national research results: how colleges nationwide are handling captioning

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National Research Results: How Colleges Nationwide Are Handling

Captioning

Dr. Katie LinderResearch DirectorOregon State University [email protected]

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Lily Bond (Moderator)3Play MediaDirector of [email protected]

National Research Results: How Colleges Nationwide are Handling Captioning

Presented by:

Dr. Katie Linder, Research DirectorOregon State University [email protected]

Tweet using: @ecresearchunit @Katie__Linder@3playmedia

mailto:[email protected]

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Presentation Objectives• An outline of the study recruitment and procedures• Data & results from the study including:

• Whether institutions are prioritizing captioning• How institutions are budgeting for closed captioning• Whether captioning efforts are being centralized• The people and departments involved in captioning decisions• Whether colleges & universities are meeting legal requirements for

captioning• How much captioning is currently being done• A comparison of captioning practices for face-to-face, online, and

institutional purposes• Awareness of captioning across campus• Takeaways from the study

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Study Origins

• Linder, K.E., Fontaine-Rainen, D., & Behling, K. (2015). “Whose Job Is It?: Key Challenges and Future Directions for Online Accessibility in U.S. Institutions of Higher Education,” Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance, and e-Learning 30(1): 21-34.

• Behling, K. & Linder, K.E. (2017). “Collaborations Between Centers for Teaching and Learning and Offices of Disability Services: Current Partnerships and Perceived Challenges,” Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability (in press).

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Study Research Questions• What are the solutions (internal and external) being used to

implement captioning across an institution?

• To what extent are institutions implementing captioning as a campus-wide initiative for courses and programs?

• Are institutional captioning solutions centralized or decentralized?

• To what extent are institutions implementing captioning proactively? Reactively?

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Study Research Questions• What are the institutional motivations for implementing

captioning?

• Who are the institutional stakeholders involved in the implementation of captioning initiatives?

• What are current institutional budgets for captioning?

• Who is the person/unit held responsible for the implementation of effective captioning (this may not be the same person/unit that provides the finances for captioning initiatives)?

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Study Research Questions• What institutional barriers prevent effective implementation of

captioning?

• What other barriers (aside from institutional) prevent effective implementation of captioning?

• Are there institutions that are implementing captioning particularly well?

• What does an effective and efficient implementation of captioning across courses and programs look like?

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Study Research Questions

And last but not least…

• Do institutions rely on data or research documenting the benefits of captioning and transcription to secure funding?

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Recruitment

• 3,742 institutional representatives received an email announcing the study (this does not include social media, listserv, and word-of-mouth recruitment strategies)

• A series of webinars describing the study were held

• For institutions that chose to participate in the study, a link to the survey instrument was provided

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Instrument and Procedures

• Institutions outside of the United States were excluded from the study

• Institutional representatives were asked to complete a 61-item online survey

• Survey respondents had the option at the end of the survey to provide their email to be entered into a raffle for one of five 10-hour captioning credits valued by 3Play Media at $1,500

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Participants

• A total of 54 institutional representatives responded to the study

• 47 institutions were included in the analysis of the outcomes after data cleaning procedures were completed

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Participating Schools Demographics

• Regional accreditor• Institution type• Public vs. private• Part of a larger campus system• Student enrollment• Online courses offered• MOOCs offered• Student enrollment online• Full-time and part-time faculty

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Participating Schools - Regions

HLC; 17

MSCHE; 3NEASC; 3

NWCCU; 6

SACSCOC; 9

WASC; 3 Other; 1

HLCMSCHENEASCNWCCUSACSCOCWASCOther

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Participating Schools – Institution Type

Frequency

University, PhD/MD/JD/EdD 21

University, Bachelors and Masters 11

Community College 8Bachelors but not graduate degrees 2

Two year college 1

Professional school 1

Technical/trade/vocational 0

Other (please describe) 0

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Participating Schools – Public vs. Private

Public; 81.82%

Private; 18.18%

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Participating Schools - Enrollment

Frequency Percentage

1,000 or less 1 2.3%

1,001 – 5,000 8 18.2%5,001 – 10,000 4 9.1%10,001 – 20,000 12 27.3%20,001 – 30,000 7 15.9%30,001 – 40,000 7 15.9%40,001 – 50,000 4 9.1%

50,000+ 1 2.3%

total 44 100%

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Participating Schools - Online Courses


None 1 2.3%

1-50 3 6.8%

51-100 8 18.2%

101 or more 17 38.6%

I don't know 14 31.8%

Other 1 2.3%

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Participating Schools - Offer MOOCs?


No 28 63.6%

Yes 11 25.0%


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Participating Schools - Online Enrollment


1,000 or less 7 15.9%1,001 – 5,000 6 13.6%5,001 – 10,000 5 11.4%10,001 – 20,000 2 4.5%20,001 – 30,000 1 2.3%30,001 – 40,000 0 0%40,001 – 50,000 0 0%50,000+ 0 0%I don't know 23 52.3%

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Participating Schools - Faculty

50 or below

51-100 101-150

151-200

201-250

251-300

301-350

351-400

401-450

450-501

501 or more

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

3 32

1 1 1 10

1

3

15

4

2 21

5

1 1 10 0

8

Full-time Part-time

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Video Creation Guidelines

Do any institutional guidelines exist to inform the creation of videos that will be used at your institution?

Yes No Unsure0

5

10

15

20

25

13

17

12

18

1411

8

15

20

Face-to-Face Online Institutional

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Video InventoryDoes your institution track or inventory in some way the videos that are created at your institution?

Yes No Unsure02468

101214161820

11

19

1113

16

13

7

16

19


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Who can post videos?

Frequency

Designated offices only 18

Any faculty members 13

Designated individuals only 12

Any staff members 12

Any administration members 11

Other 9

Any students 0

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Is the approach (including process, staff, criteria) that is used to create closed captioning for a video the same regardless of whether the video is produced for face-to-face traditional classroom course purposes, online course purposes, or institutional purposes?

Percentage

Yes 37.5%

No 40%

Unsure 17.5%Not applicable 5%

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At your institution, is closed captioning ever created for any videos?

Yes

87%

No2%

I don't know11%

How much captioning is being done?

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How much captioning is being done?

All Most Some None I don't know0

5

10

15

20

25

20

21

2

13

4

8

15

0

11

3 4

13

2

16

For how many videos is closed captioning created?


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How many transcripts are created?

For all videos For most videos For some videos For no videos0

5

10

15

20

25

31

15

7

4 3

20

6

2 3

9 8


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Are colleges and universities meeting legal requirements for captioning?

Federal disability law Section 508 requires that online videos comply with a set of accessibility standards that requires closed captions for all pre-recorded videos.

Closed captions are blocks of text usually shown at the bottom of a video that mirror the spoken audio. They capture not just speech but also essential sounds, like, for example, [doorbell], [laughter], or [applause]. They allow the viewer to read the text and absorb visuals at the same time. Closed captions can be turned on or off.

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How confident are you that you understand what it means for your institution to be in compliance with federal and state accessibility laws regarding closed captioning?

Frequency PercentageVery unconfident 1 2.1%Unconfident 3 6.4%Neither unconfident not confident

5 10.6%

Confident 18 38.3%Very confident 20 42.6%


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Which best describes your understanding of what it means for your institution to be in compliance with federal and state accessibility laws regarding closed captioning?

Frequency

Percentage

We are required to proactively caption all of our videos 24 51.1%

We are required to proactively caption most of our videos 9 19.1%

We are required to provide closed captions only in the case of a deaf student or if a student makes an accommodation request

9 19.1%

We are required to proactively caption some of our videos 4 8.5%

I don't know 1 2.1%We are not legally required to provide any closed captions 0 0%


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To what extent do you believe your institution is meeting closed captioning requirements?

not at all; 2.10%

partially meeting

re-quire-ments; 78.70%

meeting re-

quire-ments; 14.90%

exceeding re-quirements;

2.10%unsure; 2.10%

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Why are institutions captioning?

Is the creation of closed captions for videos at your institution part of a campus-wide initiative?

No; 60.50%Yes; 23.70%

Unsure; 15.80%

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Why are institutions captioning?Frequency Percentage

To be in compliance with the law 37 78.72%To avoid potential litigation 35 74.47%In response to accommodation requests 33 70.21%To support the needs of all learners 29 61.70%To create a learning environment that is aligned with the mission of the institution 20 42.55%To be in compliance with institutional policies 14 29.79%Because research supports a connection between caption use and positive learning outcomes

13 27.66%

To address a significant need at our institution 11 23.40%In response to faculty demand 11 23.40%In response to student demand that is not accommodation-related 4 8.51%I don't know 1 2.13%Other 0 0.00%

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Are institutions monitoring closed caption compliance?

No; 52.60%

Yes; 26.30%

Unsure; 21.10%

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Why are institutions NOT captioning?Frequency Percentage

Lack of general awareness 26 55.32%A budget doesn't exist 23 48.94%Staffing is inadequate 22 46.81%Unclear whose responsibility it is 22 46.81%Don’t have buy-in of administration to caption videos 20 42.55%

It’s too time consuming 19 40.43%It’s too expensive 18 38.30%Faculty won’t do it 18 38.30%Currently not an institutional priority 15 31.91%We weren’t aware it was something that should be done 8 17.02%

We don’t know how to do it 7 14.89%Lack technical capability 6 12.77%Concerned about copyright infringement 6 12.77%Other 3 6.38%I don't know 1 2.13%This is not a genuine need at our institution 0 0.00%

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How are videos prioritized for captions?

Frequency PercentageBy request 25 53.19%Based on whether there exists a need to create equivalent access 22 46.81%

Based on the purpose for which the video will be used (i.e., traditional classroom course vs. online course vs. institutional purposes)

15 31.91%

Based on whether videos are public or only visible to certain students 15 31.91%

Based on as much as the budget will permit 7 14.89%Based on course enrollment 6 12.77%Other 6 12.77%Based on video popularity 5 10.64%All videos are captioned 5 10.64%By course content/subject matter (i.e. certain courses get priority) 3 6.38%

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Have criteria been articulated for what constitutes effective closed captioning?

Yes; 48.90%

No; 36.20%

I don't know;

14.90%

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How are the criteria communicated to potential video creators?


Via a Disability Services Office 15 31.91%Website 13 27.66%Written Policy 8 17.02%Via a Technology Support Office 8 17.02%Via a Pedagogical Support Office (e.g. a Center for Teaching and Learning)

6 12.77%

Via Faculty Leadership 5 10.64%Other 5 10.64%I don't know 1 2.13%

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Do formal guidelines exist to inform the closed captioning of videos?

Yes No Unsure0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1514

10

1415

9

14

8

16


40

Are closed caption guidelines systematically communicated to potential video creators?

Yes No Unsure0

2

4

6

8

10

12

67

0

3

10

23

4

1


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Who decides whether to create captions?

ODSOIT

Prov

ost

VP of S

A CIO

CDO

Deans

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hairs

Facult

y

Stude

nts

I don

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5

10

15

20

25

30 28

6

2 3 2 1

8

17

9

46

20

10

5

1 1 0

9

19

5 4

15

79

36 7

1

53

0

12

18


42

Who decides which caption solution to use?

ODSOIT

Prov

ost

VP of S

A CIO

CDO

Deans

or C

hairs

Facult

y

Stude

nts

I don

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wOth

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101214161820

18

9

21 1

0

4

10

3

0

4

17

12

4

1 10

5

14

31

16

4

9

1

43

0

43

13

9


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Who creates the captions?

The cr

eator

of th

e vide

o

Staff w

ho ar

e ded

icated

to ca

ption

ing

Office of

Infor

mation

Techn

ology

Office of

Disa

bility

Servic

es

A third

party

, exte

rnal

to the

insti

tution

Automate

d soft

ware

I don

't kno

wOthe

r048

121620

14

8

3

1317

30

3

18

8

3

11

19

51

6

13

73 4

14

2 26


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Who ensures the quality of captions?

Frequency PercentageOffice of Disability Services 22 46.81%The creator of the video 21 44.68%Staff who are dedicated to closed captioning 18 38.30%A third party outside of this institution 18 38.30%Office of Information Technology 8 17.02%No one is designated to do this 7 14.89%

I don't know 5 10.64%Other 5 10.64%Automated software 3 6.38%

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How are institutions budgeting for captions?


$0 4 10.5%

$1-$10,000 7 18.4%

$10,001 - $50,000 6 15.8%

$50,001 - $100,000 2 5.3%

>$100,000 1 2.6%


What is your institution's budget for closed captioning?

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How are institutions budgeting for captions?In your institution, where is the budget for closed captioning housed?

Frequency PercentageDisability Services 12 31.6%In more than one office or department 8 21.1%Information Technology 5 13.2%Other 5 13.2%I don't know 5 13.2%Academic Affairs 3 7.9%Student Affairs 0 0%

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What factors inform the budget?

Frequency

Percentage

The number of students who request accommodation that requires captioning

18 38.30%

Our accessibility budget as a whole 12 25.53%

The amount of video content 8 17.02%Other 6 12.77%I don't know 5 10.64%Legal considerations 5 10.64%Enrollment 2 4.26%Other data from within this institution 2 4.26%Data from outside of this institution 0 0.00%

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Are closed captioning efforts centralized or decentralized?

Frequency PercentageNo aspects of captioning are centralized 20 42.55%A centralized policy exists for captioning 13 27.66%A centralized operations team exists for captioning 11 23.40%A centralized budget exists for captioning 9 19.15%I don't know about centralization of captioning at my institution 3 6.38%

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Are caption efforts centralized or decentralized?

When you think about implementation of closed captioning across your entire institution, to what extent is it systematic?


Not at all systematic 22 55%Somewhat systematic 12 30%

Systematic 4 10%

Very systematic 1 2.5%

I don't know 1 2.5%

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Are caption efforts centralized or decentralized?

In general, which of the following best characterizes your institution's underlying approach to closed captioning?


More reactive than proactive 16 40%Primarily reactive (designing for accessibility is done only after accommodations are requested)

9 22.5%

Primarily proactive (designing for accessibility is prioritized even if it is not requested) 5 12.5%

More proactive than reactive 5 12.5%Approximately equally proactive and reactive 5 12.5%

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Takeaways• There is still some confusion about the legal requirements for

higher education institutions regarding the closed captioning of videos

• Despite the fact that the top reason for captioning is compliance with the law, many institutions do not have processes in place to measure their compliance

• At many institutions, different processes, staffing, and criteria are used to create closed captioning for videos being used in face-to-face courses, online courses, and for institutional purposes

• The majority of institutions in the study report that implementation of closed captioning across their institution is not at all systematic

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Study Report

• A full study report for the institutional survey will be available later this fall

• The report will include:• Additional results from the study including more specific qualitative

analyses• The survey instrument• Data tables for all questions

Everyone who registered for this webinar will be emailed when the report is available.

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Upcoming Webinar: November 30

How Different Student Subgroups Use Closed Captioning

This presentation will cover:• Data & results from the student study, broken down by student subgroups• Student subgroup awareness of the availability of captioning• Student subgroup use of captioning and transcription• How the availability of closed captions and transcripts impacts students’

perceptions of whether they are helpful or a hindrance• How students with disabilities compare to students without disabilities

regarding closed caption and transcript use• The percent of overall students responding who report using closed

captions or transcripts as a learning aid• Takeaways from the study

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An Additional Resource

A weekly podcast about topics and issues related to research in higher education.

Full transcripts are provided with each episode.

National Research Results: How Colleges Nationwide are Handling Captioning

For additional questions contact:

Dr. Katie Linder, Research DirectorOregon State University [email protected]@ecresearchunit & @Katie__Linder

mailto:[email protected]

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Dr. Katie LinderResearch DirectorExtended Campus, Oregon State [email protected]

Lily Bond (Moderator)Director of Marketing3Play [email protected]

Q&AUpcoming Webinars:

Oct 20: An Architect of the ADA on Its Application to Modern Technology

Nov 3: Copyright Made Simple for Digital Educators

Nov 30: National Research Results – How Different Student Subgroups Use Captioning

Dec 8: Quick Start to Captioning

Jan 26: How UDL Helps All Learners

Register for upcoming webinars at:

http://www.3playmedia.com/webinars/