nsf-epa workshop on life cycle aspects of nanoproducts, nanostructured materials, and...
TRANSCRIPT
NSF-EPA Workshop on Life Cycle Aspects of Nanoproducts, Nanostructured Materials,
and Nanomanufacturing: Problem Definitions, Data Gaps, and Research Needs
November 5-6, 2009
Chicago, IL
Why nano?
• An “enabling” technology with implications for energy, manufacturing, electronics, transportation, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, environmental control and purification, sensors and national security, chemical processing, and sustainable development
Why Life Cycle?
• An integrative methodology--life cycle analysis is a good way to understand the totality of environmental impacts and (most) of the benefits of nanotechnology, and where along the product chain these occur
• LCA allows for comparisons with conventional products that may be displaced in commerce
• LCA facilitates communication of risks and benefits to stakeholders and consumers
• LCA can help to prevent unnecessary regulation and to avoid “unintended consequences”
• Apply LCA near the beginning of the nanotech “revolution”, a rare opportunity
Previous workshop: Nanotechnology and Life Cycle Assessment
Washington DC October 2-3 2006
Major conclusions:
• Major efforts are needed to fully assess potential risks and environmental impacts of nanoproducts and materials
• All stages of the life cycle of nanoproducts should be assessed via LCA studies
• The main problem with LCA of nanomaterials and nanoproducts is the lack of data and understanding in certain areas
Previous workshop: Nanotechnology and Life Cycle Assessment
Washington DC October 2-3 2006
Major conclusions (continued):
• Further research is needed to gather missing relevant data and to develop user-friendly eco-design screening tools, especially ones suitable for use by small and medium sized enterprises
• Uncertainty in LCA studies should be acknowledged and quantified
• While LCA brings major benefits and useful information, there are certain limits to its application and use, in particular with respect to the assessment of toxicity impacts
Goals of the this workshop
• Review existing research, assess the state of science, and identify gaps in the knowledge base regarding the life cycle of nanotechnological products and processes,
• Develop a critical understanding of combinations of nanostructured materials, their manufacturing processes, and resultant products that offer the greatest promise for improvements for society, as well as those that offer little promise or have a high probability of creating or worsening environmental hazards,
• Lay out research priorities to address the needs identified,
• Establish a pathway forward that could be pursued by relevant stakeholders on life cycle/nanotechnology research, and
• Explore the basis of a life cycle-based management framework for nanotechnological applications
Nano-based publications
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10000
100000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
N
um
be
r o
f pu
blic
atio
ns
Nano
EHS
LCA/LCI
Topical Areas of Nanotech Life Cycle Publications
0
5
10
15
20
25E
lect
rica
lco
mp
on
en
ts a
nd
pro
du
cts
Ph
oto
volta
ics
CN
Ts
an
dN
an
ofib
ers
Ne
two
rks
an
dS
yste
ms
Na
no
pa
rtic
les
En
erg
y &
Th
erm
od
yna
mic
s
Oth
er
Nu
mb
er
of P
ap
ers
(1
99
8-2
00
7)
ISO 14040:2006
Life Cycle Assessment Framework
Life Cycle Assessment Stages
Energy Requirements
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11
2
3
4
5
6
7
EAF Steel Aluminum Poly Si Wafer Si Nanotubes Quantum dots
Material
Log (MJ/kg)
Energy requirements of several materials (adapted from Gutowski et al. 2007, and Sengul and Theis 2008).
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2
3
4
5
6
Sources of nanomanufacturing impacts
• Low process yields
• Energy requirements
• Repeated processing, postprocessing, or reprocessing steps of a single product or batch during manufacturing
• Use of toxic/basic/acidic chemicals and organic solvents
• Strict purity requirements and less tolerance for contamination during processing (up to “nine nines”)
• High water consumptionSengul and Theis JIE, 2008.
Example: Elements used in semiconductors
Aqueous solubility of semiconductor synthetics
Sulfides, most oxides: abundant info
Binary selenides, tellurides: some info
Nitrides, phosphides, arsenides, stibnides, tertiary, quaternary, doped, magnetic: none
CdSe in aquatic environments
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH
pЄ
H2SeO3(aq)
HSeO3-
SeO3-2
HSeO4-
SeO4-2, Cd+2
CdSe(s)
Se(s)
O2
H2O
H2
H2O
Cd(OH)2(s)
Rain
Naturalwaters
SedimentsAndSoils
Intracellenvironment
Concluding remarks
• The ability to make and control very small structured materials has very large implications for human health, comfort and convenience, and economic well-being
• In comparison to basic nanoscience and the fabricaton of nanostructures, our understanding of environmental and life cycle behaviors of nanomanufacturing, nanomaterials, and nano-containing products exhibit exceptional lags
• Even so, it is probable that there will be sizable energy requirements, a suite of significant waste management problems, and unknown material supply and end-of-life concerns