natural sciences 360 legacy of life lecture 16 dr. stuart s. sumida theropoda (including birds)
TRANSCRIPT
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Natural Sciences 360Legacy of LifeLecture 16Dr. Stuart S. Sumida
Theropoda(Including Birds)
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Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Eoraptor Herrerasauridae Saurischia Ornithischia
Archosauria
Dinosauria
Recall:
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THEROPODA
•Pronograde bipeds.•Pneumatic (hollow) bones.•Enlarged hand.•Vestigial digits IV and V on hand.•Highly extendable digits I-III on hand.•Compact, elongate, narrow foot – usually missing digit V.
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I
IIIII
IV
Theropod Feet: Note missing V.
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CERATOSAURIA: COELOPHYSOIDEA
Difficult to diagnose, as they retain many primitive features:
•Pronograde bipeds.•Relatively small.•Skulls are narrow, not boxy in shape. •Many undifferentiated teeth.
Best known taxa: Coelophysis Dilolphosaurus “Syntarsus”
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Dilophosaurus: a crested ceratosaur(No, they didn’t spit.)
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Coelophysis, skull
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Coelophysis: reconstructed in northern New Mexico
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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CERATOSAURIA: ABELISAURIDAE
•Bony outgrowths over the orbits.•Relatively short skull compared to Coelophysoidea.•Blunt snout.•Ornamentation on skull•Reduced forelimbs (like T. rex), but retain a well-developed pectoral girdle.
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Relatively short skull compared to Coelophysoidea.
Bony outgrowths over the orbits.
Blunt snout.
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Carnotaurus
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Majungatholus
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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TETANURAE: SPINOSAUROIDEA
Include all of the tetanuran features plus extremely elongate neural spines of vertebrae – creates a sail-like structure on the back.
Group named for Spinosaurus – which is actually not very well known.
(The animal in Jurassic Park III was called a “Spinosaurus” but it was actually based on an animal called Suchomimus.
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Suchomimus
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Suchomimus had an elongate skull, probably indicative of being a fish eater (piscivore). (Not a big nasty mammal eater as portrayed in Jurassic Park III.)
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Suchomimus
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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TETANURAE: ALLOSAUROIDEA
•Nasal bone makes up part of the antorbital fenestra.•Small diameter external mandibular fenestra.•The quadrate bone reaching up to the middle level of the orbit.
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Allosaurus
Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleontology
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Naris Additional Antorbital fenestra Orbit fenestra
Allosaurus
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ALLOSAUROIDEA:
Includes three major groups:
Family Major Representative
Allosauridae AllosaurusAfrovenator
Sinraptoridae Sinraptor
Carcarodontosauridae CarcarodontosaurusGiganotosaurus
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Allosaurus
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Afrovenator is actually known from only a very partial skeleton.
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Afrovenator: African allosaur from subsaharan Africa.
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Sinraptor: Chinese allosaurid
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Charcarodontosauridae: CharcarodontosaurusAlso known from incomplete material.
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Charcarodontosauridae: CharcarodontosaurusLarger (longer) than T. rex, but more lightly built.
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Charcarodontosauridae: Giganotosaurus
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Charcarodontosauridae: GiganotosaurusAlso larger but less robust than T. rex.
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Charcarodontosauridae: Giganotosaurus
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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COELOSAURIA
•Includes a number of feathered forms/groups. •Group was far more bird-like than more basal theropods.
•A large, circular orbit. •Semilunate carpal – a distinctive, half-moon shaped bone in the wrist. This was key in the potential movements of the hands.
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Dromaeosaurus – an advanced coelurosaur
Rounded orbit
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COELOSAURIA: COMPSOGNATHIDAE
•The most primitive members of the Coelurosauria.•Small, pronograde, bipedal, omnivorous (possibly insectiverous) forms.
Best known examples: Compsognathus, Ornitholestes, Sinosauropteryx.
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Compsognathus Turkey
Small, pronograde, bipedal, omnivorous (possibly insectiverous) forms.
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Compsognathus
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Sinosauropteryx
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Sinosauropteryx
Impressions of feathers
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Sinosauropteryx
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Sinosauropteryx
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Detail - “Downey” Filaments of Sinosauropteryx
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Sinosauropteryx prima – a small feathered coelurosaur from Liaoning, northeastern China
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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COELOSAURIA: TYRANNOSAUROIDEA
•Extremely large•Large teeth – “D-shaped” in section.•Only two fingers; highly reduced forelimb (including pectoral girdle).•Well developed pubic boot.• With Ornithomimids, shares: Middle metatarsal narrow and wedge-shaped proximally
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THE FAMOUS TYRANNOSAURS
Tyrannosaurus = Tyrannosaurus Nanotyrannus = Tyrannosaurus
(juvenile)Tarbosaurus = Tyrannosaurus ?Albertosaurus = AlbertosaurusGorgosaurus = Albertosaurus ?Daspletosaurus = DaspletosaurusAlioramus = AlioramusAublysodon = AublysodonAlectrosaurus = Alectrosaurus
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Tyrannosaur skulls are extremely robust compared to other theropods.
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Note how wide across the palate the tyrannosaur skull is.
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COELOSAURIA: TYRANNOSAUROIDEA
•Extremely large•Large teeth – “D-shaped” in section.•Only two fingers; highly reduced forelimb (including pectoral girdle).•Well developed pubic boot.• With Ornithomimids, shares: Middle metatarsal narrow and wedge-shaped proximally
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Large “Pubic Boot”
Reduced forelimb, two fingers
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~ 45 feet long
“Sue” – The most complete, most mature, largest Tyrannosaurus rex specimen ever found.
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Gastralia (“belly ribs”) of Sue (T. rex)
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CT-scans of Sue’s skull.
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“Nanotyrannus”
Actually a juvenile Tyrannosaurus
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Tarbosaurus baatar(Asian form)
Considered by some to be Tyrannosaurus baatar.
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Gorgosaurus – thought by some to be Albertosaurus, a very close relative of Tyrannosaurus
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Daspletosaurus
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T. rex – Predator or scavenger?
Probably both…
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How fast could T. rex really run?
Could it run 25 miles per hour? 40?
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Taking animal mass and the strength of both bone and soft tissue into consideration, T. rex tissues and bones would shatter if moving much over ten miles an hour…
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For T. rex to be able to travel at 20 m.p.h. the amount of leg muscle mass required to generate that much force would be about 95% to 110% its total body mass. Clearly impossible.
If legs are allowed to account for 40-50% of body mass (very generous), a conservative estimate for “cruising speed” is 11 miles per hour. Quick burst would have been 15 miles per hour at most.
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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Flat claws on feet
ORNITHOMIMOSAURIA –
THE “BIRD MIMCS”
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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THERIZENOSAURS:
We don’t know if they are more closely related to ornithomimosaurs or oviraptorisaurs…
Whatever they are, they are amongst the strangest of all theropods.
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Erlikosaurus – a therizenosaur theropod
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TherozinosaurusAppear to be large, slow moving analogs to giant ground sloths. They may have been high vegetation browsers.
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BeipiaosaurusSpecimen and reconstruction of limb
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Beipiaosaurus
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Beipiaosaurus
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MANIRAPTORA
Includes small to moderately sized theropods that are increasingly similar to birds.
•Adaptations of the hand for extreme mobility (rotatory ability of hand)*.•Furcula (clavicle) – (but tyrannosaurs may have one too…)
*This becomes “preadaptive” for wing beat movement.
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In our phylogenetic scheme, the Maniraptora consists of a polychotomy of four equally related groups:
•Oviraptorisauria•Dromaeosauridae•Troodontidae•Avialae (birds)
If we had to hazard a guess, troodontids are most similar to birds.
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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MANIRAPTORA: OVIRAPTORISAURIA(“Bird Mimics”)
Late Cretaceous group of small to moderately sized maniraptorans.
•Toothless jaws that supported a horny beak – a lot like a bird.
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MANIRAPTORA:
OVIRAPTORISAURIA Oviraptor skulls
•Toothless jaws that supported a horny beak.
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Khaan – An oviraptor from Mongolia
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Oviraptor -- incubating, not stealing, eggs.
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Oviraptor egg with enclosed embryo.
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Ingenia – an oviraptor from the Gobi desert
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Hand of Caudipteryx
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Reconstruction of Caudipteryx – another dinosaur with feathers.
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Reconstruction of Caudipteryx
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THEROPODASauropodomorpha
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
*
*Ceratosauria
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MANIRAPTORA: DROMAEOSAURIDAE
•Extremely developed sickle-like claw on foot.
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Skulls of Velociraptor
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Extremely developed sickle-like claw on foot.
Deinonychus
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Deinonychus
Extremely developed sickle-like claw on foot.
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Deinonychus
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Deinonychus
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Utahraptor: larger than Velociraptor, but incompletely known. Only limbs are known.
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Sinornithosaurus:
A feathered dromaeosaurid from China
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Sinornithosaurus:
A feathered dromaeosaurid from China
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Sinornithosaurus:
Feathers on skull
Feathers on tail
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Microraptor
Smallest known dinosaur ever found(39 cm).
Also had feathers.
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MANIRAPTORA: TROODONTIDAE
Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia
•Complex system of pneumatic (air-filled) sinuses (much like birds).
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Sinovenator changii – a chicken-sized troodontid with feathers from the Jurassic of China.
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Troodon
Sinornithoides
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Feathered THEROPODA Sauropodomorpha
(?)Eoraptor
(?)Herresauridae
Coelophysoidea
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea(?)
Allosauroidea
Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea
Ornithomimosauria
Oviraptorisauria
Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae
Avialae
Theropoda
Saurischia
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
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AVIALAE: TRUE BIRDS
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Protoarchaeopteryx
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Archaeopteryx lithographica(Late Jurassic)
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The “wishbone” (furcula, clavicle) acts as a spring during flight.
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Many more types of feathers than hair.
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Individual feather more complex than an individual hair.
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