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DoD NanoTech Overview AVS 11/12/2014 Page-1

Overview of Nanotechnology & Nanomanufacturing within the

Department of Defense

Dr. Lewis Sloter 12 November 2014

American Vacuum Society International Symposium and Exhibition

Baltimore, Maryland Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

DoD NanoTech Overview AVS 11/12/2014 Page-2 Slide 2

• Continue aligning S&T investment to enable development of capabilities consistent with the January 2012 strategic guidance*

* Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for the 21st Century Defense, Jan 2012

• “U.S. Armed Forces will be smaller and leaner, but they will be agile, flexible, ready, and technologically advanced.” “Protect investments in key technology areas and new capabilities…”

- Overview, DoD FY 2014 Budget Request, Apr 2013

• DoD continues to support a strong S&T investment

DoD Research Themes

Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.


Quantum Information and Control

Nano Science and Engineering

Engineered Materials Cognitive Neuroscience

Synthetic Biology Modeling Human Behavior

High Interest Basic Science Areas



DoD Nanotechnology Defined

• Scientific Merit: – to develop understanding and control of matter at dimensions of

approximately 1 to 100 nanometers, where the physical, chemical, and biological properties differ in fundamental and valuable ways from those of individual atoms, molecules, or bulk matter

• Relevance to DoD: – to discover and exploit unique phenomena at these dimensions to enable

novel applications enhancing soldier and weapon systems capabilities • No DoD appropriations specifically for nanotechnology • Nanotechnology projects supported by all major R&D

components and many programs. • DoD views nanotechnology as an enabling technology that

should receive the highest level of corporate attention and coordination.

Simultaneous focus on scientific merit and relevance to DoD

DoD Nanotechnology Investment ~ 45% Fundamental Research Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.


Navy: Naval Research Lab – Institute for Nanoscience

The mission of the Institute for Nanoscience is to conduct highly innovative, interdisciplinary research at the intersections of the fields of materials, electronics and biology in the nanometer size domain.

Strategic Objective Categories • High-strength, low-weight materials • High-speed, low-power electronics • Molecular sensors • Energy storage & conversion

Dr. Eric S. Snow, Director

http://www.nrl.navy.mil/nanoscience/ Cleared for Public Release by OSR on 10/27/11; SR Case # 12-S-0230 applies


MIT Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies

Investment Areas • Nanofibers for Lighter Materials • Active/reactive Ballistic Protection

(solve energy dissipation problem) • Environmental Protection • Directed Energy Protection • Micro-Climate Conditioning • Signature Management • Chem/Bio Detection and Protection • Biomonitoring/Triage • Exoskeleton Components • Forward Counter Mine

University Affiliated Research Center • Investment in Soldier Protection • Industry partnership/participation • Accelerate transition of Research Products Goals • Enhance Objective Force Warrior

survivability • Leverage breakthroughs in nanoscience &

nanomanufacturing

Supramolecular Self-Assembly

Mesoscopic Integration

Molecular Scale Control

Nano-Scale Devices

http://web.mit.edu/isn/ Cleared for Public Release by OSR on 10/27/11; SR Case # 12-S-0230 applies


Army Nanotechnology Overview

• Vision: Promote and develop nanotechnology across critical mission & capability enabling science & technology

• Capability Goals − Further the fundamental understanding and

application of nanotechnology to enable new applications enhancing weapon / protective systems and warfighter capabilities

− Enable greater protection from blast and ballistic threats through optimized, threat specific, advanced material design

• Technical Objectives or Challenges/Gaps Addressed – Advance modeling methods for mechanical

properties and synthesis of polycrystalline and bio-inspired material structures across multiple scales.

– Address significant uncertainty regarding the potential exposure and toxicity throughout lifecycle

– Control disbursement, distribution, stability, morphology and microstructural design throughout the synthesis and consolidation phases of nanomaterials

• Major Thrusts – Develop tools and methodologies to create

and retain unique nano-derived properties from nano-synthesis through component processing.

– Resolve the fundamental barriers to achieving the unique properties and capabilities available from nanotechnology

– Establish consistent environmental health and safety processes/methods that can be applied to life cycle of Army technologies

– Scalable methods, in-situ nanoscale diagnostic methods and multiscale numerical models to synthesize bio-inspired nanocomposites

• Funding coordinated through the

National Nanotechnology Initiative – FY13: $34.4M – FY14: $36.4M [estimated] – FY15: $32.4M [estimated]


8

2000 2005 2010 2015 2025 2030

Com

plex

ity

Structural Nanocomposites

Nanoenergetic Materials

Nanophase Metals & Ceramics

Nanostructured Polymers

3-D Nanofabrication

Selectively Permeable Membranes

Nanorobotics

Ultralightweight Structures

Smart/Interactive Textiles

Carbon Nanotube Systems

Nanoparticulates

Ultrahard Materials

Specialty Coatings

Hierarchically-structured Materials Ultrahighstrength Fibers

Multifunctional Lightweight Armor

EO/Signature Management

Bio-inspired Materials

Self Assembled Materials Tailored Propellants/Explosives

CREATE ------ STABILIZE ------ PROCESS ------ DESIGN ------ MANUFACTURE

Nanomaterials Grand Challenge Roadmap


Towards novel optoelectronic fiber-devices and smart fabrics:

Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Multifunctional Fibers

With 20nm feature sizes possible ~ 3 cm

Y. Fink S. Johnson J. Joannopoulos

Full-body sensing – new paradigm fabrics for detection of light , heat & sound…

Fiber

Extension tube

Furnace

Recent Improved Design

Unique Tower for Multimaterial Draws


Boron Carbide Micro-Fiber via B4C Nano-Powder

Microfibers with nano-powders are expected to have superior properties compared to conventional fibers:

− Low sintering temperature, lower production cost − Finer microstructure and higher density − Superior mechanical properties − More flexibility

Spinneret

Fiber Spinning Line


Boron Carbide Micro-Fiber via B4C Nano-Powder

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 200 400 600 800 1000

ExperimentalProjected

Fibe

r Dia

met

er (µ

m)

Nozzle Diameter (µm)

02468

10121416

0 20 40 60 80 100

ProjectedFi

ber D

iam

eter

(µm

)

Nozzle Diameter (µm)

Pyrolysis

B4C Nano-powder+ C6H10O5 (Cellulose)

B4C microfiber with nano-grains

Finer B4C microfibers are expected from a combination of nano-powder, spin bath chemistry, and nozzle diameter.


UNCLASSIFIED // APPROVED FOR PUBRIC RELEASE

UNCLASSIFIED // APPROVED FOR PUBRIC RELEASE

Nano Metal Status Report

12

Traditional Trimodal Al5083-B4C – high strength no ductility – B4C particles limit ductility

Integrated Multi-scale Multi-modal Metal Processing

high strength low ductility

Current Nano Metal


Navy & Marine Corps Nanotechnology Overview

• Vision: Produce higher performing and more affordable Naval components and systems through the identification and implementation of nanotechnologies

• Capability Goals − Increased structural performance against blast and

ballistic threats − Increased efficiency of power generation, distribution

and storage systems − Increased computational processing speed and high

density data storage

• Technical Objectives or Challenges/Gaps Addressed – Understanding of Processing-Structure-Property

relationships relevant to ceramics for personnel protection

– Understanding of charge transfer and storage when electrodes are constructed and distributed at nanoscale

– Techniques for nanoscale manipulation and self assembly for reliable, cost-effective, and practical nanoscale optical and electronic circuits and systems

– Understanding and controlling biological phenomena at the cellular level using nanoscale interfaces and particles

• Major Thrusts – Fundamental nanoscale phenomena and

processes, including development of instrumentation and facilities to assess and control these

– Nanoscale structural, functional and electronic materials including novel 2-D materials

– Nanoscale electronic devices and circuits including novel computing architecture, and quantum particle and state control

• Funding coordinated through the National Nanotechnology Initiative – FY13: $33.9M – FY14: $33.6M [estimated] – FY15: $24.9M [estimated]


Nanocomposite Optical Ceramics

• Sapphire, the current material of choice for mid-wave infrared (MWIR) (3-5 µm) exhibits significant emissivity at elevated temperatures (due to Al-O bonds) and very poor machinability.

• Aluminum-free nanostructured oxide composites have been developed which are MWIR transparent, nearly as hard and strong as sapphire, easily processed and polished, and exhibit at least an order of magnitude lower emissivity

• Nanocomposite ceramic domes scheduled for transition to existing DoD systems

100 nm

Visible Light Image Midwave IR Image

MgO

Y2O3


15

Black Body VERTICALLY ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBES

PERFORMANCE - 0.999 emissivity

Low Reflection: CNT Black Body: Near perfect ‘black body’

Applications: Infrared Thermometers, Light Absorbers, Optical Microscope, Camera Mirrors

Top view

Side view

Z-Direction Alignment


Semiconductor quantum bit in a photonic crystal cavity

Accomplishment • First demonstration of QD spin qubit

in a PhC cavity 1. Universal 1-qubit quantum gate 2. Single spin readout

Approach • Self-assembled QDs in diode • Lithographic processing for PhC • Ultrafast laser pulses for control

Demonstration of Quantum Gate

Goal • Combine quantum dot spin qubit

with photonic crystal (PhC) for enhanced optical communication

initialization

π/2 π/2

t=0 t=τ

readout

Delay

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1 0

0 500 1000

∆R

signa

l (%

)

Delay τ (ps)

Spin qubit in PhC cavity

Quantum control of a spin qubit coupled to a photonic crystal cavity, Nature Photonics 7, 329 (2013)

Impact • Source of single photons for quantum

communication and distant entanglement for quantum computing


NSSEFF Workshop 2013 06/14/2013 Page-17 Slide 17

Air Force Nanotechnology Overview

• Vision: Discover and exploit unique nanoscale phenomena to enhance weapon system capability

• Capability Goals – Develop fundamental knowledge of nanoscale

materials and process and apply nanoscale science and engineering principles to develop novel devices and systems

– Support responsible nanotechnology development – Sustain outreach and informal education programs

• Technical Objectives or Challenges/Gaps Addressed – Extend the frontier of nanotechnology and

nanoengineered materials by strengthening the intersection of relevant scientific disciplines

– Controlled transport in materials to reduced energy consumption, improve performance, reliability and sustainability of emerging C4ISR and EW systems

– Assess potential environmental, safety and occupational health (ESOH) risks associated with new, engineered nanomaterials and manufacturing

• Major Thrusts – Nanomembranes -- Biolmolecular Interactions

of Nanomaterials – Rugate filters – revolutionary optical coatings – Nanoparticle Solder-free electronics – Nano-engineered magnetic and dielectric

materials to increase reliability, energy storage and power density while reducing size of key DE power components

– Multifunctional self-healing composites – Photonic crystals in nature – Material design for enhanced electron and

phonon transport – Nanoenergetics for precision munitions



18

Creating a collaborative ecosystem to accelerate risk reduction of technology, manufacturing, and

supply chain relationships • Innovations in Nanomaterial and Bio-Macromolecules • AFRL-established Cooperative Agreement • 50% Industrial cost-share • Pre-competitive TRL and MRL advancement for

platform industrial capability

NBMC Goal Integration of Nano & Bio Materials with

Manufacturing into a common platform to address flexible device applications

Biometric sensor - Integrated development platform for human performance devices – Front end printed electronic sensor sub-system

Biomarkers – Sweat Biomarkers for Unobtrusive Real‐time Assessment – Correlation between biomarkers and Human Performance

Biomarker sensor - Wearable Paper-Based Microfluidic Biomarker Sensor Patch – Sweat management and Biomarker sensor

System packaging– Manufacturing a Human Monitoring Skin Patch – Integration and packaging focus

Nano-Bio Manufacturing Consortium (NBMC): Vision & Goals

INDUSTRY PROVIDES 50% COST SHARE

customized flex hybrid electronic designs utilizing, electronic, optic and microfluidic components

20+ mbrs $ 2.5 M+

2013-2015

nbmc.org (PM: Laura Rea, AFRL/RX)



7-atom rings at the graphene-nanotube junction creates a seamless conductor

Surface area > 2,000 m2/gm

Model prediction Towers of nanotubes sprout from graphene (Futurity, Sci. and Technology, Nov. 27, 2012.) (Nature Communications, 3:1225 doi: 10.1038/2234 (2012))

Comparison of simulated and experimental STEM images illustrating covalent bonding between CNTs and graphene

Nanofabrication of 3D Nanotube Architectures

(J. Tour and B. Yakobson, Rice Univ.)


http://www.futurity.org/science-technology/towers-of-nanotubes-sprout-from-graphene/


DARPA Nanotechnology Overview

• Vision: – To focus on unique performance or phenomena that

occur at the nano-scale; – To couple research with reduction-to-practice and

application exploration; – Leverage nanotechnology to enhance the

performance of devices and systems; – Use commercial-off-the-shelf infrastructure to create

unique nano-enabled devices and systems that provide advantages over COTS parts.

• Capability Goals − Advance R&D in physics/theory, materials, processes,

circuitry, and related technology for new devices that operate with unique information tokens due to nanoscale physical phenomena.

− Identify promising new nanotechnology approaches to replace transistors or augment conventional ICs.

− Stable yet agile sources of electromagnetic radiation for geo-location, navigation, communication, coherent imaging and radar.

• Technical Objectives or Challenges/Gaps Addressed – Optical atomic clocks with volumes < 5000 cm3 and

frequency stability > 2 parts per quintillion. – Tabletop sources of synchrotron quality nanometer

wavelength radiation and high flux attosecond pulses.

• Major Thrusts – Multi-university research communities focused on

discovering solutions to the intractable problems that are forecast to lie in the future of IC progress and to lay the foundations for microsystems innovations once Moore’s Law comes to an end. (STARNet)

– Fundamental research at space between quantum and classical, capitalizing on collective phenomena, coupling among quanta, and nonlinearities to build high-impact DoD devices. (MESO)

– Novel application-directed, laser-driven x-ray sources will improve upon state-of-the-art performance in nanoscale, subcellular dynamic imagining and spectroscopy, guiding future nanotechnology engineering. (PULSE)

– Build upon established control and readout techniques from atomic physics to develop a suite of measurement tools that will be broadly applicable across disciplines, helping to address outstanding challenges in physics, materials, and biological sciences. (QuASAR)

• Funding coordinated through the National Nanotechnology Initiative – FY13: $20.6M – FY14: $23.2M – FY15: $20.9M


PROGRAM STATUS

PROGRAM OVERVIEW PROGRAM OUTCOMES

Mesodynamic Architectures (Meso)

Schedule: Q1FY10 – Q2FY16 Upcoming Key Decisions: Phase 3 decisions 4QFY14

Transition Partners: Army Research, Army Tank Automotive Research, Air Force Research Lab, NIST, IBM, RTI Intl, Raytheon, Rockwell Collins, HP, Boeing, Vectron Intl., Intel, Texas Instr, Micron, Applied Materials, Global Foundries, …

21

Accomplishments: • Built MEMS oscillators with lowest phase noise and high vibration stability; opens important DoD application space

• First piezoelectronic transistor • Detected minimum injury concentrations of neurotoxin with electronic biotoxin detector

• Conclusive measurement of anomalous quantum Hall effect • Discovery of Topological Kondo Insulators • Fabricated prototypes of first-ever gate-tunable, Topological Insulator thermoelectric (ZT ~ 1.8 +/- 0.6)

Work at space between quantum and classical, capitalizing on collective phenomena, coupling among quanta, nonlinearities

to build high-impact DoD devices.

Examples include:

Handheld biotoxin detector (electronic, label free)

Thermoelectric with metric of ZT=10 and theoretical potential for ZT = 100 and high Seebeck coefficient

Ultra-low energy transistors (470x operation/time-energy and 100x lower power than SOA CMOS)



Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) & Chem/Bio Nanotechnology Overview

• Vision: Ensure DoD operations are unconstrained by chemical or biological threats

– S&T for improved detection, protection, and countermeasures against chemical and biological threats through understanding and control of materials and processes at the nanoscale

• Capability Goals: − S&T is aligned with NNI Goal 1, with R&D relevant

to chemical and biological defense such as: – Materials for protection and hazard mitigation – Targeted therapeutics and delivery systems – Improved threat sensing

• Technical Objectives or Challenges/Gaps Addressed – Low-cost, high-performance silicon nanowire

biomarker sensors transitioned to AFRL for human performance monitoring

– Nanomaterial-coated enzymes as robust decontaminants with longer shelf-life and improved range of storage and operating temperatures

• Major Thrusts – Dynamic responsive protective materials – Nanostructured Active Therapeutic Vehicles

(NATV) program – Advanced nano-enabled sensing and

diagnostics – Nanostructured materials for control of

micro- and nanoscale separation and transport

– Understanding and controlling the biotic/abiotic interface




DTRA+ChemBio Highlight: Silicon Nanowire Biosensors

2 µm

• Performer: Yale University • Objective:

Develop label-free, ultrasensitive silicon nanowire sensors as quantitative, reliable, low-cost biodetectors

• Highlights: − Achieved femtomolar real-time sensing of biomarkers

with no amplification − CMOS-compatible devices are high-yield and perform

consistently, allowing for multiplexing − Sensors can be regenerated for multiple uses − Technology now under development at AFRL for

sensing human performance biomarkers • Potential Impact:

– Multiplexed bioassays with high precision and accuracy – Screening for infectious pathogens – Discovery of emerging or evolving biothreats – Low-cost, low-power, point-of-need health and human

performance monitoring

Silicon-on-insulator CMOS nanowires

Silicon nanowire sensing approach



Defense Nanotechnology Summary

• DoD nanotechnology is viewed as an important enabling technology and investment area for future Defense capabilities

– Tailored toward meeting DoD mission-driven goals and objectives – Opportunistic research balanced with focused approaches to applications – Strong record of competitive success

• More emphasis is being placed on nanomanufacturing and overcoming barriers to transition/commercialization

• DoD is committed to prudent research behavior in nanotechnology and to environmental and occupational health and safety and related issues

• DoD values the National Nanotechnology Initiative collaboration and leverages participating agencies’ programs; international collaboration is encouraged where appropriate DoD views nanotechnology as a valuable tool and approach to advanced capability not as predetermined investment area.


Structures & Materials Intel Seminar 04/11/2012 Page-25

Questions/Comments

??? &*%#

M&P CoI Planning Workshop 05/07/2014 Page-26 Slide 26

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70($B)

BA5 System Development & Demonstration ($13.70B)

BA4 Advanced Component Development & Prototypes ($12.06B)

BA1 Basic Research ($2.16B)

BA6 RDT&E Management Support ($4.32B)

BA7 Operational Systems Development ($25.46B)

S&T: BA1 BA2

+ BA3 = $11.98B

BA4 + BA5

= $25.76B

BA6 + BA7

= $29.78B

DoD FY 14 & FY 15 RDT&E Budget Request Comparison

- in Then Year Dollars - FY 14 RDT&E request = $67.52B

(Budget Activities 1-7)

PBR14 S&T is 17.8% of RDT&E Technology Base (BA1 + BA2) = $6.79B

BA2 Applied Research ($4.63B)

BA3 Advanced Technology Development ($5.19B)

FY 15 RDT&E request = $63.53B (Budget Activities 1-7)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

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70($B)

BA5 System Development & Demonstration ($11.09B)

BA4 Advanced Component Development & Prototypes ($12.33B)

BA1 Basic Research ($2.02B)

BA6 RDT&E Management Support ($4.22B)

BA7 Operational Systems Development ($24.38B)

S&T: BA1 BA2

+ BA3 = $11.51B

BA4 + BA5

= $23.42B

BA6 + BA7

= $28.60B

BA2 Applied Research ($4.46B)

BA3 Advanced Technology Development ($5.04B)

Technology Base (BA1 + BA2) = $6.47B

PBR15 S&T is 18.1% of RDT&E


M&P CoI Planning Workshop 05/07/2014 Page-27 Slide 27

Total FY 2015 S&T request = $11.51B

(The

n Ye

ar D

olla

rs in

M

illio

ns)

FY 2015 DoD S&T Budget Request

38 114

(2,205) (1,992)

(2,129)

(2,843)

(407) (474)

(1,058)

(406)

40

Total FY 2014 S&T Request = $11.98B Army = 2,205 Navy = 2,033 AF = 2,270 DARPA = 2,793 ChemBio = 449 DTRA = 495 OSD = 1,147 Other DA = 591

48 0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Army Navy/USMC AF DARPA Chem Bio DTRA OSD Other DA

424 576 454 361

863 821 1,081 1,137

226 152 138

918 595 594

1,345

133 284

806

366

Basic Research Applied Research Advanced Technology Development



Data-to-Decisions

Autonomy

Engineered Resilient

Systems

Human Systems


Capability Priorities for FY13-17

Cyber Science and Technology

Electronic Warfare / Electronic Protection

Counter Weapons of Mass Destruction

Complex Threats

Force Multipliers


S&T Priorities for FY13-17: SecDef memo of 19 April 2011

(1) Data to Decisions - science and applications to reduce the cycle time and manpower requirements for analysis and use of large data sets.

(2) Engineered Resilient Systems - engineering concepts, science, and design tools to protect against malicious compromise of weapon systems and to develop agile manufacturing for trusted and assured defense systems.

(3) Cyber Science and Technology - science and technology for efficient, effective cyber capabilities across the spectrum of joint operations.

(4) Electronic Warfare / Electronic Protection - new concepts and technology to protect systems and extend capabilities across the electro-magnetic spectrum.

(5) Counter Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) - advances in DoD's ability to locate, secure, monitor, tag, track, interdict, eliminate and attribute WMD weapons and materials.

(6) Autonomy - science and technology to achieve autonomous systems that reliably and safely accomplish complex tasks, in all environments.

(7) Human Systems - science and technology to enhance human-machine interfaces to increase productivity and effectiveness across a broad range of missions.



High Interest Basic Science Areas

• Synthetic Biology – involves modifying living cells (typically bacteria) to produce novel substances, such as bio-fuels, bio-sensors, improved

vaccines, and high strength materials. Scientific challenges include modeling complex biological pathways, automating laboratory experiments, and selecting host cells compatible with synthetic genomes.

• Quantum Information Science – uses quantum mechanics to perform otherwise intractable numerical calculations, provide ultra-secure

communications, and simulate exotic materials. Realizing these goals requires new techniques for controlling quantum systems and new algorithms for exploiting quantum computation.

• Cognitive Neuroscience – the study of how the brain functions, provides deeper understanding of human learning and decision-making, improve

performance under stress, and cure or reduce the effects of war trauma. Research must include correlating brain structure with function, modeling brain signals, and developing improved brain imaging.

• Human Behavior Modeling – of individuals, groups, and nations enhances strategic and tactical decision making, improve immersive training and

mission rehearsal, and facilitate cross-cultural coalition building. Principal challenges include developing and validating improved models, and gathering and managing large, relevant data sets.

• Novel Engineered Materials – encompasses superconductors, metamaterials, plasmonics, spintronics, among others, and can improve antennas and

detectors, provide fluid-repellant coatings, yield self-healing composites, and greatly increase computational capabilities. Realizing these requires improved understanding of underlying concepts and better synthesis methods.

• Nanoscience – the science of materials on the atomic scale, makes possible new classes of electronics and sensors, chemical

catalysts, high strength materials, and energetic materials. Challenges include developing new nanomaterials, functionalizing them when necessary, and incorporating them into devices.


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