 5hether the application 'eet the re8uire'ent o! -ec, 64. an$

the 'ar( i regitra&le un$er -ec, 647,c# Denial o! the application or a'en$'ent thereo! or pu&lication o! the application%$# Oppoition to the application% notice% hearing% $eciion &y e3a'iner% appeal to the Director

o! Hureau o! Tra$e'ar(% appeal to the IPO Director General% appeal to the CA%e# Iuance o! Certi!icate o! regitration!# Pu&lication in the IPO Ga2ette o! the !act o! regitration

CANCE++AI"N "$ RA#E%AR< "R RA#ENA%E0o ay fie;

• any peron 5ho &elie)e that he i an$ 5ill &e $a'age$ &y the regitration o! a 'ar(

0ere to fie;

• HLA

&roun/-4a# ;ar( &eco'e generic !or goo$ !or 5hich it i regitere$%

&# A&an$on'ent o! the 'ar(%c# Regitration o&taine$ !rau$ulently or contrary to pro)iion o! RA 47%$# ;ar( ue$ &y1 or 5ith per'iion1 or1 regitrant%e# /ailure to ue the 'ar( 5ithin the Philippine !or 7 uninterrupte$ year or longer,

E$$ECS "$ N"N'SE

• 'ay &e e3cue$ i! caue$ &y circu'tance ariing in$epen$ently o! the 5ill o! the

tra$e'ar( o5ner1 uch a 'ilitary coup1 or political change that i'pe$e co''erce



• Regitration i an a$'initrati)e act $eclaratory o! a pre*e3iting right that $oe not1 o!

itel!1 per!ect a tra$e'ar(1 !or 5hat $oe i ctul use

• Non*ue i a groun$ !or re'o)ing a 'ar( !ro' the regiter

#"CRINE "$ SEC"N#AR: %EANIN&*9hile a generic1 in$icati)e or $ecripti)e 'ar( 5ill1 a a general rule1 &e $enie$

regitration1 there i a circu'tance that 5ill allo5 it to &e regitere$, Un$er the doctri!e o" seco!dr# me!i!$% 5hen a 'ar( ha &eco'e $itincti)e o! the applicant@ go$ in co''ercean$1 in the 'in$ o! the pu&lic1 in$icate a ingle ource o! conu'er1 it 'ay &e regitere$,

A C"NSI'ES AN IN$RIN&E%EN*Un$er RA 471 any peron hall1 5ithout the conent o! the o5ner o! the regitere$

'ar("6# Ue in co''erce any repro$uction1 counter!eit1 copy1 or colora&le i'itation o! a

regitere$ 'ar( or the a'e container or a $o'inant !eature thereo! in connection5ith the ale1 o!!ering !or ale1 $itri&ution1 a$)ertiing any goo$ or er)iceinclu$ing other preparatory tep neceary to carry out the ale o! any goo$ or

er)ice on or in connection 5ith 5hich uch ue i li(ely to caue con!uion1 or tocaue 'ita(e1 or to $ecei)e% or

4# Repro$uce1 counter!eit1 copy or colora&ly i'itate a regitere$ 'ar( or a $o'inant!eature thereo! an$ apply uch repro$uction1 counter!eit1 copy1 or colora&le i'itationto la&el1 ign1 print1 pac(age1 5rapper1 receptacle1 or a$)ertie'ent inten$e$to &e ue$ in co''erce upon or in connection 5ith the ale1 o!!ering !or ale1$itri&ution1 or a$)ertiing o! goo$ or er)ice on1 or in connection 5ith 5hich uchue i li(ely to caue con!uion1 or to caue 'ita(e1 or to $ecei)e1 hall &e lia&le !or in!ringe'ent, +-ec, 6FF#

ES "$ RA#E%AR< IN$RIN&E%EN

1) #oinancy e-t = conit in ee(ing out the 'ain1 eential or $o'inant !eature o! a'ar(,

2) oi-tic e-t – ta(e toc( o! the other !eature o! a 'ar(1 ta(ing into coni$eration the

entirety o! the 'ar(,

#I$$ERENIAE# $R"% 'N$AIR C"%PEII"N

1) Cuse o" ctio!& in in!ringe'ent1 the caue o! action i the unauthori2e$ ue o! a regitere$

tra$e'ar(% in un!air co'petition1 it i the paing o!! o! one@ goo$ a thoe o! another 'erchant,

2) Frudule!t i!te!t i not neceary in in!ringe'ent1 &ut neceary in UC,

3) Re$istrtio! o" trdemr's& in in!ringe'ent1 it i a pre*re8uiite% in UC1 it i not re8uire$,

4) Clss o" $oods i!volved& in in!ringe'ent1 the goo$ 'ut &e o! i'ilar cla% in UC1 the

goo$ nee$ not &e o! the a'e cla,

in!ringe'ent i a !or' o! un!air co'petition

RE%E#IES A!AI+A*+E IN CASE "$ IN$RIN&E%EN "$ A RE&ISERE# %AR<a# -ue !or $a'age +-ec, 6F>,6#%&# 0a)e the in!ringing goo$ i'poun$e$ +-ec, 6F>,4#%c# A( !or $ou&le $a'age +-ec, 6F>,7#

$# A( !or in?unction +6F>,.#e# 0a)e the in!ringing goo$ $ipoe$ o! outi$e the channel o! co''erce +-ec, 6F,6#!# 0a)e the in!ringing goo$ $etroye$ +-ec, 6F,6#g# /ile cri'inal action +-ec, 6#%h# A$'initrati)e -anction

'N$AIR C"%PEII"N*any peron 5ho hall e'ploy $eception or any other 'ean contrary to goo$ !aith &y

5hich he hall pa o!! the goo$ 'anu!acture$ &y hi' or in 5hich he $eal1 or hi &uine1



or er)ice !or thoe o! the one ha)ing eta&lihe$ uch goo$5ill1 or 5ho hall co''it any actcalculate$ to pro$uce ai$ reult1 hall &e guilty o! un!air co'petition,

o> Coitte/a# ;a(ing one@ goo$ appear a the goo$ o! another%&# Ue o! arti!ice or $e)ice to in$uce the !ale &elie! that one@ goo$ are thoe o! another%

c# /ale tate'ent in the coure o! tra$e% or $# Any act contrary to goo$ !aith calculate$ to $icre$it another@ goo$

ES "$ 'N$AIR C"%PEII"N*The tet i 5hether certain goo$ ha)e &een clothe$ 5ith an appearance li(ely to

$ecei)e the or$inary purchaer e3erciing or$inary care,

RE%E#IES A&AINS 'N$AIR C"%PEII"Na# Da'age 5hich 'ay either &e"

• reaona&le pro!it 5hich 5oul$ ha)e reali2e$1 or

• actual pro!it collecte$ &y the $e!en$ant1 or

• a certain percentage o)er the gro ale o! $e!en$ant in cae o! the 'eaure o! $a'age cannot &e rea$ily acertaine$%

&# Da'age 'ay &e $ou&le$ in cae 5here actual intent to 'ilea$ the pu&lic or to $e!rau$the co'plaint i ho5n%

c# I'poun$ing o! ale in)oice an$ other $ocu'ent e)i$encing ale%$# In?unctione# Detruction o! goo$ !oun$ to &e in!ringing1 an$ all paraphernalia,

+A "N C"P:RI&

C"P:RI& – yte' o! legal protection an author en?oy in the !or' o! e3preion o! i$ea

*ASIC PRINCIP+ES

• 9or( are protecte$ &y the ole !act o! their creation1 irrepecti)e o! their 'o$e or !or' o!

e3preion1 a 5ell a their content1 8uality or purpoe +-ec, 64,4#

• Protection e3ten$ only to the e3preion o! the i$ea1 not to the i$ea itel! or to any

proce$ure1 yte'1 'etho$ or operation1 concept or principle1 $ico)ery or 'ere $ata,

CREAI"N "$ A "R< A copyright 5or( i create$ 5hen the t5o+4# re8uire'ent are 'et"

1) "riinaity – $oe not 'ean no)elty or ingenuity1 neither uni8uene nor creati)ity, Iti'ply 'ean that the 5or( (o)es its ori$i! to t*e ut*or+

2) E?re--ion – there 'ut &e ("i,tio!+ To &e :!i3e$<1 a 5or( 'ut &e e'&o$ie$ in a 'e$iu'u!!iciently"

• per'anent% or

• ta&le

to per'it it to &e percei)e$1 repro$uce$1 or other5ie co''unicate$ !or a perio$ o! 'ore thantranitory $uration,

*i! it i not re8uire$ that the 'e$iu' &e )ii&le a long a there i a poi&ility o! retrie)al1 then there i !i3ation

*it i !i3ation that $e!ine the ti'e !ro' 5hen copyright u&it, He!ore !i3ation1 there

can &e no in!ringe'ent,

"R<S PR"ECE# *: C"P:RI&A. "riina or@ * Literary an$ artitic 5or( are original intellectual creation in the literary

an$ artitic $o'ain protecte$ !ro' the 'o'ent o! their creation1 irrepecti)e o! their 'o$eor !or' o! e3preion1 a 5ell a o! their content1 8uality an$ purpoe1 an$ hall inclu$e inparticular"a# Hoo(1 pa'phlet1 article an$ other 5riting



&# Perio$ical an$ ne5paperc# Lecture1 er'on1 a$$ree1 $iertation prepare$ !or oral $eli)ery1 5hether or not

re$uce$ in 5riting or other 'aterial !or'$# Lettere# Dra'atic or $ra'atico*'uical co'poition% choreographic 5or( or entertain'ent in

$u'& ho5

!# ;uical co'poition1 5ith or 5ithout 5or$g# 9or( o! $ra5ing1 painting1 architecture1 culpture1 engra)ing1 lithography or other 5or( o! art% 'o$el or $eign !or 5or( o! art

h# Original orna'ental $eign or 'o$el !or article o! 'anu!acture1 5hether or notregitra&le a an in$utrial $eign1 an$ other 5or( o! applie$ art,

i# Illutration1 'ap1 plan1 (etche1 chart an$ three*$i'enional 5or( relati)e togeography1 topography1 architecture or cience

?# Dra5ing or platic 5or( o! a cienti!ic or technical character (# Photographic 5or( inclu$ing 5or( pro$uce$ &y a proce analogou to photography%

lantern li$el# Au$io)iual 5or( an$ cine'atographic or any proce !or 'a(ing au$io*)iual

recor$ing'# Pictorial illutration an$ a$)ertie'entn# Co'puter progra'o# Other literary1 cholarly1 cienti!ic an$ artitic 5or( +-ec, 64#

*. #erivative or@- – the !ollo5ing $eri)ati)e 5or( hall alo &e protecte$"a# Dra'ati2ation1 tranlation1 a$aptation1 a&ri$g'ent1 arrange'ent1 an$ other

alteration o! literary 5or(&# Collection o! literary1 cholarly or artitic 5or(1 an$ co'pilation o! $ata an$ other

'aterial 5hich are original &y reaon o! the election or coor$ination or arrange'ent o! their content, +-ec, 67#

"R<S N" PR"ECE#*The !ollo5ing 5or( are not protecte$"

6# Any i$ea1 proce$ure1 yte'1 'etho$ or operation1 concept1 principle1 $ico)ery or 'ere$ata a uch1 e)en i! e3pree$1 e3plaine$1 illutrate$1 or e'&o$ie$ in a 5or(%

4# Ne5 o! the $ay an$ other !act ha)ing the character o! 'ere ite' o! pre in!or'ation%7# Any o!!icial te3t o! a legilati)e1 a$'initrati)e or legal nature1 a 5ell a any o!!icial

tranlation thereo!, +-ec, 6F#.# Any 5or( o! the Go)ern'ent o! the Philippine, +-ec, 6>#

*ho5e)er1 prior appro)al o! the go)ern'ent agency or o!!ice 5herein the 5or( i create$hall &e neceary !or e3ploitation o! uch 5or( !or pro!it, -uch agency or o!!ice1 'ay1 a'ongother thing1 i'poe a a con$ition the pay'ent o! royaltieF# Plea$ing%># Deciion o! court an$ tri&unal,

*Thi pertain to the (ori$i!l decisio!s+ not to the -CRA pu&lihe$ in )olu'e ince theeare protecte$ un$er $eri)ati)e 5or(,

RI&S "$ AN A'"R+Author – a natural peron 5ho ha create$ the 5or(,#

A. Econoic Ri0t- (Sec. 1)6# Right to repro$uce%4# Right to create $eri)ati)e 5or(%7# Right to !irt pu&lic $itri&ution or !irt ale%.# Right to rent out the original or a cop o! an au$io)iual or cine'atographic 5or(%F# Right to pu&lic per!or'ance%># Right to other co''unication o! the 5or( to the pu&lic,

*. %ora Ri0t- (Sec. 193)6# Right o! attri&ution or paternity right%4# Right o! alteration or non*pu&lication%



7# Right to preer)ation o! integrity.# Right not to &e i$enti!ie$ 5ith 5or( o! other or 5ith $itorte$ 5or(,

er of ora ri0t*li!eti'e o! the author an$ F year a!ter hi $eath

aiver of ora ri0t6# &y a 5ritten intru'ent +-ec, 6F#

4# &y contri&ution to a collecti)e 5or( unle e3prely reer)e$ +-ec, 6>#

PRINCIP+E "$ A'"%AIC PR"ECI"NUn$er the Herne Con)ention1 the en?oy'ent an$ e3ercie o! copyright1 inclu$ing 'oral

right1 hall not &e the u&?ect o! any !or'ality,

"NERSIP "$ C"P:RI&6, Si!$le cretor – copyright &elong to the author o! the 5or(1 hi heir or aign,4, -oi!t cretio! – copyright &elong to the co*author ?ointly a co*o5ner, Hut i! the 5or(

conit o! i$enti!ia&le part1 the author o! each part o5n the part that he ha create$,7, Emplo#ee.s cretio! – copyright &elong to the e'ployee i! the creation i not part o! hi

regular $utie e)en i! he ue the ti'e1 !acilitie an$ 'aterial o! the e'ployer% other5ie it&elong to the e'ployer ., Commissio!ed )or' – the 5or( &elong to the peron co''iioning &ut the copyright

re'ain 5ith the creator unle there i a 5ritten tipulation to the contrary,F, Ci!emto$rp*ic )or's – the pro$ucer ha copyright !or purpoe o! e3hi&ition% !or all other

purpoe1 the pro$ucer1 the author o! the cenario1 the co'poer1 the !il' $irector1 theauthor o! the 5or( are the creator,

>, A!o!#mous !d pseudo!#mous )or's – the pu&liher hall &e $ee'e$ the repreentati)eo! the author unle"a, the contrary appear&, the peu$ony' or a$opte$ na'e lea)e no $ou&t a to the author@ i$entity or c, i! the author $icloe hi i$entity +-ec, 6#,

, Collective )or's – the contri&utor i $ee'e$ to ha)e 5ai)e$ hi right unle he e3prelyreer)e it, +-ec, 6>#Collecti)e 5or( – a 5or( create$ &y t5o or 'ore peron at the initiati)e an$ un$er the$irection o! another 5ith the un$ertan$ing that it 5ill &e $icloe$ &y the latter un$er hio5n na'e an$ that the contri&ution o! natural peron 5ill not &e i$enti!ie$, +-ec, 66,4#

, In cae o! tran!er1 the tran!eree hall o5n one or 'ore or all the econo'ic righttran!erre$ pro)i$e$"a, the aign'ent1 i! inter )i)o1 &e in 5riting +-ec, 6,4#&, the aign'ent &e !ile$ 5ith the National Li&rary upon pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee,

+-ec, 64#

#'RAI"N "$ C"P:RI&

• Literr# rtistic )or's !d derivtive )or's o" SINGLE CREATOR * li!eti'e o! the creator

an$ !or F year a!ter hi $eath

• -oi!t cretio! – li!eti'e o! lat ur)i)ing co*creator an$ !or F year a!ter hi $eath,

• A!o!#mous or )or' u!der pseudo!#m !ot ide!ti"i/le )it* t*e true !me o" t*e cretor

– F year a!ter the $ate o! their !irt pu&lication, E3cept 5here1 &e!ore the e3piration o! ai$ perio$1 the authorJ i$entity i re)eale$ or i

no longer in $ou&t1 the rule !or ingle an$ ?oint creation hall apply

• P*oto$rp*ic )or's – F year !ro' the pu&lication o! the 5or(1 or !ro' 'a(ing the a'eter' i gi)en to au$io)iual 5or( pro$uce$ &y photography or analogou procee,

• Wor' o" Applied Art – 4F year !ro' the $ate o! 'a(ing

• Ne)spper Article – li!eti'e o! the author an$ F year a!ter hi $eath

A pure ne5 report 5ill no longer !in$ protection un$er he ne5 la51 HUT a colu'n or

pu&lihe$ co''ent 5ill



• The 5or( o! per!or'er not incorporate$ in RECORDING1 PRODUCT- O/ -OUND

I;AGE RECORDING-1 an$ HROADCA-T-1 are protecte$ !or perio$ o! F year1 Fyear1 an$ 4 year1 repecti)ely1 counte$ !ro' the en$ o! the year o! per!or'ance1recor$ing1 or &roa$cat1 repecti)ely,

T*e term o" protectio! s*ll /e cou!ted "rom t*e "irst d# o" -!ur# o" t*e #er

"ollo)i!$ t*e det* or o" lst pu/lictio! 0Sec1 2345

+I%IAI"NS " E RI&S "N C"P:RI&

1) Private erforance, rivate an/ er-ona u-e – applica&le only :5hen a 5or( ha &een

la5!ully 'a$e accei&le to the pu&lic,<

Per-ona '-e*'a(ing a ingle repro$uction1 a$aptation1 arrange'ent or other tran!or'ation o!

another@ 5or( e3clui)ely !or one@ o5n in$i)i$ual ue in uch cae a peronal reearch1learning or a'ue'ent

Private '-e*'a(ing a repro$uction1 a$aptation or other tran!or'ation o! it1 in a ingle peron a in

the cae o! :peronal ue< &ut alo !or a co''on purpoe &y a peci!ic circle o! perononly,

2) $air '-e of a Coyri0te/ or@$air '-e * A pri)ilege in peron other than the o5ner o! the copyright to ue the

copyrighte$ 'aterial in a reaona&le 'anner 5ithout it conent1 not5ithtan$ing the'onopoly grante$ to the o5ner &y the copyright,

*the $octrine o! !air ue i 'eant to &alance the 'onopolie en?oye$ &y the copyrighto5ner 5ith interet o! the pu&lic an$ o! ociety,

CRIERIA " #EER%INE EER 'SE IS $AIR "R N"4a# Purpoe an$ the character o! the ue&# Nature o! the copyrighte$ 5or(c# A'ount an$ u&tantially o! the portion ue$$# E!!ect o! the ue upon the potential 'ar(et o! the copyrighte$ 5or( +-ec, 6F#

E B$AIR'SES "$ PR"ECE# %AERIA+ ARE4a# Critici2ing1 co''enting1 an$ ne5 reporting%&# Uing !or intructional purpoe inclu$ing pro$ucing 'ultiple copie o! claroo' ue1 !or

cholarhip1 reearch an$ i'ilar purpoe +-ec, 6F#

3) "R<IN& "$ ARCIEC'RE (Sec. 18D)*inclu$e the right to control the erection o! any &uil$ing 5hich repro$uce the 5hole or a

u&tantial part o! the 5or( either in it original or in any !or' recogni2a&ly $eri)e$ !ro' theoriginal% Pro)i$e$1 that the copyright in any uch 5or( hall not inclu$e the right to control therecontruction1 or reha&ilitation in the a'e tyle a the original o! a &uil$ing to 5hich thatcopyright relate

7) REPR"#'CI"N "$ P'*+ISE# "R<*e3clui)ely !or reearch an$ pri)ate tu$y,

) REPR"&RAPIC REPR"#'CI"N *: +I*RARIES*any li&rary or archi)e 5hoe acti)itie are not !or pro!it 'ay1 5ithout the authori2ation o! the author o! copyright o5ner1 'a(e a ingle copy o! the 5or( &y reprographicrepro$uction,

D) REPR"#'CI"N "$ C"%P'ER PR"&RA%S*allo5e$ on the !!, con$ition"a# only one copy i 'a$e%&# la5!ul o5ner 'a$e the copy%



c# purpoe o! 5hich the repro$uction i 'a$e i legal li(e"

• ue to 5hich the progra' i 'a$e an$ !or 5hich it 5a purchae$ $e'an$ the

repro$uction o! a copy% or

• the repro$uction o! a copy i neceary to guarantee againt lo or $etruction

+-ec, 6,6#

) I%P"RAI"N $"R PERS"NA+ P'RP"SES*The i'portation o! a copy o! a 5or( &y an in$i)i$ual !or hi peronal purpoe hall &eper'itte$ 5ithout the authori2ation o! the author o!1 or other o5ner o! copyright in1 the 5or(un$er the !ollo5ing circu'tance"a# Copie o! the 5or( are !ot vil/le in the Philippine an$"

i, not 'ore than one copy at one ti'e i i'porte$ !or trict in$i)i$ual ue%ii, i'portation i &y authority an$ !or the ue o! Philippine Go)ern'ent% or iii, Religiou1 charita&le1 or e$ucational ociety i'porte$ not 'ore than 7 copie per

title pro)i$e$ they are not !or ale,&# Copie !or' part o! li&rarie an$ peronal &aggage &elonging to peron or !a'ilie

arri)ing !ro' !oreign countrie an$ are not inten$e$ !or ale" Pro)i$e$1 that uch copie

$o not e3cee$ three +7#, +-ec, 6#

RE%E#IES IN CASE "$ IN$RIN&E%EN46# I!6u!ctio! to pre)ent in!ringe'ent4# 7m$es aee$ on the &ai o! the proo! allege$ &y the plainti!! o! ale 'a$e &y the

$e!en$ant o! the in!ringing 5or( 'inu 5hate)er cot the $e!en$ant 'ay &e a&le to pro)ean$ appreciate$ &y the court,

7# 7eliver# u!der ot* o! all i'ple'ent e'ploye$ in the pro$uction o! the in!ringing pro$uctthe'el)e an$ the in!ringing ite'1 !or i'poun$ing or $etruction a the court 'ay or$er,

.# P#me!t o" morl !d e,emplr# dm$es in the $icretion o! court,F# Cri'inal Action

#I$$ERENCE *EEEN C"P:RI&, PAEN AN# RA#E%AR<6# Su/6ect 8tter o" t*e Ri$*t&

Copyright – literary1 cienti!ic or artitic 5or(%Patent – ne51 ue!ul1 an$ in$utrially applica&le in)ention%Tra$e'ar( – goo$ 'anu!acture$ or pro$uce$

4# W*ere Ri$*t Re$istered&Copyright – National Li&raryPatent an$ Tra$e'ar( – IPO

7# 7urtio! o" Ri$*t&Patent – 4 year !ro' !iling or priority $ateTra$e'ar( – 6 yearCopyright – Generally up to F year a!ter the $eath o! the author,



PART II

/UNCTION- O/ T0E INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY O//ICE +IPO# +-EC, F#

6, ,E3a'ine application !or grant o! letter patent !or in)ention an$ regiter utility 'o$elan$ in$utrial $eign%

4, E3a'ine application !or the regitration o! 'ar(1 geographic in$ication1 integrate$

circuit%7, Regiter technology tran!er arrange'ent an$ ettle $ipute in)ol)ing technologytran!er pay'ent%

., Pro'ote the ue o! patent in!or'ation a a tool !or technology $e)elop'ent%F, Pu&lih regularly in it o5n pu&lication the patent1 'ar(1 utility 'o$el an$ in$utrial

$eign1 iue$ an$ appro)e$1 an$ the technology tran!er arrange'ent regitere$%>, A$'initrati)ely a$?u$icate contete$ procee$ing a!!ecting intellectual property right% an$, Coor$inate 5ith other go)ern'ent agencie an$ the pri)ate ector to trengthen the

protection o! intellectual property right in the country%, Cuto$y o! all recor$1 &oo(1 $ra5ing1 peci!ication1 $ocu'ent1 an$ other paper an$

thing relating to the intellectual property right application !ile$ 5ith the O!!ice,

LAW ON COPYRIG9T

COPYRIG9T

∗ It i that yte' o! legal protection an author en?oy in the !or' o! e3preion o! i$ea,

+9orl$ Intellectual Property Organi2ation * 9IPO#

∗ the e3clui)e right +or right# o! an author to the 5or( o! hi authorhip (198 Con-titution).

#E$INII"NSFAut0orF * i the !turl perso! 5ho ha create$ the 5or(,

KCoective or@F * i a 5or( 5hich ha &een create$ &y t5o +4# or 'ore naturalperon at the initiati)e an$ un$er the $irection o! another 5ith the un$ertan$ing that it 5ill &e$icloe$ &y the latter un$er hi o5n na'e an$ that contri&uting natural peron 5ill not &ei$enti!ie$,

KJoint or@F * i a 5or( prepare$ &y t5o or 'ore author 5ith the intention that their contri&ution &e 'erge$ into inepara&le or inter$epen$ent part o! a unitary 5hole, i,e,'e$ical te3t&oo( that i ?ointly authori2e$ &y t5o or three e3pert,

For@ of aie/ artF i an artitic creation )it* utilitri! !unction or incorporate$ ina ue!ul article1 5hether 'a$e &y han$ or pro$uce$ on an in$utrial cale,

FPerforer-F * are actor1 inger1 'uician1 $ancer1 an$ other peron 5ho act1ing1 $eclai'1 play in1 interpret1 or other5ie per!or' literary an$ artitic 5or(,

CONSTITUTIONAL :ASIS

∗ The Stte s*ll protect !d secure the e3clui)e right o! -CIENTI-T-1 INVENTOR-1

ARTI-T- AND OT0ER GI/TED CITIEN- to their intellectual property an$ creation1



prticulrl# )*e! /e!e"icil to t*e people% !or uch perio$ a 'ay &e pro)i$e$ &y la5, (Art. GI!,Sec. 13, 198 Con-titution)

CIVIL CO7E PROVISIONS

∗ Hy Intellectual creation1 the !ollo5ing peron ac8uire o)!ers*ip"

6, The author 5ith regar$ to hi literary1 $ra'atic1 hitorical1 legal1 philoophical1 cienti!ic or other 5or(%

4, The co'poer1 a to hi 'uical co'poition%7, The painter1 culptor1 or other artit1 5ith repect to the pro$uct o! hi art%4. The cientit or technologit or any other peron 5ith regar$ to hi $ico)ery or in)ention,

(Art. 21, NCC)

∗ Letter an$ other pri)ate co''unication in 5riting are o5ne$ &y the peron to 5ho' they

are a$$ree$ an$ $eli)ere$1 HUT they cannot &e pu&lihe$ or $ie'inate$ 5ithout theconent o! the 5riter or hi heir, (Art. 23, NCC)

SI&NI$ICAN PR"!ISI"NS "$ E A&REE%EN "N RA#ERE+AE# ASPECS "$INE++EC'A+ PR"PER: RI&S (RIPS) IN RE&AR# " C"P:RI&S4

a# Co'pliance 5ith the pro)iion o! the Pari- convention (19D) i 'a$e co'pulory to'e'&er,

&# O&ligation un$er the Pari1 Herne an$ Ro'e con)ention re'ain1c# The treat'ent any 'e'&er*tate accor$ it o5n national relati)e to intellectual property i

to &e accor$e$ the national o! all other 'e'&er*tate,/urther'ore1 any a$)antage1 !a)or or pri)ilege accor$e$ the national o! any other countryhall &e accor$e$ the national o! other 'e'&er tate, EMCLUDED !ro' thi 'ot!a)ore$ nation pro)iion are the right o! per!or'er1 pro$ucer o! phonogra' an$

&roa$cating organi2ation +RECIPROCITY RULE#,$# ;e'&er are to co'ply 5ith the *erne Convention of 191 an/ it- aen/i? 1 EMCEPTthe right an$ o&ligation un$er Article >&i +ha to $o 5ith an authorJ K'oral rightK# *;EANING" 5hether or not the protection an$ guarantee con!erre$ &y Article >&i +morl ri$*ts# apply or not i le!t 5ith the 'unicipal legilation o! each 'e'&er*tate,

SU:SISTENCE OF T9E RIG9TS

Co!"erme!t o" ri$*ts

∗ The right con!erre$ &y the IPC ino!ar a COPYRIG0T i concerne$ su/sists "rom t*e

mome!t o" cretio! (Sec. 12.1).∗ Un$er Philippine La51 NO /OR;ALITY I- REUIRED that the author &e )ete$ 5ith the

right o! copyright,

CREATION O/ A 9OR"

∗ A copyrighta&le 5or( i create$ 5hen the t5o re8uire'ent are 'et"

6, ORIGINALITY* $oe not 'ean no)elty or ingenuity1 neither uni8uene nor creati)ity1 iti'ply 'ean that the 5or( Ko)es its ori$i! to t*e ut*or;1

∗ The 5or( i an in$epen$ent creation o! the author,

#. E$PRESSION%t&ere 'ust (e )*i+ation), to (e )-i+ed) a or/ 'ust (e e'(odied in a'ediu' su--icientl01

a# PER;ANENT% or &# -TAHLE%

to per'it it to &e percei)e$1 repro$uce$1 or other5ie co''unicate$ !or a perio$ o! 'orethan tranitory $uration,-trictly pea(ing there i no 5or( !or copyright purpoe1 unle there i o'ethingtangi&le1



*It i !i3ation that $e!ine the ti'e !ro' 5hen copyright u&it, He!ore the ti'e o! !i3ationthere can &e no in!ringe'ent,*Crucial e)ent or act that allo5 the author to in)o(e the la5"* It 'ut &e 5hen a 5or( o! authorhip i at leat e3pree$ in o'e $eter'inate !or'1 i,e,!i3ation,

N"E 4 CONTRARY VIE9 * The ne5 Intellectual Property Co$e i ilent on the re8uire'ent o! !i3ation, A&ent thi re8uire'ent o! !i3ation1 then copyright 5oul$ attach to &ear i$ea 5hich ie3clu$e$ &y uni)eral principle o! copyright,

DURATION O/ COPYRIG0T /OR VARIOU- 9OR-" +C0AP, MIV1 -EC, 467#

A, LITERARY ARTI-TIC 9OR- AND DERIVATIVE 9OR- O/ A -INGLE CREATOR*theright u&it $uring the li!eti'e o! the creator an$ !or !i!ty +F# year a!ter hi $eath, +/or purpoe o! rec(oning the tart o! the !i!ty +F#*year perio$1 the !irt $ay o! anuary o! theyear !ollo5ing the e)ent 5hich gi)e rie to the' i the tarting point * Sec. 217#

&, In cae o! OINT CREATION*the econo'ic right hall &e protecte$ $uring the li!e o! thelat ur)i)ing author an$ !or !i!ty year a!ter hi $eath +the !i!ty*year perio$ i counte$ !ro'the $eath o! the lat ur)i)ing co*creator#,

c, 9hen an ANONY;OU- OR A P-EUDONY;OU- 9OR* i pu&lihe$1 the copyright lattill the en$ o! !i!ty year !ollo5ing the $ate o! their !irt pu&lication, +co''encing !ro'anuary 6 !ollo5ing the $ate o! pu&lication * Sec. 217#

$, A 5or( o! APPLIED ART en?oy protection !or t5enty*!i)e +4F# year !ro' the $ate o! 'a(ing,

E, P0OTOGRAP0IC 9OR-* are protecte$ !or !i!ty +F# year !ro' the pu&lication o! the5or(1 or !ro' 'a(ing the a'e ter' i gi)en to au$io)iual 5or( pro$uce$ &yphotography or analogou procee,

/, A NE9-PAPER ARTICLE* 5ill there!ore en?oy a ter' o! protection e8ual to that en?oye$ &yother literary 5or(" the li!eti'e o! the author an$ !i!ty year therea!ter, I'portant1ho5e)er1 relati)e to ne5paper an$ perio$ical i the $enial o! copyright protection toKne5 o! the $ay an$ other 'icellaneou !act ha)ing the character o! 'ere ite' o! prein!or'ation,K (Sec. 1) A pure !e)s report )ill !o lo!$er "i!d protectio! u!der t*e !e) l)% :UT colum! or pu/lis*ed comme!t )ill1 9hen ne5paper an$ perio$ical inclu$e5or( en?oying in$epen$ent copyright1 the 5or( o inclu$e$ continue en?oying the right!or a $uration proper to the',

T9E SU:-ECT OF COPYRIG9T

A, LITERARY AND ARTI-TIC 9OR-

6, Hoo(1 pa'phlet1 article an$ other 5riting%4, Perio$ical an$ ne5paper%7, Lecture1 er'on1 a$$ree1 $iertation prepare$ !or oral $eli)ery1 5hether or not

re$uce$ in 5riting or other 'aterial !or'%., Letter%F, Dra'atic or $ra'atico*'uical co'poition% choreographic 5or( or entertain'ent in

$u'& ho5%>, ;uical co'poition1 5ith or 5ithout 5or$%, 9or( o! $ra5ing1 painting1 architecture1 culpture1 engra)ing1 lithography or other

5or( o! art% 'o$el or $eign !or 5or( o! art%

, Original orna'ental $eign or 'o$el !or article o! 'anu!acture1 5hether or notregitra&le a an in$utrial $eign1 an$ other 5or( o! applie$ art%

, Illutration1 'ap1 plan1 (etche1 chart an$ three +7# $i'enional 5or( relati)e togeography1 topography1 architecture or cience%

6,Dra5ing or platic 5or( o! a cienti!ic or technical character%66, Photographic 5or( inclu$ing 5or( pro$uce$ &y a proce analogou to photography%

lantern li$e%



64,Au$io)iual 5or( an$ cine'atographic 5or( an$ 5or( pro$uce$ &y a proceanalogou to cine'atography or any proce !or 'a(ing au$io)iual recor$ing%

67,Pictorial illutration an$ a$)ertie'ent%6.,Co'puter progra'% an$6F,Other literary1 cholarly1 cienti!ic an$ artitic 5or(, (Sec. 12)

N"E4 The author o! peeche1 lecture1 er'on1 a$$ree1 an$ $iertations*ll *ve t*e e,clusive ri$*t o" m'i!$ collectio! o" *is )or's . (Sec. 1D.2)

B. DERIVATIVE WOR2S

The !ollo5ing $eri)ati)e 5or( hall alo &e protecte$ &y copyright,6, Dra'ati2ation1 tranlation1 a$aptation1 a&ri$g'ent1 arrange'ent1 an$ other

alteration o! literary or artitic 5or(% an$2. Collection o! literary1 cholarly or artitic 5or(1 an$ co'pilation o! $ata an$ other

'aterial 5hich are original &y reaon o! the election or coor$ination or arrange'ent o! their content (Sec. 13).

∗ An i'portant inno)ation o! the ne5 la5 i the $itinct copyright that the pu&liher o! a 5or(

en?oy, The co$e pro)i$e * KIn a$$ition to the right to pu&lih grante$ &y the author1 hi heir1or aign1 t*e pu/lis*er s*ll *ve cop#ri$*t co!sisti!$ merel# o" t*e ri$*t o" reproductio! o" t*e t#po$rp*icl rr!$eme!t o" t*e pu/lis*ed editio! o" t*e )or'1; (Sec. 17)

"R<S N" PR"ECE#4

6, No protection hall e3ten$1 un$er thi la51 to any i$ea1 proce$ure1 yte'1 'etho$ or operation1 concept1 principle1 $ico)ery or 'ere $ata a uch1 e)en i! they are e3pree$1e3plaine$1 illutrate$ or e'&o$ie$ in a 5or(% (Sec. 1)

4, Ne5 o! the $ay an$ other 'icellaneou !act ha)ing the character o! 'ere ite' o! prein!or'ation% (Sec. 1) or

7, Any o!!icial te3t o! a legilati)e1 a$'initrati)e or legal nature1 a 5ell a any o!!icialtranlation thereo!, (Sec. 1)

., Any 5or( o! the Go)ern'ent o! the Philippine%

∗ 0o5e)er1 prior appro)al o! the go)ern'ent agency or o!!ice 5herein the 5or( i create$

hall &e neceary !or e3ploitation o! uch 5or( !or pro!it, -uch agency or o!!ice 'ay1a'ong other thing1 i'poe a a con$ition the pay'ent o! royaltie,

∗ No prior appro)al or con$ition hall &e re8uire$ !or the ue o! any purpoe o! tatute1

rule an$ regulation1 an$ peeche1 lecture1 er'on1 a$$ree1 an$ $iertation1pronounce$1 rea$ or ren$ere$ in court o! ?utice1 &e!ore a$'initrati)e agencie1 in$eli&erati)e ae'&lie an$ in 'eeting o! pu&lic character, (Sec. 1)

F, Plea$ing%>, Although not e3plicitly 'entione$1 DECI-ION- O/ COURT- AND TRIHUNAL- are

li(e5ie non*copyrighta&le, They 'ay there!ore &e !reely ue$ or 8uote$,NOTE" Thi pertain to the Koriginal $eciionK not the -CRA PUHLI-0ED VOLU;E-9IT0 ANNOTATION- ince thee are protecte$ un$er $eri)ati)e 5or( a Kcollection o!

literary1 cholarly1 or artitic 5or( an$ co'pilation o! $ata an$ other 'aterial 5hich areoriginal &y reaon o! the election or coor$ination or arrange'ent o! their content,K (Sec.13.1 5)

T9E RIG9TS OF COPYRIG9T

A1 Cop#ri$*t or Eco!omic Ri$*ts



Copyright or Econo'ic right hall conit o! the e3clui)e right to +a# carry out1 +&# authori2eor +c# pre)ent the !ollo5ing act"

6, Repro$uction o! the 5or( or u&tantial portion o! the 5or(%4, Dra'ati2ation1 tranlation1 a$aptation1 a&ri$g'ent1 arrange'ent or other tran!or'ation

o! the 5or(%

7, /irt pu&lic $itri&ution o! the original an$ each copy o! the 5or(%., Rental o! the original or a copy o! an au$io)iual or cine'atographic 5or(%F, Pu&lic $iplay o! the original or a copy o! the 5or(%>, Pu&lic per!or'ance o! the 5or(% an$7. Other co''unication to the pu&lic o! the 5or(, (Sec. 1)

B. 3oral Rig&ts

The author o! a 5or( hall1 in$epen$ent o! econo'ic right or the grant o! an aign'ent or licene 5ith repect to uch right1 ha)e the right"

6, Re8uire that the authorhip o! the 5or( &e attri&ute$ to hi'1 in a pro'inent 5ay on thecopie1 an$ 5ith the pu&lic ue o! the 5or(%4, ;a(e any alteration o! hi 5or( prior to1 or to 5ithhol$ it !ro' pu&lication%7, O&?ect to any $itortion1 'utilation or other 'o$i!ication o!1 or other $erogatory action in

relation to1 hi 5or( 5hich 5oul$ &e pre?u$icial to hi honor or reputation% an$., Retrain the ue o! hi na'e 5ith repect to any 5or( not o! hi o5n creation or in a

$itorte$ )erion o! hi 5or( (Sec. 193), LI8ITATIONS ON COPYRIG9T&

0e foo>in act- -0a N" con-titute infrineent of coyri0t4

6, Recitation or per!or'ance o! a 5or(*'a$e accei&le to the pu&lic*pri)ately $one* !ree o! charge*trictly !or a charita&le or religiou intitution%

4, ;a(ing o! 8uotation !ro' a pu&lihe$ 5or(* co'pati&le 5ith !air ue* to the e3tent ?uti!ie$ !or the purpoe* inclu$ing 8uotation !ro' ne5paper article an$ perio$ical* ource an$ na'e o! the author1 appearing on 5or(1 'ut &e 'entione$%

7, Repro$uction or co''unication to the pu&lic &y 'a 'e$ia* o! article on current political1 ocial1 econo'ic1 cienti!ic or religiou topic1 lecture1a$$ree an$ other 5or(1 $eli)ere$ in pu&lic* ue i !or in!or'ation purpoe* not e3prely reer)e$* ource i alrea$y in$icate$%

., Repro$uction an$ co''unication to the pu&lic o! literary1 cienti!ic or artitic 5or(* a part o! report o! current e)ent*&y 'ean o! photography1 cine'atography or &roa$cating- to the e3tent neceary !or the purpoe%

F, Incluion o! a 5or( in a pu&lication1 &roa$cat1 or other co''unication to the pu&lic1 oun$recor$ing or !il'

* i! 'a$e &y 5ay o! illutration !or teaching purpoe* co'pati&le 5ith !air ue* ource an$ na'e o! the author1 appearing on 5or(1 'ut &e 'entione$%

>, Recor$ing 'a$e in chool1 uni)eritie1 or e$ucational intitution o! a 5or(inclu$e$ in a &roa$cat !or the ue o! uch chool1 uni)eritie or e$ucational intitution

* uch recor$ing 'ut &e $elete$ 5ithin a reaona&le perio$



* uch recor$ing 'ay not &e 'a$e !ro' au$io)iual 5or( 5hich are part o! the generalcine'a repertoire o! !eature !il' EMCEPT !or &rie! e3cerpt o! the 5or(%

, ;a(ing o! ephe'eral recor$ing*&y a &roa$cating organi2ation* &y 'ean o! it o5n !acilitie* !or ue in it o5n &roa$cat%

, Ue 'a$e o! a 5or( &y or un$er the $irection or control o! the Go)ern'ent* Go)ern'ent* National Li&rary* E$ucational1 -cienti!ic1 or pro!eional intitution* ue i in the pu&lic interet* co'pati&le 5ith !air ue%

, Pu&lic per!or'ance or the co''unication to the pu&lic o! a 5or(* in a place 5here no a$'iion !ee i charge$ &y a clu& on intitution* !or charita&le or e$ucational purpoe only* ai' i not pro!it 'a(ing%

6,Pu&lic $iplay o! the original or a copy o! the 5or( not 'a$e &y 'ean o! a !il'1 li$e1

tele)iion i'age or other5ie on creen or &y 'ean o! any other $e)ice or proce* either the 5or( ha &eena# pu&lihe$&# ol$c# gi)en a5ay$# tran!erre$ to another peron &y the author or hi ucceor in title%

66, Any ue 'a$e o! a 5or( !or the purpoe* o! any ?u$icial procee$ing% or * !or the gi)ing o! pro!eional a$)ice &y a legal practitioner,

∗ The pro)iion o! thi ection hall &e interprete$ in uch a 5ay a to allo5 the 5or( to &e

ue$ in a 'anner 5hich $oe not con!lict 5ith the !orml e,ploittio! o" t*e )or' !d does !ot u!reso!/l# pre6udice t*e ri$*t *older<s le$itimte i!terests1 4 Sec. 187.2)

∗ The pri)ate repro$uction o! a pu&lihe$ 5or( in a si!$le cop#% 5here the repro$uction i

'a$e &y a natural peron e3clui)ely !or +6# reearch an$ +4# pri)ate tu$y1 hall &e per'itte$15ithout the authori2ation o! the o5ner o! copyright in the 5or(, (Sec. 18.1) 0O9EVER1 theper'iion grante$ un$er -u&ection 6,6 -0ALL NOT EMTEND to the repro$uction o!"

3 3 3+&# An e!tire /oo'% or su/st!til prt t*ereo"% or o! a 'uical 5or( in graphic !or' &yreprographic 'ean% (Sec. 18.2)

∗ Un$er Article 56 paragrap& # of t0e Berne % Paris Convention1 in$i)i$ual countrie 'ayper'it the repro$uction o! literary an$ artitic 5or( Kpro)i$e$ that uch repro$uction $oe notcon!lict 5ith a nor'al e3ploitation o! the 5or( an$ $oe not unreaona&ly pre?u$ice thelegiti'ate interet o! the author,K (a-o foun/ in Sec. 18.2 e)

∗ The a'e cvet i containe$ in Article 78 of t0e 9ATT 58 intellectual property agree'ent"

Li'itation or e3ception to the e3clui)e right hall &e con!ine$ to certain pecial cae5hich $o not con!lict 5ith a nor'al e3ploitation o! the 5or( an$ $o not unreaona&ly pre?u$icethe legiti'ate interet o! the right * hol$er, T*is i!=/uilt protectio! o" t*e i!terests o" cop#ri$*t o)!er is !o) u!e>uivocll# e!s*ri!ed i! Sec. 7:;.# e1

PERS"NA+ 'SE * generally un$ertoo$ a 'a(ing a si!$le reproductio!% a$aptation1

arrange'ent or other tran!or'ation o! anotherJ 5or( e3clui)ely !or oneJ o5n in$i)i$ual uein uch cae a peronal reearch1 learning or a'ue'ent,

PRI!AE 'SE * generally un$ertoo$ in relation to a pu&lihe$ 5or( a 'a(ing arepro$uction1 a$aptation or other tran!or'ation o! it1 in a ingle peron1 a in the cae o! Kperonal ueK &ut alo !or a co''on purpoe &y a speci"ic circle o" perso!s o!l# ,

/AIR U-E O/ A COPYRIG0TED 9OR



*air Use

∗ A pri)ilege1 in peron other than the o5ner o! the copyright1 to ue the copyrighte$

'aterial in a reso!/le m!!er 5ithout hi conent1 not5ithtan$ing the 'onopolygrante$ to the o5ner &y the copyright,

∗ It i 'eant to &alance the 'onopolie en?oye$ &y the copyright o5ner 5ith the interet o!

the pu&lic an$ o! ociety,

N"E4 It only applie to copyrighte$ 5or( an$ not to non*copyrighta&le 'aterial,

CRITERIA TO DETER;INE 90ET0ER U-E I- /AIR OR NOT"

6, Purpoe an$ the character o! the ue

4, Nature o! the copyrighte$ 5or(7, A'ount an$ u&tantiality o! the portion ue$., E!!ect o! the ue upon the potential 'ar(et o! the copyrighte$ 5or(

T0E K/AIR U-E-K O/ PROTECTED ;ATERIAL ARE"

1. Critici2ing1 co''enting1 an$ ne5 reporting%2. Uing !or intructional purpoe1 inclu$ing pro$ucing 'ultiple copie !or claroo' ue1 !or

cholarhip1 reearch an$ i'ilar purpoe i not an in!ringe'ent o! copyright, (Sec. 18)

REPR"&RAPIC REPR"#'CI"N *: +I*RARIES4

∗ Any li&rary or archi)e 5hoe acti)itie are not !or pro!it 'ay1 5ithout the authori2ation o! the

author o! copyright o5ner1 'a(e a ingle copy o! the 5or( &y reprographic repro$uction1 5hen"6, /ragile or rare4, Iolate$ article

3. Preer)ation (Sec. 188.1)

3 ∗ It hall not &e per'ii&le to pro$uce a )olu'e o! a 5or( pu&lihe$ in e)eral )olu'e or

to pro$uce 'iing to'e or page o! 'aga2ine or i'ilar 5or(1 unle the )olu'e1 to'eor part i neceary !or the collection o! the li&rary an$ i out o! toc(, (Sec. 188.2)

4

∗ The right 'entione$ )et in li&rarie1 pu&lic archi)e an$ 'ueu', There i no

re8uire'ent that the li&rary &e a pu&lic li&rary1 it coul$ &e pri)ate, An$ i li'ite$ only to literaryor artitic 5or(,

CRIERIA $"R FREPR"&RAPIC REPR"#'CI"NF "$ +I*RARIES4

6, Photocopying only1 i,e, K3ero3K +not &y other 'e$iu'#4, -ingle copy

7, Conitent 5ith the acti)itie o! the li&rary or archi)e

REPR"#'CI"N "$ C"%P'ER PR"&RA%S4

The repro$uction o! a co'puter progra' i allo5e$ on the !ollo5ing con$ition"6, Only one +6# copy i 'a$e%4, La5!ul o5ner 'a$e the copy%7, Purpoe !or 5hich the repro$uction i 'a$e i legal1 li(e"

a# ue to 5hich the progra' i 'a$e an$ !or 5hich it 5a purchae$ $e'an$ therepro$uction o! a copy% or &# lo or $etruction i a)oi$e$,



(Sec. 189.1)

Iortation for Per-ona Puro-e-

∗ The i'portation o! a copy o! a 5or( &y an in$i)i$ual !or hi peronal purpoe hall &e

per'itte$ 5ithout the authori2ation o! the author o!1 or other o5ner o! copyright in1 the 5or(

un$er the !ollo5ing circu'tance"a. Copie o! the 5or( are not a)aila&le in the Philippine an$"

1."ne (1) coy at one tie i- iorte/, for -trict in/ivi/ua4,Hy Authority o! an$ !or the ue o! the Philippine Go)ern'ent% or 7,Religiou1 Charita&le or E$ucational -ociety or intitution i'porte$ not 'ore than

three +7# copie per title +or (in$# pro)i$e$ they are not !or ale, +it i enough i! thei'portation &e !or the a(e o! uch ociety or intitution#

&, Copie !or' part o! li&rarie an$ peronal &aggage &elonging to peron or !a'iliearri)ing !ro' !oreign countrie an$ are not inten$e$ !or ale" Provided 1 That uch copie $o note3cee$ three +7#, (Sec. 19H)

T9E OWNERS9IP OF COPYRIG9T

1. -INGLE CREATOR * The creator1 hi heir or aign o5n copyright,2. OINT CREATION = The co * author hall &e the original o5ner o! the copyright an$ in

the a&ence o! agree'ent1 their right hall &e go)erne$ &y the rule on co * o5nerhip, I!1ho5e)er1 a 5or( o! ?oint authorhip conit o! part that can &e ue$ eparately an$ theauthor o! each part can &e i$enti!ie$1 the author o! each part hall &e the original o5ner o! the copyright in the part that he ha create$,

3. CO;;I--IONED 9OR * O5nerhip o! the 5or( i in the peron co''iioning%o5nerhip o! copyright1 re'ain 5ith the creator1 unle there i a 5ritten tipulation to thecontrary,

4. CINE;ATOGRAP0IC 9OR * The pro$ucer e3ercie copyright !or purpoe o! e3hi&ition% !or all other purpoe1 the pro$ucer1 the author o! the cenario1 the co'poer1the !il' $irector1 the photographic $irector an$ the author o! the 5or( are the creator, /or purpe o! ho5ing the !il'1 ho5e)er1 the pro$ucer i to &e $ee'e$ copyright o5ner,

5. P-EUDONY;OU- AND ANONY;OU- 9OR- * Unle the author i un$iputa&ly(no5n1 the pu&liher hall &e preu'e$ to &e the repreentati)e o! the author, (Sec. 18an/ 19)

∗ A regar$ morl ri$*ts1 the ?oint author are entitle$ to &e ac(no5le$ge$ a author o! the

5or( +-ec, 67,6 'ay apply#, A regar$ contri&ution to a collecti)e 5or(1 the la5 pro)i$ethat unle the contri&utor e3prely reer)e hi right +5hich o!ten 5ill not &e the cae

preciely &ecaue he i in the e'ploy o! a putati)e author or co''only accepte$ author#1 it ithe putati)e author to 5ho' the 5or( 5ill &e attri&ute$, (Sec. 19D)

∗ 9hen a 5riter1 a photographer1 an artit * or any other contri&utor * en$ in hi piece to a

perio$ical or ne5paper pu&liher1 uch 5riter or artit retain hi copyright on the piecee3cept the right to pu&lih once * 5hich i $ee'e$ grante$ to the pu&liher, (Sec. 18H.3)

COPYRIG0T O9NER-0IP O/ /OREIGN AUT0OR-

∗ 9hen the author1 though a !oreigner1 ha ha&itual rei$ence in the Philippine1 or 5hen the

hea$8uarter o! the pro$ucer o! au$io)iual 5or( i in the Philippine1 copyright protection i&eyon$ $ou&t,

∗ Protection a!!or$e$ the co$e are applie$ to 5or( Kprotecte$ &y )irtue o! an$ in accor$ance5ith any international con)ention or other international agree'ent to 5hich the Philippine i aparty, (Sec. 221.2)

∗ ;e'&er hall accor$ the treat'ent pro)i$e$ !or in thi Agree'ent to the national o! other

;e'&er, (Art. 1, ar. 3, RIPS Pari- *erne Convention &A 97)

7EPOSIT AN7 NOTICE



Regitration an$ Depoit 5ith the National Li&rary an$ the -upre'e Court Li&rary

∗ /or the purpoe o! co'pleting the recor$ o! the National Li&rary an$ the -upre'e Court

Li&rary1 5ithin three +7# 5ee(1 t5o +4# co'plete copie o! the 5or( hall &e regitere$ an$$epoite$ 5ith the ai$ li&rarie1 &y peronal $eli)ery or &y regitere$ 'ail,

∗ A certi!icate o! $epoit hall &e iue$ an$ the precri&e$ !ee collecte$ !or 5hich the

copyright o5ner hall &e e3e'pt !ro' 'a(ing a$$itional $epoit o! the 5or( 5ith thea!ore'entione$ li&rarie un$er other la5,

∗ I!1 5ithin three +7# 5ee( a!ter receipt &y the copyright o5ner o! a 5ritten $e'an$ !ro' the

$irector !or uch $epoit1 the re8uire$ copie or repro$uction are not $eli)ere$ an$ the !ee inot pai$1 the copyright o5ner hall &e lia&le to pay a !ine . (Sec. 191)

NOTICE OF COPYRIG9T

∗ Each copy o! a 5or( pu&lihe$ or o!!ere$ !or ale 'ay contain a notice &earing the na'e o!

the copyright o5ner1 3 3 3, (Sec. 192)

∗ Notice o! copyright i llo)ed 1 !ot prescri/ed 1 !or the per'ii)e K'ayK i ue$,

INFRINGE8ENT

RE;EDIE- o! one 5ho co'plain o! in!ringe'ent"

6, INUNCTION to pre)ent in!ringe'ent (Sec. 21D)4, DA;AGE- aee$ on the &ai o! the proo! allege$ &y the plainti!! o! ale 'a$e &y

the $e!en$ant o! the in!ringing 5or( 'inu 5hate)er cot the $e!en$ant 'ay &e a&le topro)e an$ appreciate$ &y the court, +&#

7, DELIVERY UNDER OAT0 O/ ALL I;PLE;ENT- e'ploye$ in the pro$uction o! thein!ringing ite'1 a 5ell a the in!ringing pro$uct the'el)e1 !or i'poun$ing, +c#

., DELIVERY un$er oath o! all in!ringing copie or $e)ie !or $etruction, +$#F, PAY;ENT o! 'oral an$ e3e'plary $a'age in the $icretion o! the court, +e#

∗ The in!ringer alo e3poe hi'el! to cri'inal lia&ility 5herein the la5 precri&e penaltie o!

i'prion'ent an$ !ine1 inclu$ing u&i$iary i'prion'ent in cae o! inol)ency, (Sec. 218)

RELATE7 ISSUES

6, URI-DICTION

5 Original ?uri$iction lie 5ith the Director General o! the IPO o)er $ipute relating to the

ter' o! a licene in)ol)ing the authorJ right to pu&lic per!or'ance or other co''unicationo! hi 5or(, (Sec. c)

∗ Other in!ringe'ent cae are not 5ithin the ?uri$iction o! the Director * General, In !act

throughout Sectio! 23? 1 the ter' KcourtK i ue$1 lea)ing no $ou&t that ?uri$iction 5ill ret 5iththe KcourtK in )ie5 o! the ?uri$ictional a'ount an$ the cri'inal proecution o! i'poa&lepenaltie,

4, -TANDING TO -UEPeron 5ho 'ay ue"a# Legal o5ner% or &# Hene!icial o5ner% ince they are Kpartie in interet,K

7, DE/ENDANT-

6 ∗ Thoe 5ho 'ay &e lia&le !or in!ringe'ent un$er the copyright la5"

a# In!ringer &# Ai$c# A&et$# Participatee# Contri&ute!# Authori2e



a# Hene!it +$ee'e$ inclu$e$ inSec. 21#,

∗ A corner &oo( tore an$ 'aga2ine tore that )en$ pirate$ copie o! a 5or( i in !act

)iolating the copyright o5nerJ right to e3clui)ely $itri&ute hi 5or(, -uch tore 5oul$there!ore &e in!ringing, The printer 5ho1 though acting un$er intruction !ro' another1 et

into 'otion the illegal repro$uction o! protecte$ 'aterial 5oul$1 in !act1 &e in!ringing copyright,

., PRE-CRIPTIVE PERIOD

∗ No $a'age 'ay &e reco)ere$ a!ter !our +.# year !ro' the ti'e the caue o! action aroe,

(Sec. 22D) Thi pertain only to reco)ery o! $a'age,

∗ There i no uch precripti)e perio$ in petition !or in?uncti)e relie! a 5ell a !or the

i'poun$ing an$ $etruction o! in!ringing 'aterial, The cri'e o! in!ringe'ent i u&?ect to thegeneral rule o! precription o! cri'e,

PERFOR8ER<S RIG9TS

6, Authori2e a 5ell a prohi&it"a. The &roa$cating an$ other co''unication to the pu&lic o! their per!or'ance

+inclu$ing telecat#, (Sec. 2H3.1 a)&, The !i3ation o! their un!i3e$ per!or'ance, +&#

∗ +The a&o)e right hall &e 'aintaine$ an$ e3ercie$ !i!ty +F# year a!ter hi $eath1 &y hi

heir1 an$ in $e!ault o! heir1 the go)ern'ent * Sec. 2H7.2)4, Direct or in$irect repro$uction o! their per!or'ance (Sec. 2H3.2)7, /irt Pu&lic $itri&ution o! the original an$ copie o! their per!or'ance (Sec. 2H3.3),., Co''ercial rental to the pu&lic o! the original an$ copie o! their per!or'ance (Sec. 2H3),F, ;a(ing a)aila&le to the pu&lic o! their per!or'ance !i3e$ in oun$ recor$ing &y 5ire or

5irele 'ean (Sec. 2H7.),

8ORAL RIG9TS OF PERFOR8ERS

6, I$enti!ie$ a the per!or'er,4, O&?ect to any $itortion or 'utilation o! the per!or'ance (Sec. 2H7),

LA9 ON TRADE;AR-

RA#E%AR< i anything 5hich i a$opte$ an$ ue$ to i$enti!y the ource o! origin o! goo$1an$ 5hich i capa&le o! $itinguihing the' !ro' goo$ e'anating !ro' a co'petitor,

&""#I++ i the reputation an$ pu&lic con!i$ence that a &uine )enture ha earne$through a perio$ o! cre$ita&le $ealing,

∗ The reaon the la5 protect tra$e'ar( i to protect the interet o! pro$ucer in their

'ar(1 an$ in the goo$5ill earne$,

∗ The eence o! tra$e'ar( in!ringe'ent i" paing o!! one@ goo$ a thoe o! apro$ucer o! !a'e or note,

SER!ICE %AR< $itinguihe the er)ice o! an enterprie !ro' the er)ice o! other enterprie,

%AR< any )ii&le ign capa&le o! $itinguihing the goo$ or er)ice o! an enterprie an$hall inclu$e a ta'pe$ or 'ar(e$ container o! goo$,



∗ The ter' :)ii&le< i not li'ite$ to 5hate)er 'ay &e :percepti&le &y the ene<,

C"++ECI!E %AR< any )ii&le ign $eignate$ a uch in the application !or regitration an$capa&le o! $itinguihing the origin or any other co''on characteritic1 inclu$ing the 8uality o! goo$ or er)ice o! $i!!erent enterprie 5hich ue the ign un$er the control o! the regitere$o5ner o! the collecti)e 'ar(,

#ISINCI"N 4

TRADE3AR2S TRADE NA3E

* The goo$ orer)ice o!!ere$&y a proprietoror an enterprieare $eignate$&y tra$e'ar( or er)ice 'ar(,

* The peron+5hether naturalor ?uri$ical# 5ho$oe the &uinean$ pro$uce thegoo$ or er)icei $eignate$ &y a

tra$e na'e,

∗ A tra$e'ar( ha an e3itence proprietor or the ?uri$ical peron $oing &uine an$

pro$ucing the goo$ or $itinct !ro' the e3itence o! the the er)ice o!!ere$ &y uchperon or enterprie,

∗ Un$er the ne5 la51 there i no nee$ to regiter tra$e na'e in or$er to ecure protection

!or the' (Sec. 1D.2, a, IP+),

7ISTINCTIONS &

RA#E%AR<S ABE

* i anything 5hichi a$opte$ an$ue$ to i$enti!ythe ource o!origin o! goo$1an$ 5hich icapa&le o!$itinguihing

the' !ro' goo$e'anating !ro' aco'petitor,

* it na'e 5hati 5ithin thecontainer orpac(age,

*purpoe"in!or'ati)e

∗ In practice1 a 5or$1 a na'e o! a phrae1 couple$ 5ith in$icator o! &uine organi2ation1

uch a :Inc,<1 :Corp,< or :Co,< 5ill not &e regitere$ a tra$e'ar( or er)ice 'ar(,

RA#E #RESS in)ol)e the total i'age o! a pro$uct1 inclu$ing uch !eature a i2e1 hape1color or color co'&ination1 te3ture an$ or graphic,

∗ Un!air co'petition inclu$e the :elling o! goo$ an$ gi)ing the' the general appearance

o! goo$ o! another 'anu!acturer or $ealer1 either a to the goo$ the'el)e or in the5rapping o! the pac(age in 5hich they are containe$1 or the $e)ice or 5or$ thereon1 or in any other !eature o! their appearance1 5hich 5oul$ &e li(ely to in!luence purchaer to&elie)e that the goo$ o!!ere$ are thoe o! a 'anu!acturer1 or $ealer1 or 5ho other5ieclothe the goo$ 5ith uch appearance a hall $ecei)e the pu&lic an$ $e!rau$ another o! hi legiti'ate tra$e1 or any u&e8uent )en$or o! uch goo$ or any agent o! any )en$or engage$ in elling uch goo$ 5ith a li(e purpoe<,

∗ All that i neceary i the li(elihoo$ o! $eception,



7 $'NCI"NS "$ A %AR<

Accor$ing, to the 9orl$ Intellectual Property Organi2ation"6, Ditinguihing or $i!!erentiating !unction, It et apart the pro$uct or er)ice o! an

enterprie !ro' thoe o! another,

4, Origin or ource !unction, It re!er to origin or ource in ter' o! enterprie,7, uality !unction, The 'ar( guarantee the a'e tan$ar$ an$ control 5ith 5hich it iaociate$,

., A$)ertiing !unction,

A"<UISITION O* RI9=T>9OODWI T=ROU9= USE

∗ 9hen a peron ha i$enti!ie$ in the 'in$ o! the pu&lic the goo$ he 'anu!acture or $eal

in hi &uine or er)ice !ro' thoe o! other1 uch a peron ha a property right in thegoo$5ill o! the ai$ goo$1 o! er)ice 5hich 5ill &e protecte$ in the a'e 'anner a other property right,

∗ Priority in regitration in the Philippine o! a tra$e'ar( i not 'aterial in an action !or

un!air co'petition a $itinguihe$ !ro' an action !or in!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar(, The &ai

o! an action !or un!air co'petition i con!uing an$ 'ilea$ing i'ilarity in general

appearance1 not i'ilarity o! tra$e'ar(, (Conver-e Ru55er or/ v. Jacinto Ru55er,

&.R. No-. +272 an/ + 3HH, Ari 28, 198H)

∗ The ue o! the 'ar( 'ut &e uch a to allo5 the a'e to &e aociate$ &y the pu&lic 5ith

a particular pro$ucer or 'anu!acturer, 0ence1 'ere intention to a$opt a particular 'ar( or na'e 5ithout actual ue gi)e rie to no right at all,

DI-TINCTION- "

INFRINGE8ENT OFTRA7E 8AR@

UNFAIRCO8 PETI TION

6, it i theunauthori2e$ ueo! a tra$e'ar(

4, !rau$ulent intent iunneceary

7, prior regitrationo! the tra$e'ar(i a prere8uiite tothe action

6, i the paingo!! o! one@goo$ a thoeo! another

4, !rau$ulentintent ieential

7, regitration inot

neceary,

ARIC+E 189 o! the Re)ie$ Penal Co$e pro)i$e !or the !ollo5ing puniha&le act"6, -elling one@ goo$1 gi)ing the' the general appearance o! the goo$ o! another

'anu!acturer or $ealer, +Un!air co'petition#4, A!!i3ing to one@ goo$ or uing in connection 5ith one@ er)ice a !ale $eignation or

origin1 or any !ale $ecription or repreentation,



7, Procuring !rau$ulently !ro' the patent o!!ice the regitration o! tra$e na'e1 tra$e'ar( or er)ice 'ar(, +/rau$ulent regitration#

AC'ISII"N R"'& RE&ISRAI"N

∗ The right to a 'ar( are ac8uire$ through re$istrtio! 5ith the Hureau o!

Tra$e'ar(+ HT# o! the Intellectual Property O!!ice +IPO#,∗ 0o5e)er1 it i not neceary to ue the the 'ar( in co''erce in the Philippine +or

ele5here# &e!ore !iling the application 5ith the HT 1 T*e use o" mr' /ecomes !ecessr# o!l# "ter it *s /ee! "iled1

∗ ne5 la5 re8uire an applicant or the regitrant to !ile a $eclaration o! actual ue o! the

'ar(1 5ith e)i$ence to that e!!ect1 5ithin three +7 year !ro' the !iling $ate o! theapplication (Sec. 127.2, IP+),

E**E"TS O* NON%USE

∗ Circu'tance ariing in$epen$ently o! the 5ill o! the tra$e'ar( o5ner +-ec, QF41 IPL#1uch a 'ilitary coup1 or political change that i'pe$e co''erce,

∗ Regitration i an a$'initrati)e act $eclaratory o! a pre*e3iting right that $oe not1 o!

itel!1 per!ect a tra$e'ar(1 !or 5hat $oe i ctul use,

∗ Non*ue i a groun$ !or re'o)ing a 'ar( !ro' the regiter (Sec. 127.2, IP+),

E $"++"IN& ARE NOT E+I&I*+E $"R +ICENSIN&4

A 'ar( cannot &e regitere$ i! it"6, Conit o! i''oral1 $ecepti)e1 or can$alou 'atter1 or 'atter 5hich 'ay $iparage or

!alely ugget a connection 5ith peron1 li)ing or $ea$1 intitution1 &elie!1 or nationaly'&ol1 or &ring the' into conte'pt or $irepute%

∗ 9hether a 'ar( i i''oral1 can$alou or contrary to pu&lic $ecency i to &e acertaine$

!ro' the tan$point o! a u&tantial co'poite o! the general pu&lic,4, Conit o! the !lag or coat o! ar' or other inignia o! the Philippine or any o! it political

u&$i)iion1 or o! any !oreign nation1 or any i'ulation thereo!%7, Conit o! a na'e1 portrait or ignature i$enti!ying a particular li)ing in$i)i$ual e3cept &y

hi 5ritten conent1 or the na'e1 ignature1 or portrait o! a $eceae$ Prei$ent o! thePhilippine1 $uring the li!e o! hi 5i$o51 i! any1 e3cept &y 5ritten conent o! the 5i$o5%

., I i$entical 5ith a registered 'ar( &elonging to a $i!!erent proprietor or a 'ar( 5ith anearlier !iling or priority $ate1 in repect o!"

+i# the a'e goo$ or er)ice1 or +ii# cloely relate$ goo$ or er)ice1 or +iii# i! it nearly ree'&le uch a 'ar( a to &e li(ely to $ecei)e or cauecon!uion%

RE!ERSE C"N$'SI"N ta(e place 5hen a large ?unior uer 'a(e ue o! a 'ar( or ana'e con!uingly i'ilar to the 'ar( or a na'e o! a 'all enior uer1 occaioning thei'preion that the pro$uct o! the enior are thoe o! the ?unior1 or that the enior hao'eho5 &een a&or&e$ or 'erge$ into the ?unior,

∗ The la5 intitute a :race !or the regitry o!!ice<1 he 5ho reache an$ regiter !irt gain

the protection o! la5 to the e3cluion o! other in regar$ to the a'e – or a con!uingly i'ilar – 'ar(,F, I i$entical 5ith1 or con!uingly i'ilar to1 or contitute a tranlation o! a 'ar( 5hich i

coni$ere$ &y the co'petent authority o! the Philippine +IPO# to &e 5ell*(no5ninternationally an$ in the Philippine,1 5hether or not it i regitere$ here1 a &eing alrea$ythe 'ar( o! a peron other than the applicant !or regitration1 an$ ue$ !or i$entical or i'ilar goo$ or er)ice" Pro)i$e$1 That in $eter'ining 5hether a 'ar( i 5ell*(no5n1account hall &e ta(en o! the (no5le$ge o! the rele)ant ector o! the pu&lic1 rather than o!



the pu&lic at large1 inclu$ing (no5le$ge in the Philippine, 9hich ha &een o&taine$ a areult o! the pro'otion o! the 'ar(%

∗ Protect e)en unregitere$ 'ar( an$ na'e,

∗ Deal 5ith an applicant@ goo$ that are identical or si'ilar to thoe un$er a pre)iouly

regitere$ or pre)iouly 5ell*(no5n 'ar(, 9here the a'e ign i ue$ !or i$entical goo$1

there 5ill &e preu'ption o! the li(elihoo$ o! con!uion, (Sec. 17.1, IP+)

>, I i$entical 5ith1 or con!uingly i'ilar to1 or contitute a tranlation o! a 'ar( coni$ere$5ell*(no5n in accor$ance 5ith the prece$ing paragraph1 5hich i regitere$ in thePhilippine 5ith repect to goo$ or er)ice 5hich are not i'ilar to thoe 5ith repect to5hich regitration i applie$ !or" Pro)i$e$1 T&at use o- t&e 'ar/ in relation to t&osegoods or ser?ices ould indicate a connection (eteen t&ose goods or ser?ices6and t&e oner o- t&e registered 'ar/1 Pro)i$e$ !urther1 That the interet o! the o5ner o! the regitere$ 'ar( are li(ely to &e $a'age$ &y uch ue%

0i- rovi-ion /ea- >it0 oo/- or -ervice- /i--iiar fro t0o-e /i-o-e/ of un/er

t0e -ae ar@ or nae.

#"CRINE "$ #I+'I"N re!er to copying 5hich1 5hile not u!!iciently con!uing to $i)ertale in the hort run1 5ill ten$ to $i)ert the' in the long run &y 5ea(ening the intantaneou!a)ora&le aociation the pu&lic 'a(e 5ith highly regar$e$ pro$uct,

TESTS O* TRADE3AR2 IN*RIN9E3ENT

#"%INANC:ES

0OLI-TIC TE-T

* conit inee(ing out the'ain1 eentialor $o'inant!eature o! a'ar(,

* ta(e toc( o! theother !eature o!a 'ar(1 ta(inginto coni$erationthe entirety o! the'ar(,

∗ Un$er the Do'inancy Tet1 i! the co'peting tra$e'ar( contain the 'ain or eential or $o'inant !eature o! another1 an$ con!uion an$ $eception i li(ely to reult1 in!ringe'entta(e place,

TRANSATIONS

∗ There 5ill &e in!ringe'ent 5hen a tranlation o! a 5ell*(no5n 'ar( in the Philippine, or

internationally i ue$ !or i'ilar goo$ or pro$uct, There 5ill li(e 5ie &e in!ringe'ent 5hena tranlation o! a regitere$ 'ar( in the Philippine, i ue$ !or $ii'ilar goo$ or pro$uct,

#"CRINE "$ $"REI&N +AN&'A&E E'I!A+ENS * tate that Kthe !oreign e8ui)alent o!

a 'erely $ecripti)e Englih*language 5or$ i $ee'e$ to &e no 'ore regitra&le than theEnglih 5or$ itel!1 $epite the !act that the !oreign ter' 'ay not &e co''only (no5n to &egeneral pu&licK,

, I li(ely to 'ilea$ the pu&lic1 particularly a to the nature1 8uality1 characteritic or geographical origin o! the goo$ or er)ice%



∗ A 'ar( then 5ill not &e grante$ regitration that ugget a 8uality1 a characteritic or an

origin that the goo$ or er)ice $oe not poe,

, Conit e3clui)ely o! ign that are generic !or the goo$ or er)ice that they ee( toi$enti!y%

, Conit e3clui)ely o! ign or o! in$ication that ha)e &eco'e cuto'ary or uual to

$eignate the goo$ or er)ice in e)ery$ay language or in &ona !i$e an$ eta&lihe$tra$e practice%

∗ It 'ut &e 'a$e clear that the !act that a ter' i generic $oe not per se ren$er it non*

regitra&le, 9hat the la5 e3clu$e i the regitration o! a 'ar( that i generic relati)e to thegoo$ or pro$uct !or 5hich the 'ar( i ue$,

∗ 9here a 5or$ or a ter' 5a originally the u&?ect o! a tra$e'ar(1 &ut &eco'e o

aociate$ in the pu&lic 'in$ 5ith an article to 5hich it i applie$ an$ there&y &eco'e ageneric in$icator1 it can no longer &e protecte$,

6,Conit e3clui)ely o! ign or o! in$ication that 'ay er)e in tra$e to $eignate the (in$1

8uality1 8uantity1 inten$e$ purpoe1 )alue1 geographical origin1 ti'e or pro$uction o! thegoo$ or ren$ering o! the er)ice1 or other characteritic o! the goo$ or er)ice%

∗ That 5hich 'ay rightly &e ai$ o! all can &e appropriate$ &y none,

66, Conit o! hape that 'ay &e neceitate$ &y technical !actor or &y the nature o! thegoo$ the'el)e or !actor that a!!ect their intrinic )alue%

64,Conit o! color alone1 unle $e!ine$ &y a gi)en !or'% or 67,I contrary to pu&lic or$er or 'orality (Sec. 123.1, IP+).

Sec. 123.2. A regar$ ign or $e)ice 'entione$ in paragraph +?#1 +(# an$ +l#1 nothing hall

pre)ent the regitration o! any uch ign or $e)ice 5hich ha &eco'e $itincti)e1 in relation tothe goo$ !or 5hich regitration i re8uete$ a a reult o! the ue that ha)e &een 'a$e o! it inco''erce in the Philippine, The O!!ice 'ay accept a a prim "cie e)i$ence that the 'ar(ha &eco'e $itincti)e1 a ue$ in connection 5ith the applicantJ goo$ or er)ice inco''erce1 proo! o! u&tantially e3clui)e an$ continuou ue thereo! &y the applicant inco''erce in the Philippine !or !i)e +F# year &e!ore the $ate on 5hich the clai' o! $itincti)ene i 'a$e,

#"CRINE "$ SEC"N#AR: %EANIN&

∗ 9hile a generic1 in$icati)e or $ecripti)e 'ar( 5ill1 a a general rule1 &e $enie$ regitration1there i a circu'tance that 5ill allo5 it to &e regitere$1 thi i the $octrine o! econ$ary'eaning 5hich ha &een $e!ine$ a1 5hen a 'ar( ha &eco'e $itincti)e o! the applicantJgoo$ in co''erce an$1 an$ in the 'in$ o! the pu&lic1 in$icate a ingle ource to conu'er1it 'ay &e regitere$,

∗ Re8uire'ent o! the $octrine"

6, The econ$ary 'eaning 'ut ha)e arien a a reult o! u&tantial co''ercial uein the Philippine,

4, The ue reult in the $itincti)ene o! the 'ar( ino!ar a the goo$ or thepro$uct are concerne$,

7, Pri'a !acie e)i$ence i proo! o! co''ercial ue in the Philippine F year &e!ore$ate o! clai',

,

RI9=TS "ON*ERRED

1. The right to the e3clui)e ue o! the 'ar( !or oneJ o5n goo$ or er)ice,



2. The right to pre)ent other !ro' the ue o! the a'e 'ar( !or i$entical goo$ or er)ice inthe coure o! tra$e,

3. The right to the e3clui)e ue o! oneJ alrea$y regitere$ 'ar( e)en !or goo$ or er)iceinto 5hich oneJ )enture e3pan$1 i! ue &y other !or $ii'ilar pro$uct i li(ely to $a'agethe &uine interet o! the !irt )enturer (Sec. 17, IP+).

∗ The right1 &y Sec. 171 lat !or ten +6# year u&?ect to in$e!inite rene5al !or perio$ o!

ten year each,

∗ The right to the ue o! a regitere$ tra$e'ar( 'ay &e licene$ to another peron1 natural or

?uri$ical1 ena&ling uch a party to pro$uce1 'ar(et1 $itri&ute an$ a$)ertie goo$ or er)ice&y the tra$e or er)ice 'ar( o! the licenor, -ec, 6F,6 ho5e)er re8uire that a licenore!!ecti)ely control the 8uality o! the goo$ or er)ice o! the licenee,

STANDIN9 TO SUE AND JURISDI"TION

∗ The right to the ue o! the corporate or tra$e na'e i a property right1 a right in re'1 5hich

it 'ay aert an$ protect in any o! the court o! the 5orl$ e)en in ?uri$iction 5here it $oenot tranact &uine ?ut the a'e a it 'ay protect it tangi&le property1 real or peronalagaint trepa or con)erion,

∗ -ec, 6> lea)e no $ou&t that a !oreign national or ?uri$ical peron 5ho i a national o! a

country that i party to a rele)ant con)ention to 5hich the Philippine, i alo a party 'ay&ring a ci)il or an a$'initrati)e action !or oppoition1 cancellation1 in!ringe'ent1 un!air co'petition or !ale $eignation o! origin an$ !ale $ecription1 regar$le o! it tatu +or lac( o! it# in the Philippine,1 an$ e)en i! uch an entity $oe not $o &uine in thePhilippine,

ELE;ENT- O/ T0E CRI;E O/ TRADE;AR IN/RINGE;ENT"

6, The $eceit!ul act o! gi)ing one@ goo$ the general appearance o! the goo$ o! another 'anu!acturer or $ealer,

4, The $ecepti)e i'ilarity i either in the goo$ the'el)e1 in the tra$e $re1 in the 5or$or $e)ice1 or in any other !eature o! appearance,

7, The o!!en$er o!!er to ell or ell the goo$1 or gi)e other the opportunity to $o thea'e,

., An actual intent to $ecei)e the pu&lic or $e!rau$ the co'petitor,

PATENT

∗ I a $ocu'ent1 iue$1 upon application1 &y a go)ern'ent o!!ice1 5hich $ecri&e an

in)ention an$ create a legal ituation in 5hich the patente$ in)ention can nor'ally only &ee3ploite$ +'anu!acture$1 ue$1 ol$1 i'porte$# 5ith the authori2ation o! the o5ner o! the patent

∗ i an e3clui)e right ac8uire$ o)er an in)ention1 to ell1 ue an$ 'a(e the a'e 5hether !or

co''erce or in$utry,

#ISINCI"NS 4

PAEN C"P:RI& – 9hen a peron1&y in$epen$entreearch arri)eat the a'epro$uct or thatalrea$y patente$1he i retraine$&y the ar' o! the

* It 'ay &e )ete$in a 5or( cloelyi'ilar or e)eni$entical to anearlier1 alrea$ypatente$ 5or(1pro)i$e$ that the!or'er i truly



la5 !ro'e3ploiting uchan in)ention &yreaon o! thepatent grante$the earlier

$ico)erer,

original1 ie,1 ito5e ite3itence to itcreator,

∗ It 5ill &e re'e'&ere$ that 5hat i not patenta&le 'ay ne)erthele &e protecte$ un$er

copyright la5,

PATENTABIIT!

To &e patenta&le1 a pro$uct 'ut &e"a, a technical olution o! a pro&le' in any !iel$ o! hu'an acti)ity&, no)el

c, an in)ention$, in$utrially applica&le

Thee criteria 'ay apply to"a, pro$uct&, proceec, i'pro)e'ent o! either pro$uct or procee

PR"CESS conit o! an act1 operation1 or tep or a erie thereo!1 per!or'e$ upon apeci!ie$ u&?ect 'atter to pro$uce phyical reult,

∗ 5here the patent i !or a proce1 the la5 !or&i$ other !ro' uing the proce1 an$ alo

!ro' 'anu!acturing1 $ealing in 1 or i'porting any pro$uct o&taine$ $irectly or in$irectly !ro'uch proce,

PRODU"T% is /rod e!ou$* term to i!clude ever# output o" *um! i!$e!uit#% ever# t!$i/leresult o" cr"tsm!s*ip or prt!ers*ip1 It is to /e !oted t*t !ot ll products re

pte!t/le /ecuse !ot ll process t*e re>uireme!ts o" pte!t/ilit#1

I3PROVE3ENTS% to /e pte!t/le% t*e improveme!t s*ould /e !o!=o/vious to o!e s'illed i!t*e rt o" t*e ori$i!l i!ve!tio! !d is trul# !ovel1 I" it is merel# co!se>ue!ce o"

tec*!icl co!"i$urtio! o" t*e ori$i!l i!ve!tio! !d is t*us (su$$ested+ /# t*ei!ve!tio! itsel"% t*e improveme!t is still )it*i! t*e domi!io! o" t*e ori$i!l i!ve!tio!1

EMCLUDED /RO; PATENT PROTECTION"

6, $ico)erie1 cienti!ic theorie an$ 'athe'atical 'etho$4, che'e1 rule an$ 'etho$ o! per!or'ing 'ental act1 playing ga'e1 or $oing &uine1

an$ progra' !or co'puter 7, 'etho$ !or treat'ent o! the hu'an &o$y or ani'al &o$y &y urgery or therapy an$

$iagnotic 'etho$ practice$ on the hu'an or ani'al &o$y,., Plant )arietie or ani'al &ree$ o! eentially &iological proce !or the pro$uction o! plant

or ani'alF, Aethetic creation>, Anything 5hich i contrary to pu&lic or$er or 'orality (Sec. 22#,

RE<UIRE3ENTS *OR PATENT1

6, N"!E+:* that 5hich $oe not !or' part o! the prior art (Sec. 23).



(Prior rt+ i peci!ie$ un$er -ec, 4.1 to 5it"a, that 5hich ha &een 'a$e a)aila&le to the pu&lic any5here in the 5orl$ &e!ore the

!iling $ate or the priority $ate o! application&, that 5hich !or' part o! an application 5hether !or patent1 utility 'o$el or in$utrial

$eigne$1 e!!ecti)e in the Philippine1 pro)i$e$ that"&,6, the in)entor or applicant are not the a'e

&,4, the content o! the application are pu&lihe$ in accor$ance 5ith there8uire'ent o! patent application rule&,7, the !iling $ate o! prior art I earlier

∗ thu prior art i ynony'ou 5ith pre?u$icial $icloure

Sec. 2 RA 8293 e'&o$ie the e3ception to prior art un$er the hea$ing :non*pre?u$icial

$icloure< any $icloure o! the in)ention 'a$e 5ithin t5el)e +64# 'onth &e!ore the !iling$ate $oe not pre?u$ice the application i! the $icloure i 'a$e &y"

a, in)entor hi'el! +or &y anyone 5ho ha the right to patent1 Sec. 2, 2)&, patent o!!ice* 5hen the in!or'ation o! the latter o!!ice co'e another application !ile$

&y the in)entor that houl$ not ha)e &een $icloe$ &y the o!!ice

c, thir$ peron@ application 5hen uch peron in!or'ation $irectly in$irectly co'e!ro' the in)entor hi'el! 5ithout the in)entor@ per'iion1 or !ro' any thir$ peron5ho o&taine$ hi in!or'ation !ro' the in)entor,

2. IN!ENI!ENESS

7 ∗ an in)ention in)ol)e an in)enti)e tep i!1 ha)ing regar$ to prior act1 it i not o&)iou to a

peron (ille$ in the art at the ti'e o! the !iling $ate or priority $ate o! the applicationclai'ing the in)ention (Sec. 2D, RA 8293).

8 It i uggete$ that the tet o! non*o&)ioune &e purue$ in !our tep"

6, the cope an$

content o! the prior art are $eter'ine$4, the $i!!erence

&et5een the prior art an$ the clai' at iue are acertaine$7, the le)el o! or$inary

(ill in the pertinent art i reol)e$., againt thi

&ac(groun$1 the o&)ioune or non*o&)ioune o! the u&?ect 'atter i acertaine$(DH A% J'R 2/, Patent-, Sec. 177).

3. CAPA*+E "$ IN#'SRIA+ APP+ICAI"N

(RIPS, Sec. Art. 2, ar. 1)T5o re8uire'ent o! in$utrial applica&ility hall &e !ul!ille$" a, it can &e pro$uce$&, can &e ue$ in in$utry (Sec. 2)

9 ∗ The application hall $icloe the in)ention in a 'anner u!!iciently clear an$ co'plete !or

it to &e carrie$ out &y a peron (ille$ in the art,

∗ accor$ing to TRIP-1 it i ynony'ou 5ith :use"ul+

(Sec. Art. 29 year 1, RIPS) :an applicant !or a patent hall $icloe the in)ention in a

'anner u!!iciently clear an$ co'plete !or the in)ention to &e carrie$ out &y a peron (ille$ inthe art an$ 'ay re8uire the applicant to in$icate the &et 'o$e !or carrying out the in)ention

(no5n to the in)entor at the !iling $ate<

FIRST TO FILE RULE

∗ Un$er Sec. 29 R.A. 82931 i! t5o or 'ore peron ha)e 'a$e the in)ention eparately an$

in$epen$ently o! each other the right to the patent hall &elong to the peron 5ho !irt !ile$ anapplication !or uch in)ention,



OWNERS=IP O* PATENT RI9=TS1

The right to a patent &elong to"a, in)entor1 hi heir1 or aign&, 5hen t5o +4# or 'ore peron ha)e ?ointly 'a$e an in)ention – to the' ?ointlyc, i! t5o +4# or 'ore peron ha)e the in)ention eparately an$ in$epen$ent o! each

other – to the peron 5ho !ile$ an application !or uch in)ention$, 5here 4 or 'ore application are !ile$ !or the a'e in)ention – to the applicant 5ho

ha the earliet !iling $ate or the earliet priority $ate (Sec. 28)

TER3 O* A PATENT

∗ The ter' o! a patent hall &e t5enty +4# year !ro' the !iling $ate o! application

(Sec. 7 ),

IN$RIN&E%EN the 'a(ing1 uing1 o!!ering !or ale 1 elling or i'porting a patente$ pro$uctor a pro$uct o&taine$ $irectly or in$irectly !ro' a patente$ proce1 or the ue o! apatente$ proce 5ithout the authori2ation o! the patentee (Sec. D.1).

ESS "$ PAEN IN$RIN&E%EN

6, Literal in!ringe'ent* reort i ha$ to the <5or$ : o! the clai',4, Doctrine o! e8ui)alent* i! t5o $e)ice $o the a'e 5or( in u&tantially the a'e 5ay1 the

a'e reult1 an$ pro$uce u&tantially a'e reult1 they are the a'e e)enthough they$i!!er in na'e1 !or' or hape,

∗ -ec, 5arn that 5here the pro$uct i i$entical1 it hall &e preu'e$ to ha)e &een o&taine$thru the ue o! the patente$ proce, Thu there ha e)ol)e$ the $octrine o! e8ui)alent5hich protect a patente$ in)ention !ro' circu')ention &y 'inor change or $e)iation,

T0E RIG0T- O/ A PATENTEE + -EC, 6#

6, In ca'e o! a pro$uct1 the patentee hall ha)e the e3clui)e right to 'a(e1 ue1 o!!er !or ale1 ell or i'port the pro$uct,

4, In cae o! a proce1 the patentee hall ha)e the e3clui)e right to ue the proce1 an$ to'anu!acture1 $eal in1 ue1 ell or o!!er !or ale or i'port any pro$uct o&taine$ $irectly or in$irectly !ro' uch proce,

∗ The go)ern'ent or a thir$ peron authori2e$ &y the go)ern'ent 'ay ue the patent 5ithout

the authority o! a patent o5ner1 pro)i$e$"6, on pu&lic interet groun$1 in particular1 national ecurity1 nutrition1 health or the

$e)elop'ent o! other ector1 a $eter'ine$ &y the appropriate agency o! thego)ern'ent o re8uire% i,e, i'portation o! 'e$icine un$er the Generic Act &y theDepart'ent o! 0ealth,

4, The 'anner o! e3ploitation &y the o5ner o! the patent or hi licenee1 i anti*co'petiti)e (Sec. 7.1),

∗ Un$er Sec. 7D R.A. 82931 A!ter the pu&lication o! the patent application1 the applicant1 e)ent

5hile hi application i till pen$ing1 i alrea$y accor$e$ the right o! a patentee grante$ un$er the la5 a againt any peron unla5!ully e3erciing patent right1 pro)i$e$ the !!, con$itionconcur

6, the latter ha actual (no5le$ge that the in)ention he 5a uing 5a the u&?ect 'atter o! a patent

4, he ha 5ritten notice o! uch !act



7, the action 'ay &e !ile$ only a!ter the grant o! the patent an$ 5ithin !our +.# year !ro'the co''iion o! the act co'plaine$ o!,

'I+I: %"#E+S ARE ;ODEL- O/ I;PLE;ENT OR TOOL- O/ ANY INDU-TRIALPRODUCT EVEN I/ NOT PO--E--ED O/ T0E UALITY O/ INVENTION HUT90IC0 I- O/ :PRACTICAL UTILITY,<

Sec. 1H8.1 treat patent an$ utility 'o$el i'ilarly 5hat $itinguihe a utility 'o$el

ho5e)er !ro' a patenta&le in)ention i et !orth in -ec, 6,6" An in)ention 8uali!ie !or regitration a a utility 'o$el i! it i :ne5< an$ :in$utrially applica&le,<That i 5hy it i ai$ that the $egree o! in)enti)ene neceary !or the grant o! protection toutility 'o$el i lo5er in $egree than that re8uire$ o! a patenta&le in)ention,

%AN#A"R: PR"!ISI"NS

The la5 re8uire that certain 'an$atory pro)iion &e incorporate$ in the technology tran!eragree'ent +TTA#

a, Philippine La5 houl$ go)ern the interpretation o! contract an$ that in cae o!litigation1 the )enue hall &e the peace 5here the licenee ha it principal o!!ice,

&, The licenee hall ha)e continue$ acce to i'pro)e'ent in techni8ue an$procee relate$ to the technology !or the $uration o! the TTA,

c, In cae o! ar&itration1 the ar&itration la5 o! the Philippine or o! the UNCo''iion or International tra$e la5 or o! the International Cha'&er o! Co''ercehall apply an$ the )enue hall &e the Philippine or any neutral country1 an$

$, Pay'ent o! Philippine Ta3e relating to the TTA hall &e &orne &y the licenor,

PART III

E +A "N C"P:RI&

1. #E$INII"N

-ECTION 6, "op0rig&t or Econo'ic Rig&ts, -u&?ect to the pro)iion o! Chapter VIII1 copyright or econo'ic right hall conit o! the e3clui)e right to carry out1 authori2e or pre)ent the !ollo5ing act"6,6, Repro$uction o! the 5or( or u&tantial portion o! the 5or(%6,4, Dra'ati2ation1 tranlation1 a$aptation1 a&ri$g'ent1 arrange'ent or other tran!or'ation

o! the 5or(%6,7, The !irt pu&lic $itri&ution o! the original an$ each copy o! the 5or( &y ale or other

!or' o! tran!er o! o5nerhip%

6,., Rental o! the original or a copy o! an au$io)iual or cine'atographic 5or(1 a 5or(e'&o$ie$ in a oun$ recor$ing1 a co'puter progra'1 a co'pilation o! $ata an$ other 'aterial or a 'uical 5or( in graphic !or'1 irrepecti)e o! the o5nerhip o! the originalor the copy 5hich i the u&?ect o! the rental%

6,F, Pu&lic $iplay o! the original or a copy o! the 5or(%6,>, Pu&lic per!or'ance o! the 5or(% an$6,, Other co''unication to the pu&lic o! the 5or(,



2. SAN#AR# $"R C"P:RI&A*I+I:

"=IN9 2IAN ?s. "A BG,R, No, 677>, Augut 6F1 46

A peron to &e entitle$ to a copyright 'ut &e the original creator o! the 5or(, 0e 'ut ha)e

create$ it &y hi o5n (ill1 la&or an$ ?u$g'ent 5ithout $irectly copying or e)ai)ely i'itatingthe 5or( o! another,

SA3BAR ?s. EVI STRAUSS BG,R, No, 674>., ;arch >1 44

To &e entitle$ to copyright1 the thing &eing copyrighte$ 'ut &e original1 create$ &y the authorthrough hi o5n (ill1 la&or an$ ?u$g'ent1 5ithout $irectly copying or e)ai)ely i'itating the5or( o! another,

3. !ESIN& "$ C"P:RI&

-ECTION 64, iterar0 and Artistic Wor/s, 64,6, Literary an$ artitic 5or(1hereina!ter re!erre$ to a K5or(K1 are original intellectual creation in the literary an$artitic $o'ain protecte$ !ro' the 'o'ent o! their creation 3 3 3

64,4, 9or( are protecte$ &y the ole !act o! their creation1 irrepecti)eo! their 'o$e or !or' o! e3preion1 a 5ell a o! their content1 8uality an$ purpoe,

N*4 The rule enunciate$ in the cae o! S!tos vs1 8cCullou$* Pri!ti!$ Co1 an$Filipi!o Societ# o" Composers vs1 T! that" KParagraph 77 o! Patent O!!ice A$'initrati)eOr$er No, 7 +a a'en$e$1 $ate$ -epte'&er 61 6.# entitle$ JRule o! Practice in thePhilippine Patent O!!ice relating to the Regitration o! Copyright Clai'J pro'ulgate$

puruant to Repu&lic Act 6>F1 pro)i$e a'ong other thing that an intellectual creation houl$&e copyrighte$ thirty +7# $ay a!ter it pu&lication1 i! 'a$e in ;anila1 or 5ithin i3ty +># $ay i! 'a$e ele5here1 !ailure o! 5hich ren$er uch creation pu&lic property1K i no longer goo$ la5,

7. SC"PE

-ECTION 64, iterar0 and Artistic Wor/s, 64,6, Literary an$ artitic 5or(1hereina!ter re!erre$ to a K5or(K1 are original intellectual creation in the literary an$ artitic$o'ain protecte$ !ro' the 'o'ent o! their creation an$ hall inclu$e in particular"+a# Hoo(1 pa'phlet1 article an$ other 5riting%

+&# Perio$ical an$ ne5paper%+c# Lecture1 er'on1 a$$ree1 $iertation prepare$ !or oral $eli)ery1 5hether or notre$uce$ in 5riting or other 'aterial !or'%

+$# Letter%+e# Dra'atic or $ra'atico*'uical co'poition% choreographic 5or( or entertain'ent in

$u'& ho5%+!# ;uical co'poition1 5ith or 5ithout 5or$%+g# 9or( o! $ra5ing1 painting1 architecture1 culpture1 engra)ing1 lithography or other 5or(

o! art% 'o$el or $eign !or 5or( o! art%+h# Original orna'ental $eign or 'o$el !or article o! 'anu!acture1 5hether or not

regitra&le a an in$utrial $eign1 an$ other 5or( o! applie$ art%+i# Illutration1 'ap1 plan1 (etche1 chart an$ three*$i'enional 5or( relati)e to

geography1 topography1 architecture or cience%+?# Dra5ing or platic 5or( o! a cienti!ic or technical character%+(# Photographic 5or( inclu$ing 5or( pro$uce$ &y a proce analogou to photography%

lantern li$e%+l# Au$io)iual 5or( an$ cine'atographic 5or( an$ 5or( pro$uce$ &y a proce

analogou to cine'atography or any proce !or 'a(ing au$io*)iual recor$ing%+'# Pictorial illutration an$ a$)ertie'ent%



+n# Co'puter progra'% an$+o# Other literary1 cholarly1 cienti!ic an$ artitic 5or(,

SECI"N 13. 7erivtive Wor's1 13.1. 0e foo>in /erivative >or@- -0a a-o5e rotecte/ 5y coyri0t4

+a# Dra'ati2ation1 tranlation1 a$aptation1 a&ri$g'ent1 arrange'ent1 an$ other

alteration o! literary or artitic 5or(% an$+&# Collection o! literary1 cholarly or artitic 5or(1 an$ co'pilation o! $ata an$ other 'aterial 5hich are original &y reaon o! the election or coor$ination or arrange'ent o! their content,

. "NERSIP "$ C"P:RI&

-ECTION 6, Rules on "op0rig&t Oners&ip, Copyright o5nerhip hall &ego)erne$ &y the !ollo5ing rule"6,6 -u&?ect to the pro)iion o! thi ection1 in the cae o! original literary an$ artitic 5or(1

copyright hall &elong to the author o! the 5or(%6,4, In the cae o! 5or( o! ?oint authorhip1 the co*author hall &e the original o5ner o!

the copyright an$ in the a&ence o! agree'ent1 their right hall &e go)erne$ &y the ruleon co*o5nerhip, I!1 ho5e)er1 a 5or( o! ?oint authorhip conit o! part that can &e ue$eparately an$ the author o! each part can &e i$enti!ie$1 the author o! each part hall &e theoriginal o5ner o! the copyright in the part that he ha create$%

6,7, In the cae o! 5or( create$ &y an author $uring an$ in the coure o! hi e'ploy'ent1the copyright hall &elong to"+a# The e'ployee1 i! the creation o! the o&?ect o! copyright i not a part o! hi regular

$utie e)en i! the e'ployee ue the ti'e1 !acilitie an$ 'aterial o! the e'ployer,+&# The e'ployer1 i! the 5or( i the reult o! the per!or'ance o! hi regularly*aigne$

$utie1 unle there i an agree'ent1 e3pre or i'plie$1 to the contrary,6,., In the cae o! a 5or( co''iione$ &y a peron other than an e'ployer o! the author

an$ 5ho pay !or it an$ the 5or( i 'a$e in puruance o! the co''iion1 the peron 5hoo co''iione$ the 5or( hall ha)e o5nerhip o! the 5or(1 &ut the copyright thereto hallre'ain 5ith the creator1 unle there i a 5ritten tipulation to the contrary%

6,F, In the cae o! au$io)iual 5or(1 the copyright hall &elong to the pro$ucer1 the author o! the cenario1 the co'poer o! the 'uic1 the !il' $irector1 an$ the author o! the 5or( oa$apte$, 0o5e)er1 u&?ect to contrary or other tipulation a'ong the creator1 thepro$ucer hall e3ercie the copyright to an e3tent re8uire$ !or the e3hi&ition o! the 5or( inany 'anner1 e3cept !or the right to collect per!or'ing licene !ee !or the per!or'ance o! 'uical co'poition1 5ith or 5ithout 5or$1 5hich are incorporate$ into the 5or(% an$

6,>, In repect o! letter1 the copyright hall &elong to the 5riter u&?ect to the pro)iion o! Article 47 o! the Ci)il Co$e,

ARIC+E 23 (CI!I+ C"#E)4 Letter an$ other pri)ate co''unication in 5riting are o5ne$&y the peron to 5ho' they are a$$ree$ an$ $eli)ere$1 &ut they cannot &e pu&lihe$ or $ie'inate$ 5ithout the conent o! the 5riter or hi heir, 0o5e)er1 the court 'ay authori2etheir pu&lication or $ie'ination i! the pu&lic goo$ or interet o! ?utice re8uire,

-ECTION 6, Anon0'ous and Pseudon0'ous Wor/s, /or purpoe o! thi Act1the pu&liher hall &e $ee'e$ to repreent the author o! article an$ other 5ritingpu&lihe$ 5ithout the na'e o! the author or un$er peu$ony'1 unle the contrary

appear1 or the peu$ony' or a$opte$ na'e lea)e no $ou&t a to the authorJ i$entity1 or i! the author o! the anony'ou 5or( $icloe hi i$entity,

ARTICLE F4 +CIVIL CODE#" A tra/ear@ or tra/e nae /uy rei-tere/ in t0e roer overnent 5ureau or office i- o>ne/ 5y an/ ertain- to t0e er-on, cororation, or

fir rei-terin t0e -ae, -u5Kect to t0e rovi-ion- of -ecia a>-.



D. "R<S N" PR"ECE#

-ECTION 6F, Unprotected Su(@ect 3atter. Not5ithtan$ing the pro)iion o! -ection 64 an$ 671 no protection hall e3ten$1 un$er thi la51 to any i$ea1 proce$ure1yte'1 'etho$ or operation1 concept1 principle1 $ico)ery or 'ere $ata a uch1 e)en i! theyare e3pree$1 e3plaine$1 illutrate$ or e'&o$ie$ in a 5or(% ne5 o! the $ay an$ other

'icellaneou !act ha)ing the character o! 'ere ite' o! pre in!or'ation% or any o!!icial te3to! a legilati)e1 a$'initrati)e or legal nature1 a 5ell a any o!!icial tranlation thereo!,

J"A'IN an/ *J PR"#'CI"NS, INC. v-. #RI+"N G1R1 No1 3BD4?1 -!ur# 2% 3DDD

Coyri0t, in t0e -trict -en-e of t0e ter, i- urey a -tatutory ri0t. It i- a ne> or in/een/ent ri0t rante/ 5y t0e -tatute, an/ not -iy a ree?i-tin ri0t reuate/5y t0e -tatute. *ein a -tatutory rant, t0e ri0t- are ony -uc0 a- t0e -tatute confer-,

an/ ay 5e o5taine/ an/ enKoye/ ony >it0 re-ect to t0e -u5Kect- an/ 5y t0e er-on-,an/ on ter- an/ con/ition- -ecifie/ in t0e -tatute.

P,D, No, .1 S4 Bno5 S64 o! the INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE O/ T0E P0ILIPPINE-+R,A, No, 47#1 in enu'erating 5hat are u&?ect to copyright1 re!er to !inihe$ 5or( an$ notto concept, The copyright $oe not e3ten$ to an i$ea1 proce$ure1 proce1 yte'1 'etho$ o! operation1 concept1 principle1 or $ico)ery1 regar$le o! the !or' in 5hich it i $ecri&e$1e3plaine$1 illutrate$1 or e'&o$ie$ in uch 5or(,The !or'at o! a ho5 i not copyrighta&le The !or'at or 'echanic o! a tele)iion ho5 i notinclu$e$ in the lit o! protecte$ 5or(, Copyright co)er only au$io*)iual recor$ing o! eachepio$e,

. #'RAI"N "$ C"P:RI&

-ECTION 467, Ter' o- Protection. 467,6, -u&?ect to the pro)iion o! -u&ection467,4 to 467,F1 the copyright in 5or( un$er -ection 64 an$ 67 hall &e protecte$$uring the li!e o! the author an$ !or !i!ty +F# year a!ter hi $eath, Thi rule alo applie topothu'ou 5or(,

467,4, In cae o! 5or( o! ?oint authorhip1 the econo'ic right hall &e protecte$ $uring theli!e o! the lat ur)i)ing author an$ !or !i!ty +F# year a!ter hi $eath,

467,7, In cae o! anony'ou or peu$ony'ou 5or(1 the copyright hall &e protecte$ !or !i!ty+F# year !ro' the $ate on 5hich the 5or( 5a !irt la5!ully pu&lihe$" Pro)i$e$1 That5here1 &e!ore the e3piration o! the ai$ perio$1 the authorJ i$entity i re)eale$ or i no

longer in $ou&t1 the pro)iion o! -u&ection 467,6, an$ 467,4 hall apply1 a the cae'ay &e" Pro)i$e$1 !urther1 That uch 5or( i! not pu&lihe$ &e!ore hall &e protecte$ !or !i!ty +F# year counte$ !ro' the 'a(ing o! the 5or(,

467,., In cae o! 5or( o! applie$ art the protection hall &e !or a perio$ o! t5enty*!i)e +4F#year !ro' the $ate o! 'a(ing,

467,F, In cae o! photographic 5or(1 the protection hall &e !or !i!ty +F# year !ro'pu&lication o! the 5or( an$1 i! unpu&lihe$1 !i!ty +F# year !ro' the 'a(ing,

467,>, In cae o! au$io*)iual 5or( inclu$ing thoe pro$uce$ &y proce analogou tophotography or any proce !or 'a(ing au$io*)iual recor$ing1 the ter' hall &e !i!ty +F#year !ro' $ate o! pu&lication an$1 i! unpu&lihe$1 !ro' the $ate o! 'a(ing,

-ECTION 46F, Ter' o- Protection -or Per-or'ers6 Producers and Broadcasting Organiations. 46F,6, The right grante$ to per!or'er an$ pro$ucer o! oun$recor$ing un$er thi la5 hall e3pire"

+a# /or per!or'ance not incorporate$ in recor$ing1 !i!ty +F# year !ro' the en$ o!the year in 5hich the per!or'ance too( place% an$

+&# /or oun$ or i'age an$ oun$ recor$ing an$ !or per!or'ance incorporate$ therein1!i!ty +F# year !ro' the en$ o! the year in 5hich the recor$ing too( place,



46F,4, In cae o! &roa$cat1 the ter' hall &e t5enty +4# year !ro' the $ate the &roa$cattoo( place, The e3ten$e$ ter' hall &e applie$ only to ol$ 5or( 5ith u&iting protectionun$er the prior la5,

8. +I%IAI"NS

-ECTION 6>, Wor/s o- t&e 9o?ern'ent. 6>,6, No copyright hall u&it in any5or( o! the Go)ern'ent o! the Philippine, 0o5e)er1 prior appro)al o! the go)ern'entagency or o!!ice 5herein the 5or( i create$ hall &e neceary !or e3ploitation o! uch5or( !or pro!it, -uch agency or o!!ice 'ay1 a'ong other thing1 i'poe a a con$ition thepay'ent o! royaltie, No prior appro)al or con$ition hall &e re8uire$ !or the ue o! anypurpoe o! tatute1 rule an$ regulation1 an$ peeche1 lecture1 er'on1 a$$ree1an$ $iertation1 pronounce$1 rea$ or ren$ere$ in court o! ?utice1 &e!ore a$'initrati)eagencie1 in $eli&erati)e ae'&lie an$ in 'eeting o! pu&lic character,

6>,4, The author o! peeche1 lecture1 er'on1 a$$ree1 an$ $iertation 'entione$ inthe prece$ing paragraph hall ha)e the e3clui)e right o! 'a(ing a collection o! hi 5or(,

6>,7, Not5ithtan$ing the !oregoing pro)iion1 the Go)ern'ent i not preclu$e$ !ro'recei)ing an$ hol$ing copyright tran!erre$ to it &y aign'ent1 &e8uet or other5ie% nor hall pu&lication or repu&lication &y the Go)ern'ent in a pu&lic $ocu'ent o! any 5or( in5hich copyright i u&iting &e ta(en to caue any a&ri$g'ent or annul'ent o! thecopyright or to authori2e any ue or appropriation o! uch 5or( 5ithout the conent o! thecopyright o5ner,

-ECTION 6., i'itations on "op0rig&t. 6.,6, Not5ithtan$ing the pro)iion o! Chapter V1 the !ollo5ing act hall not contitute in!ringe'ent o! copyright"+a# The recitation or per!or'ance o! a 5or(1 once it ha &een la5!ully 'a$e accei&le to

the pu&lic1 i! $one pri)ately an$ !ree o! charge or i! 'a$e trictly !or a charita&le or

religiou intitution or ociety%+&# The 'a(ing o! 8uotation !ro' a pu&lihe$ 5or( i! they are co'pati&le 5ith !air ue

an$ only to the e3tent ?uti!ie$ !or the purpoe1 inclu$ing 8uotation !ro' ne5paper article an$ perio$ical in the !or' o! pre u''arie" Pro)i$e$1 That the ource an$the na'e o! the author1 i! appearing on the 5or(1 are 'entione$%

+c# The repro$uction or co''unication to the pu&lic &y 'a 'e$ia o! article on currentpolitical1 ocial1 econo'ic1 cienti!ic or religiou topic1 lecture1 a$$ree an$ other 5or( o! the a'e nature1 5hich are $eli)ere$ in pu&lic i! uch ue i !or in!or'ationpurpoe an$ ha not &een e3prely reer)e$" Pro)i$e$1 That the ource i clearlyin$icate$%

+$# The repro$uction an$ co''unication to the pu&lic o! literary1 cienti!ic or artitic 5or(

a part o! report o! current e)ent &y 'ean o! photography1 cine'atography or &roa$cating to the e3tent neceary !or the purpoe%

+e# The incluion o! a 5or( in a pu&lication1 &roa$cat1 or other co''unication to thepu&lic1 oun$ recor$ing or !il'1 i! uch incluion i 'a$e &y 5ay o! illutration !or teaching purpoe an$ i co'pati&le 5ith !air ue" Pro)i$e$1 That the ource an$ o! the na'e o! the author1 i! appearing in the 5or(1 are 'entione$%+!# The recor$ing 'a$e in chool1 uni)eritie1 or e$ucational intitution o! a 5or(inclu$e$ in a &roa$cat !or the ue o! uch chool1 uni)eritie or e$ucationalintitution" Pro)i$e$1 That uch recor$ing 'ut &e $elete$ 5ithin a reaona&le perio$a!ter they 5ere !irt &roa$cat" Pro)i$e$1 !urther1 That uch recor$ing 'ay not &e'a$e !ro' au$io)iual 5or( 5hich are part o! the general cine'a repertoire o!

!eature !il' e3cept !or &rie! e3cerpt o! the 5or(%

+g# The 'a(ing o! ephe'eral recor$ing &y a &roa$cating organi2ation &y 'ean o! ito5n !acilitie an$ !or ue in it o5n &roa$cat%

+h# The ue 'a$e o! a 5or( &y or un$er the $irection or control o! the Go)ern'ent1 &y theNational Li&rary or &y e$ucational1 cienti!ic or pro!eional intitution 5here uchue i in the pu&lic interet an$ i co'pati&le 5ith !air ue%

(i) 0e u5ic erforance or t0e counication to t0e u5ic of a >or@, in a ace>0ere no a/i--ion fee i- c0are/ in re-ect of -uc0 u5ic erforance or



counication, 5y a cu5 or in-titution for c0arita5e or e/ucationa uro-eony, >0o-e ai i- not rofit a@in, -u5Kect to -uc0 ot0er iitation- a- ay

5e rovi/e/ in t0e Reuation-+?# Pu&lic $iplay o! the original or a copy o! the 5or( not 'a$e &y 'ean o! a !il'1 li$e1

tele)iion i'age or other5ie on creen or &y 'ean o! any other $e)ice or proce"Pro)i$e$1 That either the 5or( ha &een pu&lihe$1 or1 that the original or the copy

$iplaye$ ha &een ol$1 gi)en a5ay or other5ie tran!erre$ to another peron &y theauthor or hi ucceor in title% an$+(# Any ue 'a$e o! a 5or( !or the purpoe o! any ?u$icial procee$ing or !or the gi)ing o!

pro!eional a$)ice &y a legal practitioner,6.,4, The pro)iion o! thi ection hall &e interprete$ in uch a 5ay a to allo5 the 5or( to

&e ue$ in a 'anner 5hich $oe not con!lict 5ith the nor'al e3ploitation o! the 5or( an$$oe not unreaona&ly pre?u$ice the right hol$erJ legiti'ate interet,

-ECTION 6, Reproduction o- Pu(lis&ed Wor/. 6,6, Not5ithtan$ing thepro)iion o! -ection 61 an$ u&?ect to the pro)iion o! -u&ection 6,41 the pri)aterepro$uction o! a pu&lihe$ 5or( in a ingle copy1 5here the repro$uction i 'a$e &y a

natural peron e3clui)ely !or reearch an$ pri)ate tu$y1 hall &e per'itte$1 5ithout theauthori2ation o! the o5ner o! copyright in the 5or(,

6,4, The per'iion grante$ un$er -u&ection 6,6 hall not e3ten$ to the repro$uction o!"+a# A 5or( o! architecture in the !or' o! &uil$ing or other contruction%

(5) An entire 5oo@, or a -u5-tantia art t0ereof, or of a u-ica >or@ in ra0icfor 5y rerora0ic ean-

+c# A co'pilation o! $ata an$ other 'aterial%+$# A co'puter progra' e3cept a pro)i$e$ in -ection 6% an$+e# Any 5or( in cae 5here repro$uction 5oul$ unreaona&ly con!lict 5ith a nor'al

e3ploitation o! the 5or( or 5oul$ other5ie unreaona&ly pre?u$ice the legiti'ateinteret o! the author, +n#

SECI"N 188. Repro$rp*ic Reproductio! /# Li/rries1 188.1. Not>it0-tan/in t0erovi-ion- of Su5-ection 1.D, any i5rary or arc0ive >0o-e activitie- are not for

rofit ay, >it0out t0e aut0oriLation of t0e aut0or of coyri0t o>ner, a@e a -inecoy of t0e >or@ 5y rerora0ic rero/uction4

+a# 9here the 5or( &y reaon o! it !ragile character or rarity cannot &e lent to uer in itoriginal !or'%+&# 9here the 5or( are iolate$ article containe$ in co'poite 5or( or &rie!portion o! other pu&lihe$ 5or( an$ the repro$uction i neceary to upply the'15hen thi i coni$ere$ e3pe$ient1 to peron re8ueting their loan !or purpoe o!reearch or tu$y intea$ o! len$ing the )olu'e or &oo(let 5hich contain the'% an$

+c# 9here the 'a(ing o! uch a copy i in or$er to preer)e an$1 i! neceary in thee)ent that it i lot1 $etroye$ or ren$ere$ unua&le1 replace a copy1 or to replace1 inthe per'anent collection o! another i'ilar li&rary or archi)e1 a copy 5hich ha &eenlot1 $etroye$ or ren$ere$ unua&le an$ copie are not a)aila&le 5ith the pu&liher,

6,4, Not5ithtan$ing the a&o)e pro)iion1 it hall not &e per'ii&le to pro$uce a )olu'e o! a 5or( pu&lihe$ in e)eral )olu'e or to pro$uce 'iing to'e or page o! 'aga2ine or i'ilar 5or(1 unle the )olu'e1 to'e or part i out o! toc(" Pro)i$e$1 That e)ery li&rary5hich1 &y la51 i entitle$ to recei)e copie o! a printe$ 5or(1 hall &e entitle$1 5hen pecialreaon o re8uire1 to repro$uce a copy o! a pu&lihe$ 5or( 5hich i coni$ere$ neceary!or the collection o! the li&rary &ut 5hich i out o! toc(,

-ECTION 6, Reproduction o- "o'puter Progra', 6,6, Not5ithtan$ing thepro)iion o! -ection 61 the repro$uction in one +6# &ac(*up copy or a$aptation o! aco'puter progra' hall &e per'itte$1 5ithout the authori2ation o! the author o!1 or other o5ner o! copyright in1 a co'puter progra'1 &y the la5!ul o5ner o! that co'puter progra'"Pro)i$e$1 That the copy or a$aptation i neceary !or"

+a# The ue o! the co'puter progra' in con?unction 5ith a co'puter !or the purpoe1an$ to the e3tent1 !or 5hich the co'puter progra' ha &een o&taine$% an$



+&# Archi)al purpoe1 an$1 !or the replace'ent o! the la5!ully o5ne$ copy o! theco'puter progra' in the e)ent that the la5!ully o&taine$ copy o! the co'puter progra' i lot1 $etroye$ or ren$ere$ unua&le,

6,4, No copy or a$aptation 'entione$ in thi -ection hall &e ue$ !or any purpoe other than the one $eter'ine$ in thi -ection1 an$ any uch copy or a$aptation hall &e$etroye$ in the e)ent that continue$ poeion o! the copy o! the co'puter progra'

ceae to &e la5!ul,6,7, Thi pro)iion hall &e 5ithout pre?u$ice to the application o! -ection 6F 5hene)er appropriate,

-ECTION 6, I'portation -or Personal Purposes. 6,6, Not5ithtan$ing thepro)iion o! -u&ection 6,>1 &ut u&?ect to the li'itation un$er the -u&ection 6F,41 thei'portation o! a copy o! a 5or( &y an in$i)i$ual !or hi peronal purpoe hall &e per'itte$5ithout the authori2ation o! the author o!1 or other o5ner o! copyright in1 the 5or( un$er the!ollo5ing circu'tance"+a# 9hen copie o! the 5or( are not a)aila&le in the Philippine an$"

+i# Not 'ore than one +6# copy at one ti'e i i'porte$ !or trictly in$i)i$ual ue only%

or +ii# The i'portation i &y authority o! an$ !or the ue o! the Philippine Go)ern'ent%

or (iii) 0e iortation, con-i-tin of not ore t0an t0ree (3) -uc0 coie- or

i@ene--e- in any one invoice, i- not for -ae 5ut for t0e u-e ony of anyreiiou-, c0arita5e, or e/ucationa -ociety or in-titution /uy incororate/or rei-tere/, or i- for t0e encouraeent of t0e fine art-, or for any -tate

-c0oo, coee, univer-ity, or free u5ic i5rary in t0e P0iiine-.+&# 9hen uch copie !or' part o! li&rarie an$ peronal &aggage &elonging to peron

or !a'ilie arri)ing !ro' !oreign countrie an$ are not inten$e$ !or ale" Pro)i$e$1 Thatuch copie $o not e3cee$ three +7#,

9. $AIR 'SE

-ECTION 6F, *air Use o- a "op0rig&ted Wor/. 6F,6, The !air ue o! a copyrighte$5or( !or critici'1 co''ent1 ne5 reporting1 teaching inclu$ing 'ultiple copie !or claroo' ue1 cholarhip1 reearch1 an$ i'ilar purpoe i not an in!ringe'ent o! copyright, Deco'pilation1 5hich i un$ertoo$ here to &e the repro$uction o! the co$e an$tranlation o! the !or' o! the co'puter progra' to achie)e the inter*opera&ility o! anin$epen$ently create$ co'puter progra' 5ith other progra' 'ay alo contitute !air ue,In $eter'ining 5hether the ue 'a$e o! a 5or( in any particular cae i !air ue1 the !actor

to &e coni$ere$ hall inclu$e"+a# The purpoe an$ character o! the ue1 inclu$ing 5hether uch ue i o! aco''ercial nature or i !or non*pro!it e$ucational purpoe%

+&# The nature o! the copyrighte$ 5or(%+c# The a'ount an$ u&tantiality o! the portion ue$ in relation to the copyrighte$ 5or(

a a 5hole% an$+$# The e!!ect o! the ue upon the potential 'ar(et !or or )alue o! the copyrighte$ 5or(,

6F,4, The !act that a 5or( i unpu&lihe$ hall not &y itel! &ar a !in$ing o! !air ue i! uch!in$ing i 'a$e upon coni$eration o! all the a&o)e !actor,

=ABANA et al. ?s. ROBES and 9OODWI TRADIN9 "O.6 IN". BG,R, No, 676F44, uly61 6$ienting opinion1 DAVIDE

/air ue ha &een $e!ine$ a a pri)ilege to ue the copyrighte$ 'aterial in a reaona&le'anner 5ithout the conent o! the copyright o5ner or a copying the the'e or i$ea ratherthan their e3preion, No 8uetion o! !air or un!air ue arie ho5e)er1 i! no copying i pro)e$to &egin 5ith, Thi i in cononance 5ith the principle that there can &e no in!ringe'ent i! there



5a no copying, It i only 5here o'e !or' o! copying ha &een ho5n that it &eco'eneceary to $eter'ine 5hether it ha &een carrie$ to an Kun!air1K that i1 illegal1 e3tent,

1H.ASSI&N%EN

-ECTION 6, Rig&ts o- Assignee. 6,6, The copyright 'ay &e aigne$ in 5hole or in part, 9ithin the cope o! the aign'ent1 the aignee i entitle$ to all the right an$re'e$ie 5hich the aignor ha$ 5ith repect to the copyright,

6,4, The copyright i not $ee'e$ aigne$ inter )i)o in 5hole or in part unle there i a5ritten in$ication o! uch intention,

6,7, The u&'iion o! a literary1 photographic or artitic 5or( to ane5paper1 'aga2ine or perio$ical !or pu&lication hall contitute only a licene to 'a(e aingle pu&lication unle a greater right i e3prely grante$, I! t5o +4# or 'ore peron

?ointly o5n a copyright or any part thereo!1 neither o! the o5ner hall &e entitle$ to grantlicene 5ithout the prior 5ritten conent o! the other o5ner or o5ner,

-ECTION 66, "op0rig&t and 3aterial O(@ect. The copyright i $itinct !ro' theproperty in the 'aterial o&?ect u&?ect to it, Cone8uently1 the tran!er or aign'ent o! thecopyright hall not itel! contitute a tran!er o! the 'aterial o&?ect, Nor hall a tran!er or aign'ent o! the ole copy or o! one or e)eral copie o! the 5or( i'ply tran!er or aign'ent o! the copyright,

-ECTION 64, *iling o- Assign'ent or icense. An aign'ent or e3clui)e licene'ay &e !ile$ in $uplicate 5ith the National Li&rary upon pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee !or regitration in &oo( an$ recor$ (ept !or the purpoe, Upon recor$ing1 a copy o! theintru'ent hall &e returne$ to the en$er 5ith a notation o! the !act o! recor$, Notice o! therecor$ hall &e pu&lihe$ in the IPO Ga2ette,

-ECTION 67, Designation o- Societ0 , The copyright o5ner or their heir 'ay$eignate a ociety o! artit1 5riter or co'poer to en!orce their econo'ic right an$ 'oralright on their &ehal!,

11.RE&ISRAI"N

-ECTION 66, Registration and Deposit it& National i(rar0 and t&eSupre'e "ourt i(rar0. A!ter the !irt pu&lic $ie'ination o! per!or'ance &y authority o! the copyright o5ner o! a 5or( !alling un$er -u&ection 64,61 64,4 an$ 64,7 o! thi Act1

there hall1 !or the purpoe o! co'pleting the recor$ o! the National Li&rary an$ the -upre'eCourt Li&rary1 5ithin three +7# 5ee(1 &e regitere$ an$ $epoite$ 5ith it1 &y peronal $eli)eryor &y regitere$ 'ail t5o +4# co'plete copie or repro$uction o! the 5or( in uch !or' a the$irector o! ai$ li&rarie 'ay precri&e, A certi!icate o! $epoit hall &e iue$ !or 5hich theprecri&e$ !ee hall &e collecte$ an$ the copyright o5ner hall &e e3e'pt !ro' 'a(inga$$itional $epoit o! the 5or( 5ith the National Li&rary an$ the -upre'e Court Li&rary un$er other la5, I!1 5ithin three +7# 5ee( a!ter receipt &y the copyright o5ner o! a 5ritten $e'an$!ro' the $irector !or uch $epoit1 the re8uire$ copie or repro$uction are not $eli)ere$ an$the !ee i not pai$1 the copyright o5ner hall &e lia&le to pay a !ine e8ui)alent to the re8uire$!ee per 'onth o! $elay an$ to pay to the National Li&rary an$ the -upre'e Court Li&rary thea'ount o! the retail price o! the &et e$ition o! the 5or(, Only the a&o)e 'entione$ clae o!

5or( hall &e accepte$ !or $epoit &y the National Li&rary an$ the -upre'e Court Li&rary,

12.IN$RIN&E%EN

-ECTION 46>, Re'edies -or In-ringe'ent. 46>,6, Any peron in!ringing a rightprotecte$ un$er thi la5 hall &e lia&le"



+a# To an in?unction retraining uch in!ringe'ent, The court 'ay alo or$er the $e!en$antto $eit !ro' an in!ringe'ent1 a'ong other1 to pre)ent the entry into the channel o! co''erce o! i'porte$ goo$ that in)ol)e an in!ringe'ent1 i''e$iately a!ter cuto'clearance o! uch goo$,+&# Pay to the copyright proprietor or hi aign or heir uch actual $a'age1inclu$ing legal cot an$ other e3pene1 a he 'ay ha)e incurre$ $ue to the

in!ringe'ent a 5ell a the pro!it the in!ringer 'ay ha)e 'a$e $ue to uchin!ringe'ent1 an$ in pro)ing pro!it the plainti!! hall &e re8uire$ to pro)e ale onlyan$ the $e!en$ant hall &e re8uire$ to pro)e e)ery ele'ent o! cot 5hich he clai'1or1 in lieu o! actual $a'age an$ pro!it1 uch $a'age 5hich to the court hallappear to &e ?ut an$ hall not &e regar$e$ a penalty,

+c# Deli)er un$er oath1 !or i'poun$ing $uring the pen$ency o! the action1 upon uchter' an$ con$ition a the court 'ay precri&e1 ale in)oice an$ other $ocu'ente)i$encing ale1 all article an$ their pac(aging allege$ to in!ringe a copyright an$i'ple'ent !or 'a(ing the',+$# Deli)er un$er oath !or $etruction 5ithout any co'penation all in!ringing copieor $e)ice1 a 5ell a all plate1 'ol$1 or other 'ean !or 'a(ing uch in!ringing

copie a the court 'ay or$er,

+e# -uch other ter' an$ con$ition1 inclu$ing the pay'ent o! 'oral an$ e3e'plary$a'age1 5hich the court 'ay $ee' proper1 5ie an$ e8uita&le an$ the $etruction o! in!ringing copie o! the 5or( e)en in the e)ent o! ac8uittal in a cri'inal cae,

21D.2. In an infrineent action, t0e court -0a a-o 0ave t0e o>er to or/er t0e -eiLurean/ ioun/in of any artice >0ic0 ay -erve a- evi/ence in t0e court

rocee/in-.

-ECTION 46, "ri'inal Penalties. 46,6, Any peron in!ringing any right ecure$ &ypro)iion o! Part IV o! thi Act or ai$ing or a&etting uch in!ringe'ent hall &e guilty o! a

cri'e puniha&le &y"+a# I'prion'ent o! one +6# year to three +7# year plu a !ine ranging !ro' /i!ty thouan$

peo +PF1# to One hun$re$ !i!ty thouan$ peo +P6F1# !or the !irt o!!ene,+&# I'prion'ent o! three +7# year an$ one +6# $ay to i3 +># year plu a !ine ranging

!ro' One hun$re$ !i!ty thouan$ peo +P6F1# to /i)e hun$re$ thouan$ peo+PF1# !or the econ$ o!!ene,+c# I'prion'ent o! i3 +># year an$ one +6# $ay to nine +# year plu a !ineranging !ro' !i)e hun$re$ thouan$ peo +PF1# to One 'illion !i)e hun$re$thouan$ peo +P61F1# !or the thir$ an$ u&e8uent o!!ene,

+$# In all cae1 u&i$iary i'prion'ent in cae o! inol)ency,46,4, In $eter'ining the nu'&er o! year o! i'prion'ent an$ the

a'ount o! !ine1 the court hall coni$er the )alue o! the in!ringing 'aterial that the$e!en$ant ha pro$uce$ or 'anu!acture$ an$ the $a'age that the copyright o5ner hau!!ere$ &y reaon o! the in!ringe'ent,

46,7, Any peron 5ho at the ti'e 5hen copyright u&it in a 5or( ha in hi poeion anarticle 5hich he (no51 or ought to (no51 to &e an in!ringing copy o! the 5or( !or thepurpoe o!"+a# -elling1 letting !or hire1 or &y 5ay o! tra$e o!!ering or e3poing !or ale1 or hire1 the

article%+&# Ditri&uting the article !or purpoe o! tra$e1 or !or any other purpoe to an e3tent that

5ill pre?u$ice the right o! the copyright o5ner in the 5or(% or +c# Tra$e e3hi&it o! the article in pu&lic1 hall &e guilty o! an o!!ene an$ hall &e lia&le on

con)iction to i'prion'ent an$ !ine a a&o)e 'entione$,

-ECTION 46, A--ida?it E?idence. 46,6, In an action un$er thi Chapter1 an a!!i$a)it'a$e &e!ore a notary pu&lic &y or on &ehal! o! the o5ner o! the copyright in any 5or( or other u&?ect 'atter an$ tating that"+a# At the ti'e peci!ie$ therein1 copyright u&ite$ in the 5or( or other u&?ect 'atter%+&# 0e or the peron na'e$ therein i the o5ner o! the copyright% an$



+c# The copy o! the 5or( or other u&?ect 'atter anne3e$ thereto i a true copy thereo!1hall &e a$'itte$ in e)i$ence in any procee$ing !or an o!!ene un$er thi Chapter an$ hall &e pri'a !acie proo! o! the 'atter therein tate$ until the contrary i pro)e$1an$ the court &e!ore 5hich uch a!!i$a)it i pro$uce$ hall au'e that the a!!i$a)it5a 'a$e &y or on &ehal! o! the o5ner o! the copyright,

218.2. In an action under t&is "&apter1

+a# Copyright hall &e preu'e$ to u&it in the 5or( or other u&?ect 'atter to 5hich theaction relate i! the $e!en$ant $oe not put in iue the 8uetion 5hether copyrightu&it in the 5or( or other u&?ect 'atter% an$

+&# 9here the u&itence o! the copyright i eta&lihe$1 the plainti!! hall &e preu'e$to &e the o5ner o! the copyright i! he clai' to &e the o5ner o! the copyright an$ the$e!en$ant $oe not put in iue the 8uetion o! hi o5nerhip,+c# 9here the $e!en$ant1 5ithout goo$ !aith1 put in iue the 8uetion o! 5hethercopyright u&it in a 5or( or other u&?ect 'atter to 5hich the action relate1 or theo5nerhip o! copyright in uch 5or( or u&?ect 'atter1 there&y occaioningunneceary cot or $elay in the procee$ing1 the court 'ay $irect that any cot tothe $e!en$ant in repect o! the action hall not &e allo5e$ &y hi' an$ that any cot

occaione$ &y the $e!en$ant to other partie hall &e pai$ &y hi' to uch otherpartie,

-ECTION 46, Presu'ption o- Aut&ors&ip. 46,6, The natural peron 5hoe na'ei in$icate$ on a 5or( in the uual 'anner a the author hall1 in the a&ence o! proo! tothe contrary1 &e preu'e$ to &e the author o! the 5or(, Thi pro)iion hall &e applica&lee)en i! the na'e i a peu$ony'1 5here the peu$ony' lea)e no $ou&t a to the i$entityo! the author,

46,4, The peron or &o$y corporate 5hoe na'e appear on a au$io*)iual 5or( in the uual'anner hall1 in the a&ence o! proo! to the contrary1 &e preu'e$ to &e the 'a(er o! ai$5or(,

SECI"N 22H. I!ter!tio!l Re$istrtio! o" Wor's1 A -tateent concernin a >or@,recor/e/ in an internationa rei-ter in accor/ance >it0 an internationa treaty to >0ic0t0e P0iiine- i- or ay 5ecoe a arty, -0a 5e con-true/ a- true unti t0e contrary i-

rove/ e?cet444,6, 9here the tate'ent cannot &e )ali$ un$er thi Act or any other la5 concerning

intellectual property,44,4, 9here the tate'ent i contra$icte$ &y another tate'ent recor$e$ in the international

regiter,

2H CEN'R: $"G $I+% C"RP"RAI"N v-. CA G1R1 Nos1 L=??4D=31 Au$ust 3D%3D

The eence o! a copyright in!ringe'ent i the i'ilarity or at leat u&tantial i'ilarity o! thepurporte$ pirate$ 5or( to the copyrighte$ 5or(, 0ence1 the applicant 'ut preent to thecourt the copyrighte$ !il' to co'pare the' 5ith the purchae$ e)i$ence o! the )i$eo tapeallege$ly pirate$ to $eter'ine 5hether the latter i an unauthori2e$ repro$uction o! the !or'er,Thi lin(age o! the copyrighte$ !il' to the pirate$ !il' 'ut &e eta&lihe$ to ati!y there8uire'ent o! pro&a&le caue, ;ere allegation a to the e3itence o! the copyrighte$ !il'cannot er)e a &ai !or the iuance o! a earch 5arrant,

Reiterate$ in Colum/i Pictures% I!c vs1 Court o" Appels BG,R, No, >F*, Octo&er >16.,,

C"+'%*IA PIC'RES, INC. v-. C"'R "$ APPEA+S G1R1 No1 33BH31 Au$ust 2% 3DD?

The !act that petitioner are a$'itte$ly copyright o5ner or o5ner o! e3clui)e $itri&utionright in the Philippine 'otion picture or !il' $oe not con)ert uch o5nerhip into an



in$iciu' o! $oing &uine 5hich 5oul$ re8uire the' to o&tain a licene &e!ore they can ueupon a caue o! action in local court,It i e)i$ently incorrect to ugget1 a the ruling in 4th Century /o3 'ay appear to $o1 that incopyright in!ringe'ent cae1 the preentation o! 'ater tape o! the copyrighte$ !il' ial5ay neceary to 'eet the re8uire'ent o! pro&a&le caue an$ that1 in the a&ence thereo!1there can &e no !in$ing o! pro&a&le caue !or the iuance o! a earch 5arrant, It i true that

uch 'ater tape are o&?ect e)i$ence1 5ith the 'erit that in thi cla o! e)i$ence theacertain'ent o! the contro)erte$ !act i 'a$e through $e'ontration in)ol)ing the $irect ueo! the ene o! the prei$ing 'agitrate, -uch au3iliary proce$ure1 ho5e)er1 $oe not rule outthe ue o! teti'onial or $ocu'entary e)i$ence1 $epoition1 a$'iion or other clae o! e)i$ence ten$ing to pro)e the !actu' pro&an$u'1 epecially 5here the pro$uction in court o! o&?ect e)i$ence 5oul$ reult in $elay1 incon)enience or e3pene out o! proportion to ite)i$entiary )alue,

In!ringe'ent o! a copyright i a trepa on a pri)ate $o'ain o5ne$ an$ occupie$ &y theo5ner o! the copyright1 an$1 there!ore1 protecte$ &y la51 an$ in!ringe'ent o! copyright1 or piracy1 5hich i a ynony'ou ter' in thi connection1 conit in the $oing &y any peron1

5ithout the conent o! the o5ner o! the copyright1 o! anything the ole right to $o 5hich icon!erre$ &y tatute on the o5ner o! the copyright,

A copy o! a piracy i an in!ringe'ent o! the original1 an$ it i no $e!ene that the pirate1 in uchcae1 $i$ not (no5 5hat 5or( he 5a in$irectly copying1 or $i$ not (no5 5hether or not he5a in!ringing any copyright% he at leat (ne5 that 5hat he 5a copying 5a not hi1 an$ hecopie$ at hi peril, In $eter'ining the 8uetion o! in!ringe'ent1 the a'ount o! 'atter copie$!ro' the copyrighte$ 5or( i an i'portant coni$eration, To contitute in!ringe'ent1 it i notneceary that the 5hole or e)en a large portion o! the 5or( hall ha)e &een copie$, I! o'uch i ta(en that the )alue o! the original i eni&ly $i'inihe$1 or the la&or o! the originalauthor are u&tantially an$ to an in?uriou e3tent appropriate$ &y another1 that i u!!icient inpoint o! la5 to contitute a piracy,

It i pointle !or pri)ate repon$ent to init on co'pliance 5ith the regitration an$ $epoitre8uire'ent un$er Prei$ential Decree No, . a prere8uiite !or in)o(ing the courtJprotecti)e 'antle in copyright in!ringe'ent cae, A e3plaine$ &y the court &elo5" Acorrectly pointe$ out &y pri)ate co'plainant*oppoitor1 the Depart'ent o! utice hareol)e$ thi legal 8uetion a !ar &ac( a Dece'&er 641 6 in it Opinion No, 66 o! thethen -ecretary o! utice Vicente A&a$ -anto 5hich tate$ that -ection 4> an$ F $o notapply to cine'atographic 5or( an$ PD No, . Kha$ $one a5ay 5ith the regitration an$$epoit o! cine'atographic 5or(K an$ that Ke)en 5ithout prior regitration an$ $epoit o! a5or( 5hich 'ay &e entitle$ to protection un$er the Decree1 the creator can !ile action !or in!ringe'ent o! it right,K 0e cannot $e'an$1 ho5e)er1 pay'ent o! $a'age ariing !ro'

in!ringe'ent, The a'e opinion tree$ that Kthe re8uire'ent o! regitration an$ $epoit arethu retaine$ un$er the Decree1 not a con$ition !or the ac8uiition o! copyright an$ other right1 &ut a prere8uiite to a uit !or $a'age,K The tatutory interpretation o! the E3ecuti)eHranch &eing correct1 i entitle$ +to# 5eight an$ repect,

-ection 4 o! the $ecree pre!ace it enu'eration o! copyrighta&le 5or( 5ith the e3plicittate'ent that Kthe right grante$ un$er thi Decree hall1 !ro' the 'o'ent o! creation1 u&it5ith repect to any o! the !ollo5ing clae o! 5or(,K Thi 'ean that un$er the preent tateo! the la51 the copyright !or a 5or( i ac8uire$ &y an intellectual creator !ro' the 'o'ent o! creation e)en in the a&ence o! regitration an$ $epoit,That pri)ate repon$ent are licene$ &y the Vi$eogra' Regulatory Hoar$ $oe not inulate

!ro' cri'inal an$ ci)il lia&ility !or their unla5!ul &uine practice,

PE"P+E v-. RA%"S G1R1 No1 L=22?1 8# D% 3D

On the applica&ility o! the !our*year precripti)e perio$ pro)i$e$ in Act No, 774>,The a'e i not applica&le, -ai$ Act pro)i$e"



K-ection 6, Violation penali2e$ &y pecial act hall unle other5ie pro)i$e$ in uch act1precri&e in accor$ance 5ith the !ollo5ing rule" +a# , , , , , , , , , , +&# a!ter !our year !or thoepunihe$ &y i'prion'ent !or 'ore than one 'onth1 &ut le than t5o year% 3 3 3K

Act No, 774> applie only i! the pecial act $oe not pro)i$e !or it o5n precripti)e perio$, Itha no application here1 5here the Copyright La5 pro)i$e !or it o5n precripti)e perio$1 )i2"K-ection 4., All action1 uit1 or procee$ing ariing un$er thi Act hall &e originally

cogni2a&le &y the Court o! /irt Intance o! the Philippine an$ hall precri&e a!ter t5o year!ro' the ti'e the caue o! action aroe,K

+A<A v-. PA&+INAAN G1R1 No1 33DH1 April 3% 3D31

0ere one in u5i-0in a Sani-0aao /ictionary 0a- 5ut coie/ t0e euivaent-,/efinition- an/ /ifferent eanin- iven in anot0erM- Sani-0aao /ictionary,at0ou0 a@in -oe a//ition- of 0i- o>n an/ -oe uniortant c0ane- in t0e

e?ae- to iu-trate t0e eanin- of t0e >or/-, -uc0 a- -u5-titutin Faya5a-F for F*uacanF in t0e e?re--ion F!oy a *uacanF (I a oin to *uacan), it i- evi/ent t0at

0e erey rero/uce/ t0e /ictionary of t0e ot0er aut0or in vioation of t0e +a> of January 1H, 189, on Inteectua Proerty.

The author o! a $ictionary pu&lihe$ in 6 ha)ing an e3clui)e right thereto1 )ete$ un$er the La5 o! anuary 61 61 an$ protecte$ &y the Treaty o! Pari o! Dece'&er 61 61e)ery )iolator o! ai$ right 5ill &e hel$ reponi&le !or the $a'age the ai$ author 'ay ha)eutaine$,

%ERRIA% SC""+ AN# "$$ICE S'PP+IES v-. CA G1R1 No1 L=443H1 -u!e HB% 3DB

I'plicit in the Reprinting Co''itteeJ ruling i the au'ption that the ;erria' an$ 9e&ter

!ir' are in!ringer o! the right to reprint the &oo( 5hich 5a e3clui)ely a5ar$e$ to NationalHoo( -tore1 Inc, an$ are not a5ar$ee o! any reprinting right, The caue o! action o! NationalHoo( -tore1 Inc, i pre$icate$ on the in!ringe'ent o! that right, 9ithout pre?u$ging Ci)il CaeNo, 6.6. !or in?unction an$ $a'age1 5e hol$ that the Court o! /irt Intance ha

?uri$iction o)er the cae,

=ABANA et al. ?s. ROBES and 9OODWI TRADIN9 "O.6 IN". BG,R, No, 676F44, uly61 6

In $eter'ining the 8uetion o! in!ringe'ent1 the a'ount o! 'atter copie$ !ro' the copyrighte$5or( i an i'portant coni$eration, To contitute in!ringe'ent1 it i not neceary that the

5hole or e)en a large portion o! the 5or( hall ha)e &een copie$, I! o 'uch i ta(en that the)alue o! the original i eni&ly $i'inihe$1 or the la&or o! the original author are u&tantiallyan$ to an in?uriou e3tent appropriate$ &y another1 that i u!!icient in point o! la5 to contitutepiracy,

In!ringe'ent o! a copyright i a trepa on a pri)ate $o'ain o5ne$ an$ occupie$ &y theo5ner o! the copyright1 an$1 there!ore1 protecte$ &y la51 an$ in!ringe'ent o! copyright1 or piracy1 5hich i a ynony'ou ter' in thi connection1 conit in the $oing &y any peron15ithout the conent o! the o5ner o! the copyright1 o! anything the ole right to $o 5hich icon!erre$ &y tatute on the o5ner o! the copyright,

A copy o! a piracy i an in!ringe'ent o! the original1 an$ it i no $e!ene that the pirate1 in uch

cae1 $i$ not (no5 5hether or not he 5a in!ringing any copyright% he at leat (ne5 that 5hathe 5a copying 5a not hi1 an$ he copie$ at hi peril,

In cae o! in!ringe'ent1 copying alone i not 5hat i prohi&ite$, The copying 'ut pro$uce anKin?uriou e!!ectK,To allo5 another to copy the &oo( 5ithout appropriate ac(no5le$g'ent i in?ury enough,

13.PAR:



-ECTION 446, Points o- Attac&'ent -or Wor/s under Sections 7;# and 7;. 446,6, The protection a!!or$e$ &y thi Act to copyrighta&le 5or( un$er -ection 64 an$67 hall apply to"+a# 9or( o! author 5ho are national o!1 or ha)e their ha&itual rei$ence in1 the

Philippine%

+&# Au$io*)iual 5or( the pro$ucer o! 5hich ha hi hea$8uarter or ha&itual rei$encein the Philippine%+c# 9or( o! architecture erecte$ in the Philippine or other artitic 5or( incorporate$ in

a &uil$ing or other tructure locate$ in the Philippine%+$# 9or( !irt pu&lihe$ in the Philippine% an$+e# 9or( !irt pu&lihe$ in another country &ut alo pu&lihe$ in the Philippine 5ithin

thirty $ay1 irrepecti)e o! the nationality or rei$ence o! the author,446,4, The pro)iion o! thi Act hall alo apply to 5or( that are to &e protecte$ &y )irtue o!

an$ in accor$ance 5ith any international con)ention or other international agree'ent to5hich the Philippine i a party,

-ECTION 444, Points o- Attac&'ent -or Per-or'ers. The pro)iion o! thi Act onthe protection o! per!or'er hall apply to"444,6, Per!or'er 5ho are national o! the Philippine%444,4, Per!or'er 5ho are not national o! the Philippine &ut 5hoe per!or'ance"

+a# Ta(e place in the Philippine% or +&# Are incorporate$ in oun$ recor$ing that are protecte$ un$er thi Act% or +c# 9hich ha not &een !i3e$ in oun$ recor$ing &ut are carrie$ &y &roa$cat

8uali!ying !or protection un$er thi Act,

-ECTION 447, Points o- Attac&'ent -or Sound Recordings. The pro)iion o! thi Act on the protection o! oun$ recor$ing hall apply to"

447,6, -oun$ recor$ing the pro$ucer o! 5hich are national o! the Philippine% an$447,4, -oun$ recor$ing that 5ere !irt pu&lihe$ in the Philippine,

-ECTION 44., Points o- Attac&'ent -or Broadcasts. 44.,6, The pro)iion o! thi Act on the protection o! &roa$cat hall apply to"

+a# Hroa$cat o! &roa$cating organi2ation the hea$8uarter o! 5hich are ituate$in the Philippine% an$

+&# Hroa$cat tran'itte$ !ro' tran'itter ituate$ in the Philippine,44.,4, The pro)iion o! thi Act hall alo apply to per!or'er 5ho1 an$ to pro$ucer o! oun$

recor$ing an$ &roa$cating organi2ation 5hich1 are to &e protecte$ &y )irtue o! an$ inaccor$ance 5ith any international con)ention or other international agree'ent to 5hich thePhilippine i a party,

-ECTION 476, Re?erse Reciprocit0 o- *oreign as. Any con$ition1 retriction1li'itation1 $i'inution1 re8uire'ent1 penalty or any i'ilar &ur$en i'poe$ &y the la5 o! a!oreign country on a Philippine national ee(ing protection o! intellectual property right in thatcountry1 hall reciprocally &e en!orcea&le upon national o! ai$ country1 5ithin Philippine

?uri$iction,

17.INSI'I"N "$ ACI"NS

-ECTION 44F, Jurisdiction. 9ithout pre?u$ice to the pro)iion o! -u&ection ,6+c#1action un$er thi Act hall &e cogni2a&le &y the court 5ith appropriate ?uri$iction un$er e3iting la5, +-ec, F1 P,D, No, .a#

-ECTION 44>, Da'ages. No $a'age 'ay &e reco)ere$ un$er thi Act a!ter !our +.#year !ro' the ti'e the caue o! action aroe, +-ec, F1 P,D, No, .#



1.%"RA+ RI&S

-ECTION 67, Scope o- 3oral Rig&ts. The author o! a 5or( hall1 in$epen$ently o! the econo'ic right in -ection 6 or the grant o! an aign'ent or licene 5ith repect touch right1 ha)e the right"67,6, To re8uire that the authorhip o! the 5or( &e attri&ute$ to hi'1 in particular1 the right

that hi na'e1 a !ar a practica&le1 &e in$icate$ in a pro'inent 5ay on the copie1 an$in connection 5ith the pu&lic ue o! hi 5or(%67,4, To 'a(e any alteration o! hi 5or( prior to1 or to 5ithhol$ it !ro' pu&lication%67,7, To o&?ect to any $itortion1 'utilation or other 'o$i!ication o!1 or other $erogatory action

in relation to1 hi 5or( 5hich 5oul$ &e pre?u$icial to hi honor or reputation% an$67,., To retrain the ue o! hi na'e 5ith repect to any 5or( not o! hi o5n creation or in a

$itorte$ )erion o! hi 5or(,

-ECTION 6., Breac& o- "ontract. An author cannot &e co'pelle$ to per!or' hicontract to create a 5or( or !or the pu&lication o! hi 5or( alrea$y in e3itence, 0o5e)er1 he'ay &e hel$ lia&le !or $a'age !or &reach o! uch contract,

-ECTION 6F, Wai?er o- 3oral Rig&ts. An author 'ay 5ai)e hi right 'entione$ in-ection 67 &y a 5ritten intru'ent1 &ut no uch 5ai)er hall &e )ali$ 5here it e!!ect i toper'it another"6F,6, To ue the na'e o! the author1 or the title o! hi 5or(1 or other5ie to 'a(e ue o! hi

reputation 5ith repect to any )erion or a$aptation o! hi 5or( 5hich1 &ecaue o! alteration therein1 5oul$ u&tantially ten$ to in?ure the literary or artitic reputation o! another author% or

6F,4, To ue the na'e o! the author 5ith repect to a 5or( he $i$ not create,

-ECTION 6>, "ontri(ution to "ollecti?e Wor/. 9hen an author contri&ute to a

collecti)e 5or(1 hi right to ha)e hi contri&ution attri&ute$ to hi' i $ee'e$ 5ai)e$ unle hee3prely reer)e it,

-ECTION 6, Editing6 Arranging and Adaptation o- Wor/. In the a&ence o! acontrary tipulation at the ti'e an author licene or per'it another to ue hi 5or(1 theneceary e$iting1 arranging or a$aptation o! uch 5or(1 !or pu&lication1 &roa$cat1 ue in a'otion picture1 $ra'ati2ation1 or 'echanical or electrical repro$uction in accor$ance 5ith thereaona&le an$ cuto'ary tan$ar$ or re8uire'ent o! the 'e$iu' in 5hich the 5or( i to &eue$1 hall not &e $ee'e$ to contra)ene the authorJ right ecure$ &y thi chapter, Nor hallco'plete $etruction o! a 5or( uncon$itionally tran!erre$ &y the author &e $ee'e$ to )iolateuch right,

-ECTION 6, Ter' o- 3oral Rig&ts. 6,6, The right o! an author un$er thichapter hall lat $uring the li!eti'e o! the author an$ !or !i!ty +F# year a!ter hi $eath an$hall not &e aigna&le or u&?ect to licene, The peron or peron to &e charge$ 5ith thepothu'ou en!orce'ent o! thee right hall &e na'e$ in 5riting to &e !ile$ 5ith theNational Li&rary, In $e!ault o! uch peron or peron1 uch en!orce'ent hall $e)ol)eupon either the authorJ heir1 an$ in $e!ault o! the heir1 the Director o! the NationalLi&rary,

6,4, /or purpoe o! thi -ection1 KPeronK hall 'ean any in$i)i$ual1 partnerhip1corporation1 aociation1 or ociety, The Director o! the National Li&rary 'ay precri&ereaona&le !ee to &e charge$ !or hi er)ice in the application o! pro)iion o! thi

-ection,

-ECTION 6, En-orce'ent Re'edies. Violation o! any o! the right con!erre$ &y thiChapter hall entitle thoe charge$ 5ith their en!orce'ent to the a'e right an$ re'e$iea)aila&le to a copyright o5ner, In a$$ition1 $a'age 5hich 'ay &e a)aile$ o! un$er the Ci)ilCo$e 'ay alo &e reco)ere$, Any $a'age reco)ere$ a!ter the creatorJ $eath hall &e hel$ intrut !or an$ re'itte$ to hi heir1 an$ in $e!ault o! the heir1 hall &elong to the go)ern'ent,



1D.S'*SE'EN RANS$ERS (#R"I #E S'I)

SECI"N 2HH. Sle or Lese o" Wor'1 In every -ae or ea-e of an oriina >or@ of aintin or -cuture or of t0e oriina anu-crit of a >riter or coo-er, -u5-euent

to t0e fir-t /i-o-ition t0ereof 5y t0e aut0or, t0e aut0or or 0i- 0eir- -0a 0ave an

inaiena5e ri0t to articiate in t0e ro-- rocee/- of t0e -ae or ea-e to t0e e?tent of five ercent (). 0i- ri0t -0a e?i-t /urin t0e ifetie of t0e aut0or an/ for fifty (H)year- after 0i- /eat0.

-ECTION 46, Wor/s Not "o?ered. The pro)iion o! thi Chapter hall not apply toprint1 etching1 engra)ing1 5or( o! applie$ art1 or 5or( o! i'ilar (in$ 5herein the author pri'arily $eri)e gain !ro' the procee$ o! repro$uction,

1.NEI&*"RIN& RI&S

-ECTION 47, Scope o- Per-or'ersC Rig&ts. -u&?ect to the pro)iion o! -ection4641 per!or'er hall en?oy the !ollo5ing e3clui)e right"47,6, A regar$ their per!or'ance1 the right o! authori2ing"

+a# The &roa$cating an$ other co''unication to the pu&lic o! their per!or'ance% an$+&# The !i3ation o! their un!i3e$ per!or'ance,

47,4, The right o! authori2ing the $irect or in$irect repro$uction o! their per!or'ance !i3e$ inoun$ recor$ing1 in any 'anner or !or'%

47,7, -u&?ect to the pro)iion o! -ection 4>1 the right o! authori2ing the !irt pu&lic$itri&ution o! the original an$ copie o! their per!or'ance !i3e$ in the oun$ recor$ingthrough ale or rental or other !or' o! tran!er o! o5nerhip%

47,., The right o! authori2ing the co''ercial rental to the pu&lic o! the original an$ copie o!

their per!or'ance !i3e$ in oun$ recor$ing1 e)en a!ter $itri&ution o! the' &y1 orpuruant to the authori2ation &y the per!or'er% an$

2H3.. 0e ri0t of aut0oriLin t0e a@in avaia5e to t0e u5ic of t0eir erforance-fi?e/ in -oun/ recor/in-, 5y >ire or >iree-- ean-, in -uc0 a >ay t0at

e5er- of t0e u5ic ay acce-- t0e fro a ace an/ tie in/ivi/uayc0o-en 5y t0e.

SECI"N 2H7. 8orl Ri$*ts o" Per"ormers1 2H7.1. In/een/enty of a erforerM-econoic ri0t-, t0e erforer, -0a, a- rear/- 0i- ive aura erforance- or

erforance- fi?e/ in -oun/ recor/in-, 0ave t0e ri0t to cai to 5e i/entifie/ a-t0e erforer of 0i- erforance-, e?cet >0ere t0e oi--ion i- /ictate/ 5y t0e

anner of t0e u-e of t0e erforance, an/ to o5Kect to any /i-tortion, utiation or ot0er o/ification of 0i- erforance- t0at >ou/ 5e reKu/icia to 0i- reutation.

4.,4, The right grante$ to a per!or'er in accor$ance 5ith -u&ection 47,6 hall &e'aintaine$ an$ e3ercie$ !i!ty +F# year a!ter hi $eath1 &y hi heir1 an$ in $e!ault o! heir1 the go)ern'ent1 5here protection i clai'e$,

-ECTION 4F, i'itation on Rig&t. 4F,6, -u&?ect to the pro)iion o! -ection 4>1once the per!or'er ha authori2e$ the &roa$cating or !i3ation o! hi per!or'ance1 thepro)iion o! -ection 47 hall ha)e no !urther application,

4F,4, The pro)iion o! -ection 6. an$ -ection 6F hall apply 'utati 'utan$i toper!or'er,

SECI"N 2HD. Additio!l Remu!ertio! "or Su/se>ue!t Commu!ictio!s or :rodcsts1 'ne-- ot0er>i-e rovi/e/ in t0e contract, in every counication to t0e u5ic or

5roa/ca-t of a erforance -u5-euent to t0e fir-t counication or 5roa/ca-t t0ereof 5y t0e 5roa/ca-tin oraniLation, t0e erforer -0a 5e entite/ to an a//itiona

reuneration euivaent to at ea-t five ercent () of t0e oriina coen-ation 0e or -0e receive/ for t0e fir-t counication or 5roa/ca-t.



-ECTION 4, "ontract Ter's. Nothing in thi Chapter hall &e contrue$ to $epri)eper!or'er o! the right to agree &y contract on ter' an$ con$ition 'ore !a)ora&le !or the'in repect o! any ue o! their per!or'ance,

SECI"N 2H8. Scope o" Ri$*t1 Su5Kect to t0e rovi-ion- of Section 212, ro/ucer-of -oun/ recor/in- -0a enKoy t0e foo>in e?cu-ive ri0t-4

4,6, The right to authori2e the $irect or in$irect repro$uction o! their oun$ recor$ing1 in any'anner or !or'% the placing o! thee repro$uction in the 'ar(et an$ the right o! rentalor len$ing%

4,4, The right to authori2e the !irt pu&lic $itri&ution o! the original an$ copie o! their oun$recor$ing through ale or rental or other !or' o! tran!erring o5nerhip% an$

4,7, The right to authori2e the co''ercial rental to the pu&lic o! the original an$ copie o! their oun$ recor$ing1 e)en a!ter $itri&ution &y the' &y or puruant to authori2ation &ythe pro$ucer,

-ECTION 4, "o''unication to t&e Pu(lic. I! a oun$ recor$ing pu&lihe$ !or co''ercial purpoe1 or a repro$uction o! uch oun$ recor$ing1 i ue$ $irectly !or

&roa$cating or !or other co''unication to the pu&lic1 or i pu&licly per!or'e$ 5ith theintention o! 'a(ing an$ enhancing pro!it1 a ingle e8uita&le re'uneration !or the per!or'er or per!or'er1 an$ the pro$ucer o! the oun$ recor$ing hall &e pai$ &y the uer to &oth theper!or'er an$ the pro$ucer1 5ho1 in the a&ence o! any agree'ent hall hare e8ually,

-ECTION 46, i'itation o- Rig&t , -ection 6. an$ 6F hall apply 'utati'utan$i to the pro$ucer o! oun$ recor$ing,

-ECTION 466, Scope o- Rig&t. -u&?ect to the pro)iion o! -ection 4641 &roa$catingorgani2ation hall en?oy the e3clui)e right to carry out1 authori2e or pre)ent any o! the!ollo5ing act"

466,6, The re&roa$cating o! their &roa$cat%466,4, The recor$ing in any 'anner1 inclu$ing the 'a(ing o! !il' or the ue o! )i$eo tape1 o!

their &roa$cat !or the purpoe o! co''unication to the pu&lic o! tele)iion &roa$cato! the a'e% an$

466,7, The ue o! uch recor$ !or !reh tran'iion or !or !reh recor$ing,

-ECTION 464, i'itations on Rig&ts. -ection 471 4 an$ 4 hall not apply5here the act re!erre$ to in thoe -ection are relate$ to"464,6, The ue &y a natural peron e3clui)ely !or hi o5n peronal purpoe%464,4, Uing hort e3cerpt !or reporting current e)ent%464,7, Ue olely !or the purpoe o! teaching or !or cienti!ic reearch% an$

464,., /air ue o! the &roa$cat u&?ect to the con$ition un$er -ection 6F,



E +A "N PAEN

7. PURPOSE

3ANANO ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 6677, -epte'&er F1 6

The pri'ary purpoe o! the patent yte' i not the re5ar$ o! the in$i)i$ual &ut thea$)ance'ent o! the art an$ cience, The !unction o! a patent i to a$$ to the u' o! ue!ul(no5le$ge an$ one o! the purpoe o! the patent yte' i to encourage $ie'ination o! in!or'ation concerning $ico)erie an$ in)ention,

#. W=AT ARE PATENTABE

a. Invention-

-ECTION 46, Patenta(le In?entions. Any technical olution o! a pro&le' in any !iel$o! hu'an acti)ity 5hich i ne51 in)ol)e an in)enti)e tep an$ i in$utrially applica&le hall &ePatenta&le, It 'ay &e1 or 'ay relate to1 a pro$uct1 or proce1 or an i'pro)e'ent o! any o! the!oregoing,

5. Inventivene--

-ECTION 4>, In?enti?e Step. An in)ention in)ol)e an in)enti)e tep i!1 ha)ingregar$ to prior art1 it i not o&)iou to a peron (ille$ in the art at the ti'e o! the !iling $ate or priority $ate o! the application clai'ing the in)ention,

VAR9AS ?s. "=UA6 et al. BG,R, No, 7>>F, anuary 41 677

9e ha)e care!ully e3a'ine$ all the plo5 preente$ a e3hi&it a 5ell a the $eign o! thoeco)ere$ &y the patent1 an$ 5e are con)ince$ that no u&tantial $i!!erence e3it &et5eenthe plo51 E3hi&it /1 an$ the plo51 E3hi&it 7*Chua 5hich 5a originally patente$ &y the appellee1Varga, The only $i!!erence note$ &y u i the uppreion o! the &olt an$ the three hole onthe 'etal trap attache$ to the han$le &ar, Thee hole an$ &olt 5ith it nut 5ere uppree$in E3hi&it / in 5hich the &ea' i 'o)a&le a in the original plo5, The 'e'&er o! thi court15ith the plo5 in )ie51 arri)e$ at the concluion that not only i there no !un$a'ental$i!!erence &et5een the t5o plo5 &ut no i'pro)e'ent 5hate)er ha &een 'a$e on the latet

'o$el1 !or the a'e 5or(ing an$ 'o)e'ent o! the &ea' e3ite$ in the original 'o$el 5ith thea$)antage1 perhap1 that it gra$uation coul$ &e carrie$ through 5ith 'ore certainty &y the ueo! the &olt 5hich a ha alrea$y &een tate$1 5a a$?uta&le an$ 'o)a&le, A to the !act1upon 5hich 'uch e'phai 5a lai$1 that $eeper !urro5 can &e 'a$e 5ith the ne5 'o$el15e ha)e een that the a'e reult can &e ha$ 5ith the ol$ i'ple'ent,The appellee i not entitle$ to the protection he ee( !or the i'ple reaon that hi plo51E3hi&it /1 $oe not contitute an in)ention in the legal ene1 an$ &ecaue1 accor$ing to thee)i$ence1 the a'e type o! plo5 ha$ &een 'anu!acture$ in thi country an$ ha$ &een in ue



in 'any part o! the Philippine Archipelago1 epecially in the Pro)ince o! Iloilo1 long &e!ore heo&taine$ hi lat patent,

*RAN2 and 9O=N ?s. 9. 2OSU!A3A BG,R, No, 76, Dece'&er 461 677

9e agree 5ith the trial court that1 trictly pea(ing1 the he'p tripping 'achine o! the plainti!!$oe not contitute an in)ention on the groun$ that it lac( the ele'ent o! no)elty1 originalityan$ prece$ence, In !act1 &e!ore the plainti!! herein o&taine$ their patent1 they the'el)e ha$alrea$y pu&licly ue$ the a'e (in$ o! 'achine !or o'e 'onth1 at leat1 an$1 )ariou other 'achine1 ha)ing in general1 the a'e characteritic an$ i'portant part a that o! the ai$plainti!!1 5ere (no5n in the Pro)ince o! Da)ao,

A9UAS ?s. DE EON BG,R, No, L*746>, anuary 71 64

9here the recor$ $icloe that pri)ate repon$entJ proce i an i'pro)e'ent o! the ol$

proce o! tile*'a(ing an$ that uch i'pro)e'ent i in$ee$ in)enti)e an$ goe &eyon$ thee3ercie o! 'echanical (ill &y 5hich pri)ate repon$ent ha intro$uce$ a ne5 (in$ o! tile !or ane5 purpoe,

3ANANO ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 6677, -epte'&er F1 6

A utility 'o$el hall not &e coni$ere$ Kne5K i! &e!ore the application !or a patent it ha &eenpu&licly (no5n or pu&licly ue$ in thi country or ha &een $ecri&e$ in a printe$ pu&lication or pu&lication circulate$ 5ithin the country1 or i! it i u&tantially i'ilar to any other utility 'o$elo (no5n1 ue$ or $ecri&e$ 5ithin the country,

c. Novety

-ECTION 47, No?elt0. An in)ention hall not &e coni$ere$ ne5 i! it !or' part o! aprior art,

-ECTION 4., Prior Art. Prior art hall conit o!"4.,6, E)erything 5hich ha &een 'a$e a)aila&le to the pu&lic any5here in the 5orl$1 &e!ore

the !iling $ate or the priority $ate o! the application clai'ing the in)ention% an$4.,4, The 5hole content o! an application !or a patent1 utility 'o$el1 or in$utrial $eign

regitration1 pu&lihe$ in accor$ance 5ith thi Act1 !ile$ or e!!ecti)e in the Philippine1 5ith a

!iling or priority $ate that i earlier than the !iling or priority $ate o! the application" Pro)i$e$1That the application 5hich ha )ali$ly clai'e$ the !iling $ate o! an earlier application un$er -ection 76 o! thi Act1 hall &e prior art 5ith e!!ect a o! the !iling $ate o! uch earlier application" Pro)i$e$ !urther1 That the applicant or the in)entor i$enti!ie$ in &othapplication are not one an$ the a'e,

-ECTION 4F, Non%Pre@udicial Disclosure. 4F,6, The $icloure o! in!or'ationcontaine$ in the application $uring the t5el)e +64# 'onth prece$ing the !iling $ate or thepriority $ate o! the application hall not pre?u$ice the applicant on the groun$ o! lac( o! no)elty i! uch $icloure 5a 'a$e &y"+a# The in)entor%

(5) A atent office an/ t0e inforation >a- containe/ (a) in anot0er aication fie/5y t0e inventor an/ -0ou/ not 0ave 5een /i-co-e/ 5y t0e office, or (5) in anaication fie/ >it0out t0e @no>e/e or con-ent of t0e inventor 5y a t0ir/

arty >0ic0 o5taine/ t0e inforation /irecty or in/irecty fro t0e inventor or +c# A thir$ party 5hich o&taine$ the in!or'ation $irectly or in$irectly !ro' the in)entor,

4F,4, /or the purpoe o! -u&ection 4F,61 Kin)entorK alo 'ean any peron 5ho1 at the!iling $ate o! application1 ha$ the right to the patent,



3A9UAN ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, L*.F66, No)e'&er 41 6>

It ha &een repeate$ly hel$ that an in)ention 'ut poe the eential ele'ent o! no)elty1originality an$ prece$ence an$ !or the patentee to &e entitle$ to protection1 the in)ention 'ut&e ne5 to the 5orl$, Accor$ingly1 a ingle intance o! pu&lic ue o! the in)ention &y a patentee!or 'ore than t5o year +no5 !or 'ore than one year only un$er -ec, o! the Patent La5#

&e!ore the $ate o! hi application !or hi patent1 5ill &e !atal to the )ali$ity o! the patent 5heniue$, +/ran(1 et al, ), ouya'a% Varga ), /,;, Yaptico Co, an$ Varga ), Chua1 et al,1upra#,

VAR9AS ?s. *. 3. !APTI"O F "o. 4TD.G BG,R, No, 6.66, -epte'&er 4.1 66

The trial court reache$ the concluion that Kthe patente$ plo5 o! the plainti!!1 E3hi&it D1 i not$i!!erent !ro' the nati)e plo51 E3hi&it 41 e3cept in the 'aterial1 in the !or'1 in the 5eight an$the gra$e o! the reult1 the ai$ $i!!erence gi)ing it neither a ne5 !unction nor a ne5 reult$itinct !ro' the !unction an$ the reult o&taine$ !ro' the nati)e plo5% cone8uently1 itpro$uction $oe not preuppoe the e3ercie o! the in)enti)e !aculty &ut 'erely o! 'echanical

(ill1 5hich $oe not gi)e a right to a patent o! an in)ention un$er the pro)iion o! the PatentLa5,K In thu !in$ing1 the court 'ay ha)e &een right1 ince the Varga plo5 $oe not appear to&e uch a Kco'&inationK a contain a no)el ae'&lage o! part e3hi&iting in)ention,

*RAN2 and 9O=N ?s. 9. 2OSU!A3A BG,R, No, 76, Dece'&er 461 677

-upra,

/. '-efune--

-ECTION 4, Industrial Applica(ilit0. An in)ention that can &e pro$uce$ an$ ue$in any in$utry hall &e in$utrially applica&le,

e. 'tiity %o/e

-ECTION 6, Applica(ilit0 o- Pro?isions Relating to Patents. 6,6, -u&?ect to-ection 61 the pro)iion go)erning patent hall apply1 'utati 'utan$i1 to theregitration o! utility 'o$el,

6,4, 9here the right to a patent con!lict 5ith the right to a utility 'o$el regitration in thecae re!erre$ to in -ection 41 the ai$ pro)iion hall apply a i! the 5or$ KpatentK 5erereplace$ &y the 5or$ Kpatent or utility 'o$el regitrationK,

-ECTION 6, Special Pro?isions Relating to Utilit0 3odels. 6,6, +a# An in)ention8uali!ie !or regitration a a utility 'o$el i! it i ne5 an$ in$utrially applica&le,

+&# -ection 461 KPatenta&le In)entionK1 hall apply e3cept the re!erence to in)enti)e tep a acon$ition o! protection,

6,4, -ection .7 to . hall not apply in the cae o! application !or regitration o! a utility'o$el,6,7, A utility 'o$el regitration hall e3pire1 5ithout any poi&ility o! rene5al1 at the en$ o!

the e)enth year a!ter the $ate o! the !iling o! the application,6,., In procee$ing un$er -ection >6 to >.1 the utility 'o$el regitration hall &e cancele$

on the !ollo5ing groun$"+a# That the clai'e$ in)ention $oe not 8uali!y !or regitration a a utility 'o$el an$ $oenot 'eet the re8uire'ent o! regitra&ility1 in particular ha)ing regar$ to -u&ection6,6 an$ -ection 441 471 4. an$ 4%

+&# That the $ecription an$ the clai' $o not co'ply 5ith the precri&e$ re8uire'ent%+c# That any $ra5ing 5hich i neceary !or the un$ertan$ing o! the in)ention ha not

&een !urnihe$%



+$# That the o5ner o! the utility 'o$el regitration i not the in)entor or hi ucceor intitle,

-ECTION 66, "on?ersion o- Patent Applications or Applications -or Utilit0 3odel Registration. 66,6, At any ti'e &e!ore the grant or re!ual o! a patent1 an applicant !or a patent 'ay1 upon pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee1 con)ert hi application into an

application !or regitration o! a utility 'o$el1 5hich hall &e accor$e$ the !iling $ate o! theinitial application, An application 'ay &e con)erte$ only once,66,4, At any ti'e &e!ore the grant or re!ual o! a utility 'o$el regitration1 an applicant !or a

utility 'o$el regitration 'ay1 upon pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee1 con)ert hi applicationinto a patent application1 5hich hall &e accor$e$ the !iling $ate o! the initial application,+-ec, F1 R,A, No, 6>Fa#

SECI"N 111. Pro*i/itio! $i!st Fili!$ o" Prllel Applictio!s1 An aicant aynot fie t>o (2) aication- for t0e -ae -u5Kect, one for utiity o/e rei-tration an/

t0e ot0er for t0e rant of a atent >0et0er -iutaneou-y or con-ecutivey.

f. In/u-tria #e-in-

-ECTION 664, De-inition o- Industrial Design. An in$utrial $eign i anyco'poition o! line or color or any three*$i'enional !or'1 5hether or not aociate$*5ithline or color" Pro)i$e$1 That uch co'poition or !or' gi)e a pecial appearance to an$can er)e a pattern !or an in$utrial pro$uct or han$icra!t,

-ECTION 667, Su(stanti?e "onditions -or Protection. 667,6, Only in$utrial $eignthat are ne5 or original hall &ene!it !ro' protection un$er thi Act,

667,4, In$utrial $eign $ictate$ eentially &y technical or !unctional coni$eration to o&taina technical reult or thoe that are contrary to pu&lic or$er1 health or 'oral hall not &e

protecte$,

-ECTION 66., "ontents o- t&e Application. 66.,6, E)ery application !or regitrationo! an in$utrial $eign hall contain"+a# A re8uet !or regitration o! the in$utrial $eign%+&# In!or'ation i$enti!ying the applicant%+c# An in$ication o! the (in$ o! article o! 'anu!acture or han$icra!t to 5hich the $eign

hall &e applie$%+$# A repreentation o! the article o! 'anu!acture or han$icra!t &y 5ay o! $ra5ing1photograph or other a$e8uate graphic repreentation o! the $eign a applie$ to thearticle o! 'anu!acture or han$icra!t 5hich clearly an$ !ully $icloe thoe !eature !or

5hich $eign protection i clai'e$% an$+e# The na'e an$ a$$re o! the creator1 or 5here the applicant i not the creator1 a

tate'ent in$icating the origin o! the right to the in$utrial $eign regitration,66.,4, The application 'ay &e acco'panie$ &y a peci'en o! the article e'&o$ying the

in$utrial $eign an$ hall &e u&?ect to the pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee,

-ECTION 66F, Se?eral Industrial Designs in One Application. T5o +4# or 'orein$utrial $eign 'ay &e the u&?ect o! the a'e application" Pro)i$e$1 That they relate to thea'e u&*cla o! the International Clai!ication or to the a'e et or co'poition o! article,

-ECTION 66>, E+a'ination. 66>,6, The O!!ice hall accor$ a the !iling $ate the$ate o! receipt o! the application containing in$ication allo5ing the i$entity o! the applicantto &e eta&lihe$ an$ a repreentation o! the article e'&o$ying the in$utrial $eign or apictorial repreentation thereo!,

66>,4, I! the application $oe not 'eet thee re8uire'ent the !iling $ate houl$ &e that $ate5hen all the ele'ent peci!ie$ in -ection 6F are !ile$ or the 'ita(e correcte$,Other5ie i! the re8uire'ent are not co'plie$ 5ithin the precri&e$ perio$1 the applicationhall &e coni$ere$ 5ith$ra5n,



66>,7, A!ter the application ha &een accor$e$ a !iling $ate an$ the re8uire$ !ee pai$ on ti'e1the applicant hall co'ply 5ith the re8uire'ent o! -ection 66. 5ithin the precri&e$perio$1 other5ie the application hall &e coni$ere$ 5ith$ra5n,

66>,., The O!!ice hall e3a'ine 5hether the in$utrial $eign co'plie 5ith re8uire'ent o! -ection 664 an$ -u&ection 667,4 an$ 667,7,

SECI"N 11. Re$istrtio!1 11.1. 0ere t0e "ffice fin/- t0at t0e con/ition-referre/ to in Section 113 are fufie/, it -0a or/er t0at rei-tration 5e effecte/ int0e in/u-tria /e-in rei-ter an/ cau-e t0e i--uance of an in/u-tria /e-in

certificate of rei-tration, ot0er>i-e, it -0a refu-e t0e aication.66,4, The !or' an$ content o! an in$utrial $eign certi!icate hall &e eta&lihe$ &y the

Regulation" Pro)i$e$1 That the na'e an$ a$$re o! the creator hall &e 'entione$ ine)ery cae,

66,7, Regitration hall &e pu&lihe$ in the !or' an$ 5ithin the perio$ !i3e$ &y theRegulation,

66,., The O!!ice hall recor$ in the regiter any change in the i$entity o! the proprietor o! thein$utrial $eign or hi repreentati)e1 i! proo! thereo! i !urnihe$ to it, A !ee hall &e pai$1

5ith the re8uet to recor$ the change in the i$entity o! the proprietor, I! the !ee i not pai$1the re8uet hall &e $ee'e$ not to ha)e &een !ile$, In uch cae1 the !or'er proprietor an$the !or'er repreentati)e hall re'ain u&?ect to the right an$ o&ligation a pro)i$e$ inthi Act,

66,F, Anyone 'ay inpect the Regiter an$ the !ile o! regitere$ in$utrial $eign inclu$ingthe !ile o! cancellation procee$ing,

-ECTION 66, T&e Ter' o- Industrial Design Registration. 66,6 The regitration o! an in$utrial $eign hall &e !or a perio$ o! !i)e +F# year !ro' the !iling $ate o! theapplication,

66,4, The regitration o! an in$utrial $eign 'ay &e rene5e$ !or not 'ore than t5o +4#

conecuti)e perio$ o! !i)e +F# year each1 &y paying the rene5al !ee,66,7, The rene5al !ee hall &e pai$ 5ithin t5el)e +64# 'onth prece$ing the e3piration o! the

perio$ o! regitration, 0o5e)er1 a grace perio$ o! i3 +># 'onth hall &e grante$ !or pay'ent o! the !ee a!ter uch e3piration1 upon pay'ent o! a urcharge

66,., The Regulation hall !i3 the a'ount o! rene5al !ee1 the urcharge an$ other re8uire'ent regar$ing the recor$ing o! rene5al o! regitration,

-ECTION 66, Application o- Ot&er Sections and "&apters. 66,6, The !ollo5ingpro)iion relating to patent hall apply 'utati 'utan$i to an in$utrial $eignregitration"

-ection 46 No)elty"

-ection 4. Prior art" Pro)i$e$1 That the $icloure i containe$ in printe$ $ocu'entor in

any tangi&le !or'%-ection 4F Non*pre?u$icial Dicloure%-ection 4 In)ention Create$ Puruant to a Co''iion%-ection 4 Right to a Patent%-ection 4 /irt to /ile Rule%-ection 76 Right o! Priority" Pro)i$e$1 That the application !or in$utrial $eign hall&e !ile$

5ithin i3 +># 'onth !ro' the earliet !iling $ate o! the correpon$ing!oreign application%

-ection 77 Appoint'ent o! Agent or Repreentati)e%-ection F6 Re!ual o! the Application%-ection F> to > -urren$er1 Correction o! an$ Change in Patent%Chapter VII Re'e$ie o! a Peron 5ith a Right to Patent%Chapter VIII Right o! Patentee an$ In!ringe'ent o! Patent% an$Chapter MI Aign'ent an$ Tran'iion o! Right,



66,4, I! the eential ele'ent o! an in$utrial $eign 5hich i the u&?ect o! an applicationha)e &een o&taine$ !ro' the creation o! another peron 5ithout hi conent1 protectionun$er thi Chapter cannot &e in)o(e$ againt the in?ure$ party, +n#

-ECTION 64, "ancellation o- Design Registration. 64,6, At any ti'e $uring theter' o! the in$utrial $eign regitration1 any peron upon pay'ent o! the re8uire$ !ee1 'ay

petition the Director o! Legal A!!air to cancel the in$utrial $eign on any o! the !ollo5inggroun$"+a# I! the u&?ect 'atter o! the in$utrial $eign i not regitra&le 5ithin the ter' o!

-ection 664 an$ 667%+&# I! the u&?ect 'atter i not ne5% or

+c# I! the u&?ect 'atter o! the in$utrial $eign e3ten$ &eyon$ the content o! theapplication a originally !ile$,

64,4, 9here the groun$ !or cancellation relate to a part o! the in$utrial $eign1 cancellation'ay &e e!!ecte$ to uch e3tent only, The retriction 'ay &e e!!ecte$ in the !or' o! analteration o! the e!!ecte$ !eature o! the $eign,

. W=AT ARE NOT PATENTABE

-ECTION 44, Non%Patenta(le In?entions. The !ollo5ing hall &e e3clu$e$ !ro'patent protection"44,6, Dico)erie1 cienti!ic theorie an$ 'athe'atical 'etho$%44,4, -che'e1 rule an$ 'etho$ o! per!or'ing 'ental act1 playing ga'e or $oing

&uine1 an$ progra' !or co'puter%44,7, ;etho$ !or treat'ent o! the hu'an or ani'al &o$y &y urgery or therapy an$

$iagnotic 'etho$ practice$ on the hu'an or ani'al &o$y, Thi pro)iion hall notapply to pro$uct an$ co'poition !or ue in any o! thee 'etho$%

44,., Plant )arietie or ani'al &ree$ or eentially &iological proce !or the pro$uction o! plant or ani'al, Thi pro)iion hall not apply to 'icro*organi' an$ non*&iologicalan$ 'icro&iological procee,Pro)iion un$er thi u&ection hall not preclu$e Congre to coni$er the enact'ento! a la5 pro)i$ing ui generi protection o! plant )arietie an$ ani'al &ree$ an$ ayte' o! co''unity intellectual right protection"

44,F, Aethetic creation% an$44,>, Anything 5hich i contrary to pu&lic or$er or 'orality, +-ec, 1 R,A, No, 6>Fa#

8. OWNERS=IP O* PATENT

-ECTION 4, Rig&t to a Patent. The right to a patent &elong to the in)entor1 hiheir1 or aign, 9hen t5o +4# or 'ore peron ha)e ?ointly 'a$e an in)ention1 the right to apatent hall &elong to the' ?ointly,

-ECTION 4, *irst to *ile Rule. I! t5o +4# or 'ore peron ha)e 'a$e the in)entioneparately an$ in$epen$ently o! each other1 the right to the patent hall &elong to the peron5ho !ile$ an application !or uch in)ention1 or 5here t5o or 'ore application are !ile$ !or the

a'e in)ention1 to the applicant 5ho ha the earliet !iling $ate or1 the earliet priority $ate,

-ECTION 7, In?entions "reated Pursuant to a "o''ission. 7,6, The peron5ho co''iion the 5or( hall o5n the patent1 unle other5ie pro)i$e$ in the contract,

7,4, In cae the e'ployee 'a$e the in)ention in the coure o! hi e'ploy'ent contract1 thepatent hall &elong to"+a# The e'ployee1 i! the in)enti)e acti)ity i not a part o! hi regular $utie e)en i! the

e'ployee ue the ti'e1 !acilitie an$ 'aterial o! the e'ployer,



+&# The e'ployer1 i! the in)ention i the reult o! the per!or'ance o! hi regularly*aigne$$utie1 unle there i an agree'ent1 e3pre or i'plie$1 to the contrary,

-ECTION >, Patent Application (0 Persons Not =a?ing t&e Rig&t to a Patent. >,6, I! a peron re!erre$ to in -ection 4 other than the applicant1 i $eclare$ &y !inal courtor$er or $eciion a ha)ing the right to the patent1 uch peron 'ay1 5ithin three +7#

'onth a!ter the $eciion ha &eco'e !inal"+a# Proecute the application a hi o5n application in place o! the applicant%+&# /ile a ne5 patent application in repect o! the a'e in)ention%+c# Re8uet that the application &e re!ue$% or +$# -ee( cancellation o! the patent1 i! one ha alrea$y &een iue$,

>,4, The pro)iion o! -u&ection 7,4 hall apply 'utati 'utan$i to a ne5 application!ile$ un$er -u&ection >, 6+&#,

SECI"N D8. Remedies o" t*e True !d Actul I!ve!tor1 If a er-on, >0o >a-/erive/ of t0e atent >it0out 0i- con-ent or t0rou0 frau/ i- /ecare/ 5y fina court

or/er or /eci-ion to 5e t0e true an/ actua inventor, t0e court -0a or/er for 0i-

-u5-titution a- atentee, or at t0e otion of t0e true inventor, cance t0e atent, an/a>ar/ actua an/ ot0er /aae- in 0i- favor if >arrante/ 5y t0e circu-tance-.

SECI"N D9. Pu/lictio! o" t*e Court Order1 0e court -0a furni-0 t0e "ffice acoy of t0e or/er or /eci-ion referre/ to in Section- D an/ D8, >0ic0 -0a 5e u5i-0e/in t0e IP" &aLette >it0in t0ree (3) ont0- fro t0e /ate -uc0 or/er or /eci-ion 5ecae

fina an/ e?ecutory, an/ -0a 5e recor/e/ in t0e rei-ter of t0e "ffice.

-ECTION , Ti'e to *ile Action in "ourt. The action in$icate$ in -ection > an$> hall &e !ile$ 5ithin one +6# year !ro' the $ate o! pu&lication 'a$e in accor$ance 5ith-ection .. an$ F61 repecti)ely,

-ECTION 47>, Preser?ation o- E+isting Rig&ts. Nothing herein hall a$)erely a!!ectthe right on the en!orce'ent o! right in patent1 utility 'o$el1 in$utrial $eign1 'ar( an$5or(1 ac8uire$ in goo$ !aith prior to the e!!ecti)e $ate o! thi Act,

H. APPI"ATION *OR PATENT

a. 0o %ay Ay;

-ECTION 4, Rig&t to a Patent. The right to a patent &elong to the in)entor1 hi

heir1 or aign, 9hen t5o +4# or 'ore peron ha)e ?ointly 'a$e an in)ention1 the right to apatent hall &elong to the' ?ointly,

-ECTION 4, *irst to *ile Rule. I! t5o +4# or 'ore peron ha)e 'a$e the in)entioneparately an$ in$epen$ently o! each other1 the right to the patent hall &elong to the peron5ho !ile$ an application !or uch in)ention1 or 5here t5o or 'ore application are !ile$ !or thea'e in)ention1 to the applicant 5ho ha the earliet !iling $ate or1 the earliet priority $ate,

-ECTION 7, In?entions "reated Pursuant to a "o''ission. 7,6, The peron5ho co''iion the 5or( hall o5n the patent1 unle other5ie pro)i$e$ in the contract,

7,4, In cae the e'ployee 'a$e the in)ention in the coure o! hi e'ploy'ent contract1 the

patent hall &elong to"+a# The e'ployee1 i! the in)enti)e acti)ity i not a part o! hi regular $utie e)en i! the

e'ployee ue the ti'e1 !acilitie an$ 'aterial o! the e'ployer,+&# The e'ployer1 i! the in)ention i the reult o! the per!or'ance o! hi regularly*aigne$

$utie1 unle there i an agree'ent1 e3pre or i'plie$1 to the contrary,

-ECTION >, Re'edies o- t&e True and Actual In?entor. I! a peron1 5ho 5a$epri)e$ o! the patent 5ithout hi conent or through !rau$ i $eclare$ &y !inal court or$er or



$eciion to &e the true an$ actual in)entor1 the court hall or$er !or hi u&titution apatentee1 or at the option o! the true in)entor1 cancel the patent1 an$ a5ar$ actual an$ other $a'age in hi !a)or i! 5arrante$ &y the circu'tance,

SECI"N 3. I!ter!tio!l Co!ve!tio!s !d Reciprocit#1 Any er-on >0o i- a nationa or >0o i- /oicie/ or 0a- a rea an/ effective in/u-tria e-ta5i-0ent in a country >0ic0

i- a arty to any convention, treaty or areeent reatin to inteectua roerty ri0t-or t0e rere--ion of unfair coetition, to >0ic0 t0e P0iiine- i- a-o a arty, or e?ten/- reciroca ri0t- to nationa- of t0e P0iiine- 5y a>, -0a 5e entite/ to5enefit- to t0e e?tent nece--ary to ive effect to any rovi-ion of -uc0 convention,

treaty or reciroca a>, in a//ition to t0e ri0t- to >0ic0 any o>ner of an inteectuaroerty ri0t i- ot0er>i-e entite/ 5y t0i- Act.

-ECTION 476, Re?erse Reciprocit0 o- *oreign as. Any con$ition1 retriction1li'itation1 $i'inution1 re8uire'ent1 penalty or any i'ilar &ur$en i'poe$ &y the la5 o! a!oreign country on a Philippine national ee(ing protection o! intellectual property right in thatcountry1 hall reciprocally &e en!orcea&le upon national o! ai$ country1 5ithin Philippine

?uri$iction,

-ECTION 47F, Applications Pending on E--ecti?e Date o- Act. 47F,6, Allapplication !or patent pen$ing in the Hureau o! Patent1 Tra$e'ar( an$ TechnologyTran!er hall &e procee$e$ 5ith an$ patent thereon grante$ in accor$ance 5ith the Actun$er 5hich ai$ application 5ere !ile$1 an$ ai$ Act are here&y continue$ to &een!orce$1 to thi e3tent an$ !or thi purpoe only1 not5ithtan$ing the !oregoing generalrepeal thereo!" Pro)i$e$1 That application !or utility 'o$el or in$utrial $eign pen$ing atthe e!!ecti)e $ate o! thi Act1 hall &e procee$e$ 5ith in accor$ance 5ith the pro)iion o! thi Act1 unle the applicant elect to proecute ai$ application in accor$ance 5ith the

Act un$er 5hich they 5ere !ile$,

47F,4, All application !or regitration o! 'ar( or tra$e na'e pen$ing in the Hureau o! Patent1 Tra$e'ar( an$ Technology Tran!er at the e!!ecti)e $ate o! thi Act 'ay &ea'en$e$1 i! practica&le to &ring the' un$er the pro)iion o! thi Act, The proecution o! uch application o a'en$e$ an$ the grant o! regitration thereon hall &e procee$e$5ith in accor$ance 5ith the pro)iion o! thi Act, I! uch a'en$'ent are not 'a$e1 theproecution o! ai$ application hall &e procee$e$ 5ith an$ regitration thereon grante$in accor$ance 5ith the Act un$er 5hich ai$ application 5ere !ile$1 an$ ai$ Act arehere&y continue$ in !orce to thi e3tent !or thi purpoe only1 not5ithtan$ing the !oregoinggeneral repeal thereo! +n#

5. Aication

-ECTION 74, T&e Application. 74,6, The patent application hall &e in /ilipino or Englih an$ hall contain the !ollo5ing"+a# A re8uet !or the grant o! a patent%+&# A $ecription o! the in)ention%+c# Dra5ing neceary !or the un$ertan$ing o! the in)ention%+$# One or 'ore clai'% an$+e# An a&tract,

74,4, No patent 'ay &e grante$ unle the application i$enti!ie the in)entor, I! the applicanti not the in)entor1 the O!!ice 'ay re8uire hi' to u&'it ai$ authority,

-ECTION 77, Appoint'ent o- Agent or Representati?e. An applicant 5ho i not arei$ent o! the Philippine 'ut appoint an$ 'aintain a rei$ent agent or repreentati)e in thePhilippine upon 5ho' notice or proce !or ?u$icial or a$'initrati)e proce$ure relating to theapplication !or patent or the patent 'ay &e er)e$,

-ECTION 7., T&e Reuest. The re8uet hall contain a petition !or the grant o! thepatent1 the na'e an$ other $ata o! the applicant1 the in)entor an$ the agent an$ the title o! thein)ention,



-ECTION 7F, Disclosure and Description o- t&e In?ention. 7F,6, #i-co-ure. The application hall $icloe the in)ention in a 'anner u!!iciently clear an$ co'plete !or itto &e carrie$ out &y a peron (ille$ in the art, 9here the application concern a'icro&iological proce or the pro$uct thereo! an$ in)ol)e the ue o! a 'icro*organi'5hich cannot &e u!!iciently $icloe$ in the application in uch a 5ay a to ena&le the

in)ention to &e carrie$ out &y a peron (ille$ in the art1 an$ uch 'aterial i not a)aila&leto the pu&lic1 the application hall &e upple'ente$ &y a $epoit o! uch 'aterial 5ith aninternational $epoitory intitution,

7F,4, #e-crition. The Regulation hall precri&e the content o! the $ecription an$ theor$er o! preentation,

-ECTION 7>, T&e "lai's. 7>,6, The application hall contain one +6# or 'ore clai'5hich hall $e!ine the 'atter !or 5hich protection i ought, Each clai' hall &e clear an$concie1 an$ hall &e upporte$ &y the $ecription,

7>,4, The Regulation hall precri&e the 'anner o! the preentation o! clai',

SECI"N 3. T*e A/strct1 0e a5-tract -0a con-i-t of a conci-e -uary of t0e /i-co-ure of t0e invention a- containe/ in t0e /e-crition, cai- an/ /ra>inin

refera5y not ore t0an one 0un/re/ fifty (1H) >or/-. It u-t 5e /rafte/ in a >ay>0ic0 ao>- t0e cear un/er-tan/in of t0e tec0nica ro5e, t0e i-t of t0e -outionof t0at ro5e t0rou0 t0e invention, an/ t0e rincia u-e or u-e- of t0e invention.

0e a5-tract -0a erey -erve for tec0nica inforation.

-ECTION 7, Unit0 o- In?ention. 7,6, The application hall relate to one in)entiononly or to a group o! in)ention !or'ing a ingle general in)enti)e concept,

7,4, I! e)eral in$epen$ent in)ention 5hich $o not !or' a ingle general in)enti)e conceptare clai'e$ in one application1 the Director 'ay re8uire that the application &e retricte$ to

a ingle in)ention, A later application !ile$ !or an in)ention $i)i$e$ out hall &e coni$ere$a ha)ing &een !ile$ on the a'e $ay a the !irt application" Pro)i$e$1 That the later application i !ile$ 5ithin !our +.# 'onth a!ter the re8uire'ent to $i)i$e &eco'e !inal or 5ithin uch a$$itional ti'e1 not e3cee$ing !our +.# 'onth1 a 'ay &e grante$" Pro)i$e$!urther1 That each $i)iional application hall not go &eyon$ the $icloure in the initialapplication,

7,7, The !act that a patent ha &een grante$ on an application that $i$ not co'ply 5ith there8uire'ent o! unity o! in)ention hall not &e a groun$ to cancel the patent,

-ECTION 7, In-or'ation "oncerning "orresponding *oreign Application -or Patents. The applicant hall1 at the re8uet o! the Director1 !urnih hi' 5ith the $ate an$

nu'&er o! any application !or a patent !ile$ &y hi' a&roa$1 herea!ter re!erre$ to a the K!oreignapplication1K relating to the a'e or eentially the a'e in)ention a that clai'e$ in theapplication !ile$ 5ith the O!!ice an$ other $ocu'ent relating to the !oreign application,

-ECTION , T&e Bureau o- Patents. The Hureau o! Patent hall ha)e the !ollo5ing!unction",6, -earch an$ e3a'ination o! patent application an$ the grant o! patent%,4, Regitration o! utility 'o$el1 in$utrial $eign1 an$ integrate$ circuit% an$

8.3. Con/uct -tu/ie- an/ re-earc0e- in t0e fie/ of atent- in or/er to a--i-t t0e#irector &enera in foruatin oicie- on t0e a/ini-tration an/ e?aination of

atent-.

c. Priority #ate

-ECTION 76, Rig&t o- Priorit0. An application !or patent !ile$ &y any peron 5ho hapre)iouly applie$ !or the a'e in)ention in another country 5hich &y treaty1 con)ention1 or la5a!!or$ i'ilar pri)ilege to /ilipino citi2en1 hall &e coni$ere$ a !ile$ a o! the $ate o! !ilingthe !oreign application" Pro)i$e$1 That" +a# the local application e3prely clai' priority% +&# iti !ile$ 5ithin t5el)e +64# 'onth !ro' the $ate the earliet !oreign application 5a !ile$% an$ +c#



a certi!ie$ copy o! the !oreign application together 5ith an Englih tranlation i !ile$ 5ithin i3+># 'onth !ro' the $ate o! !iling in the Philippine,

BOOT=E ?s. DIRE"TOR O* PATENTS BG,R, No, L*4.6, anuary 41 6

It i i'perati)e that the application &e co'plete in or$er that it 'ay &e accepte$, It i eentialto the )ali$ity o! Letter Patent that the peci!ication &e !ull1 $e!inite1 an$ peci!ic, Thepurpoe o! re8uiring a $e!inite an$ accurate $ecription o! the proce i to apprie the pu&lico! 5hat the patentee clai' a hi in)ention1 to in!or' the Court a to 5hat they are calle$upon to contrue1 an$ to con)ey to co'peting 'anu!acturer an$ the $ealer in!or'ation o! e3actly 5hat they are &oun$ to a)oi$,

The peci!ication 5hich petitioner u&'itte$ on ;arch F1 6F. 5a !ar !ro' co'plete, The$e!ect 5a one o! u&tance an$ not 'erely one o! !or', 9hat petitioner clai'e$ a their in)ention 5a not co'plete $eter'ina&le there!ro', PetitionerJ application coul$ &e $ee'e$a co'plete only on uly 41 6>7 5hen they u&'itte$ the a$$itional page on the

-peci!ication an$ Clai',

/. $iin #ate

-ECTION ., *iling Date Reuire'ents. .,6, The !iling $ate o! a patent applicationhall &e the $ate o! receipt &y the O!!ice o! at leat the !ollo5ing ele'ent"+a# An e3pre or i'plicit in$ication that a Philippine patent i ought%+&# In!or'ation i$enti!ying the applicant% an$+c# Decription o! the in)ention an$ one +6# or 'ore clai' in /ilipino or Englih,

.,4, I! any o! thee ele'ent i not u&'itte$ 5ithin the perio$ et &y the Regulation1 the

application hall &e coni$ere$ 5ith$ra5n,

SECI"N 71. Accordi!$ Fili!$ 7te1 0e "ffice -0a e?aine >0et0er t0eatent aication -ati-fie- t0e reuireent- for t0e rant of /ate of fiin a- rovi/e/ inSection 7H 0ereof. If t0e /ate of fiin cannot 5e accor/e/, t0e aicant -0a 5e iven

an oortunity to correct t0e /eficiencie- in accor/ance >it0 t0e ieentinReuation-. If t0e aication /oenot contain a t0e eeent- in/icate/ in Section 7H,t0e fiin /ate -0ou/ 5e t0at /ate >0en a t0e eeent- are receive/. If t0e /eficiencie-

are not ree/ie/ >it0in t0e re-cri5e/ tie iit, t0e aication -0a 5e con-i/ere/>it0/ra>n.

e. $oraity E?aination

SECI"N 72. Formlit# E,mi!tio!1 72.1. After t0e atent aication 0a- 5eenaccor/e/ a fiin /ate an/ t0e reuire/ fee- 0ave 5een ai/ on tie in accor/ance

>it0 t0e Reuation-, t0e aicant -0a coy >it0 t0e fora reuireent--ecifie/ 5y Section 32 an/ t0e Reuation- >it0in t0e re-cri5e/ erio/, ot0er>i-e

t0e aication -0a 5e con-i/ere/ >it0/ra>n..4,4, The Regulation hall $eter'ine the proce$ure !or the re*e3a'ination an$ re)i)al o! an

application a 5ell a the appeal to the Director o! Patent !ro' any !inal action &y thee3a'iner,

f. Ca--ification an/ Searc0

-ECTION .7, "lassi-ication and Searc&. An application that ha co'plie$ 5ith the!or'al re8uire'ent hall &e clai!ie$ an$ a earch con$ucte$ to $eter'ine the prior art,

. Confi/entiaity *efore Pu5ication



SECI"N 7. Co!"ide!tilit# :e"ore Pu/lictio!1 A atent aication, >0ic0 0a-not yet 5een u5i-0e/, an/ a reate/ /ocuent-, -0a not 5e a/e avaia5e for

in-ection >it0out t0e con-ent of t0e aicant.

0. Pu5ication of Patent Aication

-ECTION .., Pu(lication o- Patent Application. ..,6, The patent application hall&e pu&lihe$ in the IPO Ga2ette together 5ith a earch $ocu'ent eta&lihe$ &y or on&ehal! o! the O!!ice citing any $ocu'ent that re!lect prior art1 a!ter the e3piration o! eighteen + 6# 'onth !ro' the !iling $ate or priority $ate,

..,4, A!ter pu&lication o! a patent application1 any interete$ party 'ay inpect the application$ocu'ent !ile$ 5ith the O!!ice,

..,7, The Director General u&?ect to the appro)al o! the -ecretary o! Tra$e an$ In$utry1'ay prohi&it or retrict the pu&lication o! an application1 i! in hi opinion1 to $o o 5oul$ &epre?u$icial to the national ecurity an$ interet o! the Repu&lic o! the Philippine,

i. Ri0t- Conferre/ 5y a Patent Aication

-ECTION .>, Rig&ts "on-erred (0 a Patent Application A-ter Pu(lication. Theapplicant hall ha)e all the right o! a patentee un$er -ection > againt any peron 5ho15ithout hi authori2ation1 e3ercie$ any o! the right con!erre$ un$er -ection 6 o! thi Act inrelation to the in)ention clai'e$ in the pu&lihe$ patent application1 a i! a patent ha$ &eengrante$ !or that in)ention" Pro)i$e$1 That the ai$ peron ha$".>,6, Actual (no5le$ge that the in)ention that he 5a uing 5a the u&?ect 'atter o! a

pu&lihe$ application% or .>,4, Recei)e$ 5ritten notice that the in)ention that he 5a uing 5a the u&?ect 'atter o! a

pu&lihe$ application &eing i$enti!ie$ in the ai$ notice &y it erial nu'&er" Pro)i$e$1That the action 'ay not &e !ile$ until a!ter the grant o! a patent on the pu&lihe$

application an$ 5ithin !our +.# year !ro' the co''iion o! the act co'plaine$ o!,

K. "5-ervation 5y t0e 0ir/ Partie-

-ECTION ., O(ser?ation (0 T&ird Parties. /ollo5ing the pu&lication o! the patentapplication1 any peron 'ay preent o&er)ation in 5riting concerning the patenta&ility o! thein)ention, -uch o&er)ation hall &e co''unicate$ to the applicant 5ho 'ay co''ent onthe', The O!!ice hall ac(no5le$ge an$ put uch o&er)ation an$ co''ent in the !ile o! theapplication to 5hich it relate,

@. Reue-t for Su5-tantive E?aination

SECI"N 78. Re>uest "or Su/st!tive E,mi!tio!1 78.1. 0e aication -0a 5e/eee/ >it0/ra>n une-- >it0in -i? (D) ont0- fro t0e /ate of u5ication un/er Section 71, a >ritten reue-t to /eterine >0et0er a atent aication eet- t0e

reuireent- of Section- 21 to 2 an/ Section- 32 to 39 an/ t0e fee- 0ave 5een ai/on tie.

.,4, 9ith$ra5al o! the re8uet !or e3a'ination hall &e irre)oca&le an$ hall not authori2ethe re!un$ o! any !ee,

. Aen/ent

-ECTION ., A'end'ent o- Application. An applicant 'ay a'en$ the patentapplication $uring e3a'ination" Pro)i$e$1 That uch a'en$'ent hall not inclu$e ne5 'atter outi$e the cope o! the $icloure containe$ in the application a !ile$,

. ISSUAN"E AND RE*USA O* PATENTS



-ECTION F, 9rant o- Patent. F,6, I! the application 'eet the re8uire'ent o! thi Act1 the O!!ice hall grant the patent" Pro)i$e$1 That all the !ee are pai$ on ti'e,

H.2. If t0e reuire/ fee- for rant an/ rintin are not ai/ in /ue tie, t0e aication-0a 5e /eee/ to 5e >it0/ra>n.

F,7, A patent hall ta(e e!!ect on the $ate o! the pu&lication o! the grant o! the patent in theIPO Ga2ette,

-ECTION F6, Re-usal o- t&e Application. F6,6, The !inal or$er o! re!ual o! thee3a'iner to grant the patent hall &e appeala&le to the Director in accor$ance 5ith thi Act,

F6,4, The Regulation hall pro)i$e !or the proce$ure &y 5hich an appeal !ro' the or$er o! re!ual !ro' the Director hall &e un$erta(en,

-ECTION F7, "ontents o- Patent. The patent hall &e iue$ in the na'e o! theRepu&lic o! the Philippine un$er the eal o! the O!!ice an$ hall &e igne$ &y the Director1 an$regitere$ together 5ith the $ecription1 clai'1 an$ $ra5ing1 i! any1 in &oo( an$ recor$ o! the O!!ice, +-ec, 6 an$ 41 R,A, No, 6>Fa#

;. PUBI"ATION UPON 9RANT O* PATENTS

-ECTION F4, Pu(lication Upon 9rant o- Patent. F4,6, The grant o! the patenttogether 5ith other relate$ in!or'ation hall &e pu&lihe$ in the IPO Ga2ette 5ithin the ti'eprecri&e$ &y the Regulation,

2.2. Any intere-te/ arty ay in-ect t0e coete /e-crition, cai-, an/ /ra>in-of t0e atent on fie >it0 t0e "ffice.

:. TER3 O* PATENT

-ECTION F., Ter' o- Patent. The ter' o! a patent hall &e t5enty +4# year !ro'the !iling $ate o! the application,

5. ANNUA *EES

SECI"N . A!!ul Fees1 .1. o aintain t0e atent aication or atent, anannua fee -0a 5e ai/ uon t0e e?iration of four (7) year- fro t0e /ate t0e

aication >a- u5i-0e/ ur-uant to Section 77 0ereof, an/ on eac0 -u5-euentanniver-ary of -uc0 /ate. Payent ay 5e a/e >it0in t0ree (3) ont0- 5efore t0e

/ue /ate. 0e o5iation to ay t0e annua fee- -0a terinate -0ou/ t0e

aication 5e >it0/ra>n, refu-e/, or cancee/.FF,4, I! the annual !ee i not pai$1 the patent application hall &e $ee'e$ 5ith$ra5n or the

patent coni$ere$ a lape$ !ro' the $ay !ollo5ing the e3piration o! the perio$ 5ithin 5hichthe annual !ee 5ere $ue, A notice that the application i $ee'e$ 5ith$ra5n or the lape o! a patent !or non*pay'ent o! any annual !ee hall &e pu&lihe$ in the IPO Ga2ette an$ thelape hall &e recor$e$ in the Regiter o! the O!!ice,

FF,7, A grace perio$ o! i3 +># 'onth hall &e grante$ !or the pay'ent o! the annual !ee1upon pay'ent o! the precri&e$ urcharge !or $elaye$ pay'ent,

7K.SURRENDER6 "ORRE"TION AND A3END3ENT

-ECTION F>, Surrender o- Patent. F>,6, The o5ner o! the patent1 5ith the conento! all peron ha)ing grant or licene or other right1 title or interet in an$ to the patentan$ the in)ention co)ere$ there&y1 5hich ha)e &een recor$e$ in the O!!ice1 'ay urren$er hi patent or any clai' or clai' !or'ing part thereo! to the O!!ice !or cancellation,



F>,4, A peron 'ay gi)e notice to the O!!ice o! hi oppoition to the urren$er o! a patentun$er thi ection1 an$ i! he $oe o1 the Hureau hall noti!y the proprietor o! the patent an$$eter'ine the 8uetion,D.3. If t0e "ffice i- -ati-fie/ t0at t0e atent ay roery 5e -urren/ere/, 0e ay

accet t0e offer an/, a- fro t0e /ay >0en notice of 0i- accetance i- u5i-0e/ int0e IP" &aLette, t0e atent -0a cea-e to 0ave effect, 5ut no action for infrineent

-0a ie an/ no ri0t coen-ation -0a accrue for any u-e of t0e atente/invention 5efore t0at /ay for t0e -ervice- of t0e overnent.

-ECTION F, "orrection o- 3ista/es o- t&e O--ice. The Director hall ha)e thepo5er to correct1 5ithout !ee1 any 'ita(e in a patent incurre$ through the !ault o! the O!!ice5hen clearly $icloe$ in the recor$ thereo!1 to 'a(e the patent con!or' to the recor$,

-ECTION F, "orrection o- 3ista/e in t&e Application. On re8uet o! anyinterete$ peron an$ pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee1 the Director i authori2e$ to correct any'ita(e in a patent o! a !or'al an$ clerical nature1 not incurre$ through the !ault o! the O!!ice,

-ECTION F, "&anges in Patents. F,6, The o5ner o! a patent hall ha)e the rightto re8uet the Hureau to 'a(e the change in the patent in or$er to"+a# Li'it the e3tent o! the protection con!erre$ &y it%+&# Correct o&)iou 'ita(e or to correct clerical error% an$

+c# Correct 'ita(e or error1 other than thoe re!erre$ to in letter +&#1 'a$e in goo$!aith" Pro)i$e$1 That 5here the change 5oul$ reult in a &roa$ening o! the e3tent o!protection con!erre$ &y the patent1 no re8uet 'ay &e 'a$e a!ter the e3piration o! t5o+4# year !ro' the grant o! a patent an$ the change hall not a!!ect the right o! anythir$ party 5hich ha relie$ on the patent1 a pu&lihe$,

F,4, No change in the patent hall &e per'itte$ un$er thi ection1 5here the change 5oul$reult in the $icloure containe$ in the patent going &eyon$ the $icloure containe$ in the

application !ile$,F,7, I!1 an$ to the e3tent to 5hich the O!!ice change the patent accor$ing to thi ection1 it

hall pu&lih the a'e, +n#

SECI"N DH. Form !d Pu/lictio! o" Ame!dme!t1 An aen/ent or correction of a atent -0a 5e accoi-0e/ 5y a certificate of -uc0 aen/ent or correction,

aut0enticate/ 5y t0e -ea of t0e "ffice an/ -ine/ 5y t0e #irector, >0ic0 certificate -0a5e attac0e/ to t0e atent. Notice of -uc0 aen/ent or correction -0a 5e u5i-0e/ int0e IP" &aLette an/ coie- of t0e atent @et or furni-0e/ 5y t0e "ffice -0a incu/e a

coy of t0e certificate of aen/ent or correction.

77. "AN"EATION O* PATENTS

a. &roun/-

-ECTION >6, "ancellation o- Patents. >6,6, Any interete$ peron 'ay1 uponpay'ent o! the re8uire$ !ee1 petition to cancel the patent or any clai' thereo!1 or part o! the clai'1 on any o! the !ollo5ing groun$"+a# That 5hat i clai'e$ a the in)ention i not ne5 or Patenta&le%+&# That the patent $oe not $icloe the in)ention in a 'anner u!!iciently clear an$

co'plete !or it to &e carrie$ out &y any peron (ille$ in the art% or +c# That the patent i contrary to pu&lic or$er or 'orality,

>6,4, 9here the groun$ !or cancellation relate to o'e o! the clai' or part o! the clai'1cancellation 'ay &e e!!ecte$ to uch e3tent only,

-ECTION 4, Patent *ound In?alid 3a0 (e "ancelled. In an action !or in!ringe'ent1 i! the court hall !in$ the patent or any clai' to &e in)ali$1 it hall cancel thea'e1 an$ the Director o! Legal A!!air upon receipt o! the !inal ?u$g'ent o! cancellation &y the



court1 hall recor$ that !act in the regiter o! the O!!ice an$ hall pu&lih a notice to that e!!ectin the IPO Ga2ette,

5. Procee/in-

SECI"N D2. Re>uireme!t o" t*e Petitio!1 0e etition for canceation -0a 5e in

>ritin, verifie/ 5y t0e etitioner or 5y any er-on in 0i- 5e0af >0o @no>- t0e fact-,-ecify t0e roun/- uon >0ic0 it i- 5a-e/, incu/e a -tateent of t0e fact- to 5e reie/uon, an/ fie/ >it0 t0e "ffice. Coie- of rinte/ u5ication- or of atent- of ot0er

countrie-, an/ ot0er -uortin /ocuent- entione/ in t0e etition -0a 5e attac0e/t0ereto, toet0er >it0 t0e tran-ation t0ereof in Eni-0, if not in t0e Eni-0 anuae.

-ECTION >7, Notice o- =earing. Upon !iling o! a petition !or cancellation1 theDirector o! Legal A!!air hall !orth5ith er)e notice o! the !iling thereo! upon the patentee an$all peron ha)ing grant or licene1 or any other right1 title or interet in an$ to the patent an$the in)ention co)ere$ there&y1 a appear o! recor$ in the O!!ice1 an$ o! notice o! the $ate o! hearing thereon on uch peron an$ the petitioner, Notice o! the !iling o! the petition hall &e

pu&lihe$ in the IPO Ga2ette,

-ECTION >., "o''ittee o- T&ree. In cae in)ol)ing highly technical iue1 on'otion o! any party1 the Director o! Legal A!!air 'ay or$er that the petition &e hear$ an$$eci$e$ &y a co''ittee co'poe$ o! the Director o! Legal A!!air a chair'an an$ t5o +4#'e'&er 5ho ha)e the e3perience or e3pertie in the !iel$ o! technology to 5hich the patentought to &e cancelle$ relate, The $eciion o! the co''ittee hall &e appeala&le to theDirector General,

-ECTION >F, "ancellation o- t&e Patent. >F,6, I! the Co''ittee !in$ that a cae !or cancellation ha &een pro)e$1 it hall or$er the patent or any peci!ie$ clai' or clai'

thereo! cancelle$,>F,4, I! the Co''ittee !in$ that1 ta(ing into coni$eration the a'en$'ent 'a$e &y the

patentee $uring the cancellation procee$ing1 the patent an$ the in)ention to 5hich itrelate 'eet the re8uire'ent o! thi Act1 it 'ay $eci$e to 'aintain the patent a a'en$e$"Pro)i$e$1 That the !ee !or printing o! a ne5 patent i pai$ 5ithin the ti'e li'it precri&e$ inthe Regulation,

>F,7, I! the !ee !or the printing o! a ne5 patent i not pai$ in $ue ti'e1 the patent houl$ &ere)o(e$,

>F,., I! the patent i a'en$e$ un$er -u&ection >F,4 hereo!1 the Hureau hall1 at the a'eti'e a it pu&lihe the 'ention o! the cancellation $eciion1 pu&lih the a&tract1repreentati)e clai' an$ $ra5ing in$icating clearly 5hat the a'en$'ent conit o!,

SECI"N DD. E""ect o" C!celltio! o" Pte!t or Clim1 0e ri0t- conferre/ 5y t0eatent or any -ecifie/ cai or cai- cancee/ -0a terinate. Notice of t0e

canceation -0a 5e u5i-0e/ in t0e IP" &aLette. 'ne-- re-traine/ 5y t0e #irector &enera, t0e /eci-ion or or/er to cance 5y #irector of +ea Affair- -0a 5e ie/iatey

e?ecutory even en/in aea.

7#.RI9=TS O* PATENTEE

a. Ri0t-

SECI"N 1. Ri$*ts Co!"erred /# Pte!t1 1.1. A atent -0a confer on it- o>ner t0e foo>in e?cu-ive ri0t-4

+a# 9here the u&?ect 'atter o! a patent i a pro$uct1 to retrain1 prohi&it an$ pre)ent anyunauthori2e$ peron or entity !ro' 'a(ing1 uing1 o!!ering !or ale1 elling or i'portingthat pro$uct%



+&# 9here the u&?ect 'atter o! a patent i a proce1 to retrain1 pre)ent or prohi&it anyunauthori2e$ peron or entity !ro' uing the proce1 an$ !ro' 'anu!acturing1$ealing in1 uing1 elling or o!!ering !or ale1 or i'porting any pro$uct o&taine$ $irectlyor in$irectly !ro' uch proce,

6,4, Patent o5ner hall alo ha)e the right to aign1 or tran!er &y ucceion the patent1an$ to conclu$e licening contract !or the a'e,

PAR2E6 DAVIS F "O3PAN! ?s. DO"TORSC P=AR3A"EUTI"AS6 IN". BG,R, No, L*47>6, ;ay 41 66,

a/ t0e o>er court 0yot0eticay a--ue/ a- true, for t0e uro-e of t0e otion to/i-i--, t0e aeation- in t0e coaint t0at FC0ora0enicoF an/ FC0ora0enicoPaitateF are entirey /ifferent -u5-tance- an/ t0at F!eniicetin Su-en-ionF actuay

contain- FC0ora0enico PaitateF an/ not FC0ora0enicoF a- in/icate/ in it-ac@ae an/ a5e, it nece--ariy >ou/ 0ave to concu/e t0at t0e coaint -tate-

cau-e- of action for infrineent of atent an/ for unfair coetition. $or /efen/ant->ou/ t0en 5e uity of infrineent of atent 5y -ein, cau-in to 5e -o/, u-in an/

cau-in to 5e u-e/ FC0ora0enico PaitateF, >it0out t0e con-ent or aut0ority of t0e aintiff a- t0e 0o/er of +etter- Patent No. 29, Cai 7 of >0ic0 aee/y cover--ai/ -u5-tance.

Li(e5ie1 the $e!en$ant 5oul$ &e guilty o! un!air co'petition &y !alely tating that $e!en$antNo, 6J 'e$icine calle$ KVeni'icetin -upenionK contain KChlora'phenicolK 5hen in !act itactually contain KChlora'phenicol Pal'itateK1 an$ that it i co)ere$ &y a co'pulory licene!ro' the plainti!!,

5. +iitation-

-ECTION 4, i'itations o- Patent Rig&ts. The o5ner o! a patent ha no right to

pre)ent thir$ partie !ro' per!or'ing1 5ithout hi authori2ation1 the act re!erre$ to in -ection6 hereo! in the !ollo5ing circu'tance"4,6, Uing a patente$ pro$uct 5hich ha &een put on the 'ar(et in the Philippine &y the

o5ner o! the pro$uct1 or 5ith hi e3pre conent1 ino!ar a uch ue i per!or'e$a!ter that pro$uct ha &een o put on the ai$ 'ar(et%

4,4, 9here the act i $one pri)ately an$ on a non*co''ercial cale or !or a non*co''ercialpurpoe" Pro)i$e$1 That it $oe not igni!icantly pre?u$ice the econo'ic interet o! theo5ner o! the patent%

4,7, 9here the act conit o! 'a(ing or uing e3clui)ely !or the purpoe o! e3peri'entthat relate to the u&?ect 'atter o! the patente$ in)ention%

4,., 9here the act conit o! the preparation !or in$i)i$ual cae1 in a phar'acy or &y a

'e$ical pro!eional1 o! a 'e$icine in accor$ance 5ith a 'e$ical precription or actconcerning the 'e$icine o prepare$%

4,F, 9here the in)ention i ue$ in any hip1 )eel1 aircra!t1 or lan$ )ehicle o! any other country entering the territory o! the Philippine te'porarily or acci$entally" Pro)i$e$1That uch in)ention i ue$ e3clui)ely !or the nee$ o! the hip1 )eel1 aircra!t1 or lan$)ehicle an$ not ue$ !or the 'anu!acturing o! anything to &e ol$ 5ithin the Philippine,

-ECTION 7, Prior User. 7,6, Not5ithtan$ing -ection 4 hereo!1 any prior uer15ho1 in goo$ !aith 5a uing the in)ention or ha un$erta(en eriou preparation to uethe in)ention in hi enterprie or &uine1 &e!ore the !iling $ate or priority $ate o! theapplication on 5hich a patent i grante$1 hall ha)e the right to continue the ue thereo! a

en)iage$ in uch preparation 5ithin the territory 5here the patent pro$uce it e!!ect,7,4, The right o! the prior uer 'ay only &e tran!erre$ or aigne$ together 5ith hi

enterprie or &uine1 or 5ith that part o! hi enterprie or &uine in 5hich the ue or preparation !or ue ha)e &een 'a$e,

SECI"N 7. Use o" I!ve!tio! /# Gover!me!t1 7.1. A &overnent aency or t0ir/er-on aut0oriLe/ 5y t0e &overnent ay e?oit t0e invention even >it0out

areeent of t0e atent o>ner >0ere4



+a# The pu&lic interet1 in particular1 national ecurity1 nutrition1 health or the $e)elop'ento! other ector1 a $eter'ine$ &y the appropriate agency o! the go)ern'ent1 ore8uire% or

(5) A Ku/icia or a/ini-trative 5o/y 0a- /eterine/ t0at t0e anner of e?oitation, 5y t0e o>ner of t0e atent or 0i- icen-ee i- anticoetitive.

.,4, The ue &y the Go)ern'ent1 or thir$ peron authori2e$ &y the Go)ern'ent hall &e

u&?ect1 'utati 'utan$i1 to the con$ition et !orth in -ection F to an$ 6 to 64,

c. Action for Infrineent

*RAN2 and 9O=N ?s. BENITO BG,R, No, 47, ;arch 6>1 64

It i 5ell eta&lihe$ that an i'pro)er cannot appropriate the &aic patent o! another1 an$ thatthe i'pro)er 5ithout licene i an in!ringer an$ 'ay &e ue$ a uch,

9SE ?s. !AP%JUE BG,R, No, 66>, April 61 6>

The e)i$ence alo ho5 clearly that the $e!en$ant ue$1 an$ ha$ &een uing1 the a'eproce !or the 'anu!acture o! 5al(ing tic( an$ u'&rella han$le1 the e3clui)e right to 5hichha$ &een grante$ to1 the plainti!!J aignor, The e)i$ence alo ho5 that the original granteeo! the patent1 0enry Al!re$ Gell1 ha$ $uly tran!erre$ to the plainti!! herein1 an$ that theplainti!! herein there&y uccee$e$ to all o! the right grante$ in ai$ letter patent,

3A9UAN ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, L*.F66, No)e'&er 41 6>

The &ur$en o! proo! to u&tantiate a charge o! in!ringe'ent i 5ith the plainti!!, Hut 5here theplainti!! intro$uce the patent in e)i$ence1 an$ the a'e i in $ue !or'1 there i create$ apri'a !acie preu'ption o! it correctne an$ )ali$ity,

9ODINES ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 7.7, -epte'&er 671 67

Tet ha)e &een eta&lihe$ to $eter'ine in!ringe'ent, Thee are +a# literal in!ringe'ent% an$+&# the $octrine o! e8ui)alent, In uing literal in!ringe'ent a a tet1 K, , , reort 'ut &e ha$1 inthe !irt intance1 to the 5or$ o! the clai', I! accue$ 'atter clearly !all 5ithin the clai'1

in!ringe'ent i 'a$e out an$ that i the en$ o! it,K To $eter'ine 5hether the particular ite'!all 5ithin the literal 'eaning o! the patent clai'1 the Court 'ut ?u3tapoe the clai' o! thepatent an$ the accue$ pro$uct 5ithin the o)erall conte3t o! the clai' an$ peci!ication1 to$eter'ine 5hether there i e3act i$entity o! all 'aterial ele'ent,Recogni2ing that the logical !all&ac( poition o! one in the place o! $e!en$ant i to a)er that hipro$uct i $i!!erent !ro' the patente$ one1 court ha)e a$opte$ the $octrine o! e8ui)alent5hich recogni2e that 'inor 'o$i!ication in a patente$ in)ention are u!!icient to put the ite'&eyon$ the cope o! literal in!ringe'ent, Thu1 accor$ing to thi $octrine1 K+a#n in!ringe'entalo occur 5hen a $e)ice appropriate a prior in)ention &y incorporating it inno)ati)econcept an$1 al&eit 5ith o'e 'o$i!ication an$ change1 per!or' u&tantially the a'e!unction in u&tantially the a'e 5ay to achie)e u&tantially the a'e reult,K The reaon !or the $octrine o! e8ui)alent i that to per'it the i'itation o! a patente$ in)ention 5hich $oe notcopy any literal $etail 5oul$ &e to con)ert the protection o! the patent grant into a hollo5 an$uele thing, -uch i'itation 5oul$ lea)e roo' !or in$ee$ encourage the uncrupuloucopyit to 'a(e uni'portant an$ inu&tantial change an$ u&titution in the patent 5hich1though a$$ing nothing1 5oul$ &e enough to ta(e the copie$ 'atter outi$e the clai'1 an$hence outi$e the reach o! the la5,



DE ROSARIO ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 66F6>, ;arch 6F1 6>

It i ele'entary that a patent 'ay &e in!ringe$ 5here the eential or u&tantial !eature o! the patente$ in)ention are ta(en or appropriate$1 or the $e)ice1 'achine or other u&?ect'atter allege$ to in!ringe i u&tantially i$entical 5ith the patent in)ention, In or$er to in!ringea patent1 a 'achine or $e)ice 'ut per!or' the a'e !unction1 or acco'plih the a'e reult

&y i$entical or u&tantially i$entical 'ean an$ the principle or 'o$e o! operation 'ut &eu&tantially the a'e,

/. Civi

-ECTION F, E+tent o- Protection and Interpretation o- "lai's. F,6, The e3tento! protection con!erre$ &y the patent hall &e $eter'ine$ &y the clai'1 5hich are to &einterprete$ in the light o! the $ecription an$ $ra5ing,

F,4, /or the purpoe o! $eter'ining the e3tent o! protection con!erre$ &y the patent1 $ueaccount hall &e ta(en o! ele'ent 5hich are e8ui)alent to the ele'ent e3pree$ in theclai'1 o that a clai' hall &e coni$ere$ to co)er not only all the ele'ent a e3pree$

therein1 &ut alo e8ui)alent,

-ECTION >, "i?il Action -or In-ringe'ent. >,6, The 'a(ing1 uing1 o!!ering !or ale1 elling1 or i'porting a patente$ pro$uct or a pro$uct o&taine$ $irectly or in$irectly!ro' a patente$ proce1 or the ue o! a patente$ proce 5ithout the authori2ation o! thepatentee contitute patent in!ringe'ent,

>,4, Any patentee1 or anyone poeing any right1 title or interet in an$ to the patente$in)ention1 5hoe right ha)e &een in!ringe$1 'ay &ring a ci)il action &e!ore a court o! co'petent ?uri$iction1 to reco)er !ro' the in!ringer uch $a'age utaine$ there&y1 pluattorneyJ !ee an$ other e3pene o! litigation1 an$ to ecure an in?unction !or theprotection o! hi right,

D.3. If t0e /aae- are ina/euate or cannot 5e rea/iy a-certaine/ >it0 rea-ona5ecertainty, t0e court ay a>ar/ 5y >ay of /aae- a -u euivaent to rea-ona5e

royaty.>,., The court 'ay1 accor$ing to the circu'tance o! the cae1 a5ar$ $a'age in a u'

a&o)e the a'ount !oun$ a actual $a'age utaine$" Pro)i$e$1 That the a5ar$ $oe note3cee$ three +7# ti'e the a'ount o! uch actual $a'age,

>,F, The court 'ay1 in it $icretion1 or$er that the in!ringing goo$1 'aterial an$i'ple'ent pre$o'inantly ue$ in the in!ringe'ent &e $ipoe$ o! outi$e the channel o! co''erce or $etroye$1 5ithout co'penation,

>,>, Anyone 5ho acti)ely in$uce the in!ringe'ent o! a patent or pro)i$e the in!ringer 5ith aco'ponent o! a patente$ pro$uct or o! a pro$uct pro$uce$ &ecaue o! a patente$ proce

(no5ing it to &e epecially a$opte$ !or in!ringing the patente$ in)ention an$ not uita&le !or u&tantial non*in!ringing ue hall &e lia&le a a contri&utory in!ringer an$ hall &e ?ointlyan$ e)erally lia&le 5ith the in!ringer,

e. Criina Action for Reetition of Infrineent

SECI"N 87. Crimi!l Actio! "or Repetitio! o" I!"ri!$eme!t1 If infrineent i-reeate/ 5y t0e infriner or 5y anyone in connivance >it0 0i after finaity of t0e

Ku/ent of t0e court aain-t t0e infriner, t0e offen/er- -0a, >it0out reKu/ice to t0ein-titution of a civi action for /aae-, 5e criinay ia5e t0erefor an/, uon

conviction, -0a -uffer iri-onent for t0e erio/ of not e-- t0an -i? (D) ont0- 5ut

not ore t0an t0ree (3) year- an/6or a fine of not e-- t0an "ne 0un/re/ t0ou-an/e-o- (P1HH,HHH) 5ut not ore t0an 0ree 0un/re/ t0ou-an/ e-o- (P3HH,HHH), at t0e/i-cretion of t0e court. 0e criina action 0erein rovi/e/ -0a re-cri5e in t0ree (3)

year- fro /ate of t0e coi--ion of t0e crie.

f. A/ini-trative



-ECTION 6,4, +a# E3ercie original ?uri$iction in a$'initrati)e co'plaint !or )iolation o! la5 in)ol)ing intellectual property right" Pro)i$e$1 That it ?uri$iction i li'ite$ toco'plaint 5here the total $a'age clai'e$ are not le than T5o hun$re$ thouan$peo +P41#" Pro)i$e$ !urther1 That a)ail'ent o! the pro)iional re'e$ie 'ay &egrante$ in accor$ance 5ith the Rule o! Court, The Director o! Legal A!!air hall ha)e thepo5er to hol$ an$ punih !or conte'pt all thoe 5ho $iregar$ or$er or 5rit iue$ in the

coure o! the procee$ing,+&# A!ter !or'al in)etigation1 the Director !or Legal A!!air 'ay i'poe one +6# or 'ore o! the!ollo5ing a$'initrati)e penaltie"

+i# The iuance o! a ceae an$ $eit or$er 5hich hall peci!y the act that therepon$ent hall ceae an$ $eit !ro' an$ hall re8uire hi' to u&'it a co'pliancereport 5ithin a reaona&le ti'e 5hich hall &e !i3e$ in the or$er%

+ii# The acceptance o! a )oluntary aurance o! co'pliance or $icontinuance a 'ay &ei'poe$, -uch )oluntary aurance 'ay inclu$e one or 'ore o! the !ollo5ing"+6# An aurance to co'ply 5ith the pro)iion o! the intellectual property la5

)iolate$%+4# An aurance to re!rain !ro' engaging in unla5!ul an$ un!air act an$ practice

u&?ect o! the !or'al in)etigation%+7# An aurance to recall1 replace1 repair1 or re!un$ the 'oney )alue o! $e!ecti)e

goo$ $itri&ute$ in co''erce% an$+.# An aurance to rei'&ure the co'plainant the e3pene an$ cot incurre$ in

proecuting the cae in the Hureau o! Legal A!!air,The Director o! Legal A!!air 'ay alo re8uire the repon$ent to u&'it perio$icco'pliance report an$ !ile a &on$ to guarantee co'pliance o! hi un$erta(ing%

+iii# The con$e'nation or ei2ure o! pro$uct 5hich are u&?ect o! the o!!ene, The goo$ei2e$ hereun$er hall &e $ipoe$ o! in uch 'anner a 'ay &e $ee'e$ appropriate&y the Director o! Legal A!!air1 uch a &y ale1 $onation to $itree$ localgo)ern'ent or to charita&le or relie! intitution1 e3portation1 recycling into other

goo$1 or any co'&ination thereo!1 un$er uch gui$eline a he 'ay pro)i$e%+i)# The !or!eiture o! paraphernalia an$ all real an$ peronal propertie 5hich ha)e &een

ue$ in the co''iion o! the o!!ene%(v) 0e io-ition of a/ini-trative fine- in -uc0 aount a- /eee/ rea-ona5e 5y

t0e #irector of +ea Affair-, >0ic0 -0a in no ca-e 5e e-- t0an $ive t0ou-an/e-o- (P,HHH) nor ore t0an "ne 0un/re/ fifty t0ou-an/ e-o- (P1H,HHH). Ina//ition, an a//itiona fine of not ore t0an "ne t0ou-an/ e-o- (P1,HHH) -0a

5e io-e/ for eac0 /ay of continuin vioation+)i# The cancellation o! any per'it1 licene1 authority1 or regitration 5hich 'ay ha)e &een

grante$ &y the O!!ice1 or the upenion o! the )ali$ity thereo! !or uch perio$ o! ti'ea the Director o! Legal A!!air 'ay $ee' reaona&le 5hich hall not e3cee$ one +6#

year%+)ii# The 5ithhol$ing o! any per'it1 licene1 authority1 or regitration 5hich i &eing ecure$

&y the repon$ent !ro' the O!!ice%+)iii# The ae'ent o! $a'age%+i3# Cenure% an$+3# Other analogou penaltie or anction,

. 0o ay $ie;

-ECTION , In-ringe'ent Action (0 a *oreign National. Any !oreign national or ?uri$ical entity 5ho 'eet the re8uire'ent o! -ection 7 an$ not engage$ in &uine in thePhilippine1 to 5hich a patent ha &een grante$ or aigne$ un$er thi Act1 'ay &ring anaction !or in!ringe'ent o! patent1 5hether or not it i licene$ to $o &uine in the Philippineun$er e3iting la5,

"RESER PRE"ISION S!STE3S6 IN" ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 66,/e&ruary 41 6



Only the patentee or hi ucceor*in*interet 'ay !ile an action !or in!ringe'ent, The phraeKanyone poeing any right1 title or interet in an$ to the patente$ in)entionK upon 5hichpetitioner 'aintain it preent uit1 re!er only to the patenteeJ ucceor*in*interet1aignee or grantee ince action !or in!ringe'ent o! patent 'ay &e &rought in the na'e o! the peron or peron interete$1 5hether a patentee1 aignee1 or a grantee1 o! thee3clui)e right, ;oreo)er1 there can &e no in!ringe'ent o! a patent until a patent ha &een

iue$1 ince 5hate)er right one ha to the in)ention co)ere$ &y the patent arie alone !ro'the grant o! patent, In hort1 a peron or entity 5ho ha not &een grante$ letter patent o)er an in)ention an$ ha not ac8uire$ any right or title thereto either a aignee or a licenee1ha no caue o! action !or in!ringe'ent &ecaue the right to 'aintain an in!ringe'ent uit$epen$ on the e3itence o! the patent,

0. Pre-ution-

-ECTION , Process Patents, Burden o- Proo- . I! the u&?ect 'atter o! a patent ia proce !or o&taining a pro$uct1 any i$entical pro$uct hall &e preu'e$ to ha)e &eeno&taine$ through the ue o! the patente$ proce i! the pro$uct i ne5 or there i u&tantial

li(elihoo$ that the i$entical pro$uct 5a 'a$e &y the proce an$ the o5ner o! the patent ha&een una&le $epite reaona&le e!!ort1 to $eter'ine the proce actually ue$, In or$ering the$e!en$ant to pro)e that the proce to o&tain the i$entical pro$uct i $i!!erent !ro' thepatente$ proce1 the court hall a$opt 'eaure to protect1 a !ar a practica&le1 hi'anu!acturing an$ &uine ecret,

i. #aae-

-ECTION , i'itation o- Action -or Da'ages. No $a'age can &e reco)ere$ !or act o! in!ringe'ent co''itte$ 'ore than !our +.# year &e!ore the intitution o! the action !or in!ringe'ent,

-ECTION , Da'ages6 Reuire'ent o- Notice. Da'age cannot &e reco)ere$ !or act o! in!ringe'ent co''itte$ &e!ore the in!ringer ha$ (no5n1 or ha$ reaona&le groun$ to(no5 o! the patent, It i preu'e$ that the in!ringer ha$ (no5n o! the patent i! on the patente$pro$uct1 or on the container or pac(age in 5hich the article i upplie$ to the pu&lic1 or on thea$)ertiing 'aterial relating to the patente$ pro$uct or proce1 are place$ the 5or$KPhilippine PatentK 5ith the nu'&er o! the patent,

K. #efen-e-

-ECTION 6, De-enses in Action -or In-ringe'ent. In an action !or in!ringe'ent1

the $e!en$ant1 in a$$ition to other $e!ene a)aila&le to hi'1 'ay ho5 the in)ali$ity o! thepatent1 or any clai' thereo!1 on any o! the groun$ on 5hich a petition o! cancellation can &e&rought un$er -ection >6 hereo!,

@. Patent $oun/ Invai/ ay 5e Cancee/

SECI"N 82. Pte!t Fou!d I!vlid 8# /e C!celled1 In an action for infrineent, if t0e court -0a fin/ t0e atent or any cai to 5e invai/, it -0a cance

t0e -ae, an/ t0e #irector of +ea Affair- uon receit of t0e fina Ku/ent of canceation 5y t0e court, -0a recor/ t0at fact in t0e rei-ter of t0e "ffice an/ -0a

u5i-0 a notice to t0at effect in t0e IP" &aLette.

. A--e--or-

-ECTION 7, Assessor in In-ringe'ent Action. 7,6, T5o +4# or 'ore aeor'ay &e appointe$ &y the court, The aeor hall &e poee$ o! the necearycienti!ic an$ technical (no5le$ge re8uire$ &y the u&?ect 'atter in litigation, Either party'ay challenge the !itne o! any aeor propoe$ !or appoint'ent,



7,4, Each aeor hall recei)e a co'penation in an a'ount to &e !i3e$ &y the court an$a$)ance$ &y the co'plaining party1 5hich hall &e a5ar$e$ a part o! hi cot houl$ hepre)ail in the action,

. +icen-in

i. !ountary

-ECTION F, Voluntar0 icense "ontract. To encourage the tran!er an$$ie'ination o! technology1 pre)ent or control practice an$ con$ition that 'ay in particular cae contitute an a&ue o! intellectual property right ha)ing an a$)ere e!!ect onco'petition an$ tra$e1 all technology tran!er arrange'ent hall co'ply 5ith the pro)iion o! thi Chapter,

-ECTION >, Jurisdiction to Settle Disputes on Ro0alties. The Director o! theDocu'entation1 In!or'ation an$ Technology Tran!er Hureau hall e3ercie 8uai*?u$icial

?uri$iction in the ettle'ent o! $ipute &et5een partie to a technology tran!er arrange'ent

ariing !ro' technology tran!er pay'ent1 inclu$ing the !i3ing o! appropriate a'ount or rate o! royalty,

-ECTION , Pro&i(ited "lauses. E3cept in cae un$er -ection 61 the !ollo5ingpro)iion hall &e $ee'e$ pri'a !acie to ha)e an a$)ere e!!ect on co'petition an$ tra$e",6, Thoe 5hich i'poe upon the licenee the o&ligation to ac8uire !ro' a peci!ic ource

capital goo$1 inter'e$iate pro$uct1 ra5 'aterial1 an$ other technologie1 or o! per'anently e'ploying peronnel in$icate$ &y the licenor%

,4, Thoe puruant to 5hich the licenor reer)e the right to !i3 the ale or reale price o! the pro$uct 'anu!acture$ on the &ai o! the licene%

,7, Thoe that contain retriction regar$ing the )olu'e an$ tructure o! pro$uction%

,., Thoe that prohi&it the ue o! co'petiti)e technologie in a non*e3clui)e technologytran!er agree'ent%

,F, Thoe that eta&lih a !ull or partial purchae option in !a)or o! the licenor%,>, Thoe that o&ligate the licenee to tran!er !or !ree to the licenor the in)ention or

i'pro)e'ent that 'ay &e o&taine$ through the ue o! the licene$ technology%,, Thoe that re8uire pay'ent o! royaltie to the o5ner o! patent !or patent 5hich are

not ue$%,, Thoe that prohi&it the licenee to e3port the licene$ pro$uct unle ?uti!ie$ !or the

protection o! the legiti'ate interet o! the licenor uch a e3port to countrie 5heree3clui)e licene to 'anu!acture an$or $itri&ute the licene$ pro$uct+# ha)e alrea$y&een grante$%

,, Thoe 5hich retrict the ue o! the technology upplie$ a!ter the e3piration o! thetechnology tran!er arrange'ent1 e3cept in cae o! early ter'ination o! the technologytran!er arrange'ent $ue to reaon+# attri&uta&le to the licenee%

,6, Thoe 5hich re8uire pay'ent !or patent an$ other in$utrial property right a!ter their e3piration1 ter'ination arrange'ent%

,66, Thoe 5hich re8uire that the technology recipient hall not contet the )ali$ity o! any o! the patent o! the technology upplier%

,64, Thoe 5hich retrict the reearch an$ $e)elop'ent acti)itie o! the licenee $eigne$ toa&or& an$ a$apt the tran!erre$ technology to local con$ition or to initiate reearchan$ $e)elop'ent progra' in connection 5ith ne5 pro$uct1 procee or e8uip'ent%

,67, Thoe 5hich pre)ent the licenee !ro' a$apting the i'porte$ technology to local

con$ition1 or intro$ucing inno)ation to it1 a long a it $oe not i'pair the 8ualitytan$ar$ precri&e$ &y the licenor%

,6., Thoe 5hich e3e'pt the licenor !or lia&ility !or non*!ul!il'ent o! hi reponi&ilitieun$er the technology tran!er arrange'ent an$or lia&ility ariing !ro' thir$ party uit&rought a&out &y the ue o! the licene$ pro$uct or the licene$ technology% an$

,6F, Other claue 5ith e8ui)alent e!!ect,



-ECTION , 3andator0 Pro?isions. The !ollo5ing pro)iion hall &e inclu$e$ in)oluntary licene contract",6, That the la5 o! the Philippine hall go)ern the interpretation o! the a'e an$ in the

e)ent o! litigation1 the )enue hall &e the proper court in the place 5here the liceneeha it principal o!!ice%

,4, Continue$ acce to i'pro)e'ent in techni8ue an$ procee relate$ to the

technology hall &e 'a$e a)aila&le $uring the perio$ o! the technology tran!er arrange'ent%88.3. In t0e event t0e tec0nooy tran-fer arraneent -0a rovi/e for ar5itration, t0e

Proce/ure of Ar5itration of t0e Ar5itration +a> of t0e P0iiine- or t0eAr5itration Rue- of t0e 'nite/ Nation- Coi--ion on Internationa ra/e +a>

('NCIRA+) or t0e Rue- of Conciiation an/ Ar5itration of t0e InternationaC0a5er of Coerce (ICC) -0a ay an/ t0e venue of ar5itration -0a 5e t0e

P0iiine- or any neutra country an/,., The Philippine ta3e on all pay'ent relating to the technology tran!er arrange'ent

hall &e &orne &y the licenor, +n#

-ECTION , Rig&ts o- icensor. In the a&ence o! any pro)iion to the contrary inthe technology tran!er arrange'ent1 the grant o! a licene hall not pre)ent the licenor !ro'granting !urther licene to thir$ peron nor !ro' e3ploiting the u&?ect 'atter o! the technologytran!er arrange'ent hi'el!,

-ECTION , Rig&ts o- icensee. The licenee hall &e entitle$ to e3ploit theu&?ect 'atter o! the technology tran!er arrange'ent $uring the 5hole ter' o! the technologytran!er arrange'ent,

SECI"N 91. E,ceptio!l Cses1 In e?cetiona or eritoriou- ca-e- >0ere-u5-tantia 5enefit- >i accrue to t0e econoy, -uc0 a- 0i0 tec0nooy content,

increa-e in forein e?c0ane earnin-, eoyent eneration, reiona /i-er-a of in/u-trie- an/6or -u5-titution >it0 or u-e of oca ra> ateria-, or in t0e ca-e of *oar/

of Inve-tent-, rei-tere/ coanie- >it0 ioneer -tatu-, e?etion fro any of t0ea5ove reuireent- ay 5e ao>e/ 5y t0e #ocuentation, Inforation an/ ec0nooy

ran-fer *ureau after evauation t0ereof on a ca-e 5y ca-e 5a-i-.

-ECTION 4, Non%Registration it& t&e Docu'entation6 In-or'ation and Tec&nolog0 Trans-er Bureau. Technology tran!er arrange'ent that con!or' 5ith thepro)iion o! -ection > an$ nee$ not &e regitere$ 5ith the Docu'entation1 In!or'ationan$ Technology Tran!er Hureau, Non*con!or'ance 5ith any o! the pro)iion o! -ection an$ 1 ho5e)er1 hall auto'atically ren$er the technology tran!er arrange'ent

unen!orcea&le1 unle ai$ technology tran!er arrange'ent i appro)e$ an$ regitere$ 5iththe Docu'entation1 In!or'ation an$ Technology Tran!er Hureau un$er the pro)iion o! -ection 6 on e3ceptional cae,

ii. Cou-ory

-ECTION .,4, The ter' Ktec0nooy tran-fer arraneent-K re!er to contract or agree'ent in)ol)ing the tran!er o! yte'atic (no5le$ge !or the 'anu!acture o! a pro$uct1the application o! a proce1 or ren$ering o! a er)ice inclu$ing 'anage'ent contract% an$the tran!er1 aign'ent or licening o! all !or' o! intellectual property right1 inclu$inglicening o! co'puter o!t5are e3cept co'puter o!t5are $e)elope$ !or 'a 'ar(et,

-ECTION 7, 9rounds -or "o'pulsor0 icensing. The Director o! Legal A!!air'ay grant a licene to e3ploit a patente$ in)ention1 e)en 5ithout the agree'ent o! the patento5ner1 in !a)or o! any peron 5ho ha ho5n hi capa&ility to e3ploit the in)ention1 un$er anyo! the !ollo5ing circu'tance"7,6, National e'ergency or other circu'tance o! e3tre'e urgency%



7,4, 9here the pu&lic interet1 in particular1 national ecurity1 nutrition1 health or the$e)elop'ent o! other )ital ector o! the national econo'y a $eter'ine$ &y theappropriate agency o! the Go)ern'ent1 o re8uire% or

7,7, 9here a ?u$icial or a$'initrati)e &o$y ha $eter'ine$ that the 'anner o! e3ploitation&y the o5ner o! the patent or hi licenee i anti*co'petiti)e% or

7,., In cae o! pu&lic non*co''ercial ue o! the patent &y the patentee1 5ithout ati!actory

reaon%7,F, I! the patente$ in)ention i not &eing 5or(e$ in the Philippine on a co''ercial cale1although capa&le o! &eing 5or(e$1 5ithout ati!actory reaon" Pro)i$e$1 That thei'portation o! the patente$ article hall contitute 5or(ing or uing the patent,

-ECTION ., Period -or *iling a Petition -or a "o'pulsor0 icense. .,6, Aco'pulory licene 'ay not &e applie$ !or on the groun$ tate$ in -u&ection 7,F &e!orethe e3piration o! a perio$ o! !our +.# year !ro' the $ate o! !iling o! the application or three+7# year !ro' the $ate o! the patent 5hiche)er perio$ e3pire lat,

.,4, A co'pulory licene 5hich i applie$ !or on any o! the groun$ tate$ in -u&ection7,41 7,71 an$ 7,. an$ -ection 'ay &e applie$ !or at any ti'e a!ter the grant o! the

patent,

-ECTION F, Reuire'ent to O(tain a icense on Reasona(le "o''ercial Ter's. F,6, The licene 5ill only &e grante$ a!ter the petitioner ha 'a$e e!!ort to o&tainauthori2ation !ro' the patent o5ner on reaona&le co''ercial ter' an$ con$ition &utuch e!!ort ha)e not &een ucce!ul 5ithin a reaona&le perio$ o! ti'e,

F,4, T*e re>uireme!t u!der Su/sectio! D13 s*ll !ot ppl# i! t*e "ollo)i!$ cses&

+a# 9here the petition !or co'pulory licene ee( to re'e$y a practice $eter'ine$a!ter ?u$icial or a$'initrati)e proce to &e anti*co'petiti)e%

+&# In ituation o! national e'ergency or other circu'tance o! e3tre'e urgency%+c# In cae o! pu&lic non*co''ercial ue,

9.3. In -ituation- of nationa eerency or ot0er circu-tance- of e?tree urency,t0e ri0t 0o/er -0a 5e notifie/ a- -oon a- rea-ona5y ractica5e.

F,., In the cae o! pu&lic non*co''ercial ue1 5here the go)ern'ent or contractor1 5ithout'a(ing a patent earch1 (no5 or ha $e'ontra&le groun$ to (no5 that a )ali$ patent ior 5ill &e ue$ &y or !or the go)ern'ent1 the right hol$er hall &e in!or'e$ pro'ptly,

-ECTION >, "o'pulsor0 icensing o- Patents In?ol?ing Se'i%"onductor Tec&nolog0. In the cae o! co'pulory licening o! patent in)ol)ing e'i*con$uctor technology1 the licene 'ay only &e grante$ in cae o! pu&lic non*co''ercial ue or tore'e$y a practice $eter'ine$ a!ter ?u$icial or a$'initrati)e proce to &e anti*co'petiti)e,

-ECTION , "o'pulsor0 icense Based on Interdependence o- Patents. I! thein)ention protecte$ &y a patent1 herea!ter re!erre$ to a the Kecon$ patent1K 5ithin the countrycannot &e 5or(e$ 5ithout in!ringing another patent1 herea!ter re!erre$ to a the K!irt patent1Kgrante$ on a prior application or &ene!iting !ro' an earlier priority1 a co'pulory licene 'ay&e grante$ to the o5ner o! the econ$ patent to the e3tent neceary !or the 5or(ing o! hiin)ention1 u&?ect to the !ollo5ing con$ition",6, The in)ention clai'e$ in the econ$ patent in)ol)e an i'portant technical a$)ance o!

coni$era&le econo'ic igni!icance in relation to the !irt patent%,4, The o5ner o! the !irt patent hall &e entitle$ to a cro*licene on reaona&le ter' to

ue the in)ention clai'e$ in the econ$ patent%,7, The ue authori2e$ in repect o! the !irt patent hall &e non*aigna&le e3cept 5ith the

aign'ent o! the econ$ patent% an$ c$aia,., The ter' an$ con$ition o! -ection F1 > an$ to 6 o! thi Act,

SECI"N 98. Form !d Co!te!ts o" Petitio!. 0e etition for cou-ory icen-inu-t 5e in >ritin, verifie/ 5y t0e etitioner an/ accoanie/ 5y ayent of t0e

reuire/ fiin fee. It -0a contain t0e nae an/ a//re-- of t0e etitioner a- >e a-t0o-e of t0e re-on/ent-, t0e nu5er an/ /ate of i--ue of t0e atent in connection >it0>0ic0 cou-ory icen-e i- -ou0t, t0e nae of t0e atentee, t0e tite of t0e invention,



t0e -tatutory roun/- uon >0ic0 cou-ory icen-e i- -ou0t, t0e utiate fact-con-titutin t0e etitionerM- cau-e of action, an/ t0e reief raye/ for.

-ECTION , Notice o- =earing. ,6, Upon !iling o! a petition1 the Director o! Legal A!!air hall !orth5ith er)e notice o! the !iling thereo! upon the patent o5ner an$ allperon ha)ing grant or licene1 or any other right1 title or interet in an$ to the patent

an$ in)ention co)ere$ there&y a appear o! recor$ in the O!!ice1 an$ o! notice o! the $ateo! hearing thereon1 on uch peron an$ petitioner, The rei$ent agent or repreentati)eappointe$ in accor$ance 5ith -ection 77 hereo!1 hall &e &oun$ to accept er)ice o! noticeo! the !iling o! the petition 5ithin the 'eaning o! thi -ection,

,4, In e)ery cae1 the notice hall &e pu&lihe$ &y the ai$ O!!ice in a ne5paper o! generalcirculation1 once a 5ee( !or three +7# conecuti)e 5ee( an$ once in the IPO Ga2ette atapplicantJ e3pene,

-ECTION 6, Ter's and "onditions o- "o'pulsor0 icense. The &aic ter' an$con$ition inclu$ing the rate o! royaltie o! a co'pulory licene hall &e !i3e$ &y the Director o! Legal A!!air u&?ect to the !ollo5ing con$ition"

6,6, The cope an$ $uration o! uch licene hall &e li'ite$ to the purpoe !or 5hich it 5aauthori2e$%

6,4, The licene hall &e non*e3clui)e%6,7, The licene hall &e non*aigna&le1 e3cept 5ith that part o! the enterprie or &uine

5ith 5hich the in)ention i &eing e3ploite$%1HH.7. '-e of t0e -u5Kect atter of t0e icen-e -0a 5e /evote/ re/oinanty for t0e

-uy of t0e P0iiine ar@et4 Provi/e/, 0at t0i- iitation -0a not ay>0ere t0e rant of t0e icen-e i- 5a-e/ on t0e roun/ t0at t0e atenteeM- anner of e?oitin t0e atent i- /eterine/ 5y Ku/icia or a/ini-trative roce--, to 5e

anticoetitive.6,F, The licene 'ay &e ter'inate$ upon proper ho5ing that circu'tance 5hich le$ to it

grant ha)e ceae$ to e3it an$ are unli(ely to recur" Pro)i$e$1 That a$e8uate protectionhall &e a!!or$e$ to the legiti'ate interet o! the licenee% an$

6,>, The patentee hall &e pai$ a$e8uate re'uneration ta(ing into account the econo'ic)alue o! the grant or authori2ation1 e3cept that in cae 5here the licene 5a grante$to re'e$y a practice 5hich 5a $eter'ine$ a!ter ?u$icial or a$'initrati)e proce1 to&e anti*co'petiti)e1 the nee$ to correct the anti*co'petiti)e practice 'ay &e ta(en intoaccount in !i3ing the a'ount o! re'uneration,

-ECTION 66, A'end'ent6 "ancellation6 Surrender o- "o'pulsor0 icense. 66,6, Upon the re8uet o! the patentee or the licenee1 the Director o! Legal A!!air 'aya'en$ the $eciion granting the co'pulory licene1 upon proper ho5ing o! ne5 !act or

circu'tance ?uti!ying uch a'en$'ent,66,4, Upon the re8uet o! the patentee1 the ai$ Director 'ay cancel the co'pulory licene"

+a# I! the groun$ !or the grant o! the co'pulory licene no longer e3it an$ i unli(elyto recur%

(5) If t0e icen-ee 0a- neit0er 5eun to -uy t0e /oe-tic ar@et nor a/e-eriou- rearation t0erefor

+c# I! the licenee ha not co'plie$ 5ith the precri&e$ ter' o! the licene%66,7, The licenee 'ay urren$er the licene &y a 5ritten $eclaration u&'itte$ to the O!!ice,66,., The ai$ Director hall caue the a'en$'ent1 urren$er1 or cancellation in the Regiter1

noti!y the patentee1 an$or the licenee1 an$ caue notice thereo! to &e pu&lihe$ in theIPO Ga2ette,

SECI"N 1H2. Lice!see<s E,emptio! "rom Li/ilit#1 Any er-on >0o >or@- aatente/ ro/uct, -u5-tance an/6or roce-- un/er a icen-e rante/ un/er t0i-

C0ater, -0a 5e free fro any ia5iity for infrineent4 Provi/e/ 0o>ever, 0at in t0eca-e of vountary icen-in, no cou-ion >it0 t0e icen-or i- roven. 0i- i- >it0outreKu/ice to t0e ri0t of t0e ri0tfu o>ner of t0e atent to recover fro t0e icen-or

>0atever 0e ay 0ave receive/ a- royatie- un/er t0e icen-e.



PRI"E6 et al.6 ?s. UNITED ABORATORIES BG,R, No, L*4F.4, -epte'&er 41 6

The ter' an$ con$ition o! the co'pulory licene 'ay &e !ile$ &y the Director o! Patenta!ter a hearing an$ care!ul coni$eration o! the e)i$ence o! the partie an$ in $e!ault o! anagree'ent &et5een the' a to the ter' o! the licene,

O! in$u&ita&le rele)ance to thi point i the e)i$ence that UNILAH ha &een engage$ in the&uine o! 'anu!acturing $rug an$ phar'aceutical pro$uct !or the pat thirty +7# year1that it i the lea$ing $rug 'anu!acturer in the country1 that it ha the neceary e8uip'ent an$technological e3pertie !or the $e)elop'ent o! oli$ $oage !or' or !or ta&let1 capule1 an$li8ui$ preparation1 an$ that it 'aintain tan$ar$ an$ proce$ure to enure the 8uality o! itpro$uct, E)en i! it 5ere true1 a allege$ &y the patentee +although it i $enie$ &y UNILAH#1that it capa&ility to ue the patente$ co'poun$ 5a only ac8uire$ a!ter the petition !or co'pulory licening ha$ &een !ile$1 the i'portant thing i that uch capa&ility 5a pro)en toe3it $uring the hearing o! the petition,

The patente$ in)ention in thi cae relate to 'e$icine an$ i neceary !or pu&lic health a it

can &e ue$ a co'ponent in the 'anu!acture o! anti*ulcer 'e$icine, The Director o! Patent$i$ not err in granting a co'pulory licene o)er the entire patente$ in)ention !or there i nola5 re8uiring that the licene &e li'ite$ to a peci!ic e'&o$i'ent o! the in)ention1 or1 to aparticular clai',In any e)ent1 ince the petitioner 5ill &e pai$ royaltie on the ale o! any pro$uct thelicenee 'ay 'anu!acture uing any or all o! the patente$ co'poun$1 the petitioner cannotco'plain o! a $epri)ation o! property right 5ithout ?ut co'penation,

S3IT= 2INE F *REN"= ABORATORIES6 TD. ?s. "A BG,R, No, 646>, uly 4.1 6

-ection A+4# o! Article F o! the Pari Con)entional une8ui)ocally an$ e3plicitly repect theright o! 'e'&er countrie to a$opt legilati)e 'eaure to pro)i$e !or the grant o! co'pulorylicene to pre)ent a&ue 5hich 'ight reult !ro' the e3ercie o! the e3clui)e rightcon!erre$ &y the patent, An e3a'ple pro)i$e$ o! poi&le a&ue i K!ailure to 5or(%K ho5e)er1a uch1 i 'erely upplie$ &y 5ay o! an e3a'ple1 it i plain that the treaty $oe not preclu$ethe incluion o! other !or' o! categorie o! a&ue,

The legilati)e intent in the grant o! a co'pulory licene 5a not only to a!!or$ other anopportunity to pro)i$e the pu&lic 5ith the 8uantity o! the patente$ pro$uct1 &ut alo to pre)entthe gro5th o! 'onopolie,

S3IT= 2INE F *REN"= ABORATORIES6 TD. ?s. "A BG,R, No, 6464>, Octo&er 47146

Neither $oe the Court agree 5ith petitioner that the grant o! the co'pulory licene to pri)aterepon$ent 5a erroneou &ecaue the a'e 5oul$ lea$ the pu&lic to thin( that theCi'eti$ine i the in)ention o! pri)ate repon$ent an$ not o! petitioner, -uch !ear areun!oun$e$ ince1 a the appellate court pointe$ out in the aaile$ $eciion1 &y the grant o! theco'pulory licene1 pri)ate repon$ent a licenee e3plicitly ac(no5le$ge that petitioner ithe ource o! the patente$ pro$uct Ci'eti$ine, E)en au'ing arguen$o that uch con!uion'ay in$ee$ occur1 the $ia$)antage i !ar out5eighe$ &y the &ene!it reulting !ro' the granto! the co'pulory licene1 uch a an increae$ upply o! phar'aceutical pro$uct containingCi'eti$ine1 an$ the cone8uent re$uction in the price thereo!,

There i li(e5ie no &ai !or the allegation that the grant o! a co'pulory licene to pri)aterepon$ent reult in the $epri)ation o! petitionerJ property 5ithout ?ut co'penation, It 'ut&e pointe$ out that a o5ner o! Letter Patent No, 6441 petitioner ha$ alrea$y en?oye$e3clui)e right to 'anu!acture1 ue an$ ell Ci'eti$ine !or at leat t5o year !ro' it grant inNo)e'&er1 6, E)en i! other entitie li(e pri)ate repon$ent are u&e8uently allo5e$ to



'anu!acture1 ue an$ ell the patente$ in)ention &y )irtue o! a co'pulory licene1 petitioner a o5ner o! the patent 5oul$ till recei)e re'uneration !or the ue o! uch pro$uct in the !or'o! royaltie,

n. Ri0t to ran-fer

-ECTION 67, Trans'ission o- Rig&ts. 67,6, Patent or application !or patentan$ in)ention to 5hich they relate1 hall &e protecte$ in the a'e 5ay a the right o! other property un$er the Ci)il Co$e,

67,4, In)ention an$ any right1 title or interet in an$ to patent an$ in)ention co)ere$there&y1 'ay &e aigne$ or tran'itte$ &y inheritance or &e8uet or 'ay &e the u&?ect o! a licene contract,

-ECTION 6., Assign'ent o- In?entions. An aign'ent 'ay &e o! the entire right1title or interet in an$ to the patent an$ the in)ention co)ere$ there&y1 or o! an un$i)i$e$ hareo! the entire patent an$ in)ention1 in 5hich e)ent the partie &eco'e ?oint o5ner thereo!, Anaign'ent 'ay &e li'ite$ to a peci!ie$ territory,

-ECTION 6F, *or' o- Assign'ent. The aign'ent 'ut &e in 5riting1ac(no5le$ge$ &e!ore a notary pu&lic or other o!!icer authori2e$ to a$'initer oath or per!or'notarial act1 an$ certi!ie$ un$er the han$ an$ o!!icial eal o! the notary or uch other o!!icer,

SECI"N 1HD. Recordi!$1 1HD.1. 0e "ffice -0a recor/ a--inent-, icen-e-an/ ot0er in-truent- reatin to t0e tran-i--ion of any ri0t, tite or intere-t in an/

to invention-, an/ atent- or aication for atent- or invention- to >0ic0 t0eyreate, >0ic0 are re-ente/ in /ue for to t0e "ffice for rei-tration, in 5oo@- an/

recor/- @et for t0e uro-e. 0e oriina /ocuent- toet0er >it0 a -ine//uicate t0ereof -0a 5e fie/, an/ t0e content- t0ereof -0ou/ 5e @et confi/entia.

If t0e oriina i- not avaia5e, an aut0enticate/ coy t0ereof in /uicate ay 5efie/. 'on recor/in, t0e "ffice -0a retain t0e /uicate, return t0e oriina or t0eaut0enticate/ coy to t0e arty >0o fie/ t0e -ae an/ notice of t0e recor/in -0a

5e u5i-0e/ in t0e IP" &aLette.6>,4, -uch intru'ent hall &e )oi$ a againt any u&e8uent purchaer or 'ortgagee !or

)alua&le coni$eration an$ 5ithout notice1 unle1 it i o recor$e$ in the O!!ice1 5ithinthree +7# 'onth !ro' the $ate o! ai$ intru'ent1 or prior to the u&e8uent purchae or 'ortgage,

SECI"N 1H. Ri$*ts o" -oi!t O)!ers1 If t>o (2) or ore er-on- Kointy o>n aatent an/ t0e invention covere/ t0ere5y, eit0er 5y t0e i--uance of t0e atent in t0eir

Koint favor or 5y rea-on of t0e a--inent of an un/ivi/e/ -0are in t0e atent an/invention or 5y rea-on of t0e -ucce--ion in tite to -uc0 -0are, eac0 of t0e Koint o>ner--0a 5e entite/ to er-onay a@e, u-e, -e, or iort t0e invention for 0i- o>n rofit4Provi/e/, 0o>ever, 0at neit0er of t0e Koint o>ner- -0a 5e entite/ to rant icen-e- or to a--in 0i- ri0t, tite or intere-t or art t0ereof >it0out t0e con-ent of t0e ot0er o>ner

or o>ner-, or >it0out roortionay /ivi/in t0e rocee/- >it0 -uc0 ot0er o>ner or o>ner-.

-ECTION F, Voluntar0 icense "ontract. To encourage the tran!er an$$ie'ination o! technology1 pre)ent or control practice an$ con$ition that 'ay in particular cae contitute an a&ue o! intellectual property right ha)ing an a$)ere e!!ect on

co'petition an$ tra$e1 all technology tran!er arrange'ent hall co'ply 5ith the pro)iion o! thi Chapter,

-ECTION >, Jurisdiction to Settle Disputes on Ro0alties. The Director o! theDocu'entation1 In!or'ation an$ Technology Tran!er Hureau hall e3ercie 8uai*?u$icial

?uri$iction in the ettle'ent o! $ipute &et5een partie to a technology tran!er arrange'entariing !ro' technology tran!er pay'ent1 inclu$ing the !i3ing o! appropriate a'ount or rate o! royalty,



-ECTION , Pro&i(ited "lauses. E3cept in cae un$er -ection 61 the !ollo5ingpro)iion hall &e $ee'e$ pri'a !acie to ha)e an a$)ere e!!ect on co'petition an$ tra$e",6, Thoe 5hich i'poe upon the licenee the o&ligation to ac8uire !ro' a peci!ic ource

capital goo$1 inter'e$iate pro$uct1 ra5 'aterial1 an$ other technologie1 or o! per'anently e'ploying peronnel in$icate$ &y the licenor%

,4, Thoe puruant to 5hich the licenor reer)e the right to !i3 the ale or reale price o! the pro$uct 'anu!acture$ on the &ai o! the licene%,7, Thoe that contain retriction regar$ing the )olu'e an$ tructure o! pro$uction%,., Thoe that prohi&it the ue o! co'petiti)e technologie in a non*e3clui)e technology

tran!er agree'ent%,F, Thoe that eta&lih a !ull or partial purchae option in !a)or o! the licenor%,>, Thoe that o&ligate the licenee to tran!er !or !ree to the licenor the in)ention or

i'pro)e'ent that 'ay &e o&taine$ through the ue o! the licene$ technology%,, Thoe that re8uire pay'ent o! royaltie to the o5ner o! patent !or patent 5hich are

not ue$%,, Thoe that prohi&it the licenee to e3port the licene$ pro$uct unle ?uti!ie$ !or the

protection o! the legiti'ate interet o! the licenor uch a e3port to countrie 5heree3clui)e licene to 'anu!acture an$or $itri&ute the licene$ pro$uct+# ha)e alrea$y&een grante$%

,, Thoe 5hich retrict the ue o! the technology upplie$ a!ter the e3piration o! thetechnology tran!er arrange'ent1 e3cept in cae o! early ter'ination o! the technologytran!er arrange'ent $ue to reaon+# attri&uta&le to the licenee%

,6, Thoe 5hich re8uire pay'ent !or patent an$ other in$utrial property right a!ter their e3piration1 ter'ination arrange'ent%

8.11. 0o-e >0ic0 reuire t0at t0e tec0nooy reciient -0a not conte-t t0e vai/ity of any of t0e atent- of t0e tec0nooy -uier

,64, Thoe 5hich retrict the reearch an$ $e)elop'ent acti)itie o! the licenee $eigne$ to

a&or& an$ a$apt the tran!erre$ technology to local con$ition or to initiate reearchan$ $e)elop'ent progra' in connection 5ith ne5 pro$uct1 procee or e8uip'ent%

,67, Thoe 5hich pre)ent the licenee !ro' a$apting the i'porte$ technology to localcon$ition1 or intro$ucing inno)ation to it1 a long a it $oe not i'pair the 8ualitytan$ar$ precri&e$ &y the licenor%8.17. 0o-e >0ic0 e?et t0e icen-or for ia5iity for nonfufient of 0i-re-on-i5iitie- un/er t0e tec0nooy tran-fer arraneent an/6or ia5iity ari-in

fro t0ir/ arty -uit- 5rou0t a5out 5y t0e u-e of t0e icen-e/ ro/uct or t0eicen-e/ tec0nooy an/

,6F, Other claue 5ith e8ui)alent e!!ect,

-ECTION , 3andator0 Pro?isions. The !ollo5ing pro)iion hall &e inclu$e$ in)oluntary licene contract",6, That the la5 o! the Philippine hall go)ern the interpretation o! the a'e an$ in the

e)ent o! litigation1 the )enue hall &e the proper court in the place 5here the liceneeha it principal o!!ice%

,4, Continue$ acce to i'pro)e'ent in techni8ue an$ procee relate$ to thetechnology hall &e 'a$e a)aila&le $uring the perio$ o! the technology tran!er arrange'ent%

88.3. In t0e event t0e tec0nooy tran-fer arraneent -0a rovi/e for ar5itration, t0eProce/ure of Ar5itration of t0e Ar5itration +a> of t0e P0iiine- or t0e

Ar5itration Rue- of t0e 'nite/ Nation- Coi--ion on Internationa ra/e +a>

('NCIRA+) or t0e Rue- of Conciiation an/ Ar5itration of t0e InternationaC0a5er of Coerce (ICC) -0a ay an/ t0e venue of ar5itration -0a 5e t0e

P0iiine- or any neutra country an/,., The Philippine ta3e on all pay'ent relating to the technology tran!er arrange'ent

hall &e &orne &y the licenor,

-ECTION , Rig&ts o- icensor. In the a&ence o! any pro)iion to the contrary inthe technology tran!er arrange'ent1 the grant o! a licene hall not pre)ent the licenor !ro'



granting !urther licene to thir$ peron nor !ro' e3ploiting the u&?ect 'atter o! the technologytran!er arrange'ent hi'el!,

-ECTION , Rig&ts o- icensee. The licenee hall &e entitle$ to e3ploit theu&?ect 'atter o! the technology tran!er arrange'ent $uring the 5hole ter' o! the technologytran!er arrange'ent,

SECI"N 91. E,ceptio!l Cses1 In e?cetiona or eritoriou- ca-e- >0ere-u5-tantia 5enefit- >i accrue to t0e econoy, -uc0 a- 0i0 tec0nooy content,

increa-e in forein e?c0ane earnin-, eoyent eneration, reiona /i-er-a of in/u-trie- an/6or -u5-titution >it0 or u-e of oca ra> ateria-, or in t0e ca-e of *oar/

of Inve-tent-, rei-tere/ coanie- >it0 ioneer -tatu-, e?etion fro any of t0ea5ove reuireent- ay 5e ao>e/ 5y t0e #ocuentation, Inforation an/ ec0nooy

ran-fer *ureau after evauation t0ereof on a ca-e 5y ca-e 5a-i-.

-ECTION 4, Non%Registration it& t&e Docu'entation6 In-or'ation and Tec&nolog0 Trans-er Bureau. Technology tran!er arrange'ent that con!or' 5ith the

pro)iion o! -ection > an$ nee$ not &e regitere$ 5ith the Docu'entation1 In!or'ationan$ Technology Tran!er Hureau, Non*con!or'ance 5ith any o! the pro)iion o! -ection an$ 1 ho5e)er1 hall auto'atically ren$er the technology tran!er arrange'entunen!orcea&le1 unle ai$ technology tran!er arrange'ent i appro)e$ an$ regitere$ 5iththe Docu'entation1 In!or'ation an$ Technology Tran!er Hureau un$er the pro)iion o! -ection 6 on e3ceptional cae,

ABALA ?s. DIRE"TOR O* PATENTS BG,R, No, L*.F4, ;ay 441 6F7

Aign'ent o! patent an$ in)ention co)ere$ there&y 'ay &e recor$e$ in &oo( an$ recor$

(ept !or the purpoe in the Patent O!!ice i! preente$ in $ue !or' +Repu&lic Act 6>F1 ectionF6*F7#, Hut 5here a peron other than the in)entor !ile a 'otion 5ith the Director o! Patentpraying that the applicant*in)entor &e co'pelle$ to ign the contract e3ecute$ &y a co*applicant*in)entor an$ &oth applicant*in)entor to ac(no5le$ge it &e!ore a notary pu&lic a 5ella another $ocu'ent 5hich re!er to the 'inute o! a 'eeting o! the organi2er o! a'anu!acturing corporation1 an$ then to ha)e &oth $ocu'ent recor$e$ in the Patent O!!ice an$in the o!!ice o! the regitrar o! $ee$1 the Director o! Patent ha no po5er an$ authority toco'pel the applicant*in)entor to $o 5hat the 'o)ant i a(ing the' to per!or', 9hat the'o)ant a( the Director o! Patent to $o !or hi' i eentially a ?u$icial !unction 5hich 5oul$re8uire the $eter'ination o! !in$ing &y a court o! co'petent ?uri$iction a to 5hether there5a a 'eeting o! the 'in$ o! the contracting partie &e!ore it coul$ co'pel any o! the' to

per!or' 5hat the 'o)ant pray the court to or$er hi' to $o,



T9E LAW ON TRA7E8AR@S

7. DE*INITION

-ECTION 646,6, K%ar@K 'ean any )ii&le ign capa&le o! $itinguihing the goo$+tra$e'ar(# or er)ice +er)ice 'ar(# o! an enterprie an$ hall inclu$e a ta'pe$ or 'ar(e$container o! goo$%

DISTIERIA WAS=IN9TON6 IN". ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 64>6, Octo&er 61 6>

A tra/ear@ re!er to a 5or$1 na'e1 y'&ol1 e'&le'1 ign or $e)ice or any co'&ination

thereo! a$opte$ an$ ue$ &y a 'erchant to i$enti!y1 an$ $itinguih !ro' other1 hi goo$ o! co''erce, It i &aically an intellectual creation that i ucepti&le to o5nerhip,

#. *UN"TIONS

AN9 TIBA! ?s. TEODORO BG,R, No, .44>, Dece'&er 6.1 6.4

The !unction o! a tra$e'ar( i to point $itincti)ely1 either &y it o5n 'eaning or &yaociation1 to the origin or o5nerhip o! the 5are to 5hich it i applie$,

ETEP=A ?s. DIRE"TOR O* PATENTS BG,R, No, L*4>7F, ;arch 761 6>>

The o&?ect o! a tra$e'ar( are to point out $itinctly the origin or o5nerhip o! the article to5hich it i a!!i3e$1 to ecure to hi' 5ho ha &een intru'ental in &ringing into 'ar(et auperior article o! 'erchan$ie the !ruit o! hi in$utry an$ (ill1 an$ to pre)ent !rau$ an$i'poition,

3IRPURI ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 66.F, No)e'&er 61 6

The !unction o! a tra$e'ar( i to point out $itinctly the origin or o5nerhip o! the goo$ to5hich it i a!!i3e$% to ecure to hi'1 5ho ha &een intru'ental in &ringing into the 'ar(et a

uperior article o! 'erchan$ie1 the !ruit o! hi in$utry an$ (ill% to aure the pu&lic that theyare procuring the genuine article% to pre)ent !rau$ an$ i'poition% an$ to protect the'anu!acturer againt u&titution an$ ale o! an in!erior an$ $i!!erent article a hi pro$uct,

. A"<UISITION

-ECTION 644, =o 3ar/s are Acuired. The right in a 'ar( hall &e ac8uire$through regitration 'a$e )ali$ly in accor$ance 5ith the pro)iion o! thi la5,

Cses decided u!der Rep1 Act 3?? 2=A% )*ic* sttes t*t "

:O5nerhip o! tra$e'ar(1 tra$ena'e an$ er)ice 'ar(% ho5 ac8uire$, Anyone5ho la5!ully pro$uce or $eal in 'erchan$ie o! any (in$ or 5ho engage in any la5!ul&uine1 or 5ho ren$er any la5!ul er)ice in co''erce1 &y actual ue thereo! in'anu!acture or tra$e1 in &uine1 an$ in the er)ice ren$ere$1 'ay appropriate to hie3clui)e ue a tra$e'ar(1 a tra$ena'e1 or a er)ice 'ar( not o appropriate$ &y another1 to$itinguih hi 'erchan$ie1 &uine or er)ice !ro' the 'erchan$ie1 &uine or er)ice o!



other, The o5nerhip or poeion o! a tra$e'ar(1 tra$ena'e1 er)ice 'ar(1 hereto!ore or herea!ter appropriate$1 a in thi ection pro)i$e$1 hall &e recogni2e$ an$ protecte$ in thea'e 'anner an$ to the a'e e3tent a are other property right (no5n to the la5,<

UNNO "O33ER"IA ENTERPRISES ?s. 9ENERA 3IIN9 "ORP. BG,R, No, L*4FF.,/e&ruary 41 67

Regitration 'erely create a pri'a !acie preu'ption o! the )ali$ity o! the regitration1 o! theregitrantJ o5nerhip o! the tra$e'ar( an$ o! the e3clui)e right to the ue thereo!,Regitration $oe not per!ect a tra$e'ar( right, E)i$ence 'ay &e preente$ to o)erco'e thepreu'ption, Prior ue &y one 5ill contro)ert a clai' o! legal appropriation &y u&e8uentuer,

2ABUS=I 2AIS=A ISETAN ?s. IA" BG,R, No, F.4, No)e'&er 6F1 66

A !un$a'ental principle o! Philippine Tra$e'ar( La5 i that actual ue in co''erce in thePhilippine i a pre*re8uiite to the ac8uiition o! o5nerhip o)er a tra$e'ar( or a tra$e na'e,

A prior regitrant cannot clai' e3clui)e ue o! the tra$e'ar( unle it ue it in co''erce,

P=IIP 3ORRIS6 IN".6 et al. ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 6774, uly 6>1 67

Al&eit petitioner are hol$er o! certi!icate o! regitration in the Philippine o! their y'&ol aa$'itte$ &y pri)ate repon$ent1 the !act o! e3clui)e o5nerhip cannot &e 'a$e to ret olelyon thee $ocu'ent ince $o'inion o)er tra$e'ar( i not ac8uire$ &y the 'ere !act o! regitration alone an$ $oe not per!ect a tra$e'ar( right,

N*4 A the la5 no5 tan$1 there i no nee$ !or prior ue,

8. W=AT 3AR2S 3A! BE RE9ISTERED

-ECTION 647, Registra(ilit0. 647,6, A 'ar( cannot &e regitere$ i! it"+a# Conit o! i''oral1 $ecepti)e or can$alou 'atter1 or 'atter 5hich 'ay $iparage

or !alely ugget a connection 5ith peron1 li)ing or $ea$1 intitution1 &elie!1 or national y'&ol1 or &ring the' into conte'pt or $irepute%

+&# Conit o! the !lag or coat o! ar' or other inignia o! the Philippine or any o! itpolitical u&$i)iion1 or o! any !oreign nation1 or any i'ulation thereo!%+c# Conit o! a na'e1 portrait or ignature i$enti!ying a particular li)ing in$i)i$ual

e3cept &y hi 5ritten conent1 or the na'e1 ignature1 or portrait o! a $eceae$Prei$ent o! the Philippine1 $uring the li!e o! hi 5i$o51 i! any1 e3cept &y 5rittenconent o! the 5i$o5%

+$# I i$entical 5ith a regitere$ 'ar( &elonging to a $i!!erent proprietor or a 'ar(5ith an earlier !iling or priority $ate1 in repect o!"

+i# The a'e goo$ or er)ice1 or +ii# Cloely relate$ goo$ or er)ice1 or +iii# I! it nearly ree'&le uch a 'ar( a to &e li(ely to $ecei)e or caue con!uion%+e# I i$entical 5ith1 or con!uingly i'ilar to1 or contitute a tranlation o! a 'ar(5hich i coni$ere$ &y the co'petent authority o! the Philippine to &e 5ell*(no5n

internationally an$ in the Philippine1 5hether or not it i regitere$ here1 a &eingalrea$y the 'ar( o! a peron other than the applicant !or regitration1 an$ ue$ !ori$entical or i'ilar goo$ or er)ice" Pro)i$e$1 That in $eter'ining 5hether a 'ar( i5ell*(no5n1 account hall &e ta(en o! the (no5le$ge o! the rele)ant ector o! thepu&lic1 rather than o! the pu&lic at large1 inclu$ing (no5le$ge in the Philippine 5hichha &een o&taine$ a a reult o! the pro'otion o! the 'ar(%

+!# I i$entical 5ith1 or con!uingly i'ilar to1 or contitute a tranlation o! a 'ar(coni$ere$ 5ell*(no5n in accor$ance 5ith the prece$ing paragraph1 5hich i



regitere$ in the Philippine 5ith repect to goo$ or er)ice 5hich are not i'ilar tothoe 5ith repect to 5hich regitration i applie$ !or" Pro)i$e$1 That ue o! the 'ar(in relation to thoe goo$ or er)ice 5oul$ in$icate a connection &et5een thoegoo$ or er)ice1 an$ the o5ner o! the regitere$ 'ar(" Pro)i$e$ !urther1 That theinteret o! the o5ner o! the regitere$ 'ar( are li(ely to &e $a'age$ &y uch ue%

() I- i@ey to i-ea/ t0e u5ic, articuary a- to t0e nature, uaity,

c0aracteri-tic- or eora0ica oriin of t0e oo/- or -ervice-+h# Conit e3clui)ely o! ign that are generic !or the goo$ or er)ice that they ee(to i$enti!y%

+i# Conit e3clui)ely o! ign or o! in$ication that ha)e &eco'e cuto'ary or uual to$eignate the goo$ or er)ice in e)ery$ay language or in &ona !i$e an$ eta&lihe$tra$e practice%

+?# Conit e3clui)ely o! ign or o! in$ication that 'ay er)e in tra$e to $eignate the(in$1 8uality1 8uantity1 inten$e$ purpoe1 )alue1 geographical origin1 ti'e or pro$uctiono! the goo$ or ren$ering o! the er)ice1 or other characteritic o! the goo$ or er)ice%

+(# Conit o! hape that 'ay &e neceitate$ &y technical !actor or &y the nature o!

the goo$ the'el)e or !actor that a!!ect their intrinic )alue%+l# Conit o! color alone1 unle $e!ine$ &y a gi)en !or'% or +'# I contrary to pu&lic or$er or 'orality,

647,4, A regar$ ign or $e)ice 'entione$ in paragraph +?#1 +(#1 an$ +l#1 nothing hallpre)ent the regitration o! any uch ign or $e)ice 5hich ha &eco'e $itincti)e in relationto the goo$ !or 5hich regitration i re8uete$ a a reult o! the ue that ha)e &een 'a$eo! it in co''erce in the Philippine, The O!!ice 'ay accept a pri'a !acie e)i$ence that the'ar( ha &eco'e $itincti)e1 a ue$ in connection 5ith the applicantJ goo$ or er)icein co''erce1 proo! o! u&tantially e3clui)e an$ continuou ue thereo! &y the applicantin co''erce in the Philippine !or !i)e +F# year &e!ore the $ate on 5hich the clai' o! $itincti)ene i 'a$e,

647,7, The nature o! the goo$ to 5hich the 'ar( i applie$ 5ill not contitute an o&tacle toregitration,


KTuinK i 'erely $ecripti)e% it i generic% it !urnihe to the &uyer no in$ication o! the origino! the goo$% it i open !or appropriation &y anyone, It i accor$ingly &arre$ !ro' regitration atra$e'ar(, 9hile KtuinK &y itel! cannot thu &e ue$ e3clui)ely to i$enti!y oneJ goo$1 it'ay properly &eco'e the u&?ect o! a tra$e'ar( K&y co'&ination 5ith another 5or$ or phrae,K

9UIER3O BA$TER ?s. UAUA6 et al.6 BG,R, No, 6F, Octo&er 4>1 6F

The o5nerhip o! the tra$e'ar( KAgua $e anangaK $i$ not gi)e the plainti!! a right to thee3clui)e ue o! the 5or$ Kananga,K The 5or$ KanangaK repreent the na'e o! a 5ell*(no5n tree in the Philippine, The ai$ 5or$ coul$ not &e ue$ e3clui)ely a a tra$e*'ar(1any 'ore than coul$ the 5or$ Kugar1K Kto&acco1K or Kco!!ee,K The la5 i clear an$ conclui)eupon the u&?ect, KA $eignation or part o! a $eignation1K ay ection 4 o! Act No, >>>1K5hich relate only to the na'e1 8uality1 or $ecription o! the 'erchan$ie , , , can not &e theu&?ect o! a tra$e*'ar(,K

"O3PALIA 9ENERA DE TABA"OS DE *IIPINAS ?s. A=A3BRA "I9AR F

"I9ARETTE 3ANU*A"TURIN9 "O. BG,R, No, 64F6, /e&ruary 61 66>

9e $o not &elie)e that the 5or$ KIa&elaK can &e appropriate$ or coul$ &e appropriate$ at theti'e plainti!! clai'e$ that it &egan to ue that 5or$ a $ecripti)e o! it pro$uct, The RoyalDecree o! 6 prohi&ite$ the ue o! a geographical na'e a a tra$e*na'e or tra$e*'ar(,

AN9 ?s. TEODORO BG,R, No, .44>, Dece'&er 6.1 6.4



An in8uiry into the ety'ology an$ 'eaning o! the Tagalog 5or$ KAng Ti&ayK ho5 that thephrae i ne)er ue$ a$?ecti)ely to $e!ine or $ecri&e an o&?ect, It i1 there!ore1 not a$ecripti)e ter' 5ithin the 'eaning o! the Tra$e*'ar( La5 &ut rather a !anci!ul or coine$phrae 5hich 'ay properly an$ legally &e appropriate$ a a tra$e*'ar( or tra$e*na'e, 0ence1it 5a originally capa&le o! e3clui)e appropriation a a tra$e*'ar( &y the repon$ent,

E)en i! au'ing :Ang Ti&ay< 5ere not capa&le o! e3clui)e appropriation a a tra$e'ar(1 theapplication o! the $octrine o! econ$ary 'eaning coul$ ne)erthele &e !ully utaine$&ecaue1 in any e)ent1 &e repon$ent@ long an$ e3clui)e ue o! ai$ phrae 5ith re!erenceto hi pro$uct an$ hi &uine1 it ha ac8uire$ a proprietary connotation, Thi $octrine i tothe e!!ect that a 5or$ or phrae originally incapa&le o! e3clui)e appropriation 5ith re!erence toan article on the 'ar(et1 &ecaue geographically or other5ie $ecripti)e1 'ight ne)ertheleha)e &een ue$ o long an$ o e3clui)ely &y one pro$ucer 5ith re!erence to hi article that1 inthat tra$e an$ to that &ranch o! purchaing pu&lic1 the 5or$ o! phrae ha co'e to 'ean thatthe article 5a hi pro$uct,

AR"E SONS F "O. ?s. SEE"TA BIS"UIT "O3PAN!6 IN". BG,R, No, L*6.>6, anuary

41 6>6

The 5or$ K-ELECTAK1 it i true1 'ay &e an or$inary or co''on 5or$ in the ene that it 'ay&e ue$ or e'ploye$ &y any one in pro'oting hi &uine or enterprie1 &ut once a$opte$ or coine$ in connection 5ith oneJ &uine a an e'&le'1 ign or $e)ice to characteri2e itpro$uct1 or a a &a$ge o! authenticity1 it 'ay ac8uire a econ$ary 'eaning a to &ee3clui)ely aociate$ 5ith it pro$uct an$ &uine,

The ter' K-ELECTAK 'ay &e place$ at par 5ith the 5or$ KAng Ti&ayK 5hich thi Court haconi$ere$ not 'erely a a $ecripti)e ter' 5ithin the 'eaning o! the Tra$e*'ar( La5 &ut aa !anci!ul or coine$ phrae1 or a tra$e'ar(,

2ABUS=I 2AIS=A ISETAN ?s. IA" BG,R, No, F.4, No)e'&er 6F1 66

Ietann Depart'ent -tore1 Inc, i the na'e o! a tore an$ not o! pro$uct ol$ in )ariou parto! the country, Thi cae 'ut &e $i!!erentiate$ !ro' cae in)ol)ing pro$uct &earing uch!a'iliar na'e a KColgateK1 K-ingerK1 KToyotaK1 or K-onyK 5here the pro$uct are 'ar(ete$5i$ely in the Philippine, There i no pro$uct 5ith the na'e KIetannK populari2e$ 5ith that&ran$ na'e in the Philippine,

E3ERAD 9AR3ENT ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 6, Dece'&er 41 6F

KLEEK i pri'arily a urna'e, Pri)ate repon$ent cannot1 there!ore1 ac8uire e3clui)eo5nerhip o)er an$ ingular ue o! ai$ ter', It ha &een hel$ that a peronal na'e or urna'e 'ay not &e 'onopoli2e$ a a tra$e'ar( or tra$e na'e a againt other o! the a'ena'e or urna'e, /or in the a&ence o! contract1 !rau$1 or etoppel1 any 'an 'ay ue hina'e or urna'e in all legiti'ate 5ay,

. RE&ISRAI"N

-ECTION 7, International "on?entions and Reciprocit0. Any peron 5ho i a national or 5ho i $o'icile$ or ha a real an$ e!!ecti)e in$utrial eta&lih'ent in a country 5hich i aparty to any con)ention1 treaty or agree'ent relating to intellectual property right or the

repreion o! un!air co'petition1 to 5hich the Philippine i alo a party1 or e3ten$ reciprocalright to national o! the Philippine &y la51 hall &e entitle$ to &ene!it to the e3tent necearyto gi)e e!!ect to any pro)iion o! uch con)ention1 treaty or reciprocal la51 in a$$ition to theright to 5hich any o5ner o! an intellectual property right i other5ie entitle$ &y thi Act,

-ECTION 64., Reuire'ents o- Application. 64.,6, The application !or theregitration o! the 'ar( hall &e in /ilipino or in Englih an$ hall contain the !ollo5ing"+a# A re8uet !or regitration%



+&# The na'e an$ a$$re o! the applicant%+c# The na'e o! a -tate o! 5hich the applicant i a national or 5here he ha $o'icile% an$

the na'e o! a -tate in 5hich the applicant ha a real an$ e!!ecti)e in$utrial or co''ercial eta&lih'ent1 i! any%

+$# 9here the applicant i a ?uri$ical entity1 the la5 un$er 5hich it i organi2e$ an$e3iting%

+e# The appoint'ent o! an agent or repreentati)e1 i! the applicant i not $o'icile$ in thePhilippine%+!# 9here the applicant clai' the priority o! an earlier application1 an in$ication o!"

i# The na'e o! the -tate 5ith 5hoe national o!!ice the earlier application 5a !ile$or i! !ile$ 5ith an o!!ice other than a national o!!ice1 the na'e o! that o!!ice1

ii# The $ate on 5hich the earlier application 5a !ile$1 an$iii# 9here a)aila&le1 the application nu'&er o! the earlier application%() 0ere t0e aicant cai- coor a- a /i-tinctive feature of t0e ar@, a

-tateent to t0at effect a- >e a- t0e nae or nae- of t0e coor or coor-caie/ an/ an in/ication, in re-ect of eac0 coor, of t0e rincia art- of t0e

ar@ >0ic0 are in t0at coor

+h# 9here the 'ar( i a three*$i'enional 'ar(1 a tate'ent to that e!!ect%+i# One or 'ore repro$uction o! the 'ar(1 a precri&e$ in the Regulation%+?# A tranliteration or tranlation o! the 'ar( or o! o'e part o! the 'ar(1 aprecri&e$ in the Regulation%

(@) 0e nae- of t0e oo/- or -ervice- for >0ic0 t0e rei-tration i- -ou0t,roue/ accor/in to t0e ca--e- of t0e Nice Ca--ification, toet0er >it0 t0e

nu5er of t0e ca-- of t0e -ai/ Ca--ification to >0ic0 eac0 rou of oo/- or -ervice- 5eon- an/

+l# A ignature &y1 or other el!*i$enti!ication o!1 the applicant or hi repreentati)e,64.,4, The applicant or the regitrant hall !ile a $eclaration o! actual ue o! the 'ar( 5ith

e)i$ence to that e!!ect1 a precri&e$ &y the Regulation 5ithin three +7# year !ro' the

!iling $ate o! the application, Other5ie1 the application hall &e re!ue$ or the 'ar( hall&e re'o)e$ !ro' the Regiter &y the Director,

64.,7, One +6# application 'ay relate to e)eral goo$ an$or er)ice1 5hether they &elong toone +6# cla or to e)eral clae o! the Nice Clai!ication,

64.,., I! $uring the e3a'ination o! the application1 the O!!ice !in$ !actual &ai to reaona&ly$ou&t the )eracity o! any in$ication or ele'ent in the application1 it 'ay re8uire theapplicant to u&'it u!!icient e)i$ence to re'o)e the $ou&t,

SECI"N 12. Represe!ttio!J Address "or Service1 If t0e aicant i- not /oicie/or 0a- no rea an/ effective coercia e-ta5i-0ent in t0e P0iiine-, 0e -0a

/e-inate 5y a >ritten /ocuent fie/ in t0e "ffice, t0e nae an/ a//re-- of a

P0iiine re-i/ent >0o ay 5e -erve/ notice- or roce-- in rocee/in- affectin t0ear@. Suc0 notice- or -ervice- ay 5e -erve/ uon t0e er-on -o /e-inate/ 5y

eavin a coy t0ereof at t0e a//re-- -ecifie/ in t0e a-t /e-ination fie/. If t0e er-on-o /e-inate/ cannot 5e foun/ at t0e a//re-- iven in t0e a-t /e-ination, -uc0 notice

or roce-- ay 5e -erve/ uon t0e #irector.

-ECTION 64>, Disclai'ers. The O!!ice 'ay allo5 or re8uire the applicant to $iclai'an unregitra&le co'ponent o! an other5ie regitra&le 'ar( &ut uch $iclai'er hall notpre?u$ice or a!!ect the applicantJ or o5nerJ right then e3iting or therea!ter ariing in the$iclai'e$ 'atter1 nor uch hall $iclai'er pre?u$ice or a!!ect the applicantJ or o5nerJ righton another application o! later $ate i! the $iclai'e$ 'atter &eca'e $itincti)e o! the

applicantJ or o5nerJ goo$1 &uine or er)ice,

-ECTION 64, Single Registration -or 9oods and>or Ser?ices. 9here goo$ an$or er)ice &elonging to e)eral clae o! the Nice Clai!ication ha)e &een inclu$e$ in one +6#application1 uch an application hall reult in one regitration,

-ECTION 67, Signature and Ot&er 3eans o- Sel-%Identi-ication. 67,6, 9here aignature i re8uire$1 the O!!ice hall accept"



+a# A han$*5ritten ignature% or +&# The ue o! other !or' o! ignature1 uch a a printe$ or ta'pe$ ignature1 or the

ue o! a eal intea$ o! a han$*5ritten ignature" Pro)i$e$1 That 5here a eal i ue$1it houl$ &e acco'panie$ &y an in$ication in letter o! the na'e o! the ignatory,

67,4, The O!!ice hall accept co''unication to it &y telecopier1 or &y electronic 'eanu&?ect to the con$ition or re8uire'ent that 5ill &e precri&e$ &y the Regulation, 9hen

co''unication are 'a$e &y tele!aci'ile1 the repro$uction o! the ignature1 or therepro$uction o! the eal together 5ith1 5here re8uire$1 the in$ication in letter o! the na'eo! the natural peron 5hoe eal i ue$1 appear, The original co''unication 'ut &erecei)e$ &y the O!!ice 5ithin thirty +7# $ay !ro' $ate o! receipt o! the tele!aci'ile,

13H.3. No atte-tation, notariLation, aut0entication, eaiLation or ot0er certification of any -inature or ot0er ean- of -efi/entification referre/ to in t0e rece/in

arara0-, >i 5e reuire/, e?cet, >0ere t0e -inature concern- t0e -urren/er of a rei-tration.

SECI"N 127.2. 0e aicant or t0e rei-trant -0a fie a /ecaration of actua u-e of t0e ar@ >it0 evi/ence to t0at effect, a- re-cri5e/ 5y t0e Reuation- >it0in t0ree (3)

year- fro t0e fiin /ate of t0e aication. "t0er>i-e, t0e aication -0a 5e refu-e/or t0e ar@ -0a 5e reove/ fro t0e Rei-ter 5y t0e #irector.

-ECTION 676, Priorit0 Rig&t. 676,6, An application !or regitration o! a 'ar( !ile$ inthe Philippine &y a peron re!erre$ to in -ection 71 an$ 5ho pre)iouly $uly !ile$ anapplication !or regitration o! the a'e 'ar( in one o! thoe countrie1 hall &e coni$ere$a !ile$ a o! the $ay the application 5a !irt !ile$ in the !oreign country,

131.2. No rei-tration of a ar@ in t0e P0iiine- 5y a er-on /e-cri5e/ in t0i- -ection-0a 5e rante/ unti -uc0 ar@ 0a- 5een rei-tere/ in t0e country of oriin of t0e

aicant.676,7, Nothing in thi ection hall entitle the o5ner o! a regitration grante$ un$er thi ection

to ue !or act co''itte$ prior to the $ate on 5hich hi 'ar( 5a regitere$ in thi country"Pro)i$e$1 That1 not5ithtan$ing the !oregoing1 the o5ner o! a 5ell*(no5n 'ar( a $e!ine$in -ection 647,6+e# o! thi Act1 that i not regitere$ in the Philippine1 'ay1 againt ani$entical or con!uingly i'ilar 'ar(1 oppoe it regitration1 or petition the cancellation o! it regitration or ue !or un!air co'petition1 5ithout pre?u$ice to a)ailing hi'el! o! other re'e$ie pro)i$e$ !or un$er the la5,

676,., In li(e 'anner an$ u&?ect to the a'e con$ition an$ re8uire'ent1 the right pro)i$e$in thi ection 'ay &e &ae$ upon a u&e8uent regularly !ile$ application in the a'e!oreign country" Pro)i$e$1 That any !oreign application !ile$ prior to uch u&e8uentapplication ha &een 5ith$ra5n1 a&an$one$1 or other5ie $ipoe$ o!1 5ithout ha)ing &eenlai$ open to pu&lic inpection an$ 5ithout lea)ing any right outtan$ing1 an$ ha not

er)e$1 nor therea!ter hall er)e1 a a &ai !or clai'ing a right o! priority,

-ECTION 47,4, ;ar( regitere$ un$er Repu&lic Act No, 6>> hall re'ain in !orce &ut hall&e $ee'e$ to ha)e &een grante$ un$er thi Act an$ hall &e $ue !or rene5al 5ithin the perio$pro)i$e$ !or un$er thi Act an$1 upon rene5al hall &e reclai!ie$ in accor$ance 5ith theInternational Clai!ication, Tra$e na'e an$ 'ar( regitere$ in the -upple'ental Regiter un$er Repu&lic Act No, 6>> hall re'ain in !orce &ut hall no longer &e u&?ect to rene5al,

-ECTION 64, *iling Date. 64,6, Re8uire'ent, The !iling $ate o! an applicationhall &e the $ate on 5hich the O!!ice recei)e$ the !ollo5ing in$ication an$ ele'ent inEnglih or /ilipino"

+a# An e3pre or i'plicit in$ication that the regitration o! a 'ar( i ought%+&# The i$entity o! the applicant%+c# In$ication u!!icient to contact the applicant or hi repreentati)e1 i! any%+$# A repro$uction o! the 'ar( 5hoe regitration i ought% an$+e# The lit o! the goo$ or er)ice !or 5hich the regitration i ought,

12.2. No fiin /ate -0a 5e accor/e/ unti t0e reuire/ fee i- ai/.



-ECTION 674, Application Nu'(er and *iling Date. 674,6, The O!!ice hall e3a'ine5hether the application ati!ie the re8uire'ent !or the grant o! a !iling $ate a pro)i$e$in -ection 64 an$ Regulation relating thereto, I! the application $oe not ati!y the !ilingre8uire'ent1 the O!!ice hall noti!y the applicant 5ho hall 5ithin a perio$ !i3e$ &y theRegulation co'plete or correct the application a re8uire$1 other5ie1 the application hall&e coni$ere$ 5ith$ra5n,

674,4 Once an application 'eet the !iling re8uire'ent o! -ection 641 it hall&e nu'&ere$ in the e8uential or$er1 an$ the applicant hall &e in!or'e$ o! the applicationnu'&er an$ the !iling $ate o! the application 5ill &e $ee'e$ to ha)e &een a&an$one$,

-ECTION 677, E+a'ination and Pu(lication. 677,6, Once the application 'eet the!iling re8uire'ent o! -ection 641 the O!!ice hall e3a'ine 5hether the application 'eetthe re8uire'ent o! -ection 64. an$ the 'ar( a $e!ine$ in -ection 646 i regitra&leun$er -ection 647,

677,4, 9here the O!!ice !in$ that the con$ition re!erre$ to in -u&ection 677,6 are !ul!ille$1 ithall upon pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee1 !orth5ith caue the application1 a !ile$1 to &epu&lihe$ in the precri&e$ 'anner,

133.3. If after t0e e?aination, t0e aicant i- not entite/ to rei-tration for any rea-on,t0e "ffice -0a a/vi-e t0e aicant t0ereof an/ t0e rea-on- t0erefor. 0e aicant

-0a 0ave a erio/ of four (7) ont0- in >0ic0 to rey or aen/ 0i- aication,>0ic0 -0a t0en 5e ree?aine/. 0e Reuation- -0a /eterine t0e roce/ure for t0e ree?aination or reviva of an aication a- >e a- t0e aea to t0e #irector of

ra/ear@- fro any fina action 5y t0e E?ainer.677,., An a&an$one$ application 'ay &e re)i)e$ a a pen$ing application 5ithin three +7#

'onth !ro' the $ate o! a&an$on'ent1 upon goo$ caue ho5n an$ the pay'ent o! there8uire$ !ee,

677,F, The !inal $eciion o! re!ual o! the Director o! Tra$e'ar( hall &e appeala&le to theDirector General in accor$ance 5ith the proce$ure !i3e$ &y the Regulation,

-ECTION 64>, Disclai'ers. The O!!ice 'ay allo5 or re8uire the applicant to $iclai'an unregitra&le co'ponent o! an other5ie regitra&le 'ar( &ut uch $iclai'er hall notpre?u$ice or a!!ect the applicantJ or o5nerJ right then e3iting or therea!ter ariing in the$iclai'e$ 'atter1 nor uch hall $iclai'er pre?u$ice or a!!ect the applicantJ or o5nerJ righton another application o! later $ate i! the $iclai'e$ 'atter &eca'e $itincti)e o! theapplicantJ or o5nerJ goo$1 &uine or er)ice,

SECI"N 129. 7ivisio! o" Applictio!1 Any aication referrin to -evera oo/- or -ervice-, 0ereafter referre/ to a- t0e Finitia aication,F ay 5e /ivi/e/ 5y t0e

aicant into t>o (2) or ore aication-, 0ereafter referre/ to a- t0e F/ivi-iona

aication-,F 5y /i-tri5utin aon t0e atter t0e oo/- or -ervice- referre/ to in t0einitia aication. 0e /ivi-iona aication- -0a re-erve t0e fiin /ate of t0e initia

aication or t0e 5enefit of t0e ri0t of riority.

-ECTION 677,4, 9here the O!!ice !in$ that the con$ition re!erre$ to in -u&ection 677,6are !ul!ille$1 it hall upon pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee1 !orth5ith caue the application1 a!ile$1 to &e pu&lihe$ in the precri&e$ 'anner,

-ECTION 67., Opposition. Any peron 5ho &elie)e that he 5oul$ &e $a'age$ &ythe regitration o! a 'ar( 'ay1 upon pay'ent o! the re8uire$ !ee an$ 5ithin thirty +7# $aya!ter the pu&lication re!erre$ to in -u&ection 677,41 !ile 5ith the O!!ice an oppoition to the

application, -uch oppoition hall &e in 5riting an$ )eri!ie$ &y the oppoitor or &y any peronon hi &ehal! 5ho (no5 the !act1 an$ hall peci!y the groun$ on 5hich it i &ae$ an$inclu$e a tate'ent o! the !act relie$ upon, Copie o! certi!icate o! regitration o! 'ar(regitere$ in other countrie or other upporting $ocu'ent 'entione$ in the oppoition hall&e !ile$ there5ith1 together 5ith the tranlation in Englih1 i! not in the Englih language, /or goo$ caue ho5n an$ upon pay'ent o! the re8uire$ urcharge1 the ti'e !or !iling anoppoition 'ay &e e3ten$e$ &y the Director o! Legal A!!air1 5ho hall noti!y the applicant o!



uch e3tenion, The Regulation hall !i3 the 'a3i'u' perio$ o! ti'e 5ithin 5hich to !ile theoppoition,

-ECTION 67F, Notice and =earing. Upon the !iling o! an oppoition1 the O!!ice haller)e notice o! the !iling on the applicant1 an$ o! the $ate o! the hearing thereo! upon theapplicant an$ the oppoitor an$ all other peron ha)ing any right1 title or interet in the 'ar(

co)ere$ &y the application1 a appear o! recor$ in the O!!ice,

-ECTION 67>, Issuance and Pu(lication o- "erti-icate. 9hen the perio$ !or !ilingthe oppoition ha e3pire$1 or 5hen the Director o! Legal A!!air hall ha)e $enie$ theoppoition1 the O!!ice upon pay'ent o! the re8uire$ !ee1 hall iue the certi!icate o! regitration, Upon iuance o! a certi!icate o! regitration1 notice thereo! 'a(ing re!erence tothe pu&lication o! the application hall &e pu&lihe$ in the IPO Ga2ette,

-ECTION 67, Registration o- 3ar/ and Issuance o- a "erti-icate to t&e Oner or &is Assignee. 67,6, The O!!ice hall 'aintain a Regiter in 5hich hall &e regitere$'ar(1 nu'&ere$ in the or$er o! their regitration1 an$ all tranaction in repect o! each

'ar(1 re8uire$ to &e recor$e$ &y )irtue o! thi la5,67,4, The regitration o! a 'ar( hall inclu$e a repro$uction o! the 'ar( an$ hall 'ention" it

nu'&er% the na'e an$ a$$re o! the regitere$ o5ner an$1 i! the regitere$ o5nerJa$$re i outi$e the country1 hi a$$re !or er)ice 5ithin the country% the $ate o! application an$ regitration% i! priority i clai'e$1 an in$ication o! thi !act1 an$ the nu'&er1$ate an$ country o! the application1 &ai o! the priority clai'% the lit o! goo$ or er)icein repect o! 5hich regitration ha &een grante$1 5ith the in$ication o! the correpon$ingcla or clae% an$ uch other $ata a the Regulation 'ay precri&e !ro' ti'e to ti'e,

67,7, A certi!icate o! regitration o! a 'ar( 'ay &e iue$ to the aignee o! the applicant"Pro)i$e$1 That the aign'ent i recor$e$ in the O!!ice, In cae o! a change o! o5nerhip1the O!!ice hall at the 5ritten re8uet igne$ &y the o5ner1 or hi repreentati)e1 or &y the

ne5 o5ner1 or hi repreentati)e an$ upon a proper ho5ing an$ the pay'ent o! theprecri&e$ !ee1 iue to uch aignee a ne5 certi!icate o! regitration o! the ai$ 'ar( inthe na'e o! uch aignee1 an$ !or the une3pire$ part o! the original perio$,

67,., The O!!ice hall recor$ any change o! a$$re1 or a$$re !or er)ice1 5hich hall &enoti!ie$ to it &y the regitere$ o5ner,

67,F, In the a&ence o! any pro)iion to the contrary in thi Act1 co''unication to &e 'a$eto the regitere$ o5ner &y )irtue o! thi Act hall &e ent to hi' at hi lat recor$e$ a$$rean$1 at the a'e1 at hi lat recor$e$ a$$re !or er)ice,

SECI"N 138. Certi"ictes o" Re$istrtio!1 A certificate of rei-tration of a ar@-0a 5e ria facie evi/ence of t0e vai/ity of t0e rei-tration, t0e rei-trantM-

o>ner-0i of t0e ar@, an/ of t0e rei-trantM- e?cu-ive ri0t to u-e t0e -ae inconnection >it0 t0e oo/- or -ervice- an/ t0o-e t0at are reate/ t0ereto -ecifie/ in t0e

certificate.

-ECTION 67, Pu(lication o- Registered 3ar/s, Inspection o- Register. 67,6, TheO!!ice hall pu&lih1 in the !or' an$ 5ithin the perio$ !i3e$ &y the Regulation1 the 'ar(regitere$1 in the or$er o! their regitration1 repro$ucing all the particular re!erre$ to in-u&ection 67,4,

67,4, ;ar( regitere$ at the O!!ice 'ay &e inpecte$ !ree o! charge an$ any peron 'ayo&tain copie thereo! at hi o5n e3pene, Thi pro)iion hall alo &e applica&le totranaction recor$e$ in repect o! any regitere$ 'ar(,

-ECTION 6.., "lassi-ication o- 9oods and Ser?ices. 6..,6, Each regitration1 an$any pu&lication o! the O!!ice 5hich concern an application or regitration e!!ecte$ &y theO!!ice hall in$icate the goo$ or er)ice &y their na'e1 groupe$ accor$ing to theclae o! the Nice Clai!ication1 an$ each group hall &e prece$e$ &y the nu'&er o! thecla o! that Clai!ication to 5hich that group o! goo$ or er)ice &elong1 preente$ inthe or$er o! the clae o! the ai$ Clai!ication,



6..,4, Goo$ or er)ice 'ay not &e coni$ere$ a &eing i'ilar or $ii'ilar to each other onthe groun$ that1 in any regitration or pu&lication &y the O!!ice1 they appear in $i!!erentclae o! the Nice Clai!ication,

SECI"N 7.2. 0e ter Ftechnology tran!er arrange'entF refer- to contract- or areeent- invovin t0e tran-fer of -y-teatic @no>e/e for t0e anufacture of a

ro/uct, t0e aication of a roce--, or ren/erin of a -ervice incu/in anaeentcontract- an/ t0e tran-fer, a--inent or icen-in of a for- of inteectua roertyri0t-, incu/in icen-in of couter -oft>are e?cet couter -oft>are /eveoe/

for a-- ar@et.

SECI"N 17. 7urtio!1 A certificate of rei-tration -0a reain in force for ten(1H) year-4 Provi/e/, 0at t0e rei-trant -0a fie a /ecaration of actua u-e an/

evi/ence to t0at effect, or -0a -0o> vai/ rea-on- 5a-e/ on t0e e?i-tence of o5-tace-to -uc0 u-e, a- re-cri5e/ 5y t0e Reuation-, >it0in one (1) year fro t0e fift0

anniver-ary of t0e /ate of t0e rei-tration of t0e ar@. "t0er>i-e, t0e ar@ -0a 5ereove/ fro t0e Rei-ter 5y t0e "ffice.

-ECTION 6., "ancellation upon Application (0 Registrant, A'end'ent or Disclai'er o- Registration. Upon application o! the regitrant1 the O!!ice 'ay per'it anyregitration to &e urren$ere$ !or cancellation1 an$ upon cancellation the appropriate entryhall &e 'a$e in the recor$ o! the O!!ice, Upon application o! the regitrant an$ pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee1 the O!!ice !or goo$ caue 'ay per'it any regitration to &e a'en$e$ or to&e $iclai'e$ in part" Pro)i$e$1 That the a'en$'ent or $iclai'er $oe not alter 'aterially thecharacter o! the 'ar(, Appropriate entry hall &e 'a$e in the recor$ o! the O!!ice upon thecerti!icate o! regitration or1 i! ai$ certi!icate i lot or $etroye$1 upon a certi!ie$ copy thereo!,

-ECTION 6.4, "orrection o- 3ista/es 3ade (0 t&e O--ice. 9hene)er a 'aterial

'ita(e in a regitration incurre$ through the !ault o! the O!!ice i clearly $icloe$ &y therecor$ o! the O!!ice1 a certi!icate tating the !act an$ nature o! uch 'ita(e hall &e iue$5ithout charge1 recor$e$ an$ a printe$ copy thereo! hall &e attache$ to each printe$ copy o! the regitration, -uch correcte$ regitration hall therea!ter ha)e the a'e e!!ect a theoriginal certi!icate% or in the $icretion o! the Director o! the A$'initrati)e1 /inancial an$0u'an Reource De)elop'ent -er)ice Hureau a ne5 certi!icate o! regitration 'ay &e iue$5ithout charge, All certi!icate o! correction hereto!ore iue$ in accor$ance 5ith theRegulation an$ the regitration to 5hich they are attache$ hall ha)e the a'e !orce an$e!!ect a i! uch certi!icate an$ their iuance ha$ &een authori2e$ &y thi Act,

-ECTION 6.7, "orrection o- 3ista/es 3ade (0 Applicant. 9hene)er a 'ita(e i

'a$e in a regitration an$ uch 'ita(e occurre$ in goo$ !aith through the !ault o! theapplicant1 the O!!ice 'ay iue a certi!icate upon the pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee" Pro)i$e$1That the correction $oe not in)ol)e any change in the regitration that re8uire repu&licationo! the 'ar(,

-ECTION 6.>, Reneal. 6.>,6, A certi!icate o! regitration 'ay &e rene5e$ !or perio$ o! ten +6# year at it e3piration upon pay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee an$ upon!iling o! a re8uet, The re8uet hall contain the !ollo5ing in$ication"+a# An in$ication that rene5al i ought%+&# The na'e an$ a$$re o! the regitrant or hi ucceor*in*interet1 herea!ter re!erre$

to a the Kright hol$erK%

+c# The regitration nu'&er o! the regitration concerne$%+$# The !iling $ate o! the application 5hich reulte$ in the regitration concerne$ to &e

rene5e$%+e# 9here the right hol$er ha a repreentati)e1 the na'e an$ a$$re o! that

repreentati)e%+!# The na'e o! the recor$e$ goo$ or er)ice !or 5hich the rene5al i re8uete$ or

the na'e o! the recor$e$ goo$ or er)ice !or 5hich the rene5al i not re8uete$1groupe$ accor$ing to the clae o! the Nice Clai!ication to 5hich that group o!



goo$ or er)ice &elong an$ preente$ in the or$er o! the clae o! the ai$Clai!ication% an$

+g# A ignature &y the right hol$er or hi repreentati)e,6.>,4, -uch re8uet hall &e in /ilipino or Englih an$ 'ay &e 'a$e at any ti'e 5ithin i3 +>#

'onth &e!ore the e3piration o! the perio$ !or 5hich the regitration 5a iue$ or rene5e$1or it 'ay &e 'a$e 5ithin i3 +># 'onth a!ter uch e3piration on pay'ent o! the a$$itional

!ee herein precri&e$,6.>,7, I! the O!!ice re!ue to rene5 the regitration1 it hall noti!y the regitrant o! hi re!ualan$ the reaon there!or,

6.>,., An applicant !or rene5al not $o'icile$ in the Philippine hall &e u&?ect to an$ co'ply5ith the re8uire'ent o! thi Act,

. RI9=TS "ON*ERRED

SECI"N 17. Ri$*ts Co!"erred1 17.1. 0e o>ner of a rei-tere/ ar@ -0a 0avet0e e?cu-ive ri0t to revent a t0ir/ artie- not 0avin t0e o>nerM- con-ent fro

u-in in t0e cour-e of tra/e i/entica or -iiar -in- or container- for oo/- or -ervice- >0ic0 are i/entica or -iiar to t0o-e in re-ect of >0ic0 t0e tra/ear@ i-rei-tere/ >0ere -uc0 u-e >ou/ re-ut in a i@ei0oo/ of confu-ion. In ca-e of t0eu-e of an i/entica -in for i/entica oo/- or -ervice-, a i@ei0oo/ of confu-ion

-0a 5e re-ue/.6.,4, The e3clui)e right o! the o5ner o! a 5ell*(no5n 'ar( $e!ine$ in -u&ection 647,6+e#

5hich i regitere$ in the Philippine1 hall e3ten$ to goo$ an$ er)ice 5hich are noti'ilar to thoe in repect o! 5hich the 'ar( i regitere$" Pro)i$e$1 That ue o! that 'ar(in relation to thoe goo$ or er)ice 5oul$ in$icate a connection &et5een thoe goo$ or er)ice an$ the o5ner o! the regitere$ 'ar(" Pro)i$e$ !urther1 That the interet o! theo5ner o! the regitere$ 'ar( are li(ely to &e $a'age$ &y uch ue,

SECI"N 178. Use o" I!dictio!s /# T*ird Prties "or Purposes Ot*er t*! t*ose "or )*ic* t*e 8r' is Used1 Rei-tration of t0e ar@ -0a not confer on t0e rei-tere/

o>ner t0e ri0t to recu/e t0ir/ artie- fro u-in 5ona fi/e t0eir nae-, a//re--e-,-eu/ony-, a eora0ica nae, or e?act in/ication- concernin t0e @in/, uaity,uantity, /e-tination, vaue, ace of oriin, or tie of ro/uction or of -uy, of t0eir

oo/- or -ervice-4 Provi/e/, 0at -uc0 u-e i- confine/ to t0e uro-e- of erei/entification or inforation an/ cannot i-ea/ t0e u5ic a- to t0e -ource of t0e

oo/- or -ervice-.

-ECTION 6., Assign'ent and Trans-er o- Application and Registration. 6.,6,

An application !or regitration o! a 'ar(1 or it regitration1 'ay &e aigne$ or tran!erre$5ith or 5ithout the tran!er o! the &uine uing the 'ar(,

6.,4, -uch aign'ent or tran!er hall1 ho5e)er1 &e null an$ )oi$ i! it i lia&le to 'ilea$ thepu&lic1 particularly a regar$ the nature1 ource1 'anu!acturing proce1 characteritic1 or uita&ility !or their purpoe1 o! the goo$ or er)ice to 5hich the 'ar( i applie$,

6.,7, The aign'ent o! the application !or regitration o! a 'ar(1 or o! it regitration1 hall&e in 5riting an$ re8uire the ignature o! the contracting partie, Tran!er &y 'erger or other !or' o! ucceion 'ay &e 'a$e &y any $ocu'ent upporting uch tran!er,

6.,., Aign'ent an$ tran!er o! regitration o! 'ar( hall &e recor$e$ at the O!!ice onpay'ent o! the precri&e$ !ee% aign'ent an$ tran!er o! application !or regitrationhall1 on pay'ent o! the a'e !ee1 &e pro)iionally recor$e$1 an$ the 'ar(1 5hen

regitere$1 hall &e in the na'e o! the aignee or tran!eree,6.,F, Aign'ent an$ tran!er hall ha)e no e!!ect againt thir$ partie until they are

recor$e$ at the O!!ice,

-ECTION 6F, icense "ontracts. 6F,6, Any licene contract concerning theregitration o! a 'ar(1 or an application there!or1 hall pro)i$e !or e!!ecti)e control &y thelicenor o! the 8uality o! the goo$ or er)ice o! the licenee in connection 5ith 5hich the



'ar( i ue$, I! the licene contract $oe not pro)i$e !or uch 8uality control1 or i! uch8uality control i not e!!ecti)ely carrie$ out1 the licene contract hall not &e )ali$,

6F,4, A licene contract hall &e u&'itte$ to the O!!ice 5hich hall (eep it contentcon!i$ential &ut hall recor$ it an$ pu&lih a re!erence thereto, A licene contract hall ha)eno e!!ect againt thir$ partie until uch recor$ing i e!!ecte$, The Regulation hall !i3 theproce$ure !or the recor$ing o! the licene contract,

1 Is t*ere i!"ri!$eme!t eve! i" t*e $oods re !ot competi!$K

AN9 TIBA! ?s. TEODORO BG,R, No, .44>, Dece'&er 6.1 6.4

Although t5o non*co'peting article 'ay &e clai!ie$ un$er t5o $i!!erent clae &y thePatent O!!ice &ecaue they are $ee'e$ not to poe the a'e $ecripti)e propertie1 they5oul$ ne)erthele &e hel$ &y the court to &elong to the a'e cla i! the i'ultaneou ueon the' o! i$entical or cloely i'ilar tra$e*'ar( 5oul$ &e li(ely to caue con!uion a to theorigin1 or peronal ource1 o! the econ$ uer@ goo$,

STA. ANA ?s. 3AIWAT BG,R, No, L*4747, Augut 761 6>

;o$ern la5 recogni2e that the protection to 5hich the o5ner o! a tra$e'ar( i entitle$ i notli'ite$ to guar$ing hi goo$ or &uine !ro' actual 'ar(et co'petition 5ith i$entical or i'ilar pro$uct o! the partie1 &ut e3ten$ to all cae in 5hich the ue &y a ?unior appropriator o! a tra$e*'ar( or tra$e*na'e i li(ely to lea$ to a con!uion o! ource1 a 5herepropecti)e purchaer 5oul$ &e 'ile$ into thin(ing that the co'plaining party ha e3ten$e$hi &uine into the !iel$ or i in any 5ay connecte$ 5ith the acti)itie o! the in!ringer or 5henit !oretall the nor'al potential e3panion o! hi &uine,

-ec, .1 Rep, Act No, 6>> $oe not re8uire that the article o! 'anu!acture o! the pre)iou uer

an$ the late uer o! the 'ar( houl$ poe the a'e $ecripti)e propertie or houl$ !all intothe a'e categorie a to &ar the latter !ro' regitering hi 'ar( in the principal regiter +ChuaChe ), Phil, Patent O!!ice1 et al,1 L*6771 7 an, 6>F#, The 'eat o! the 'atter i theli(elihoo$ o! con!uion1 'ita(e or $eception upon purchaer o! the goo$ o! the ?unior uer o! the 'ar( an$ the goo$ 'anu!acture$ &y the pre)iou uer,

P=IIPPINE RE*ININ9 "O.6 IN" ?s. N9 SA3 BG,R, No, L*4>>>, uly 71 64

E'phai houl$ &e on the i'ilarity o! the pro$uct in)ol)e$ an$ on the ar&itrary clai!icationor general $ecription o! their propertie or characteritic, The particular goo$ o! the partieare o unrelate$ that conu'er 5oul$ not in any pro&a&ility 'ita(e one a the ource or

origin o! the pro$uct o! the other, In a$$ition1 the goo$ o! petitioner are &aically $eri)e$ !ro')egeta&le oil an$ ani'al !at1 5hile the pro$uct o! repon$ent i procee$ !ro' pigJ leg, Aconu'er 5oul$ not reaona&ly au'e that petitioner ha o $i)eri!ie$ it &uine a toinclu$e the pro$uct o! repon$ent, Thu1 the &uinee o! the partie are non*co'petiti)e an$their pro$uct o unrelate$ that the ue o! i$entical tra$e'ar( i not li(ely to gi)e rie tocon!uion1 'uch le caue $a'age to petitioner,

ESSO STANDARD EASTERN6 IN". ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, L*46, Augut761 64

A to 5hether tra$e'ar( in!ringe'ent e3it $epen$ !or the 'ot part upon 5hether or not

the goo$ are o relate$ that the pu&lic 'ay &e1 or i actually1 $ecei)e$ an$ 'ile$ that theyca'e !ro' the a'e 'a(er or 'anu!acturer, /or non*co'peting goo$ 'ay &e thoe 5hich1though they are not in actual co'petition1 are o relate$ to each other that it 'ight reaona&ly&e au'e$ that they originate !ro' one 'anu!acturer, Non*co'peting goo$ 'ay alo &ethoe 5hich1 &eing entirely unrelate$1 coul$ not reaona&ly &e au'e$ to ha)e a co''onource,

Goo$ are relate$ 5hen they &elong to the a'e cla or ha)e the a'e $ecripti)e



propertie% 5hen they poe the a'e phyical attri&ute or eential characteritic 5ithre!erence to their !or'1 co'poition1 te3ture or 8uality, They 'ay alo &e relate$ &ecaue theyer)e the a'e purpoe or are ol$ in the a'e channel,The 'ere !act that one peron ha a$opte$ an$ ue$ a tra$e'ar( on hi goo$ $oe notpre)ent the a$option an$ ue o! the a'e tra$e'ar( &y other on unrelate$ article o! a$i!!erent (in$,

=I"2O2 3ANU*A"TURIN9 "O.6 IN". ?s. "A BG,R, No, L*.., Augut 761 64

Ta(ing into account the !act o! recor$ that petitioner1 a !oreign corporation regitere$ thetra$e'ar( !or it $i)ere article o! 'enJ 5ear uch a 5allet1 &elt1 an$ 'enJ &rie! 5hichare all 'anu!acture$ here in the Philippine &y licenee uality 0oue1 Inc,1 &ut are o la&elle$a to gi)e the 'ii'preion that ai$ goo$ are o! !oreign 'anu!acture an$ that repon$entecure$ it tra$e'ar( regitration e3clui)ely !or hoe an$ 5hich are clearly la&elle$ in &loc(letter a J'a$e in ;ari(ina1 Ri2al1 PhilippineJ1 no error can &e attri&ute$ to the appellate court

in uphol$ing repon$entJ regitration o! the a'e tra$e'ar( !or hi unrelate$ an$ non*co'peting pro$uct o! ;ari(ina hoe,

*ABER9E6 IN". ?s. INTER3EDIATE APPEATE "OURT BG,R, No, 66, No)e'&er .164

The certi!icate o! regitration iue$ &y the Director o! Patent can con!er upon petitioner thee3clui)e right to ue it o5n y'&ol only to thoe goo$ peci!ie$ in the certi!icate1 u&?ect toany con$ition an$ li'itation tate$ therein,

"ANON 2ABUS=I2I 2AIS=A ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 64, uly 41 4

The paint1 che'ical pro$uct1 toner an$ $yetu!! o! petitioner that carry the tra$e'ar(CANON are unrelate$ to an$al1 the pro$uct o! pri)ate repon$ent, 9e agree 5ith theHPTTT1 !ollo5ing the Eo $octrine1 5hen it note$ that the t5o clae o! pro$uct in thi cae!lo5 through $i!!erent tra$e channel,

5. I--ue of Parae Iortation

!U ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, >>7, anuary 461 67

The right to per!or' an e3clui)e $itri&utorhip agree'ent an$ to reap the pro!it reulting

!ro' uch per!or'ance are proprietary right 5hich a party 'ay protect 5hich 'ay other5ienot &e $i'ie$1 nay1 ren$ere$ illuory &y the e3pe$ient act o! utili2ing or interpoing aperon or !ir' to o&tain goo$ !ro' the upplier to $e!eat the )ery purpoe !or 5hich thee3clui)e $itri&utorhip 5a conceptuali2e$1 at the e3pene o! the ole authori2e$ $itri&utor +citation o'itte$#,

. RE%E#IES

-ECTION 7, International "on?entions and Reciprocit0. Any peron 5ho i a national or 5ho i $o'icile$ or ha a real an$ e!!ecti)e in$utrial eta&lih'ent in a country 5hich i a

party to any con)ention1 treaty or agree'ent relating to intellectual property right or therepreion o! un!air co'petition1 to 5hich the Philippine i alo a party1 or e3ten$ reciprocalright to national o! the Philippine &y la51 hall &e entitle$ to &ene!it to the e3tent necearyto gi)e e!!ect to any pro)iion o! uch con)ention1 treaty or reciprocal la51 in a$$ition to theright to 5hich any o5ner o! an intellectual property right i other5ie entitle$ &y thi Act,

-ECTION 6>, Rig&t o- *oreign "orporation to Sue in Trade'ar/ or Ser?ice 3ar/ En-orce'ent Action. Any !oreign national or ?uri$ical peron 5ho 'eet the re8uire'ent



o! -ection 7 o! thi Act an$ $oe not engage in &uine in the Philippine 'ay &ring a ci)il or a$'initrati)e action hereun$er !or oppoition1 cancellation1 in!ringe'ent1 un!air co'petition1or !ale $eignation o! origin an$ !ale $ecription1 5hether or not it i licene$ to $o &uinein the Philippine un$er e3iting la5,

-ECTION 476, Re?erse Reciprocit0 o- *oreign as. Any con$ition1 retriction1

li'itation1 $i'inution1 re8uire'ent1 penalty or any i'ilar &ur$en i'poe$ &y the la5 o! a!oreign country on a Philippine national ee(ing protection o! intellectual property right in thatcountry1 hall reciprocally &e en!orcea&le upon national o! ai$ country1 5ithin Philippine

?uri$iction,

EVITON INDUSTRIES6 et al. ?s. SAVADOR BG,R, No, L*.6>7, une 61 64

Un$ou&te$ly1 -ection 46*A o! the Tra$e'ar( La5 +Repu&lic Act No, 6>># grant to a !oreigncorporation1 5hether or not licene$ to $o &uine in the Philippine1 the right to ee( re$re!or un!air co'petition &e!ore Philippine court, Hut the ai$ la5 i not 5ithout 8uali!ication, Itliteral tenor in$icate a a con$ition ine 8ua non the regitration o! the tra$e'ar( o! the uing!oreign corporation 5ith the Philippine Patent O!!icer or1 in the leat1 that it &ean aignee o! uch regitere$ tra$e'ar(, The ai$ ection !urther re8uire that the country1 o! 5hich theplainti!! !oreign corporation or ?uritic peron i a citi2en or $o'icilliary1 grant to /ilipinocorporation or ?uritic entitie the a'e reciprocal treat'ent1 either thru treaty1 con)ention or la5,

PU3A ?s. INTER3EDIATE APPEATE "OURT BG,R, No, F>, /e&ruary 4>1 6

A !oreign corporation not $oing &uine in the Philippine nee$ no licene to ue &e!orePhilippine court !or in!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar( an$ un!air co'petition, A !oreign corporation5hich ha ne)er $one any &uine in the Philippine an$ 5hich i unlicene$ an$unregitere$ to $o &uine here1 &ut i 5i$ely an$ !a)ora&ly (no5n in the Philippine throughthe ue therein o! it pro$uct &earing it corporate an$ tra$e na'e1 ha a legal right to'aintain an action in the Philippine to retrain the rei$ent an$ inha&itant thereo! !ro'organi2ing a corporation therein &earing the a'e na'e a the !oreign corporation1 5hen itappear that they ha)e peronal (no5le$ge o! the e3itence o! uch a !oreign corporation1 an$it i apparent that the purpoe o! the propoe$ $o'etic corporation i to $eal an$ tra$e in thea'e goo$ a thoe o! the !oreign corporation +citation o'itte$#,

A "=E3ISE A"OSTE6 S. A. ?s. *ERNANDE BG,R, No, >7>*, ;ay 461 6.

That co'pany i not here ee(ing to en!orce any legal or control right ariing !ro'1 or gro5ingout o!1 any &uine 5hich it ha tranacte$ in the Philippine Ilan$, The ole purpoe o! theaction i to protect it reputation1 it corporate na'e1 it goo$5ill1 5hene)er that reputation1corporate na'e or goo$5ill ha)e1 through the natural $e)elop'ent o! it tra$e1 eta&lihe$the'el)e, It right to the ue o! it corporate an$ tra$e na'e i a property right1 a right inre'1 5hich it 'ay aert an$ protect againt all the 5orl$1 in any o! the court o! the 5orl$ e)en in ?uri$iction 5here it $oe not tranact &uine ?ut the a'e a it 'ay protect ittangi&le property1 real or peronal1 againt trepa1 or con)erion, -ince it i the tra$e an$ not

the 'ar( that i to &e protecte$1 a tra$e*'ar( ac(no5le$ge no territorial &oun$arie o! 'unicipalitie or tate or nation1 &ut e3ten$ to e)ery 'ar(et 5here the tra$erJ goo$ ha)e&eco'e (no5n an$ i$enti!ie$ &y the ue o! the 'ar( +citation o'itte$#,,

In uphol$ing the right o! the petitioner to 'aintain the preent uit &e!ore our court !or un!air co'petition or in!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar( o! a !oreign corporation1 5e are 'oreo)er recogni2ing our $utie an$ the right o! !oreign tate un$er the Pari Con)ention !or theProtection o! In$utrial Property to 5hich the Philippine an$ /rance are partie, 9e are



o&ligate$ to aure to national o! Kcountrie o! the UnionK an e!!ecti)e protection againt un!air co'petition in the a'e 5ay that they are o&ligate$ to i'ilarly protect /ilipino citi2en an$!ir',Puruant to thi o&ligation1 the ;initry o! Tra$e on No)e'&er 41 6 iue$ a'e'oran$u' a$$ree$ to the Director o! the Patent O!!ice $irecting the latter K, , , re?ect all pen$ing application !or Philippine regitration o! ignature an$ other 5orl$

!a'ou tra$e'ar( &y applicant other than it original o5ner or uer,:The con!licting clai' o)er internationally (no5n tra$e'ar( in)ol)e uch na'e &ran$ aLacote1 or$ache1 Gloria Van$er&ilt1 -aon1 /ila1 Pierre Car$in

KIt i !urther $irecte$ that1 in cae 5here 5arrante$1 Philippine regitrant o! uch tra$e'ar(houl$ &e a(e$ to urren$er their certi!icate o! regitration1 i! any1 to a)oi$ uit !or $a'agean$ other legal action &y the tra$e'ar(J !oreign or local o5ner or original uer,K

The 'e'oran$u' create a legally &in$ing o&ligation on the partie !oun$e$ on the generallyaccepte$ principle o! international la5 o! pacta unt er)an$a 5hich ha &een a$opte$ a parto! the la5 o! our lan$, The 'e'oran$u' re'in$ the Director o! Patent o! hi legal $uty to

o&ey &oth la5 an$ treaty, It 'ut alo &e o&eye$,

a. A/ini-trative

i. Canceation

-ECTION 6F6, "ancellation. 6F6,6, A petition to cancel a regitration o! a 'ar( un$er thi Act 'ay &e !ile$ 5ith the Hureau o! Legal A!!air &y any peron 5ho &elie)e that he ior 5ill &e $a'age$ &y the regitration o! a 'ar( un$er thi Act a !ollo5"+a# 9ithin !i)e +F# year !ro' the $ate o! the regitration o! the 'ar( un$er thi Act,

+&# At any ti'e1 i! the regitere$ 'ar( &eco'e the generic na'e !or the goo$ or

er)ice1 or a portion thereo!1 !or 5hich it i regitere$1 or ha &een a&an$one$1 or itregitration 5a o&taine$ !rau$ulently or contrary to the pro)iion o! thi Act1 or i! theregitere$ 'ar( i &eing ue$ &y1 or 5ith the per'iion o!1 the regitrant o a to'irepreent the ource o! the goo$ or er)ice on or in connection 5ith 5hich the'ar( i ue$, I! the regitere$ 'ar( &eco'e the generic na'e !or le than all o! thegoo$ or er)ice !or 5hich it i regitere$1 a petition to cancel the regitration !or onlythoe goo$ or er)ice 'ay &e !ile$, A regitere$ 'ar( hall not &e $ee'e$ to &e thegeneric na'e o! goo$ or er)ice olely &ecaue uch 'ar( i alo ue$ a a na'eo! or to i$enti!y a uni8ue pro$uct or er)ice, The pri'ary igni!icance o! the regitere$'ar( to the rele)ant pu&lic rather than purchaer 'oti)ation hall &e the tet !or$eter'ining 5hether the regitere$ 'ar( ha &eco'e the generic na'e o! goo$ or

er)ice on or in connection 5ith 5hich it ha &een ue$, +n#+c# At any ti'e1 i! the regitere$ o5ner o! the 'ar( 5ithout legiti'ate reaon !ail to ue

the 'ar( 5ithin the Philippine1 or to caue it to &e ue$ in the Philippine &y )irtue o! a licene $uring an uninterrupte$ perio$ o! three +7# year or longer,

6F6,4, Not5ithtan$ing the !oregoing pro)iion1 the court or the a$'initrati)e agency )ete$5ith ?uri$iction to hear an$ a$?u$icate any action to en!orce the right to a regitere$ 'ar(hall li(e5ie e3ercie ?uri$iction to $eter'ine 5hether the regitration o! ai$ 'ar( 'ay&e cancelle$ in accor$ance 5ith thi Act, The !iling o! a uit to en!orce the regitere$ 'ar(5ith the proper court or agency hall e3clu$e any other court or agency !ro' au'ing

?uri$iction o)er a u&e8uently !ile$ petition to cancel the a'e 'ar(, On the other han$1the earlier !iling o! petition to cancel the 'ar( 5ith the Hureau o! Legal A!!air hall not

contitute a pre?u$icial 8uetion that 'ut &e reol)e$ &e!ore an action to en!orce the rightto a'e regitere$ 'ar( 'ay &e $eci$e$,

-ECTION 6F4, Non%use o- a 3ar/ W&en E+cused. 6F4,6, Non*ue o! a 'ar( 'ay &ee3cue$ i! caue$ &y circu'tance ariing in$epen$ently o! the 5ill o! the tra$e'ar(o5ner, Lac( o! !un$ hall not e3cue non*ue o! a 'ar(,



12.2. 0e u-e of t0e ar@ in a for /ifferent fro t0e for in >0ic0 it i- rei-tere/,>0ic0 /oenot ater it- /i-tinctive c0aracter, -0a not 5e roun/ for canceation or

reova of t0e ar@ an/ -0a not /iini-0 t0e rotection rante/ to t0e [email protected],7, The ue o! a 'ar( in connection 5ith one or 'ore o! the goo$ or er)ice &elonging to

the cla in repect o! 5hich the 'ar( i regitere$ hall pre)ent it cancellation or re'o)alin repect o! all other goo$ or er)ice o! the a'e cla,

12.7. 0e u-e of a ar@ 5y a coany reate/ >it0 t0e rei-trant or aicant -0ainure to t0e atterM- 5enefit, an/ -uc0 u-e -0a not affect t0e vai/ity of -uc0 ar@ or of it- rei-tration4 Provi/e/, 0at -uc0 ar@ i- not u-e/ in -uc0 anner a- to

/eceive t0e u5ic. If u-e of a ar@ 5y a er-on i- controe/ 5y t0e rei-trant or aicant >it0 re-ect to t0e nature an/ uaity of t0e oo/- or -ervice-, -uc0 u-e

-0a inure to t0e 5enefit of t0e rei-trant or aicant.

-ECTION 6F7, Reuire'ents o- Petition, Notice and =earing. Ino!ar a applica&le1the petition !or cancellation hall &e in the a'e !or' a that pro)i$e$ in -ection 67. hereo!1an$ notice an$ hearing hall &e a pro)i$e$ in -ection 67F hereo!,

-ECTION 6F., "ancellation o- Registration. I! the Hureau o! Legal A!!air !in$ that acae !or cancellation ha &een 'a$e out1 it hall or$er the cancellation o! the regitration,9hen the or$er or ?u$g'ent &eco'e !inal1 any right con!erre$ &y uch regitration upon theregitrant or any peron in interet o! recor$ hall ter'inate, Notice o! cancellation hall &epu&lihe$ in the IPO Ga2ette,

SECI"N 23H. E>uit/le Pri!ciples to Gover! Proceedi!$s1 In a inter arte-rocee/inin t0e "ffice un/er t0i- Act, t0e euita5e rincie- of ac0e-, e-toe,

an/ acuie-cence >0ere aica5e, ay 5e con-i/ere/ an/ aie/.

-ECTION 474, Appeals. 474,6, Appeal !ro' $eciion o! regular court hall &e

go)erne$ &y the Rule o! Court, Unle retraine$ &y a higher court1 the ?u$g'ent o! thetrial court hall &e e3ecutory e)en pen$ing appeal un$er uch ter' an$ con$ition a thecourt 'ay precri&e,

474,4, Unle e3prely pro)i$e$ in thi Act or other tatute1 appeal !ro' $eciion o! a$'initrati)e o!!icial hall &e pro)i$e$ in the Regulation,

RO3ERO ?s. 3AIDEN *OR3 BRASSIERE "O.6 IN". BG,R, No, L*64, ;arch 761 6>.

There1 &eing no e)i$ence o! ue o! the 'ar( &y other &e!ore 6741 or that appelleea&an$one$ ue thereo!1 the regitration o! the 'ar( 5a 'a$e in accor$ance 5ith theTra$e'ar( La5, Granting that appellant ue$ the 'ar( 5hen appellee toppe$ uing it $uring

the perio$ o! ti'e that the Go)ern'ent i'poe$ retriction on i'portation o! repon$entJ&raiere &earing the tra$e'ar(1 uch te'porary non*ue $i$ not a!!ect the right o! appellee&ecaue it 5a occaione$ &y go)ern'ent retriction an$ 5a not per'anent1 intentional1an$ )oluntary,

To 5or( an a&an$on'ent1 the $iue 'ut &e per'anent an$ not ephe'eral% it 'ut &eintentional an$ )oluntary1 an$ not in)oluntary or e)en co'pulory, There 'ut &e athoroughgoing $icontinuance o! any tra$e*'ar( ue o! the 'ar( in 8uetion, The ue o! thetra$e'ar( &y other 'anu!acturer $i$ not in$icate an intention on the part o! appellee toa&an$on it, To eta&lih the $e!ene o! a&an$on'ent1 it i neceary to ho5 not only actin$icating a practical a&an$on'ent1 &ut an actual intent to a&an$on,

BATA INDUSTRIES6 TD. ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, L*F7>4, ;ay 761 64

/ro' the e)i$ence1 any light goo$5ill generate$ &y the C2echolo)a(ian pro$uct $uring theCo''on5ealth year 5a co'pletely a&an$one$ an$ lot in the 'ore than 7F year that ha)epae$ ince the li&eration o! ;anila !ro' the apanee troop +a$opting the !in$ing o! theCourt o! Appeal#,



P=IIPPINE NUT INDUSTR!6 IN". ?s. STANDARD BRANDS IN". BG,R, No, L*477F, uly761 6F

In cae in)ol)ing in!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar(1 it ha &een hel$ that there i in!ringe'ent 5henthe ue o! the 'ar( in)ol)e$ 5oul$ &e li(ely to caue con!uion or 'ita(e in the 'in$ o! thepu&lic or to $ecei)e purchaer a to the origin or ource o! the co''o$ity% that 5hether or not

a tra$e'ar( caue con!uion an$ li(ely to $ecei)e the pu&lic i a 8uetion o! !act 5hich i to&e reol)e$ &y applying the Ktet o! $o'inancy1K 'eaning1 i! the co'peting tra$e'ar( containthe 'ain or eential or $o'inant !eature o! another &y reaon o! 5hich con!uion an$$eception are li(ely to reult1 then in!ringe'ent ta(e place% an$ that $uplication or i'itation inot neceary1 a i'ilarity o! the $o'inant !eature o! the tra$e'ar( 5oul$ &e u!!icient,

In cae in)ol)ing in!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar(1 there can &e no &etter e)i$ence a to 5hat$o'inant !eature o! a la&el an$ a to 5hether there i a con!uing i'ilarity in the contetingtra$e'ar( than the la&el the'el)e, A )iual an$ graphic preentation o! the la&el 5illcontitute the &et argu'ent !or one or the other,

A$'itte$ly1 no pro$ucer or 'anu!acturer 'ay ha)e a 'onopoly o! any color che'e or !or' o!

5or$ in a la&el, Hut 5hen a co'petitor a$opt a $itincti)e or $o'inant 'ar( or !eature o! anotherJ tra$e'ar( an$ 5ith it 'a(e ue o! the a'e color ene'&le1 e'ploy i'ilar 5or$5ritten in a tyle1 type an$ i2e o! lettering al'ot i$entical 5ith thoe !oun$ in the other tra$e'ar(1 the intent to pa to the pu&lic hi pro$uct a that o! the other i 8uite o&)iou,

The non*ue o! a tra$e'ar( or an article o! 'erchan$ie $ue to legal retriction or circu'tance &eyon$ oneJ control i not to &e coni$ere$ a an a&an$on'ent, -ai$ rule 5acorrectly applie$ to the cae at &ar 5here the ue o! the tra$e'ar( 5a interrupte$ $uring theapanee occupation an$ in !act 5a $icontinue$ 5hen the i'portation o! the pro$uctco)ere$ &y the tra$e'ar( 5a prohi&ite$ &y the Central Han( Regulation,

PA9ASA INDUSTRIA "ORPORATION ?s. "A BG,R, No, L*F.6F, No)e'&er 61 64

The Tra$e'ar( La5 i )ery clear, It re8uire actual co''ercial ue o! the 'ar( prior to itregitration, There i no $ipute that repon$ent corporation 5a the !irt regitrant1 yet it !aile$to !ully u&tantiate it clai' that it ue$ in tra$e or &uine in the Philippine the u&?ect'ar(% it $i$ not preent proo! to in)et it 5ith e3clui)e1 continuou a$option o! the tra$e'ar(5hich houl$ conit a'ong other1 o! coni$era&le ale ince it !irt ue, The in)oiceu&'itte$ &y repon$ent 5hich 5ere $ate$ 5ay &ac( in 6F ho5 that the 2ipper ent to thePhilippine 5ere to &e ue$ a Ka'pleK an$ Ko! no co''ercial )alue,K The e)i$ence !or repon$ent 'ut &e clear1 $e!inite an$ !ree !ro' inconitencie, K-a'pleK are not !or ale

an$ there!ore1 the !act o! e3porting the' to the Philippine cannot &e coni$ere$ to &ee8ui)alent to the KueK conte'plate$ &y the la5, Repon$ent $i$ not e3pect inco'e !ro' uchKa'ple,K There 5ere no receipt to eta&lih ale1 an$ no proo! 5ere preente$ to ho5 thatthey 5ere u&e8uently ol$ in the Philippine,

It appear that it 5a only a!ter 'ore than e)en +# year 5hen repon$ent ought thecancellation o! the tra$e'ar(, An unreaona&le length o! ti'e ha$ alrea$y pae$ &e!orerepon$ent aerte$ it right to the tra$e'ar(, There i a preu'ption o! neglect alrea$ya'ounting to Ka&an$on'entK o! a right a!ter a party ha$ re'aine$ ilent !or 8uite a long ti'e$uring 5hich petitioner ha$ &een openly uing the tra$e'ar( in 8uetion, -uch inaction on thepart o! repon$ent entitle petitioner to the e8uita&le principle o! lache,

WOVERINE WORDWIDE6 IN".?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 4, anuary 716

Het5een the earlier petition an$ the preent one there i u&tantial i$entity o! partie1 u&?ect'atter1 an$ caue o! action, The petitioner in all o! thee cae i 9ol)erine 9orl$5i$e1 Inc,The repon$ent*regitrant in thi cae i the aignee o! Ran$elon Agro*In$utrialDe)elop'ent1 Inc, +!or'erly (no5n a Ran$elon -hoe1 Inc,# 5hich in turn1 ac8uire$ it right



!ro' Ra'on Angele1 the original repon$ent*regitrant, A regar$ the u&?ect 'atter1 all o! thee cae re!er to the cancellation o! regitration o! the tra$e'ar( 0U-0 PUPPIE- an$DEVICE o! a Dog, /inally1 there i i$entity o! caue o! action1 5hich i the allege$ 5rong!ul or erroneou regitration o! the tra$e'ar( re ?u$icata no5 &ar the petitioner !ro' reopening1 &y5ay o! , KRe ?u$icata no5 &ar the petitioner !ro' reopening1 &y 5ay o! another petition !or cancellation +the preent Inter Parte Cae No, 6#1 the iue o! o5nerhip o! the tra$e'ar(

0U-0 PUPPIE-, Other5ie1 there 5ill ne)er &e an en$ to litigation,

3IRPURI ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 66.F, No)e'&er 61 6

IPC No, 4. raie$ the iue o! o5nerhip o! the tra$e'ar(1 the !irt regitration an$ ue o! the tra$e'ar( in the Unite$ -tate an$ other countrie1 an$ the international recognition an$reputation o! the tra$e'ar( eta&lihe$ &y e3teni)e ue an$ a$)ertie'ent o! pri)aterepon$entJ pro$uct !or o)er !orty year here an$ a&roa$, Thee are $i!!erent !ro' theiue o! con!uing i'ilarity an$ $a'age in IPC No, >>, The iue o! prior ue 'ay ha)e&een raie$ in IPC No, >> &ut thi clai' 5a li'ite$ to prior ue in the Philippine only, Prior

ue in IPC No, 4. te' !ro' pri)ate repon$entJ clai' a originator o! the 5or$ an$y'&ol KHar&i2on1K a the !irt an$ regitere$ uer o! the 'ar( attache$ to it pro$uct 5hichha)e &een ol$ an$ a$)ertie$ 5orl$5i$e !or a coni$era&le nu'&er o! year prior topetitionerJ !irt application !or regitration o! her tra$e'ar( in the Philippine, In$ee$1 theeare u&tantial allegation that raie$ ne5 iue an$ necearily ga)e pri)ate repon$ent ane5 caue o! action, Re ?u$icata $oe not apply to right1 clai' or $e'an$1 althoughgro5ing out o! the a'e u&?ect 'atter1 5hich contitute eparate or $itinct caue o! actionan$ 5ere not put in iue in the !or'er action,

Repon$ent corporation alo intro$uce$ in the econ$ cae a !act that $i$ not e3it at the ti'ethe !irt cae 5a !ile$ an$ ter'inate$, The cancellation o! petitionerJ certi!icate o! regitration

!or !ailure to !ile the a!!i$a)it o! ue aroe only a!ter IPC No, >>, It $i$ not an$ coul$ not ha)eoccurre$ in the !irt cae1 an$ thi ga)e repon$ent another caue to oppoe the econ$application, Re ?u$icata e3ten$ only to !act an$ con$ition a they e3ite$ at the ti'e

?u$g'ent 5a ren$ere$ an$ to the legal right an$ relation o! the partie !i3e$ &y the !act o$eter'ine$,

It i alo note$ that the oppoition in the !irt an$ econ$ cae are &ae$ on $i!!erent la5,The oppoition in IPC No, >> 5a &ae$ on peci!ic pro)iion o! the Tra$e'ar( La51 i,e,1-ection . +$# on con!uing i'ilarity o! tra$e'ar( an$ -ection on the re8uiite $a'ageto !ile an oppoition to a petition !or regitration, The oppoition in IPC No, 4. in)o(e$ thePari Con)ention1 particularly Article >&i thereo!1 E,O, No, 67 an$ the t5o ;e'oran$a o! the

;initer o! Tra$e an$ In$utry, Thi oppoition alo in)o(e$ Article 6 o! the Re)ie$ PenalCo$e 5hich i a tatute totally $i!!erent !ro' the Tra$e'ar( La5, Caue o! action 5hich are$itinct an$ in$epen$ent !ro' each other1 although ariing out o! the a'e contract1tranaction1 or tate o! !act1 'ay &e ue$ on eparately1 reco)ery on one &eing no &ar tou&e8uent action on other,

S=AN9RI%A ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 666F, une 461 46

The earlier intitution o! an Inter Parte cae &y the -hangri*La Group !or the cancellation o! the K-hangri*LaK 'ar( an$ K-K $e)icelogo 5ith the HPTTT cannot e!!ecti)ely &ar theu&e8uent !iling o! an in!ringe'ent cae &y regitrant De)eloper Group,

The rationale i plain" Certi!icate o! Regitration No, 76.1 upon 5hich the in!ringe'ent caei &ae$1 re'ain )ali$ an$ u&iting !or a long a it ha not &een cancelle$ &y the Hureauor &y an in!ringe'ent court, A uch1 De)eloper GroupJ Certi!icate o! Regitration in theprincipal regiter continue a Kpri'a !acie e)i$ence o! the )ali$ity o! the regitration1 theregitrantJ o5nerhip o! the 'ar( or tra$e*na'e1 an$ o! the regitrantJ e3clui)e right to uethe a'e in connection 5ith the goo$1 &uine or er)ice peci!ie$ in the certi!icate,K -incethe certi!icate till u&it1 De)eloper Group 'ay thu !ile a correpon$ing in!ringe'ent uit



an$ reco)er $a'age !ro' any peron 5ho in!ringe upon the !or'erJ right,

/urther'ore1 the iue raie$ &e!ore the HPTTT i 8uite $i!!erent !ro' that raie$ in the trialcourt, The iue raie$ &e!ore the HPTTT 5a 5hether the 'ar( regitere$ &y De)eloperGroup i u&?ect to cancellation1 a the -hangri*La Group clai' prior o5nerhip o! the$ipute$ 'ar(, On the other han$1 the iue raie$ &e!ore the trial court 5a 5hether the

-hangri*La Group in!ringe$ upon the right o! De)eloper Group 5ithin the conte'plation o! -ection 44 o! Repu&lic Act 6>>,

9ith the $eciion o! the Regional Trial Court uphol$ing the )ali$ity o! the regitration o! theer)ice 'ar( K-hangri*LaK an$ K-K logo in the na'e o! De)eloper Group1 the cancellationcae !ile$ 5ith the Hureau hence &eco'e 'oot, To allo5 the Hureau to procee$ 5ith thecancellation cae 5oul$ lea$ to a poi&le reult contra$ictory to that 5hich the Regional TrialCourt ha ren$ere$1 al&eit the a'e i till on appeal, -uch a ituation i certainly not inaccor$ 5ith the or$erly a$'initration o! ?utice, In any e)ent1 the Court o! Appeal ha theco'petence an$ ?uri$iction to reol)e the 'erit o! the ai$ RTC $eciion,

ii. Procee/in- 5efore t0e *ureau of +ea Affair-

-ECTION 6,4, +a# E3ercie original ?uri$iction in a$'initrati)e co'plaint !or )iolation o! la5 in)ol)ing intellectual property right" Pro)i$e$1 That it ?uri$iction i li'ite$ toco'plaint 5here the total $a'age clai'e$ are not le than T5o hun$re$ thouan$peo +P41#" Pro)i$e$ !urther1 That a)ail'ent o! the pro)iional re'e$ie 'ay &egrante$ in accor$ance 5ith the Rule o! Court, The Director o! Legal A!!air hall ha)e thepo5er to hol$ an$ punih !or conte'pt all thoe 5ho $iregar$ or$er or 5rit iue$ in thecoure o! the procee$ing,

+&# A!ter !or'al in)etigation1 the Director !or Legal A!!air 'ay i'poe one +6# or 'ore o! the!ollo5ing a$'initrati)e penaltie"

+i# The iuance o! a ceae an$ $eit or$er 5hich hall peci!y the act that therepon$ent hall ceae an$ $eit !ro' an$ hall re8uire hi' to u&'it a co'pliancereport 5ithin a reaona&le ti'e 5hich hall &e !i3e$ in the or$er%

+ii# The acceptance o! a )oluntary aurance o! co'pliance or $icontinuance a 'ay &ei'poe$, -uch )oluntary aurance 'ay inclu$e one or 'ore o! the !ollo5ing"+6# An aurance to co'ply 5ith the pro)iion o! the intellectual property la5

)iolate$%

+4# An aurance to re!rain !ro' engaging in unla5!ul an$ un!air act an$ practiceu&?ect o! the !or'al in)etigation%

+7# An aurance to recall1 replace1 repair1 or re!un$ the 'oney )alue o! $e!ecti)egoo$ $itri&ute$ in co''erce% an$

+.# An aurance to rei'&ure the co'plainant the e3pene an$ cot incurre$ inproecuting the cae in the Hureau o! Legal A!!air,

The Director o! Legal A!!air 'ay alo re8uire the repon$ent to u&'it perio$icco'pliance report an$ !ile a &on$ to guarantee co'pliance o! hi un$erta(ing%

+iii# The con$e'nation or ei2ure o! pro$uct 5hich are u&?ect o! the o!!ene, The goo$ei2e$ hereun$er hall &e $ipoe$ o! in uch 'anner a 'ay &e $ee'e$ appropriate&y the Director o! Legal A!!air1 uch a &y ale1 $onation to $itree$ localgo)ern'ent or to charita&le or relie! intitution1 e3portation1 recycling into other goo$1 or any co'&ination thereo!1 un$er uch gui$eline a he 'ay pro)i$e%

+i)# The !or!eiture o! paraphernalia an$ all real an$ peronal propertie 5hich ha)e &een

ue$ in the co''iion o! the o!!ene%+)# The i'poition o! a$'initrati)e !ine in uch a'ount a $ee'e$ reaona&le &y the

Director o! Legal A!!air1 5hich hall in no cae &e le than /i)e thouan$ peo+PF1# nor 'ore than One hun$re$ !i!ty thouan$ peo +P6F1#, In a$$ition1 ana$$itional !ine o! not 'ore than One thouan$ peo +P61# hall &e i'poe$ !or each $ay o! continuing )iolation%

+)i# The cancellation o! any per'it1 licene1 authority1 or regitration 5hich 'ay ha)e &eengrante$ &y the O!!ice1 or the upenion o! the )ali$ity thereo! !or uch perio$ o! ti'e



a the Director o! Legal A!!air 'ay $ee' reaona&le 5hich hall not e3cee$ one +6#year%

+)ii# The 5ithhol$ing o! any per'it1 licene1 authority1 or regitration 5hich i &eing ecure$&y the repon$ent !ro' the O!!ice%

+)iii# The ae'ent o! $a'age%+i3# Cenure% an$Other analogou penaltie or anction,

-ECTION 474, Appeals. 474,6, Appeal !ro' $eciion o! regular court hall &ego)erne$ &y the Rule o! Court, Unle retraine$ &y a higher court1 the ?u$g'ent o! thetrial court hall &e e3ecutory e)en pen$ing appeal un$er uch ter' an$ con$ition a thecourt 'ay precri&e,


iii. Pro0i5ition on iortation

-ECTION 6>>, 9oods Bearing In-ringing 3ar/s or Trade Na'es. No article o!

i'porte$ 'erchan$ie 5hich hall copy or i'ulate the na'e o! any $o'etic pro$uct1 or 'anu!acturer1 or $ealer1 or 5hich hall copy or i'ulate a 'ar( regitere$ in accor$ance 5iththe pro)iion o! thi Act1 or hall &ear a 'ar( or tra$e na'e calculate$ to in$uce the pu&lic to&elie)e that the article i 'anu!acture$ in the Philippine1 or that it i 'anu!acture$ in any!oreign country or locality other than the country or locality 5here it i in !act 'anu!acture$1hall &e a$'itte$ to entry at any cuto'houe o! the Philippine, In or$er to ai$ the o!!icer o! the cuto' er)ice in en!orcing thi prohi&ition1 any peron 5ho i entitle$ to the &ene!it o! thi Act1 'ay re8uire that hi na'e an$ rei$ence1 an$ the na'e o! the locality in 5hich higoo$ are 'anu!acture$1 a copy o! the certi!icate o! regitration o! hi 'ar( or tra$e na'e1 to&e recor$e$ in &oo( 5hich hall &e (ept !or thi purpoe in the Hureau o! Cuto'1 un$er uch regulation a the Collector o! Cuto' 5ith the appro)al o! the -ecretary o! /inance

hall precri&e1 an$ 'ay !urnih to the ai$ Hureau !aci'ile o! hi na'e1 the na'e o! thelocality in 5hich hi goo$ are 'anu!acture$1 or hi regitere$ 'ar( or tra$e na'e1 an$thereupon the Collector o! Cuto' hall caue one +6# or 'ore copie o! the a'e to &etran'itte$ to each collector or to other proper o!!icer o! the Hureau o! Cuto',

5. Civi

i. Infrineent

-ECTION 6FF, Re'edies, In-ringe'ent. Any peron 5ho hall1 5ithout the conent o! the o5ner o! the regitere$ 'ar("

6FF,6, Ue in co''erce any repro$uction1 counter!eit1 copy1 or colora&le i'itation o! aregitere$ 'ar( or the a'e container or a $o'inant !eature thereo! in connection 5iththe ale1 o!!ering !or ale1 $itri&ution1 a$)ertiing o! any goo$ or er)ice inclu$ingother preparatory tep neceary to carry out the ale o! any goo$ or er)ice on or inconnection 5ith 5hich uch ue i li(ely to caue con!uion1 or to caue 'ita(e1 or to$ecei)e% or

6FF,4, Repro$uce1 counter!eit1 copy or colora&ly i'itate a regitere$ 'ar( or a $o'inant!eature thereo! an$ apply uch repro$uction1 counter!eit1 copy or colora&le i'itation tola&el1 ign1 print1 pac(age1 5rapper1 receptacle or a$)ertie'ent inten$e$ to &eue$ in co''erce upon or in connection 5ith the ale1 o!!ering !or ale1 $itri&ution1 or a$)ertiing o! goo$ or er)ice on or in connection 5ith 5hich uch ue i li(ely to

caue con!uion1 or to caue 'ita(e1 or to $ecei)e1 hall &e lia&le in a ci)il action !or in!ringe'ent &y the regitrant !or the re'e$ie hereina!ter et !orth" Pro)i$e$1 That thein!ringe'ent ta(e place at the 'o'ent any o! the act tate$ in -u&ection 6FF,6 or thi u&ection are co''itte$ regar$le o! 5hether there i actual ale o! goo$ or er)ice uing the in!ringing 'aterial,

SECI"N 1D. Actio!s% !d 7m$es !d I!6u!ctio! "or I!"ri!$eme!t1 1D.1. 0eo>ner of a rei-tere/ ar@ ay recover /aae- fro any er-on >0o infrine- 0i-



ri0t-, an/ t0e ea-ure of t0e /aae- -uffere/ -0a 5e eit0er t0e rea-ona5e rofit>0ic0 t0e coainin arty >ou/ 0ave a/e, 0a/ t0e /efen/ant not infrine/ 0i-ri0t-, or t0e rofit >0ic0 t0e /efen/ant actuay a/e out of t0e infrineent, or int0e event -uc0 ea-ure of /aae- cannot 5e rea/iy a-certaine/ >it0 rea-ona5e

certainty, t0en t0e court ay a>ar/ a- /aae- a rea-ona5e ercentae 5a-e/uon t0e aount of ro-- -ae- of t0e /efen/ant or t0e vaue of t0e -ervice- in

connection >it0 >0ic0 t0e ar@ or tra/e nae >a- u-e/ in t0e infrineent of t0eri0t- of t0e coainin arty.6F>,4, On application o! the co'plainant1 the court 'ay i'poun$ $uring the pen$ency o! the

action1 ale in)oice an$ other $ocu'ent e)i$encing ale,6F>,7, In cae 5here actual intent to 'ilea$ the pu&lic or to $e!rau$ the co'plainant i

ho5n1 in the $icretion o! the court1 the $a'age 'ay &e $ou&le$,6F>,., The co'plainant1 upon proper ho5ing1 'ay alo &e grante$ in?unction,

-ECTION 6F, Poer o- "ourt to Order In-ringing 3aterial Destro0ed. 6F,6 In anyaction ariing un$er thi Act1 in 5hich a )iolation o! any right o! the o5ner o! the regitere$'ar( i eta&lihe$1 the court 'ay or$er that goo$ !oun$ to &e in!ringing &e1 5ithout

co'penation o! any ort1 $ipoe$ o! outi$e the channel o! co''erce in uch a 'anner a to a)oi$ any har' caue$ to the right hol$er1 or $etroye$% an$ all la&el1 ign1 print1pac(age1 5rapper1 receptacle an$ a$)ertie'ent in the poeion o! the $e!en$ant1&earing the regitere$ 'ar( or tra$e na'e or any repro$uction1 counter!eit1 copy or colora&le i'itation thereo!1 all plate1 'ol$1 'atrice an$ other 'ean o! 'a(ing thea'e1 hall &e $eli)ere$ up an$ $etroye$,

6F,4, In regar$ to counter!eit goo$1 the i'ple re'o)al o! the tra$e'ar( a!!i3e$ hall not &eu!!icient other than in e3ceptional cae 5hich hall &e $eter'ine$ &y the Regulation1 toper'it the releae o! the goo$ into the channel o! co''erce,

-ECTION 6F, Da'ages, Reuire'ent o- Notice. In any uit !or in!ringe'ent1 the

o5ner o! the regitere$ 'ar( hall not &e entitle$ to reco)er pro!it or $a'age unle the actha)e &een co''itte$ 5ith (no5le$ge that uch i'itation i li(ely to caue con!uion1 or tocaue 'ita(e1 or to $ecei)e, -uch (no5le$ge i preu'e$ i! the regitrant gi)e notice thathi 'ar( i regitere$ &y $iplaying 5ith the 'ar( the 5or$ JKRegitere$ ;ar(K or the letter R5ithin a circle or i! the $e!en$ant ha$ other5ie actual notice o! the regitration,

-ECTION 6F, i'itations to Actions -or In-ringe'ent. Not5ithtan$ing any other pro)iion o! thi Act1 the re'e$ie gi)en to the o5ner o! a right in!ringe$ un$er thi Act hall &eli'ite$ a !ollo5"6F,6, Not5ithtan$ing the pro)iion o! -ection 6FF hereo!1 a regitere$ 'ar( hall ha)e no

e!!ect againt any peron 5ho1 in goo$ !aith1 &e!ore the !iling $ate or the priority $ate1

5a uing the 'ar( !or the purpoe o! hi &uine or enterprie" Pro)i$e$1 That hiright 'ay only &e tran!erre$ or aigne$ together 5ith hi enterprie or &uine or 5ith that part o! hi enterprie or &uine in 5hich the 'ar( i ue$,

6F,4, 9here an in!ringer 5ho i engage$ olely in the &uine o! printing the 'ar( or other in!ringing 'aterial !or other i an innocent in!ringer1 the o5ner o! the right in!ringe$hall &e entitle$ a againt uch in!ringer only to an in?unction againt !uture printing,

6F,7, 9here the in!ringe'ent co'plaine$ o! i containe$ in or i part o! pai$ a$)ertie'ent ina ne5paper1 'aga2ine1 or other i'ilar perio$ical or in an electronic co''unication1the re'e$ie o! the o5ner o! the right in!ringe$ a againt the pu&liher or $itri&utor o! uch ne5paper1 'aga2ine1 or other i'ilar perio$ical or electronic co''unication hall&e li'ite$ to an in?unction againt the preentation o! uch a$)ertiing 'atter in !uture

iue o! uch ne5paper1 'aga2ine1 or other i'ilar perio$ical or in !uturetran'iion o! uch electronic co''unication, The li'itation o! thi u&paragraphhall apply only to innocent in!ringer" Pro)i$e$1 That uch in?uncti)e relie! hall not &ea)aila&le to the o5ner o! the right in!ringe$ 5ith repect to an iue o! a ne5paper1'aga2ine1 or other i'ilar perio$ical or an electronic co''unication containingin!ringing 'atter 5here retraining the $ie'ination o! uch in!ringing 'atter in anyparticular iue o! uch perio$ical or in an electronic co''unication 5oul$ $elay the$eli)ery o! uch iue or tran'iion o! uch electronic co''unication i cuto'arily



con$ucte$ in accor$ance 5ith the oun$ &uine practice1 an$ not $ue to any 'etho$or $e)ice a$opte$ to e)a$e thi ection or to pre)ent or $elay the iuance o! anin?unction or retraining or$er 5ith repect to uch in!ringing 'atter,

SECI"N 1D1. Aut*orit# to 7etermi!e Ri$*t to Re$istrtio!1 In any action invovin arei-tere/ ar@, t0e court ay /eterine t0e ri0t to rei-tration, or/er t0e canceation

of a rei-tration, in >0oe or in art, an/ ot0er>i-e rectify t0e rei-ter >it0 re-ect tot0e rei-tration of any arty to t0e action in t0e e?erci-e of t0i-. Ju/ent an/ or/er--0a 5e certifie/ 5y t0e court to t0e #irector, >0o -0a a@e aroriate entry uon t0e

recor/- of t0e *ureau, an/ -0a 5e controe/ t0ere5y.

-ECTION 6>7, Jurisdiction o- "ourt. All action un$er -ection 6F1 6FF1 6>.1 an$6>> to 6> hall &e &rought &e!ore the proper court 5ith appropriate ?uri$iction un$er e3itingla5,

-ECTION 6>., Notice o- *iling Suit 9i?en to t&e Director. It hall &e the $uty o! thecler( o! uch court 5ithin one +6# 'onth a!ter the !iling o! any action1 uit1 or procee$ing

in)ol)ing a 'ar( regitere$ un$er the pro)iion o! thi Act1 to noti!y the Director in 5ritingetting !orth" the na'e an$ a$$ree o! the litigant an$ $eignating the nu'&er o! theregitration or regitration an$ 5ithin one +6# 'onth a!ter the ?u$g'ent i entere$ or an appeali ta(en1 the cler( o! court hall gi)e notice thereo! to the O!!ice1 an$ the latter hall en$orethe a'e upon the !ile5rapper o! the ai$ regitration or regitration an$ incorporate thea'e a a part o! the content o! ai$ !ile5rapper,



"ONRAD AND "O3PAN!6 IN". ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 66F66F, uly 61 6F

9hile an application !or the a$'initrati)e cancellation o! a regitere$ tra$e'ar( on any o! thegroun$ enu'erate$ in -ection 6 o! Repu&lic Act No, 6>>1 a a'en$e$1 other5ie (no5n athe Tra$e*;ar( La51 !all un$er the e3clui)e cogni2ance o! HPTTT1 an action1 ho5e)er1 !or in!ringe'ent or un!air co'petition1 a 5ell a the re'e$y o! in?unction an$ relie! !or $a'age1i e3plicitly an$ un8uetiona&ly 5ithin the co'petence an$ ?uri$iction o! or$inary court,

Regitration in the Principal Regiter gi)e rie to a preu'ption o! )ali$ity o! the regitrationan$ o! the regitrantJ o5nerhip an$ right to the e3clui)e ue o! the 'ar(, It i preciely ucha regitration that can er)e a the &ai !or an action !or in!ringe'ent, An in)aion o! thi rightentitle the regitrant to court protection an$ relie!,


The )ali$ity o! a caue !or in!ringe'ent i pre$icate$ upon colora&le i'itation, The phraeKcolora&le i'itationK $enote uch a cloe or ingeniou i'itation a to &e calculate$ to $ecei)eor$inary peron1 or uch a ree'&lance to the original a to $ecei)e an or$inary purchaer gi)ing uch attention a a purchaer uually gi)e1 an$ to caue hi' to purchae the one

uppoing it to &e the other +citation o'itte$#,

A practical approach to the pro&le' o! i'ilarity or $ii'ilarity i to go into the 5hole o! thet5o tra$e'ar( picture$ in their 'anner o! $iplay, Inpection houl$ &e un$erta(en !ro' the)ie5point o! propecti)e &uyer, The tra$e'ar( co'plaine$ o! houl$ &e co'pare$ an$contrate$ 5ith the purchaerJ 'e'ory +not in ?u3tapoition# o! the tra$e 'ar( ai$ to &ein!ringe$, -o'e uch !actor a oun$% appearance% !or'1 tyle1 hape1 i2e or !or'at% color%i$ea connote$ &y 'ar(% the 'eaning1 pelling1 an$ pronunciation o! 5or$ ue$% an$ the



etting in 5hich the 5or$ appear 'ay &e coni$ere$, /or1 in$ee$1 tra$e'ar( in!ringe'ent ia !or' o! un!air co'petition +citation o'itte$#,

Con!uion i li(ely &et5een tra$e'ar( only i! their o)er*all preentation in any o! theparticular o! oun$1 appearance1 or 'eaning are uch a 5oul$ lea$ the purchaing pu&licinto &elie)ing that the pro$uct to 5hich the 'ar( are applie$ e'anate$ !ro' the a'e

ource,In the olution o! a tra$e'ar( in!ringe'ent pro&le'1 regar$ too houl$ &e gi)en to the cla o! peron 5ho &uy the particular pro$uct an$ the circu'tance or$inarily atten$ant to itac8uiition,

*RUIT O* T=E OO36 IN". ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, L*74., No)e'&er 416.

In!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar( 5hen the ue o! the 'ar( in)ol)e$ 5oul$ &e li(ely to cauecon!uion or 'ita(e in the 'in$ o! the pu&lic or to $ecei)e purchaer a to the origin or ource o! the co''o$ity

In cae o! thi nature1 there can &e no &etter e)i$ence a to 5hether there i a con!uingi'ilarity in the conteting tra$e'ar( than the la&el or hang tag the'el)e, A )iualpreentation o! the la&el or hang tag i the &et argu'ent !or one or the other

ASIA BREWER!6 IN". ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 67F.7, uly F1 67

In!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar( i a !or' o! un!air co'petition,

In!ringe'ent i $eter'ine$ &y the Ktet o! $o'inancyK rather than &y $i!!erence or )ariationin the $etail o! one tra$e'ar( an$ o! another, -i'ilarity in i2e1 !or' an$ color1 5hile rele)ant1i not conclui)e, I! the co'peting tra$e'ar( contain the 'ain or eential or $o'inant

!eature o! another1 an$ con!uion an$ $eception i li(ely to reult1 in!ringe'ent ta(e place,Duplication or i'itation i not neceary% not it i neceary that the in!ringing la&el houl$ugget an e!!ort to i'itate, The 8uetion at iue in cae o! in!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar( i5hether the ue o! the 'ar( in)ol)e$ 5oul$ &e li(ely to caue con!uion or 'ita(e in the'in$ o! the pu&lic or $ecei)e purchaer +citation o'itte$#,

No&o$y can ac8uire any e3clui)e right to 'ar(et article upplying i'ple hu'an nee$ incontainer or 5rapper o! the general !or'1 i2e an$ character co''only an$ i''e$iatelyue$ in 'ar(eting uch article A 'erchant cannot &e en?oine$ !ro' uing a type or color o! &ottle 5here the a'e ha the ue!ul purpoe o! protecting the content !ro' the $eleterioue!!ect o! light ray, 9hat i all i'portant i the na'e o! the pro$uct 5ritten on the la&el o! the

&ottle !or that i ho5 one &eer 'ay &e $itinguihe$ !ro' the other +citation o'itte$#,

Dient +Cru2#"

The 8uetion i not 5hether the t5o article are $itinguiha&le &y their la&el 5hen et i$e&y i$e &ut 5hether the general con!uion 'a$e &y the article upon the eye o! the caualpurchaer 5ho i unupiciou an$ o!! hi guar$1 i uch a to li(ely reult in hi con!oun$ing it5ith the original,

=EIRS O* A3ORADIE ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 67F, anuary .1 6.

Glaring i the !act that the only $i!!erence in the a&o)e !igure +re!erring to the pac(aging# ithe Kuppoe$ originK o! the pro$uct +KDr, Pere2K a againt KC,Y, Ga&rielK# 5hich are not e)ena eye catching a the 5or$ K9ONDERK itel!, Apparently1 Ga&riel ne)er ue$ or a$opte$ thetra$e'ar( o! Go 0ay in her pro$uct1 intea$ he ha all along &een uing the tra$e'ar(regitere$ in the na'e o! Pere2, 9hat i 5ore i that there i o&)iou &a$ !aith on the part o! Ga&riel in ac8uiring the 'ar( K9on$er G0,K



Un$ou&te$ly her intent in ha)ing the 'ar( aigne$ to her i 'erely to gi)e color to the ue o! the 'ar( K9ONDERK on her pro$uct, Particularly o ince the Director o! Patent $enie$ theregitration to Ga&riel o! the tra$e'ar( K9ONDERK &ecaue it 5a !oun$ that the 'ar( 5aalrea$y in ue an$ i o5ne$ &y Dr, oe Pere2,

PetitionerJ argu'ent that the 5or$ K9on$erK coul$ not &e appropriate$ e3clui)ely a a

tra$e'ar( &y pri)ate repon$ent ha no leg to tan$ on, The 'atter retricting the e3clui)eue o! a tra$e'ar( i only true o)er unrelate$ goo$, The la5 re8uire that in the a$option o! a'ar( there houl$ not &e any li(elihoo$ o! con!uion1 'ita(e or $eception to the conu'er,

The only e!!ect o! cancellation i that it 5oul$ $epri)e the regitrant protection !ro'in!ringe'ent,

A3I9O 3ANU*A"TURIN9 ?s. "UETT PEABOD! "O.6 IN". BG,R, No, 677, ;arch 6.146

A reort to either the Do'inancy Tet or the 0olitic Tet ho5 that colora&le i'itation e3it

&et5een repon$entJ KGol$ ToeK an$ petitionerJ KGol$ Top,K A glance at petitionerJ 'ar(ho5 that it $e!initely ha a lot o! i'ilaritie an$ in !act loo( li(e a co'&ination o! thetra$e'ar( an$ $e)ice that repon$ent ha alrea$y regitere$% na'ely1 KGol$ Toe1K therepreentation o! a oc( 5ith a 'agni!ying gla1 the KGol$ ToeK repreentation an$Klineni2e$,K

A$'itte$ly1 there are o'e 'inor $i!!erence &et5een the t5o et o! 'ar(, The i'ilaritie1ho5e)er1 are o! uch $egree1 nu'&er an$ 8uality that the o)erall i'preion gi)en i that thet5o &ran$ o! oc( are $ecepti)ely the a'e1 or at leat )ery i'ilar to each another, Thena'e o! the &ran$ are i'ilar KGol$ TopK an$ KGol$ Toe,K ;oreo)er1 it 'ut alo &econi$ere$ that petitioner an$ repon$ent are engage$ in the a'e line o! &uine, In

a$$ition1 thee repreentation are at the a'e location1 either in the oc( itel! or on the la&el,

Let it &e re'e'&ere$ that $uly regitere$ tra$e'ar( are protecte$ &y la5 a intellectualpropertie an$ cannot &e appropriate$ &y other 5ithout )iolating the $ue proce claue, Anin!ringe'ent o! intellectual right i no le )iciou an$ con$e'na&le a the!t o! 'aterialproperty1 5hether peronal or real,

E3ERAD 9AR3ENT ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 6, Dece'&er 41 6F

The eential ele'ent o! in!ringe'ent i colora&le i'itation, Thi ter' ha &een $e!ine$ auch a cloe or ingeniou i'itation a to &e calculate$ to $ecei)e or$inary purchaer1 or uch

ree'&lance o! the in!ringing 'ar( to the original a to $ecei)e an or$inary purchaer gi)inguch attention a a purchaer uually gi)e1 an$ to caue hi' to purchae the one uppoingit to &e the other, Colora&le i'itation $oe not 'ean uch i'ilitu$e a a'ount to i$entity,Nor $oe it re8uire that all the $etail &e literally copie$, Colora&le i'itation re!er to uchi'ilarity in !or'1 content1 5or$1 oun$1 'eaning1 pecial arrange'ent1 or generalappearance o! the tra$e'ar( or tra$ena'e 5ith that o! the other 'ar( or tra$ena'e in their o)er*all preentation or in their eential1 u&tanti)e an$ $itincti)e part a 5oul$ li(ely'ilea$ or con!ue peron in the or$inary coure o! purchaing the genuine article +citationo'itte$#,

In $eter'ining 5hether colora&le i'itation e3it1 ?uripru$ence ha $e)elope$ t5o (in$ o!

tet the Do'inancy Tet applie$ in Aia Hre5ery1 Inc, ), Court o! Appeal an$ the 0oliticTet $e)elope$ in Del ;onte Corporation ), Court o! Appeal proponent cae, A it titlei'plie1 the tet o! $o'inancy !ocue on the i'ilarity o! the pre)alent !eature o! theco'peting tra$e'ar( 5hich 'ight caue con!uion or $eception an$ thu contitutein!ringe'ent, I! the co'peting tra$e'ar( contain the 'ain or eential or $o'inant !eatureo! another1 an$ con!uion an$ $eception i li(ely to reult1 in!ringe'ent ta(e place,Duplication or i'itation i not neceary% nor it i neceary that the in!ringing la&el houl$ugget an e!!ort to i'itate, The 8uetion at iue in cae o! in!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar( i



5hether the ue o! the 'ar( in)ol)e$ 5oul$ &e li(ely to caue con!uion or 'ita(e in the'in$ o! the pu&lic or $ecei)e purchaer, On the other i$e o! the pectru'1 the holitic tet'an$ate that the entirety o! the 'ar( in 8uetion 'ut &e coni$ere$ in $eter'iningcon!uing i'ilarity, In $eter'ining 5hether the tra$e'ar( are con!uingly i'ilar1 aco'parion o! the 5or$ i not the only $eter'inant !actor, The tra$e'ar( in their entirety athey appear in their repecti)e la&el or hang tag 'ut alo &e coni$ere$ in relation to the

goo$ to 5hich they are attache$, The $icerning eye o! the o&er)er 'ut !ocu not only onthe pre$o'inant 5or$ &ut alo on the other !eature appearing in &oth la&el in or$er that he'ay $ra5 hi concluion 5hether one i con!uingly i'ilar to the other,

The pro$uct in)ol)e$ in the cae at &ar are1 in the 'ain1 )ariou (in$ o! ?ean, Thee are notyour or$inary houehol$, Accor$ingly1 the caual &uyer i pre$ipoe$ to &e 'ore cautiouan$ $icri'inating in an$ 5oul$ pre!er to 'ull o)er hi purchae, Con!uion an$ $eception1then1 i le li(ely, The a)erage /ilipino conu'er generally &uy hi ?ean &y &ran$, 0e $oenot a( the ale cler( !or generic ?ean &ut !or1 ay1 a Le)i1 Gue1 9rangler or e)en an

Ar'ani, 0e i1 there!ore1 'ore or le (no5le$gea&le an$ !a'iliar 5ith hi pre!erence an$ 5illnot eaily &e $itracte$, ;ore cre$it houl$ &e gi)en to the Kor$inary purchaer,K Cat in thi

particular contro)ery1 the or$inary purchaer i not the Kco'pletely un5ary conu'erK &ut ithe Kor$inarily intelligent &uyerK coni$ering the type o! pro$uct in)ol)e$, The Kor$inarypurchaerK i $e!ine$ a one accuto'e$ to &uy1 an$ there!ore to o'e e3tent !a'iliar 5ith1the goo$ in 8uetion +citation o'itte$#,

The tet o! !rau$ulent i'ulation i to &e !oun$ in the li(elihoo$ o! the $eception o! o'eperon in o'e 'eaure ac8uainte$ 5ith an eta&lihe$ $eign an$ $eirou o! purchaingthe co''o$ity 5ith 5hich that $eign ha &een aociate$, The tet i not !oun$ in the$eception1 or the poi&ility o! $eception1 o! the peron 5ho (no5 nothing a&out the $eign5hich ha &een counter!eite$1 an$ 5ho 'ut &e in$i!!erent &et5een that an$ the other, Thei'ulation1 in or$er to &e o&?ectiona&le1 'ut &e uch a appear li(ely to 'ilea$ the or$inary

intelligent &uyer 5ho ha a nee$ to upply an$ i !a'iliar 5ith the article that he ee( topurchae,

KLEEK i pri'arily a urna'e, Pri)ate repon$ent cannot1 there!ore1 ac8uire e3clui)eo5nerhip o)er an$ ingular ue o! ai$ ter', It ha &een hel$ that a peronal na'e or urna'e 'ay not &e 'onopoli2e$ a a tra$e'ar( or tra$ena'e a againt other o! the a'ena'e or urna'e, /or in the a&ence o! contract1 !rau$1 or etoppel1 any 'an 'ay ue hina'e or urna'e in all legiti'ate 5ay,

DE 3ONTE "ORPORATION ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 74F, anuary 4F16

The 8uetion i not 5hether the t5o article are $itinguiha&le &y their la&el 5hen et i$e &yi$e &ut 5hether the general con!uion 'a$e &y the article upon the eye o! the caualpurchaer 5ho i unupiciou an$ o!! hi guar$1 i uch a to li(ely reult in hi con!oun$ing it5ith the original, The general i'preion o! the or$inary purchaer1 &uying un$er the nor'allypre)alent con$ition in tra$e an$ gi)ing the attention uch purchaer uually gi)e in &uyingthat cla o! goo$ i the touchtone,

It ha &een hel$ that in 'a(ing purchae1 the conu'er 'ut $epen$ upon hi recollection o! the appearance o! the pro$uct 5hich he inten$ to purchae, The &uyer ha)ing in 'in$ the'ar(la&el o! the repon$ent 'ut rely upon hi 'e'ory o! the petitionerJ 'ar(, Unli(e the

?u$ge 5ho ha a'ple ti'e to 'inutely e3a'ine the la&el in 8uetion in the co'!ort o! hi ala1the or$inary hopper $oe not en?oy the a'e opportunity,

It ha alo &een hel$ that it i not the !unction o! the court in cae o! in!ringe'ent an$ un!air co'petition to e$ucate purchaer &ut rather to ta(e their carelene !or grante$1 an$ to &ee)er conciou o! the !act that 'ar( nee$ not &e i$entical, A con!uing i'ilarity 5ill ?uti!y theinter)ention o! e8uity, The ?u$ge 'ut alo &e a5are o! the !act that uually a $e!en$ant incae o! in!ringe'ent $oe not nor'ally copy &ut 'a(e only colora&le change, 9ell ha it



&een ai$ that the 'ot ucce!ul !or' o! copying i to e'ploy enough point o! i'ilarity tocon!ue the pu&lic 5ith enough point o! $i!!erence to con!ue the court,

9hat eentially $eter'ine the attitu$e o! the purchaer1 peci!ically hi inclination to &ecautiou1 i the cot o! the goo$, E3peni)e an$ )alua&le ite' are nor'ally &ought only a!ter $eli&erate1 co'parati)e an$ analytical in)etigation, Hut 'a pro$uct1 lo5 price$ article in

5i$e ue1 an$ 'atter o! e)ery$ay purchae re8uiring !re8uent replace'ent are &ought &y thecaual conu'er 5ithout great care,

At that1 e)en i! the la&el 5ere analy2e$ together it i not $i!!icult to ee that the -unhine la&eli a colora&le i'itation o! the Del ;onte tra$e'ar(,

It ha &een aptly o&er)e$ that the ulti'ate ratio in cae o! gra)e $ou&t i the rule that a&et5een a ne5co'er 5ho &y the con!uion ha nothing to loe an$ e)erything to gain an$ one5ho &y honet $ealing ha alrea$y achie)e$ !a)or 5ith the pu&lic1 any $ou&t houl$ &ereol)e$ againt the ne5co'er ina'uch a the !iel$ !ro' 5hich he can elect a $eira&letra$e'ar( to in$icate the origin o! hi pro$uct i o&)iouly a large one +citation o'itte$#,

SO"IETE DES PRODUITS NESTE6 S.A. ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 66464, April.1 46

The tet o! i'ilarity i to coni$er the t5o 'ar( in their entirety1 a they appear in therepecti)e la&el1 in relation to the goo$ to 5hich they are attache$, The 'ar( 'ut &econi$ere$ a a 5hole an$ not a $iecte$, I! the &uyer i $ecei)e$1 it i attri&uta&le to the'ar( a a totality1 not uually to any part o! it, He it !urther e'phai2e$ that the $icerning eyeo! the o&er)er 'ut !ocu not only on the pre$o'inant 5or$ &ut alo on the other !eatureappearing in &oth la&el in or$er that he 'ay $ra5 hi concluion 5hether one i con!uinglyi'ilar to the other,

The application o! the totality or holitic tet i i'proper ince the or$inary purchaer 5oul$ not&e incline$ to notice the peci!ic !eature1 i'ilaritie or $ii'ilaritie1 coni$ering that thepro$uct i an ine3peni)e an$ co''on houehol$ ite',

It 'ut &e e'phai2e$ that the pro$uct &earing the tra$e'ar( in 8uetion are Kine3peni)ean$ co''onK houehol$ ite' &ought o!! the hel! &y Kun$icerningly rahK purchaer, Auch1 i! the or$inary purchaer i Kun$icerningly rahK1 then he 5oul$ not ha)e the ti'e nor the inclination to 'a(e a (een an$ percepti)e e3a'ination o! the phyical $icrepancie in thetra$e'ar( o! the pro$uct in or$er to e3ercie hi choice,

Thi Court &elie)e that the $o'inancy tet i 'ore uita&le to thi cae in light o! it peculiar !actual 'ilieu, ;oreo)er1 the totality or holitic tet i contrary to the ele'entary potulate o! the la5 on tra$e'ar( an$ un!air co'petition that con!uing i'ilarity i to &e $eter'ine$ onthe &ai o! )iual1 aural1 connotati)e co'parion an$ o)erall i'preion engen$ere$ &y the'ar( in contro)ery a they are encountere$ in the realitie o! the 'ar(etplace, The totality or holitic tet only relie on )iual co'parion &et5een t5o tra$e'ar( 5herea the $o'inancytet relie not only on the )iual &ut alo on the aural an$ connotati)e co'parion an$ o)eralli'preion &et5een the t5o tra$e'ar(,

Ca-e- on 5otte- an/ container-

"A9A!AN VAE! ENTERPRISES6 IN" ?s. "A BG,R, No, .67, No)e'&er 1 6

The 'ere ue o! regitere$ &ottle or container 5ithout the 5ritten conent o! the'anu!acturer i prohi&ite$1 the only e3ception &eing 5hen they are ue$ a container !or Kii1K K&agoong1K KpatiK an$ i'ilar nati)e pro$uct,

The o'itte$ 5or$ Kproperty o!K are not o! uch )ital in$ipena&ility uch that the o'iionthereo! 5ill re'o)e the &ottle !ro' the protection o! the la5, The o5ner o! a tra$e*'ar( or



tra$e*na'e1 an$ in thi cae the 'ar(e$ container1 $oe not a&an$on it &y 'a(ing 'inor 'o$i!ication in the 'ar( or na'e itel!, 9ith 'uch 'ore reaon 5ill thi &e true 5here 5hat iin)ol)e$ i the 'ere o'iion o! the 5or$ Kproperty o!K ince e)en 5ithout ai$ 5or$ theo5nerhip o! the &ottle i eaily i$enti!ia&le, The 5or$ KLa Ton$ea, Inc,K an$ KGine&ra -an;iguelK ta'pe$ on the &ottle1 e)en 5ithout the 5or$ Kproperty o!1K are u!!icient notice tothe pu&lic that thoe &ottle o 'ar(e$ are o5ne$ &y LTI,

DISTIERIA WAS=IN9TON6 IN". ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 64>6, Octo&er 61 6>

-carcely $ipute$ are certain an$ peci!ic in$utry practice in the ale o! gin" The'anu!acturer ell the pro$uct in 'ar(e$ container1 through $ealer1 to the pu&lic inuper'ar(et1 grocery hop1 retail tore an$ other ale outlet, The &uyer ta(e the ite'%he i neither re8uire$ to return the &ottle nor re8uire$ to 'a(e a $epoit to aure it return tothe eller, 0e coul$ return the &ottle an$ get a re!un$, A nu'&er o! &ottle at ti'e !in$ their 5ayto co''ercial uer, It cannot &e gainai$ that o5nerhip o! the container $oe pa on tothe conu'er al&eit u&?ect to the tatutory li'itation on the ue o! the regitere$ container

an$ to the tra$e'ar( right o! the regitrant,

LTDIJ ale in)oice1 tipulating that the Kale $oe not inclu$e the &ottle 5ith the &lo5n*in'ar( o! o5nerhip o! La Ton$ea Ditiller1K cannot a!!ect thoe 5ho are not pri)ie thereto,

DISTIERIA WAS=IN9TON6 IN". ?s. A TONDELA DISTIERS6 IN". BG,R, No, 64>6,Octo&er 41 6

La Ton$ea not only ol$ it gin pro$uct &ut alo the 'ar(e$ &ottle or container1 a 5ell, An$ 5hen thee pro$uct 5ere tran!erre$ &y 5ay o! ale1 then o5nerhip o)er the &ottle an$all it attri&ute +?u uten$i1 ?u a&uten$i1 ?u !ruen$i1 ?u $iponen$i# pae$ to the &uyer, It

necearily !ollo5 that the tran!eree ha the right to poeion o! the &ottle unle he uethe' in )iolation o! the original o5nerJ regitere$ or incorporeal right,

-ince the Court ha !oun$ that the &ottle ha)e &een tran!erre$ &y 5ay o! ale1 then LaTon$ea ha relin8uihe$ all it proprietary right o)er the &ottle in !a)or o! Ditilleria9ahington 5ho ha o&taine$ the' in $ue coure, No5 a o5ner1 it can e3ercie all attri&uteo! o5nerhip o)er the &ottle, Thi i the i'port o! the $eciion that La Ton$ea ha$tran!erre$ o5nerhip o)er it 'ar(e$ &ottle or container 5hen it ol$ it gin pro$uct to thepu&lic,

TWIN A"E =ODIN9S "ORPORATION ?s. "A BG,R, No, 6474., Octo&er 6>1 6

Repu&lic Act No, >471 KAn Act to Regulate the Ue o! Duly -ta'pe$ or ;ar(e$ Hottle1 Ho3e1Ca(1 eg1 Harrel an$ Other -i'ilar Container1K a a'en$e$ &y RA No, F1 5a 'eantto protect the intellectual property right o! the regitrant o! the container an$ pre)ent un!air tra$e practice an$ !rau$ on the pu&lic, 0o5e)er1 the e3e'ption grante$ in -ec, > thereo! 5a$ee'e$ e3tre'ely neceary to pro)i$e aitance an$ incenti)e to the &ac(yar$1 cottage an$'all*cale 'anu!acturer o! in$igenou nati)e pro$uct uch a pati1 ii an$ toyo 5ho $onot ha)e the capital to &uy &ran$ ne5 &ottle a container nor a!!or$ to pa the a$$e$ cotto the 'a?ority o! poor /ilipino 5ho ue the pro$uct a their $aily con$i'ent or )ian$,

Petitioner cannot ee( re!uge in -ec, F 64 o! RA No, >47 to upport it clai' o! continuing

o5nerhip o)er the u&?ect &ottle, In Unite$ -tate ), ;anuel 5e hel$ that ince thepurchaer at hi $icretion coul$ either retain or return the &ottle1 the tranaction 'ut &eregar$e$ a a ale o! the &ottle 5hen the purchaer actually e3ercie$ that $icretion an$$eci$e$ not to return the' to the )en$or, 9e alo ta(e ?u$icial notice o! the tan$ar$ practiceto$ay that the cot o! the container i inclu$e$ in the elling price o! the pro$uct uch that the&uyer o! li8uor or any uch pro$uct !ro' any tore i not re8uire$ to return the &ottle nor i theli8uor place$ in a platic container that poeion o! the &ottle i retaine$ &y the tore,



ii. 'nfair coetition

-ECTION 6>, Un-air "o'petition6 Rig&ts6 Regulation and Re'edies. 6>,6, Aperon 5ho ha i$enti!ie$ in the 'in$ o! the pu&lic the goo$ he 'anu!acture or $eal in1hi &uine or er)ice !ro' thoe o! other1 5hether or not a regitere$ 'ar( ie'ploye$1 ha a property right in the goo$5ill o! the ai$ goo$1 &uine or er)ice o

i$enti!ie$1 5hich 5ill &e protecte$ in the a'e 'anner a other property right,6>,4, Any peron 5ho hall e'ploy $eception or any other 'ean contrary to goo$ !aith &y5hich he hall pa o!! the goo$ 'anu!acture$ &y hi' or in 5hich he $eal1 or hi&uine1 or er)ice !or thoe o! the one ha)ing eta&lihe$ uch goo$5ill1 or 5ho hallco''it any act calculate$ to pro$uce ai$ reult1 hall &e guilty o! un!air co'petition1 an$hall &e u&?ect to an action there!or,

6>,7, In particular1 an$ 5ithout in any 5ay li'iting the cope o! protection againt un!air co'petition1 the !ollo5ing hall &e $ee'e$ guilty o! un!air co'petition"+a# Any peron1 5ho i elling hi goo$ an$ gi)e the' the general appearance o! goo$

o! another 'anu!acturer or $ealer1 either a to the goo$ the'el)e or in the5rapping o! the pac(age in 5hich they are containe$1 or the $e)ice or 5or$

thereon1 or in any other !eature o! their appearance1 5hich 5oul$ &e li(ely to in!luencepurchaer to &elie)e that the goo$ o!!ere$ are thoe o! a 'anu!acturer or $ealer1other than the actual 'anu!acturer or $ealer1 or 5ho other5ie clothe the goo$ 5ithuch appearance a hall $ecei)e the pu&lic an$ $e!rau$ another o! hi legiti'atetra$e1 or any u&e8uent )en$or o! uch goo$ or any agent o! any )en$or engage$in elling uch goo$ 5ith a li(e purpoe%

+&# Any peron 5ho &y any arti!ice1 or $e)ice1 or 5ho e'ploy any other 'eancalculate$ to in$uce the !ale &elie! that uch peron i o!!ering the er)ice o! another 5ho ha i$enti!ie$ uch er)ice in the 'in$ o! the pu&lic% or

+c# Any peron 5ho hall 'a(e any !ale tate'ent in the coure o! tra$e or 5ho hallco''it any other act contrary to goo$ !aith o! a nature calculate$ to $icre$it the

goo$1 &uine or er)ice o! another,6>,., The re'e$ie pro)i$e$ &y -ection 6F>1 6F an$ 6>6 hall apply 'utati 'utan$i,



DE 3ONTE "ORPORATION ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 74F, anuary 4F16

7isti!ctio!s /et)ee! i!"ri!$eme!t o" trdemr' !d u!"ir competitio!"• In!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar( i the unauthori2e$ ue o! tra$e'ar(1 5herea un!air

co'petition i the paing o!! o! one@ goo$ a thoe o! another%• In in!ringe'ent !rau$ulent intent i unneceary1 5herea in un!air co'petition

!rau$ulent intent i neceary% an$• In in!ringe'ent the prior regitration o! the tra$e'ar( i a prere8uiite to the action1

5herea in un!air co'petition regitration i not neceary,

PRO INE SPORTS "ENTER6 IN". ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, 6664, Octo&er 471 6

The e3itence o! pro&a&le caue !or un!air co'petition &y UNIVER-AL i $eri)a&le !ro', the!act an$ circu'tance o! the cae, The a!!i$a)it o! Graciano Lacanaria1 a !or'er e'ployee o! UNIVER-AL1 atteting to the illegal ale an$ 'anu!acture o! K-pal$ingK &all an$ ei2e$K-pal$ingK pro$uct an$ intru'ent !ro' UNIVER-ALJ !actory 5a u!!icient pri'a !acie



e)i$ence to 5arrant the proecution o! pri)ate repon$ent, That a corporation other than thecerti!ie$ o5ner o! the tra$e'ar( i engage$ in the unauthori2e$ 'anu!acture o! pro$uct&earing the a'e tra$e'ar( engen$er a reaona&le &elie! that a cri'inal o!!ene !or un!air co'petition i &eing co''itte$,

UNIVERSA RUBBER PRODU"TS6 IN". ?s. "A BG,R, No, L*74>>, une 41 6.

A a general rule1 on o&taining an in?unction !or in!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar(1 co'plainant ientitle$ to an accounting an$ reco)ery o! $e!en$antJ pro!it on the goo$ ol$ un$er that'ar(1 a inci$ent to1 an$ a part o!1 hi property right1 an$ thi rule applie in cae o! un!air co'petition, In uch cae1 the in!ringer or un!air tra$er i re8uire$ in e8uity to account !or an$yiel$ up hi gain on a principal analogou to that 5hich charge a trutee 5ith the pro!itac8uire$ &y the 5rong!ul ue o! the property o! the cetui 8ue trut1 an$ $e!en$antJ pro!it areregar$e$ a an e8uita&le 'eaure o! the co'penation plainti!! houl$ recei)e !or the pathar' u!!ere$ &y hi',

The co'plaint !or un!air co'petition i &aically a uit !or Kin?unction an$ $a'ageK +-ec, 471

R,A, 6>>#, In?unction !or the purpoe o! en?oining the unla5!ul co'petitor !ro' procee$ing!urther 5ith the unla5!ul co'petition an$ $a'age1 in or$er to allo5 the aggrie)e$ party toreco)er the $a'age he ha u!!ere$ &y )irtue o! the ai$ unla5!ul co'petition,

"ONVERSE RUBBER "ORP. ?s. JA"INTO RUBBER F PASTI"S "O.6 IN". BG,R, No, L*4.4F L*7FF, April 41 6

9e !in$ the hoe 'anu!acture$ &y $e!en$ant to contain1 a !oun$ &y the trial court1practically all the !eature o! thoe o! the plainti!! Con)ere Ru&&er Corporation an$'anu!acture$1 ol$ or 'ar(ete$ &y plainti!! E$5ar$on ;anu!acturing Corporation1 e3cept !or their repecti)e &ran$1 o! coure, The repecti)e $eign1 hape1 the color o! the an(le

patche1 the &an$1 the toe patch an$ the ole o! the t5o pro$uct are e3actly the a'e uchthat at a $itance o! a !e5 'eter1 it i i'poi&le to $itinguih KCuto'&uiltK !ro' KChuc(TaylorK, Thee ele'ent are 'ore than u!!icient to er)e a &ai !or a charge o! un!air co'petition, E)en i! not all the $etail ?ut 'entione$ 5ere i$entical1 5ith the generalappearance alone o! the t5o pro$uct1 any or$inary1 or e)en perhap e)en a not toopercepti)e an$ $icri'inating cuto'er coul$ &e $ecei)e$1 an$1 there!ore1 Cuto'&uilt coul$eaily &e pae$ o!! !or Chuc( Taylor,

A tra$e ha $e)elope$ an$ co''ercial change ha)e co'e a&out1 the la5 o! un!air co'petition ha e3pan$e$ to (eep pace 5ith the ti'e an$ the ele'ent o! trict co'petition initel! ha ceae$ to &e the $eter'ining !actor, The o5ner o! a tra$e'ar( or tra$e*na'e ha

property right in 5hich he i entitle$ to protection1 ince there i $a'age to hi' !ro' con!uiono! reputation or goo$5ill in the 'in$ o! the pu&lic a 5ell a !ro' con!uion o! goo$, The'o$ern tren$ i to gi)e e'phai to the un!airne o! the act an$ to clai!y an$ treat theiue a !rau$ +citation o'itte$#,

SOID TRIAN9E SAES "ORPORATION ?s. S=ERI** BG,R, No, 6..7, No)e'&er 47146

The e)i$ence preente$ &e!ore the trial court $oe not pro)e un!air co'petition un$er -ection6> o! the Intellectual Property Co$e, -anly Corporation $i$ not pa o!! the u&?ect goo$ athat o! another, In$ee$1 it a$'it that the goo$ are genuine ;itu&ihi photographic paper1

5hich it purchae$ !ro' a upplier in 0ong ong,

iii. Action for fa-e or frau/uent #ecaration

-ECTION 6>4, Action -or *alse or *raudulent Declaration. Any peron 5ho hallprocure regitration in the O!!ice o! a 'ar( &y a !ale or !rau$ulent $eclaration or repreentation1 5hether oral or in 5riting1 or &y any !ale 'ean1 hall &e lia&le in a ci)il action&y any peron in?ure$ there&y !or any $a'age utaine$ in cone8uence thereo!,



-ECTION 6>7, Jurisdiction o- "ourt , All action un$er -ection 6F1 6FF1 6>.1 an$6>> to 6> hall &e &rought &e!ore the proper court 5ith appropriate ?uri$iction un$er e3itingla5,

-ECTION 6>., Notice o- *iling Suit 9i?en to t&e Director. It hall &e the $uty o! the

cler( o! uch court 5ithin one +6# 'onth a!ter the !iling o! any action1 uit1 or procee$ingin)ol)ing a 'ar( regitere$ un$er the pro)iion o! thi Act1 to noti!y the Director in 5ritingetting !orth" the na'e an$ a$$ree o! the litigant an$ $eignating the nu'&er o! theregitration or regitration an$ 5ithin one +6# 'onth a!ter the ?u$g'ent i entere$ or an appeali ta(en1 the cler( o! court hall gi)e notice thereo! to the O!!ice1 an$ the latter hall en$orethe a'e upon the !ile5rapper o! the ai$ regitration or regitration an$ incorporate thea'e a a part o! the content o! ai$ !ile5rapper,

-ECTION 474, Appeals. 474,6, Appeal !ro' $eciion o! regular court hall &ego)erne$ &y the Rule o! Court, Unle retraine$ &y a higher court1 the ?u$g'ent o! thetrial court hall &e e3ecutory e)en pen$ing appeal un$er uch ter' an$ con$ition a the

court 'ay precri&e,474,4, Unle e3prely pro)i$e$ in thi Act or other tatute1 appeal !ro' $eciion o!

a$'initrati)e o!!icial hall &e pro)i$e$ in the Regulation,

c. Criina

-ECTION 6, Penalties. In$epen$ent o! the ci)il an$ a$'initrati)e anctioni'poe$ &y la51 a cri'inal penalty o! i'prion'ent !ro' t5o +4# year to !i)e +F# year an$ a!ine ranging !ro' /i!ty thouan$ peo +PF1# to T5o hun$re$ thouan$ peo+P41#1hall &e i'poe$ on any peron 5ho i !oun$ guilty o! co''itting any o! the act 'entione$ in-ection 6FF1 -ection 6> an$ -u&ection 6>,6,

S! ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, L*7.., ;arch 71 64

In the opinion o! the trial court1 the !irt in!or'ation $i$ not properly charge the o!!ene o! in!ringe'ent o! tra$e'ar(1 !or 5hat 5a e3prely charge$ 5a un!air co'petition, There!ore1there i no $ou&le ?eopar$y e)en on the pre'ie tat :regitration< i not an eential ele'ent o! the o!!ene charge$,

RA#ENA%ES

1. #E$INII"N

-ECTION 646,7, Kra/e naeK 'ean the na'e or $eignation i$enti!ying or

$itinguihing an enterprie% +-ec, 71 R,A, No, 6>>a#

"ONVERSE RUBBER ?s. UNIVERSA RUBBER BG,R, No, L*4>, anuary 1 6

A tra/e nae i any in$i)i$ual na'e or urna'e1 !ir' na'e1 $e)ice or 5or$ ue$ &y'anu!acturer1 in$utrialit1 'erchant an$ other to i$enti!y their &uinee1 )ocation or occupation, A the tra$e na'e re!er to the &uine an$ it goo$5ill the tra$e'ar( re!er to



the goo$, The o5nerhip o! a tra$e'ar( or tra$ena'e i a property right 5hich the o5ner ientitle$ to protect ince there i $a'age to hi' !ro' con!uion or reputation or goo$5ill in the'in$ o! the pu&lic a 5ell a !ro' con!uion o! goo$, The 'o$ern tren$ i to gi)e e'phai tothe un!airne o! the act an$ to clai!y an$ treat the iue a !rau$ +citation o'itte$#,

2. A %A: N" *E 'SE# AS A RA#E NA%E; -ECTION 6>F, Trade Na'es or Business Na'es. 6>F,6, A na'e or $eignation 'aynot &e ue$ a a tra$e na'e i! &y it nature or the ue to 5hich uch na'e or $eignation 'ay&e put1 it i contrary to pu&lic or$er or 'oral an$ i!1 in particular1 it i lia&le to $ecei)e tra$ecircle or the pu&lic a to the nature o! the enterprie i$enti!ie$ &y that na'e,

3. RI&S "$ RA#E NA%E "NER

-ECTION 6>F,4, +a# Not5ithtan$ing any la5 or regulation pro)i$ing !or any o&ligation toregiter tra$e na'e1 uch na'e hall &e protecte$1 e)en prior to or 5ithout regitration1

againt any unla5!ul act co''itte$ &y thir$ partie,+&# In particular1 any u&e8uent ue o! the tra$e na'e &y a thir$ party1 5hether a a tra$e

na'e or a 'ar( or collecti)e 'ar(1 or any uch ue o! a i'ilar tra$e na'e or 'ar(1 li(elyto 'ilea$ the pu&lic1 hall &e $ee'e$ unla5!ul,

6>F,7, The re'e$ie pro)i$e$ !or in -ection 6F7 to 6F> an$ -ection 6>> an$ 6> hall apply'utati 'utan$i,

6>F,., Any change in the o5nerhip o! a tra$e na'e hall &e 'a$e 5ith the tran!er o! theenterprie or part thereo! i$enti!ie$ &y that na'e, The pro)iion o! -u&ection 6.,4 to6.,. hall apply 'utati 'utan$i,

P=IIPS E$PORT B.V. ?s. "OURT O* APPEAS BG,R, No, >6>6, /e&ruary 461 64

A corporationJ right to ue it corporate an$ tra$e na'e i a property right1 a right in re'15hich it 'ay aert an$ protect againt the 5orl$ in the a'e 'anner a it 'ay protect ittangi&le property1 real or peronal1 againt trepa or con)erion, It i regar$e$1 to a certaine3tent1 a a property right an$ one 5hich cannot &e i'paire$ or $e!eate$ &y u&e8uentappropriation &y another corporation in the a'e !iel$,

A na'e i peculiarly i'portant a neceary to the )ery e3itence o! a corporation, It na'e ione o! it attri&ute1 an ele'ent o! it e3itence1 an$ eential to it i$entity, The general rulea to corporation i that each corporation 'ut ha)e a na'e &y 5hich it i to ue an$ &e ue$an$ $o all legal act, The na'e o! a corporation in thi repect $eignate the corporation in

the a'e 'anner a the na'e o! an in$i)i$ual $eignate the peron% an$ the right to ue itcorporate na'e i a 'uch a part o! the corporate !ranchie a any other pri)ilege grante$,

The right to the e3clui)e ue o! a corporate na'e 5ith !ree$o' !ro' in!ringe'ent &y i'ilarityi $eter'ine$ &y priority o! a$option,

In $eter'ining the e3itence o! con!uing i'ilarity in corporate na'e1 the tet i 5hether thei'ilarity i uch a to 'ilea$ a peron uing or$inary care an$ $icri'ination, In o $oing1the Court 'ut loo( to the recor$ a 5ell a the na'e the'el)e, It i ettle$1 ho5e)er1 thatproo! o! actual con!uion nee$ not &e ho5n, It u!!ice that con!uion i pro&a&ly or li(ely tooccur,

The u&e8uent appropriator o! the na'e or one con!uingly i'ilar thereto uually ee( anun!air a$)antage1 a !ree ri$e on anotherJ goo$5ill,

A corporation ha an e3clui)e right to the ue o! it na'e1 5hich 'ay &e protecte$ &yin?unction upon a principle i'ilar to that upon 5hich peron are protecte$ in the ue o! tra$e'ar( an$ tra$ena'e, -uch principle procee$ upon the theory that it i a !rau$ on thecorporation 5hich ha ac8uire$ a right to that na'e an$ perhap carrie$ on it &uine



thereun$er1 that another houl$ atte'pt to ue the a'e na'e1 or the a'e na'e 5ith a light)ariation in uch a 5ay a to in$uce peron to $eal 5ith it in the &elie! that they are $ealing5ith the corporation 5hich ha gi)en a reputation to the na'e,

AR3"O STEE "ORPORATION ?s. SE" BG,R, No, L*F.F, Dece'&er 41 6

The Court !in$ that the ai$ a'en$'ent in the corporate na'e o! petitioner i not inu&tantial co'pliance 5ith the or$er o! /e&ruary 6.1 6F, In$ee$ it i in contra)entionthere5ith, To repeat1 the or$er 5a !or the re'o)al o! the 5or$ KAR;COK !ro' the corporatena'e o! the petitioner 5hich it !aile$ to $o, An$ e)en i! thi change o! corporate na'e 5aerroneouly accepte$ an$ appro)e$ in the -EC it cannot there&y legali2e nor change 5hat iclearly unauthori2e$ i! not conte'ptuou act o! petitioner in ecuring the regitration o! a ne5corporate na'e againt the )ery or$er o! the -EC o! /e&ruary 6.1 6F, Certainly the ai$or$er o! /e&ruary 6.1 6F i not ren$ere$ !unctu o!icio there&y, 0a$ petitioner re)eale$ atthe ti'e o! the regitration o! it a'en$e$ corporate na'e that there 5a the ai$ or$er1 theregitration o! the a'en$e$ corporate na'e coul$ not ha)e &een accepte$ an$ appro)e$ &ythe peron in*charge o! the regitration, The actuation in thi repect o! petitioner are !ar

!ro' regular 'uch le in goo$ !aith,

AR;CO -TEEL*P0ILIPPINE-1 ha not only an i$entical na'e &ut alo a i'ilar line o! &uine1 a ho5n a&o)e1 a that o! AR;CO -TEEL*O0IO, People 5ho are &uying an$uing pro$uct &earing the tra$e'ar( JAr'coJ 'ight &e le$ to &elie)e that uch pro$uct are'anu!acture$ &y the repon$ent1 5hen in !act1 they 'ight actually &e pro$uce$ &y thepetitioner, Thu1 the goo$5ill that houl$ gro5 an$ inure to the &ene!it o! petitioner coul$ &ei'paire$ an$ pre?u$ice$ &y the continue$ ue o! the a'e ter' &y the repon$ent +8uoting the-EC#,

WESTERN E<UIP3ENT AND SUPP! "O3PAN! ?s. RE!ES BG,R, No, 4, Dece'&er

41 64

The right to the ue o! the corporate an$ tra$e na'e o! a !oreign corporation i a propertyright1 a right in re'1 5hich it 'ay aert an$ protect in any o! the court o! the 5orl$ e)en incountrie 5here it $oe not peronally tranact any &uine, In uch a cae1 it i the tra$ean$ not the 'ar( that i to &e protecte$1 an$ a tra$e*'ar( $oe not ac(no5le$ge any territorial&oun$arie1 &ut e3ten$ to e)ery 'ar(et 5here the tra$erJ goo$ ha)e &eco'e (no5n an$i$enti!ie$ &y the ue o! the 'ar(,

COLLECTIVE 8AR@S

1. #E$INII"N



-ECTION 646,4, KCoective ar@K 'ean any )ii&le ign $eignate$ a uch in theapplication !or regitration an$ capa&le o! $itinguihing the origin or any other co''oncharacteritic1 inclu$ing the 8uality o! goo$ or er)ice o! $i!!erent enterprie 5hich ue theign un$er the control o! the regitere$ o5ner o! the collecti)e 'ar(,

2. RE&ISRAI"N

-ECTION 6>, "ollecti?e 3ar/s. 6>,6, -u&?ect to -u&ection 6>,4 an$ 6>,71-ection 644 to 6>. an$ 6>> hall apply to collecti)e 'ar(1 e3cept that re!erence thereinto K'ar(K hall &e rea$ a Kcollecti)e 'ar(K,

6>,4, +a# An application !or regitration o! a collecti)e 'ar( hall $eignate the 'ar( a acollecti)e 'ar( an$ hall &e acco'panie$ &y a copy o! the agree'ent1 i! any1 go)erning theue o! the collecti)e 'ar(,

+&# The regitere$ o5ner o! a collecti)e 'ar( hall noti!y the Director o! any change 'a$e inrepect o! the agree'ent re!erre$ to in paragraph +a#,

6>,7, In a$$ition to the groun$ pro)i$e$ in -ection 6.1 the Court hall cancel the

regitration o! a collecti)e 'ar( i! the peron re8ueting the cancellation pro)e that onlythe regitere$ o5ner ue the 'ar(1 or that he ue or per'it it ue in contra)ention o! the agree'ent re!erre$ to in -u&ection 6>>,4 or that he ue or per'it it ue in a'anner lia&le to $ecei)e tra$e circle or the pu&lic a to the origin or any other co''oncharacteritic o! the goo$ or er)ice concerne$,

6>,., The regitration o! a collecti)e 'ar(1 or an application there!or hall not &e the u&?ecto! a licene contract,

pink's note in ipo.doc

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