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Opportunities and Challenges to Clean-up Diesel Cars
Dr. Axel FriedrichUmweltbundesamt (UBA)
Germany
Clean Cars 2010 Brussels 2005
Diesel Share of PC- Market 1980-1999
0
10
20
30
40
50
6019
80
1985
1990
1995
2000
% o
f die
sel c
arsi
n to
tal n
ew re
gist
ratio
ns Belgium
Austria
France
Italy
Netherlands
Germany
U.K.
Sweden
Western EuropeAverage
Source: ACEA, Eurostat/ECMT,AID/Industry Sources, 2000
European Air Quality Directive 1999/30/EC:PM 10 limits (annual avarage)from 2005 on: 40 µg/m3
from 2010 on: 20 µg/m3 (to be confirmed)
Directive 2001/81/EC on National Emission Ceilings (NEC) for Certain Atmospheric Pollutantsi.a. the national emission ceiling for Germany to be attained by 2010: NOx max. 1.051 kt p.a.(all sources, mobile sources alone produce 500 kt p.a.)
Av. Day Variation of the Particle Number Con. Week day as Sum of Classes
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
hour of the day
Par
ticl
e n
um
ber
pro
cm
³
400 - 800 nm
200 - 400 nm
100 - 200 nm
50 - 100 nm
20 - 50 nm
10 - 20 nm
5 - 10 nm
3 - 5 nm
Av. Week Var. of the Particle Number Concentration over 12 Months
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Par
ticl
e n
um
ber
per
cm
³
400 - 800 nm200 - 400 nm100 - 200 nm50 - 100 nm20 - 50 nm10 - 20 nm5 - 10 nm3 - 5 nm
Correlation of Conc. of size dependantParticle number andAir Pollutant
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
3 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 400 - 800
Particle diameter
corr. R²
NO
NO2
NOx
Ruß
PM10
Benzol
CO
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
vehicle type
NO
x [g
/km
]
EURO3EURO4
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions EUDC
Source: KBA Germany
Comparison of NOx -Emissionsof Diesel- and Gasoline-PC
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Passat (EURO 3)
85 kW, 1.9 literLupo 3 LTDI (D4)
45 kW, 1.2 liter
Mercedes C200K ( D4)
120 kW, 2.0 liter
Em
issi
on
sin
EU
Dri
vin
gC
ycle
[g/k
m]
Diesel Gasoline
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time [sec]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180VW LUPO TDI (Euro3D4, 3l) - kum
VW PASSAT 1.9TDI mit Pumpe-Düse-Motor (EURO3) - kum
Mercedes C200K (EURO 4) - kum
speed
Cumulated NOx-Emissions vs. time in the Autobahn Driving Cycle
H S OV
Exhaust Gas
Hydrolysis Catalyst (H)
(NH2)2CO + H2O ? 2NH3 + CO2
SCR Catalyst (S)
4NH3 + 4NO + O2 ? 4N2 + 6H2O
2NH3 + NO + NO2 ? 2N2 + 3H2O
8NH3 + 6NO2 ? 7N2 + 12H2O
Oxidation Catalyst (O)
4NH3 + 3O2 ? 2N2 + 6H2O
Oxidation Catalyst (V)
2NO + O2 ? 2NO2
4HC + 3O2 ? 2CO2 + 2H2O
2CO + O2 ? 2CO2
urea(NH2)2CO
SCR-urea
Source - AECC
18
LNT and SCR lead the field on effective NOx control, but LNC showing improvement
System Trans ientCycleNOx
Effic iency
Effec tiveFuel
Penalty
SweptVolume
Ratio
Notes
SCR, 400-csi 85-90% 2-3% urea orabout 1% inEurope
1.7emerging
Be ing applied and specsbeing finalized; low temp.performance issues;
LNT 80-95% 1.5 – 4% totalregen. +desulf.
1.3 to 2 Desulfation strategy anddurability issues; integratedDPF/LNT componentsemerging; PGM cost issues
DeNOx catalyst 20-60% 2 to 6% 0.85 to 4 Generally not sensitive tosulfur; HC slip issues;durability needs proving
ESC Test
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NOx Emissions (g/kWh)
Flu
el c
om
sum
pti
on
(%
)
Strategies for Euro 5+(?) with After Treatment
EURO 3 (Base line)
EU
RO
IV
EU
RO
V
EU
RO
V+
?
SCR (95%)
SCR (95%)EGR + DPF
EGR + DPF
EGR + DPF + LNT
(USA -Proposal )
SCR (95%) SCR – Catatalyst (60%)SCR (80%)
opt. combustion
Source: ACEA, June 2003
Fuel consumption of a diesel car per year: 1000 lImprovement by using SCR (ACEA): 5%50 l/ year = 50 € additional production cost for a SCR system for a midsize car: 150 to 200 €.
Only if the emission standard for NOx is 0.080 g/km or less NOx aftertreatment technology has to be used. If the the NOx standard is set to 0.150 only fuel consumption will be worse than for Euro III and threaten not only the goals of the NEC and Ozone directives but also the Kyoto goal.
Cost Effectiveness of Euro V
SAE-15
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Emission and Fuel Consumption Improvement with Cooled EGR in the New European Driving Cycle
NOx Soot Cycle FC
without EGR COOLER
200011-06
with EGR COOLER
-6% -27% -2%
Source: IFEU 2004
Total Mortality (800.000) 14.400 death cases per/aCardio pulmonal Mortality (460.000) 12.420 death cases per/aLung cancer (40.000) 1.680 death cases per/a
Avoidance Potential of premature Mortality by Use of Particle Filter:
Total Mortality: (3*0,6%) 1,8% (0,6 to 3,3%)Cardio pulmonal Mortality (3*0,9%) 2,7% (0,9 to 4,8%)Lung cancer – Mortality (3*1,4%) 4,2% (1,2 to 6,9%)
Source: Wichmann, Institute of Epidemiology, GSF
Efficiency of DPF for Solid Particles by SMPS Measurement
95,50%96,00%96,50%97,00%97,50%98,00%98,50%99,00%99,50%
100,00%100,50%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Cut off point of range (nm)
Effi
cien
cy: M
ean
of tw
o ru
ns a
t eac
h po
int point 1
point 2point 3point 4
Proposal of UBA for EURO 5 Limits for PC and LDT
Date vehicle
categ./class
Reference Weight
RW (kg)
CO (g/km)
HC (g/km)
NOx (g/km)
PM- (g/km)
categ. class petrol diesel
petrol diesel
petrol diesel
GDI diesel
01.01. 2008
PC — alle 1,0 0,05 0,08
0,0025
LDT I RW ? 1305 1,0
0,05
0,08
0,0025
II 1305 < RW ? 1760
1,0 0,100
0,08
0,0025
01.01. 2008
III 1760 < RW 1,25 0,125
0,10
0,0032
Source: UBA, July 2002
