nilesh final

8/8/2019 Nilesh Final

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By Nilesh Amber

ENERGY SECURITY

BY

NUCLEAR POWER


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CONTENTS

Present energy Scenario in INDIA

Road Ahead

How do we reach there?

Nuclear Energy

The Three stage plan

Cost considerations

Advantages and Disadvantages

TATA Power opportunities ahead

Conclusion


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Present Energy scenario-INDIA

Source CAPACITY

(MW)

Thermal 93255

Hydro 37375

Renewables 13415

Nuclear 4120

Thermal includes coal, gas and diesel

ndia o al ns alled ~ 8

Thermal

6 %

uclear

%

ene a les

%

dro

%

Thermal reaku

as

6%

iesel

%

oa l

8 %

ndia has a o al of 8 6 ins alledgenera ing ca aci diversified across varioussources.


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THE ROAD AHEAD


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THE ROAD AHEAD

Commercial energy supply would need to grow faster at about 6.8 % per annum

India needs to run the wheels of development

and maintain the spectacular growth rates

achieved in recent years

A sustained economic growth of at least 9

over the next 25-30 years is necessary for

India to eradicate poverty and meet its larger

human development goals

D growth

9 20 9 00030

20

30

2003 200 2005 200 200 200

ear

row

th


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THE ROAD AHEAD

Indias installed generating capacity as on 31st March 2008 was 143 GW

Total electricity generated in 2007-2008 was 784 Bi Kwhr including CPPs

On a per capita basis, this is little above 700 Kwhr/annum which is lower thanthe world average of2500 Kwhr/annum and significantly lower than averageof OECD countries(8000 Kwhr/annum)

With a projected population of around 1.5 Billion by 2031-32, India would requirea total of7500-8000 Bi Kwhr/annum- about 10 times of the current figures


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How Do We Reach there?


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OUR RESOURCES

Thermal Power plants (Coal, Gas, Oil)

Hydro Electric Power Plants

Renewable Sources( Wind, Solar, Geothermal)

Nuclear Power Plants


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COALWith the increase in the energy demand, the requirement of coal-the dominant fuel,

will increase from present 490MT in 0 -09 to about 2-3 BT in 2031-2032

India has large coal deposits, but with such expanded usage, coal supplies may

come under stress much before the end of the century and much of the nown mineable

Coal may run out in 45-50 years

Coal with other fossil fuels being the major source of GHGs being pumped in the

atmosphere, do not pose a green solution to the huge energy deficit of the country

HYDROELECTRIC

Is a source of cheap and clean energyPopulation growth and R&R issues can hold bac further developments in this sector

Moreover Hydro resources are also limited and can meet less than 10 of theprojected electricity demand

OUR RESOURCES


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RENEWABLE ENERGY

Geothermal Energy - In India has the potential to generate about 10000 MW, but hasto go a long way to tap this potential

Solar Energy Inexhaustible and abundant source of energy, but this sector needs abig technological brea through to convert it into a base load serving option

Wind Energy Limited to specific geographical locations and highly climate dependent.Also limited to small generating capacity.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Till last year was suffering from poor availability of fuel.

The historic INDO-US nuclear deal signed in 200 has opened gates to this vast energy

source

OUR RESOURCES


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NUCLEAR ENERGY


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INDO-US NUCLEAR DEAL

After the first nuclear test in 1974,the then formed NSG had banned India from any

international trade in nuclear fuel or technology.

A clean waiver for the trade came from the NSG in September 200 due to its strong

non-proliferation records

+ US committed to ensure uninterrupted nuclear fuel and technology supply to India

+ Valid for 40 years, extendable by another 10 years

+ India to separate its nuclear civil and military facilities and place its civil nuclear

facilities under International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) safeguards

Thus Indian nuclear program stands to get

a much needed push


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NUCLEAR ENERGY

For the first time in December 1951,

Electricity was generated from nuclear

energy- illuminating four light bulbs..

Today- there are some 43 nuclear reactors operatingworldwide with installed capacity

of about 372000 MW

They provide about 15 of worlds electricity as continuous, reliable base-load power

First electricity production by nuclear energy

Experimental Breeder Reactor EBR-I, 20 Dec.1951, Arco, Idaho, USA


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World Energy Mix

1 ,683

63, 6

4 ,95

1, 43

1 ,5

1 , 9

8,438

4,1

USA

France

Japan

Russian

Federation

Canada

United

Kingdom

China

India

Installed NuclearCapacity (MW)

The nuclear installed capacity of India is mere

1.1 of the world total(377 GW)

To get into the league of developed nations,

India needs to multiply its generation capacity

manifolds with major share of it coming

from nuclear power

W orld Energy Mix

oal, .ydr o, 1 .

uclear , 1 .7thers, .3

il, .

Gas ,


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Reactors in INDIA(OPERATING)

S.no PLANTSTATE

TYPE CommercialOperation

Safeguard Status

1 TARAPUR 1 Maharashtra 1

0 MW BWR 19

9 Safeguarded

2 TARAPUR 2 Maharashtra 1

0 MW BWR 19

9 Safeguarded

3 TARAPUR 3 Maharashtra 540 MW PHWR 200

Unsafeguarded

4 TARAPUR 4 Maharashtra 540 MW PHWR 2005 Unsafeguarded

5 RAWATBHATA 1 Rajasthan 100 MW PHWR 1973 Safeguarded

RAWATBHATA 2 Rajasthan 200 MW PHWR 191 Safeguarded

7 RAWATBHATA 3 Rajasthan 200 MW PHWR 1999-2000 By 2010

RAWATBHATA 4 Rajasthan 200 MW PHWR 1999-2000 By 2010

9 KALPAKKAM 1 Tamil Nadu 220 MW PHWR 194 Unsafeguarded

10 KALPAKKAM 2 Tamil Nadu 220 MW PHWR 19

Unsafeguarded

11 KAIGA 1 Karnataa 220 MW PHWR 2000 Unsafeguarded

12 KAIGA 2 Karnata a 220 MW PHWR 2000 Unsafeguarded

13 KAIGA 3 Karnata a 220 MW PHWR 2007 Unsafeguarded

14 NARORA - 1 Uttar Pradesh 220 MW PHWR 1991 By 2014

15 NARORA 2 Uttar Pradesh 220 MW PHWR 1992 By 2014

1

KAKRAPAR 1 Gujarat 220 MW PHWR 1993 By 2012

17 KAKRAPAR - 2 Gujarat 220 MW PHWR 1995 By 2012


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Reactors in INDIA(Under Construction)

S.no

PLANT STATE TYPE

Expected

CommercialOperation

SafeguardStatus

1 KAIGA 4 Karnataka 220 MW PHWR 2009 Unsafeguarded



4 KUDANKULAM 1 Tamil Nadu 1000 MW

(VVER)

2009 Safeguarded

5 KUDANKULAM 2 Tamil Nadu 1000 MW

(VVER)

2010 Safeguarded

6 KALPAKKAM PBR Tamil Nadu 470 MW PFBR 2011

Total 3130 MW


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The Growth Plan

l ear

ther

lear ther

Calls for a significant investment of about $65 Bi in the next 10-12 years

4120 MW Current

10000 MW By 2012

40000 MW By 2022

250000 MW By 2052

CURRENT

Nuclear

3%

Others

97%


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THE FUEL

In mid 200 , Indian nuclear power plants were running at about half the installed capacity

due to chronic shortage of fuel.

Indias Uranium resources are modest with

54000 T Uranium as assured and 23500 T

as estimated additional resources.

With the historic Indo-US nuclear 123 agreement through in October 200 India is

expecting to import an increasing portion of its Uranium needs

The existing mining and processing

facilities Uranium are in the Jhar hand

state and two others are announced in

AP and Meghalaya that might get operating

by 2012.

However, India has reserves of about 290000 T of Thorium about one third of worlds

total.

Th232 which is only a fertile material into a fissile material U233 is intended to fuel Indias

nuclear power program in the longer term


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The 3 Stage Nuclear power program

The Indian nuclear program was

conceived based on a unique sequentialthree stages and associated technologies

It is based on a closed fuel system-

spent fuel of one stage is reprocessed to

produce fuel for the next stage.

The three stages when finally developed will ma e India a nuclear independent nation

With the available Thorium reserves and without any additional import beyond

Kudan ulam I & II plants under construction, we can set up no more than 4 000MW

by 2031 and only about 20 000 MW by 2051

With additional import of 30000MW of Uranium based plants by 2020, we can

reach 470000MW nuclear capacity by 2050 if the three stage program is fully

developed

Aimed at optimum utilization of the

modest Uranium and abundant

Thorium resources.

Stage I(PHWR)

Stage II(FBR)

Stage III(Thorium based)


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The 3 Stage Nuclear power program

comprises of Fast Breeder

Reactors

Fuelled by mixing Oxides

of U23 and Pu239 (MOX)

recovered by reprocessing

of 1st stage spent fuel

The fertile material( U23 ) is

introduced as blan et to the

fissile fuel core(Pu239).

In FBR, Pu239 undergoes

fission Producing energy

while morePu239 is formed by

transmutation of U23

Liquid Na is used as the

primary coolant

The 3rd stage is based

on using U233 as the fissile

fuel in the Nuclear

reactors to produce energy

Once sufficient inventory of

Pu239 is built up in the 2ndstage,Th232 can be

introduced as blan et

material to Pu239

Blan et Th232 converts to

U233, that is to be used in the

3rd stage reactors

The 3rd stage will mar the

transition from Uranium

based to Thorium based

reactors

Pressurized Heavy

Water Reactors

(PHWRs) fuelled

by natural Uranium

Natural Uranium contains

only about 0.7 of U235which undergoes fission to

release energy

Remaining 99.3 is

non fissile U23 which

by transmutation in

the reactor gets

converted to fissile Pu239

STAGE - I STAGE - II STAGE - III


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NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION FLOW CYCLE

Uranium Supply(Exploration, Mining& Milling)

Conversion &Enrichment

FuelFabrication

PowerGeneration

T & D

SpentFuel

Transportation

Final Disposal(Repository)

Storage

ReprocessingRadioactive

Waste

RecycledUranium


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Nuclear Waste Management

Volume of waste is very small as compared to conventional fossil fuel power plants

Cost of managing and disposing is generally passed on to end consumers

Broadly four types of nuclear waste are generated from all parts of nuclear fuelcycle.. from mining to generation and to reprocessing

Very Low Level Waste

Not hazardous for humanenvironment

Disposed off with domestic

refuse

Mainly concrete, plaster, metalsetc.

Low Level Waste

90 % of the total volume butonly 1 % of the radioactivity

Suitable for shallow land burial

Paper, rags, tools, clothing,having short lived radioactivity


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Nuclear Waste Management

Intermediate Level Waste

7 % of the total waste volume,4 % of radioactivity of all radwaste

Require shielding

Small items and non solids-solidifiedin concrete or bitumen for disposal

High Level Waste

95 % of total radioactivity producedin the process

Fission products and transuranic

elements generated in the core

Stored mostly near site in ponds7 m deep allowing 3 m water

Liquid HLW solidified, vitrified into

Pyrex glass for deep burial

Some gases in small quantities( Kr, Xe,

I) are released, having short half lifeand their release is delayed.

Costs about 5% of the total electricity generation for nuclear waste managementand storage


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COSTCONSIDERATIONS


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COST COMPONENTS

CAPITAL COST

Overnight capital cost

Comprises of EPC cost, Owners

cost Land, building, licenses etc.)

Use of special materials,

sophisticated Safety features

Significantly higher than

for coal or gas plants

5 - .5 Cr against 4- 5 Cr. Of thermal

FINANCING

Depends on Rate of interest on

debt, Debt equity ratio and others

Nuclear Power is cost competitive with other forms of energy generation, except

where there is access to low cost fossil fuel and Carbon emission and environmentalimpacts are cost free

High capital low fuel cost characteristics


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COST COMPONENTS

Generation COST

Fuel Cost - cost of mining,conversion, enrichment andfuel fabrication

10 15% against 70% in thermal

Operation and maintenance cost

Decommissioning and

waste disposal cost

Decommissioning costs about9-15% of initial investment

If discounted, contribute onlya few percent of investment

Waste disposal-10% of overallcost/kwhr

Uranium has the advantage of being a highly concentrated source of energywhich is easily and cheaply transportable


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The generation cost of nuclear power plants has always been on the lower side

COST CONSIDERATIONS


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Nuclear generation is cheaper even after considering fuel price sensitivity to

generation cost

COST CONSIDERATIONS


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ADVANTAGESAND

DISADVANTAGES


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ADVANTAGES

+ Fuel inexpensive

+ Energy generation from the mostconcentrated source

+ Waste is more compact

+ Fuel easy to transport

+ No GHGs emission or globalwarming issues

Advantages

Substituting a single nuclear power plant for a

coal fired one(1000MW and 0 PLF), would

avoid stac emission of 1.3-2.2 MT per annum of

Carbon depending on quality of coal and plant

technology used

+ Carbon foot print reduction andCDM benefits


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DISADVANTAGES

- Very high capital cost of special materials

emergency , containment, radioactive waste

and storage systems

- Resolution of long term high level

waste storage issue

- Potential nuclear proliferation issue


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TATA POWEROpportunities Ahead


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Opportunities Ahead

Aiming at

achieving

25000 MW by

2017

TATA Power has been powering India for almost a 100 years.

and will be doing so for the next 100 years and more..

Currently

operating with

2905.1 MW

installed

capacity

TATA POW March 2009

ydro

15

Wind

5

Waste heat

recovery

7

iesel

Thermal

70

Increased share

from renewable

and green

sources in

the total energymix

iversified

across

thermal, hydro,

wind, oil,

and waste heatrecovery


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Opportunities Ahead

In the quest of becoming a

leading green power

generating company, we

cannot overloo the nuclear

prospects

The GOI with its ambitious

nuclear power plans may invite

private parties to join in


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TATA Power can get into a joint venture

with government bodies for the

construction and O&M of nuclear power

plants and gain experience in the nu e

sector

We can also get into the transmission and

distribution business for the evacuation ofthe generated power by nuclear power

plants operated by government bodies

Opportunities Ahead

We can ta e up EPC contracts for constructionof nuclear power plants

Also, TATA Power can acquire and operate nuclear power plants in countries where

nu e sector is open to private players


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CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSION

India is going to be the most populous country of the world and a

monstrous energy demand is foreseen by the mid of the century

To be an energy sufficient state and because of the increasing carbon

emissions, nuclear power poses a sound solution

India is already the sixth largest and second fastest growing

contributor to greenhouse gases

We at TATA Power need to get ready by acquiring nowledge in nuclearenergy and its associated technology so that when the GOI opens the big

nuclear mar et to the private players..we are the favorites to it..


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THANK YOU

nilesh final

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