personality assessment dapt barnum effect people’s willingness to interpret vague, general...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Personality Assessment
• DAPT
![Page 3: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Barnum Effect
• People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their personality
![Page 4: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why do we test?
• Tell us “how much” of a trait you have.
• Why do we test?
• 1) Clinical
• 2) Employment
• 3) Curiosity
![Page 5: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How do we test?
• 1) Create a test
• 2) Validate the test
• 3) Use the test
![Page 6: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Methods for creating a test
• Rational Method
• Projective Tests
• Factor Analytic Method
• Empirical Method
• Combination of Methods
![Page 7: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rational Method
• Questionnaire
![Page 8: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• 1) Enjoy being reckless. • 2) Take risks. • 3) Avoid dangerous situations.• 4) Seek danger. • 5) Know how to get around the rules.• 6) Would never make a high risk investment.• 7) Am willing to try anything once. • 8) Seek adventure.• 9) Would never go hang-gliding or bungee-jumping.
Disagree strongly
Disagree
a little
Neither agree nor
disagree
Agree a little
Agree
Strongly
1
2
3
4
5
![Page 9: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• 1) Enjoy being reckless. • 2) Take risks. • 3) Avoid dangerous situations.• 4) Seek danger. • 5) Know how to get around the rules.• 6) Would never make a high risk investment.• 7) Am willing to try anything once. • 8) Seek adventure.• 9) Would never go hang-gliding or bungee-jumping.
Disagree strongly
Disagree
a little
Neither agree nor
disagree
Agree a little
Agree
Strongly
1
2
3
4
5
![Page 10: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Rational Method
• Straight forward and obvious items
• Most common method of test construction
• For this to work:• 1) Items must mean the same thing to subjects as it
does to the test creator• 2) Person must be able to self-assess• 3) Person must be willing to self-assess• 4) Items must be valid indicators of characteristic
![Page 11: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Projective Tests
![Page 12: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Inkblots as projective stimuli
• The Rorschach:– Hermann Rorschach (1884 - 1922).– 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots on separate
cards:• 5 black and white.• 2 black, white, and red.• 3 multicolor.
![Page 20: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Inkblots: Initial administration
• “What might this be?”
• Record response verbatim:– Include time until first response.– Position of card, spontaneous statements,
nonverbal gestures or body movements.
![Page 21: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
InkblotsInterpretation of scores
• Generate hypotheses based on patterns of response, recurrent themes and interrelationships among scoring categories
![Page 22: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Assumptions of Projective Tests
• Assumptions:– The more unstructured
the stimuli, the more examinees reveal about their personality.
– Every response provides meaning for personality analysis.
– There is an “unconscious.”
– Subjects are unaware of what they disclose.
![Page 23: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Morgan and Murray (1935).
• Elicit fantasy material from patients in psychoanalysis.
• 31 cards:– 30 black & white with scenes:
• Describe story.
– 1 blank:• Imagine picture on card and tell related story.
![Page 30: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
TAT: Conclusions
• Based on: – Stories told by examinee.– Clinician’s notes:
• Examinee’s response to the cards.
• Analysis of story requires special training.
![Page 31: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
TAT Interpretation (cont.)
• Basic assumption:– Examinee is identifying with protagonist in
the story. – Examinee’s concerns, hopes, fears, and
desires are reflected in the protagonist’s needs, demands, and conflicts.
– That is, the examinee’s personality is projected onto the protagonist.
![Page 32: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Projective Tests for Children
• “The Adventures of Blacky the Dog”
![Page 33: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Blacky Test
![Page 34: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Other Projective Tests
• Draw a person test
• Draw a house test
• Word association
![Page 38: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Methods for creating a test
• Rational Method
• Projective Tests
• Factor Analytic Method
• Empirical Method
• Combination of Methods
![Page 39: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Factor Analytic Method
• 1) Name different makes of cars
• 2) In groups:– Imagine you work in a car lot and you must
organize these cars in some manner into 4 different groups
• 3) Organize the cars and name the groupings
![Page 40: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Factor Analytic Method
• Done in 5 steps
• 1) Create many items
• 2) Give these items to many people
• 3) Correlate items together
• 4) Look for “groupings” of items
• 5) Name the “groupings” (i.e. factors)
![Page 41: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Factor Analytic Method
• Limitations:
• Only as good as the items
• Sometimes get “odd” factors
• Still must name the factor (not done by the computer)
![Page 42: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Factor Analytic Method
1) Automatically take charge.
2) Joke around a lot.
3) Turn plans into actions.
4) Stick up for myself.
5) Act wild and crazy.
6) Am always busy.
7) Follow a schedule.
8) Laugh my way through life.
9) Let myself go.
10) Express childlike joy.
11) Do a lot in my spare time.
12) Disclose my intimate thoughts.
13) Know what I want.
14) Like harmony in my life.
16) Try to lead others.
17) Am open about myself to others.
18) Can easily push myself forward.
19) Am deeply moved by others' misfortunes.
![Page 43: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Factor Analytic MethodFactor 1
Automatically take charge.
Can easily push myself forward.
Try to lead others.
Turn plans into actions.
Stick up for myself.
Am always busy.
Do a lot in my spare time.
Know what I want.
Factor 2
Act wild and crazy.
Let myself go.
Disclose my intimate thoughts.
Laugh my way through life.
Express childlike joy.
Joke around a lot.
Am open about myself to others.
Factor 3
Follow a schedule.
Like harmony in my life
Am deeply moved by others' misfortunes.
![Page 44: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Empirical Method
• I prefer a shower to a bath
• I sometimes tease animals
• I will sometimes wear a dress
• I like watching football
• I am happy
• I typically open doors for others
• As a child I liked playing with dolls
![Page 46: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Empirical Method
• Done in 3 Steps:
• 1) Create items– Items can be anything!
![Page 47: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Empirical Method
• 2) Administer the items to two groups
– Criterion Group• Composed of people that possess the trait
– Control Group• Composed of people that do not possess the trait
![Page 48: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Empirical Method
• 3) Select items that the two groups answered differently
![Page 49: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Empirical Method
• Basic Logic:
• Different kinds of people have distinctive ways of answering certain questions.
• If you answer questions the same way that members of a diagnostic group did, you might belong to that group too!
![Page 50: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Empirical Method• Thus, the content of empirical items does not matter
• “I sometimes tease animals”– Not depressed
• “I have a great fear of snakes”– Prejudiced
• “I do not enjoy detective stories”– Hospitalized hysterics
• “I like tall women”– Impulsive males
• “I gossip a little at times”– High IQ
![Page 51: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Empirical Method
• Difficult to “fake”
• Only as good as the groups they were created with– Do other things make the groups different?
• May not generalize to other people in other areas
![Page 52: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Combination of Methods
• Commonly used
• Combine together• 1) Rational method (come up with items that make
sense)
• 2) Factor Analytic (select items that group)
• 3) Empirical Method (determine if items can predict types of people)
![Page 53: Personality Assessment DAPT Barnum Effect People’s willingness to interpret vague, general statements as personally meaningful interpretations of their](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed95503460f94be77a7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Methods for creating a test
• Rational Method
• Projective Tests
• Factor Analytic Method
• Empirical Method
• Combination of Methods