nanophotonics for high speed cloud computing

7/29/2019 Nanophotonics for High Speed Cloud Computing

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NANOPHOTONICS THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW PARADIGM:

OFFERING HIGH SPEED CLOUD SERVICES BY ENHANCING

EFFICIENCY OF ALL OPTICAL FIBER OPTICS NETWORKS

Kishori Sharan Mathur

Research Scholar, JJT University,

Jhunjhunu333001, Rajasthan, India

[email protected]

Abstract

Cloud computing is the highest of the highest technology. Cloud computing means shifting

form PC based applications to internet based applications. Cloud computing can take on very

efficiently on optical fiber networks and all the benefits of cloud computing can be delivered

through these networks to end users. With advancement in cloud computing there is a need to

exploit Nano photonics technology which has a promising future and have the capability to

provide high speed cloud enabled services over optical networks and devices. Nano photonics

which is the fusion of nanotechnology and photonics is likely to have a profound impact on

our economy and society, comparable to that of semiconductor technology, information

technology or cellular and molecular biology technology. Keeping the importance of Nano

photonics in picture this paper presents the advances taking place in Nano photonics

supporting high speed cloud computing services. The basics of Nano photonics and basic

building blocks of this technology are covered mainly discussing photonic crystals and

microstructure structure fibers (MOFs) or Holey fibers .The utilization of Photonic crystal

and Photonic band gap fibers in optical communication are discussed .Than some advance

Nano photonic devices like Nano photonic on chip and optical routers are discussed. Also,

latest developments in slowing down of speed of light are presented with the advantages of

such phenomenon in optical communications. Finally, cloud computing and its requirements

from all optical fiber networks is presented. In the last photonic road map for opticalcommunications is presented which highlights the future advancements in Nano photonics

which are going to take place as the cloud computing services mature.

Keywords:Nanotechnology, Nano photonics, Photonic crystals, MOFs, IaaS, PaaS, SaaS

1. INTRODUCTIONNanotechnology, which is sometimes shortened to "Nanotech", refers to a field whose theme

is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.It is Intentional formation ofmaterial structures with scale dependent physical properties in the .1 to 100 nm range


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generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and

involves developing materials or devices within that size.

Nanotechnology is extremely diverse, ranging from Novel extensions of conventional device

physics, to completely new approaches based upon Molecular self-assembly, to developing

new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, Even to speculation on whether we candirectly control matter on the atomic scale.

Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-

Ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. On the

otherhand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new

Technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of

Nanomaterials and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about

various doomsday scenarios. Nanotechnology is not a driver technology but is a very rich

and sustainable emergent technology that will have significant applications in almost every

area of human endeavor.

The first use of the concepts in 'nano-technology' (but predating use of that name) was in

"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by physicist Richard Feynman at an

American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a

Process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be

Developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller

Set, so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise

from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less

important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would become more important, etc.

This basic idea appears plausible, and exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism to

produce a useful quantity of end products. The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo

Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper as follows: "'Nano-technology'mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials

by one atom or by one molecule." In the 1980s the basic idea of this definition was explored

in much more depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of

nano-scale phenomena and devices Through speeches and the books Engines of Creation:

The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (1986) and Nano systems: Molecular Machinery,

Manufacturing, and Computation, and so The term acquired its current sense. Engines of

Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is considered the first book on the Topic of

nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s with two

major developments; the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunnelling

microscope (STM). This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1986 and carbon

nanotubes a few years later. In another development, the synthesis and properties ofsemiconductor Nano crystals was studied. This led to a fast increasing number of metals

Oxide nanoparticles of quantum dots. The atomic force microscope was invented six years

After the STM was invented. In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative

Was founded to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research and development.

1.1 Fundamental concepts: size

One nanometer (nm) is one thousandth of a micron which is a thousandth of a thousandth of

a meter and billionth, or 10-9

, of a meter i.e., a thousandth of a million of a meter. That is one

billion nanometers in a meter.

Another perspective: a nanometer is about the width ofsix bonded carbon atoms, andapproximately 40,000 are needed to equal the width of an average human hair.


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Another way to visualize a nanometer:

1 inch = 25,400,000 nanometers

Red blood cells are ~7,000 nm in diameter, and ~2000 nm in height

White blood cells are ~10,000 nm in diameterA virus is ~100 nm

A hydrogen atom is .1 nm

Nanoparticles range from 1 to 100 nmFullerenes (C60 / Buckyballs) are 1 nm

Quantum Dots (of CdSe) are 8 nm

Dendrimers are ~10 nm

DNA (width) is 2 nm

Proteins range from 5 to 50 nm

Viruses range from 75 to 100 nmBacteria range from 1,000 to 10,000 nm

The comparative size of a Nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of

the earth. [1]

Figure 1 shows various aspects of nanotechnologies.

Figure 1 shows various aspects of nanotechnologies.


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Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology.

1. "Bottom-up" approach

2. "Top-down" approach

In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components

Which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. Top-down

Approaches seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.

2. NANOPHOTONICSNanophotonics or Nano-optics is the study of the behavior oflight on the nanometerscale. It

is considered as a branch ofoptical engineering which deals with optics, or the interaction of

light with particles or substances, at deeply subwavelength length scales.The three majorapplications of nanotechnology are shown as follows in figure 2:

Figure 2

The study of Nano photonics involves two broad themes 1) studying the novel properties of

light at the nanometer scale 2) enabling highly power efficient devices for engineering

applications.

NANOTECHNOLOGY

CONTROL OF MATTER ON

NANO SCALE

NANOELECTRONICS

MOLECULAR SCALE

ELECTRONICS COMPONENT

NANOPHOTONICS LIGHT

MATTER INTERACTION AT

NANO SCALE

NANO MEDICINE

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN

MEDICINE
http://www.answers.com/topic/lighthttp://www.answers.com/topic/nanometre-1http://www.answers.com/topic/optical-engineeringhttp://www.answers.com/topic/opticshttp://www.answers.com/topic/wavelength-3http://www.answers.com/topic/wavelength-3http://www.answers.com/topic/opticshttp://www.answers.com/topic/optical-engineeringhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nanometre-1http://www.answers.com/topic/light


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The study has the potential to revolutionize the telecommunications industry by providing

microstructured Photonic bandgap and photonic crystal fibers and low power, high speed,

interference-free devices such as electrooptic and all-optical switches on a chip and optical

amplifiers etc. The emerging field of Nano photonics takes place when light is forced to

interact with nano structures. Bringing together the field of nanotechnology together with

optics and condensed matter physics, Nano photonics is one of the most creative areas ofresearch and will play a major role in the massive field of Nano science for years to come.

Nano photonics is also anticipated to play a supportive role to micro and Nano-electronics

and extend the telecommunication Capacity into the terabit per second. Nano photonics can

also offer high bandwidth, high speed and ultra-small optoelectronics components. This

technology has the ability to change the telecommunications, computation and sensing

industries. Nano photonics is the interface between nanotechnology and photonics with

optical materials patterned on wavelength-size scales or smaller as shown in figure 3.[4-

10,14,15]

Nano photonics technology is expected to enter the mainstream market because of attributessuch as low weight, high thermal stability, power efficiency and long working life etc., etc.

Nano photonic application applications include lighting, indicators and signs,

telecommunications, entertainments and consumer electronics. And materials include

photonic crystals, plasmonics, nanotubes, nanoribbions and quantum dots.

Figure 3


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Also, Nano photonics can be divided conceptually into three parts as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4

One way to induce interaction between light and matter on a nanometre size scale to confine

light and matter on a nanometre size scale that are much smaller than the wavelength of

light. The second approach is to confine matter to Nano scale dimensions, thereby limiting

interactions between light and matter to nanoscopic dimensions. This defines the field of

nanomaterials. The last way is Nano scale confinement of a photo process where we induce

photochemistry or a light induced phase change. This approach provides methods fornanofabrication of photonic structure and functional units. [3]

3. FOUNDATION OF NANOPHOTONICSConfinement of light results in field variations similar to the confinement of electron in a

potential well. For light, the analogue of potential well is a region of high refractive- index

bounded by a region of lower refractive-index. Figure 5 shows micro scale confinement of

Figure 5

NANO OPTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NANOSCALE

CONFINEMENT

OF RADIATION

NANOSCALE CONFINMENT

OF MATTER

NANOSCALE

PHOTO PROCESS


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light and Nano scale confinement of electrons. In Quantum wells one dimension is reduced to

Nano scale while other two remain large. If two dimensions are reduced to Nano scale while

the Third one remain large than they are called Quantum wires. If all the three dimensions

reach Nano scale then they are called Quantum dots. The most Striking similarity is the

Band-Gap within the spectra of electron and Photon energies. In case of. Electron crystals

solution of Schrodingers equation in 3D periodic coulomb potential for electron crystalforbids propagation of free electrons with energies within the energy band-gap. Similarly,

diffraction of light within a photonic crystal is forbidden for a range of frequencies which

gives the concept of photonic Band-Gap. The forbidden range of frequencies depends on the

direction of light with respect to the photonic crystal lattice. However, for a sufficiently

refractive index contrast (n1\ n2), there exists a Band-Gap which is Omni-directional.[5]

Figure 6 shows the band-gaps in electronic and photonic-crystal

Figure 6

4. PHOTONIC CRYSTALS:In the last few decades, a new frontier has opened up-It is called Nano photonics. The goal in

this case is to control the optical properties of a material. An enormous range of technological

developments would become possible if we could engineer a material that responds to light

waves over a desired range of frequencies by perfectly reflecting them, or allowing them to

propagate only in certain directions, or confine them within a specified volume. What sort ofmaterial can afford us complete control over light propagation? If could be a photonic crystal.

A crystal is a periodic arrangement of atoms or molecules. The patterns with which the atoms

or molecules are repeated in space in the crystal lattice. The Crystal presents a periodic

potential to an electron propagating through it, and both the constituents of the crystal and the

geometry of the lattice dictate the conduction properties of the crystal. However, the lattice

can also prohibit the propagation of certain waves. There may be gaps in the energy band

structure of the crystal, meaning that electrons are forbidden to propagate with certain

energies in certain directions, If the lattice potential is strong enough, the gap can extend to

cover all possible propagation directions, resulting in a complete band gap-For example, a

Semiconductor has a complete band gap between the valence and conduction energy bands.


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The optical analogue is the photonic crystal, in which the atoms or molecules are replaced by

macroscopic media with differing dielectric constants, and the periodic potential is replaced

by a periodic dielectric function (or. a periodic index of refraction).If the dielectric Constants

Of the materials in the crystal is sufficiently different, and if the absorption of light by the

materials is minimal, then the refractions and reflections of light from all of the various

interfaces can produce many of the same phenomena for photons (light modes) that theatomic potential produces for electrons. One solution to the problem of optical control and

manipulation is thus a photonic crystal. It is a low loss periodic dielectric medium. In

particular, we can design and construct photonic crystals with photonic band gaps, preventing

light from propagating in certain directions with specified frequencies (i-e., a certain range of

wavelengths or colours of light).[11-13,16]

Photonics crystals can be constructed with micron dimensions for control of infrared light.

Figure 7 shows simple examples of one two and three- dimensional photonic crystals.

Figure 7: Alternating layers of two materials (blue and green) with different refractive index

(or different dielectric constants) creates one dimensional confinement at left. Adding

alternating layers in other dimensions creates a two dimensional photonic crystal (centre) anda 3-d version (right)

4.1 photonic crystal and high speed optical communications

A photonic crystal with a well-defined defect channel can be used to confine light in the

defect region and guide it. Guiding light through well controlled defect channels allows sharp

bending of light without significant optical loss. Hence it is possible to achieve very sharp

bends (90) which is not possible with a wave guide as illustrated in figure 8. Using a

photonic crystal, one can achieve zero group velocity dispersion over a broad range of

wavelengths; hence the carrier frequency for optical communications doesnt have to be

limited to 1.3 and 1.55 m resulting in availability of very large number of opticalwavelengths for dense wave length division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. The narrow


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band filtering property of a photonic crystal, together with super prism effect, as shown in

figure 9, is useful for DWDM where many optical channels of closely spaced optical

frequencies are separated over a wide angle range. Finally, a photonic crystal platform

provides an opportunity for dense integration of receiver, amplifier, transmitter, and routers

on the same chip. Thus both active and passive functions can be integrated to produce a true

photonic chip. [2]

Figure 8

Figure 9

5. MICROSTRUCTURE OPTICAL FIBERS (MOFs) OR HOLEY FIBERS:

Holey fibers are a new class of fibers having internal structure and light guiding properties

that are significantly different than conventional optical fibers. There are two methods of

guiding light within a holey fiber, depending on its structure:


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(i) Effective index guiding

This guiding mechanism relies on the fact that the holes in the fibers are smaller than the

wavelength of the light being guided. As a result, light experiences an average or effective

index in the cladding. If the cladding, which is full of holes, has a lower average refractive

index than the core, than light is guided by total internal reflection, again, just as withordinary fibers.

(ii) Photonic band gap guiding

A holey fiber can guide light even when the refractive index of the core is lower than that of

the cladding, if, for example, the core of the fiber comprises an air hole. Total internal

reflection doesnt work under these circumstances. A new mechanism Photonic band gap

guidance is responsible, which relies on the regular arrangements of the holes. The cladding

acts like a mirror ,with reflections at multiple air/ silica interfaces adding up to producingstrong reflections overall, that works in much the same way as thin film filters, or multilayer

mirrors, the difference being that thin film filters are periodic in one dimension, while fibers

are two dimensional.

A wide range of novel optical properties are possible in holey fibers because of the cladding

features are of the scale of wavelength. The basic theory of photonic band gap fibers (PCFs)

is based on Photonic crystals. Figure 10 shows various types holey fibers and their sub

categories.

F

i

g

u

r

e

10

Figure 10

5.1 Utilization of micro structure optical fibers as Nano photonic devices for optical

communications:

Micro structure optical fibers in cloud computing environment can be utilized in:


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(i) High speed ultra- long haul (ULH) backbone networks.

(ii) High bandwidth coarse wavelength multiplexed (CWDM) metro networks and

(iii) Very high bandwidth access networks like fiber to the home (FTTH) networks based

upon Ethernet passive optical networks (EPON) or gigabits passive optical networks (GPON)or broadband passive optical networks (BPON) or wavelength division multiplexed passive

optical networks (WDMPON).

For ultra-long haul high speed, high power networks, there are issues of fiber nonlinearities

which are self- phase modulation (SPM) ,cross phase modulation (XPM),Four wave mixing

(FWM) ,stimulated Brillion scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS). These

nonlinearities represent the fundamental limiting mechanism to the amount of data that can

be transmitted on single optical fibers. One of the methods to counteract these nonlinearities

is by increasing the effective areas of the optical fiber. With photonic band gap

microstructure fibers it is possible to construct very large effective area and low loss fibers

which can carry high optical power to large distances without nonlinear interactions oroptical damage. Also, Air core fibers represents a revolutionary advance in the optical fiber

Nano technology since the theoretical predicted attenuation is less than 0.001 db/km.

Additionally, with air as core nonlinear impairments such as four wave mixing (FWM), cross

phase modulation (XPM), and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) would no longer be

inhibitor to high speed, high channel count, high power transmission optical fiber

communications systems. In case of fiber to the home access networks where bending loss

insensitive fibers are required, Holey fibers with 10mm bending diameter are most suitable in

comparison to with 20 mm strong bend fibers or 60 mm bend SM fibers. Due to bending

insensitivity, it is possible to have space reduction in MDFs and terminal boxes. The bending

losses are as low as 0.01 to 0.07 dB/turn at 1550 nm.[17-23]

The microstructure fibers are utilized for making optical switch, Raman amplifiers, solition

generation, gratings, broad band devices, dispersion compensation, dispersion controlled

devices, high power fibers, low loss propagation, nonlinear devices, pulse compression,

WDM devices and solition lasers etc.

6. SLOW SPEED OF LIGHT TO IMPROVE OPTICAL NETWORKING:

Scientists at U C Berkeley University managed to slow down the speed of light traveling

through a semiconductor to 6 miles a second or 31,000 times slower than the 186,000 miles

per second that light normally travels in a vacuum. Slowing the light pulses could lead a moreorderly traffic flow in the networks, which in turn could lead to faster transmission of more or

longer files. Potentially, this could mean high resolution video conferencing without jitter and

it will be possible to send 600 two hours long feature films in one second. Practically, it will

become possible to send100 tera bits of information or roughly 20 billion one page e mails.

One application could lie in the elimination of the optical to electrical conversion that takes

place in fiber optic communication system. Electrical signals are much slower, creating

networks bottlenecks. By slowing down light and developing chips that can handle semi slow

light impulses, data would not have to undergo the conversion process. There is a possibility

that slow speed of light will lead to significant advances in communications ten years from

now. [24, 25]


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7. SOME MORE FUTURE NANO PHOTONIC DEVICES FOR CLOUD ENABLE

OPTICAL NETWORKS

(i) On chip nano photonic

To cater for cloud computing requirements Nano photonics is going to play a major role inthe future by providing Nano photonics devices for cloud enabled optical networks. One

example of photonic integrated circuit is JDSUs integrated laser Mach Zehnder device. This

allows higher performance & more cost effective solution that support faster network speeds.

Tuneable lasers are key elements required for deployment of agile optical networks (AON).

Such networks are cloud enabled networks deployed by service providers to scale

infrastructures and replace slow, manual operations with simplified, dynamic network

solutions that can quickly respond to fluctuating traffic traveling over fiber optic networks as

demanded by cloud computing environment. The chip includes a widely tuneable laser and

Mach Zehnder modulator on a single chip that is small enough to fit on the tip of a finger as

shown in the figure 11. [27]This combination can support transmission speeds greater than

11.3 Gbit/s and is scalable to support 40 Gbit/s

Figure 11: example of a photonic integerated circuit

On March 3, 2010, IBM has announced that they have replaced electrical signals on a chip

with tiny silicon circuits that communicate using pulses of light. The outcome is the

development of ultra-high speed, ultra-low power avalanche photo detector. Its the worlds

fastest device capable of receiving optical information signals at 40 Gbps while simultaneous

multiply them ten folds as shown in figure 12.[29] The device just operates with 1.5 volt

supply only.


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Figure 12

(ii) All optical routers

Cloud Computing and all IP based services like IPTV, VOIP and HDTV are causing

internet traffic to double every year. Electronic core routers have deficiencies since they are

slow and consume considerable space/electrical power which these systems require and large

quantity of heat they generate. One example is routing system with 40 Gbit/s line cards and a

640 Gbit/s of switching capacity per chassis. The system occupies 213x60x91cm3, consumes

10.92 KW of power and weight 723 Kg. On the other hand optical routers (photonic routers)

have advantage of low power consumption. Smaller device foot print, ultra high speed serial

operation and data format transparency, this design is based on the optical routing of high

speed data electronic processing of low rate optical labels therefore also referred as optically

switched routers. Such router require Nano photonic devices like integrated optical switches,

all optical random access memories capable of storing and retrieving the label values and

integrated array waveguide gratings (AWG) and optical logic gates capable of high speed

processing.[28]

8. ROLE OF NANO PHOTONICS IN OFFERING HIGH SPEED CLOUD SERVICES

BY ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF OPTICAL FIBER NETWORKS:

Cloud computing can be defined as a new style of computing in which dynamically, scalable

and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the internet. Cloud computing

is a flexible, cost effective and proven delivery platform for providing business or consumer

IT services over the internet. Cloud services can be rapidly deployed and easily scaled with

all processes, applications and services provisioned on demand regardless of user location

or device. With the cloud computing technology users use a variety of devices, including

PCs, Laptops, Smart phones, and PDAs to access programs, storage and application

development platform over the internet, via services offered by cloud computing providers.


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Advantages of cloud computing technology include cost savings, high availability and easy

scalability.

Cloud computing can be viewed as a collection of services which can be presented as a

layered cloud computing architecture. The services offered through cloud computing usually

include IT services referred as SaaS (Software as a service).In this service, SaaS allow usersto run applications remotely from the cloud. Infrastructure as a service, (IaaS) refers to

Computing resources as a service, this include virtualized computers with guaranteed

processing power and reserved bandwidth for storage and internet access. Networking is also

the part of IaaS. Platform as a service (PaaS) is similar to IaaS, but also includes operating

systems and required services for a particular application. The three layers of cloud

computing are illustrated in figure 13.

Figure 13

As a result, cloud computing gives organizations the opportunity to increase their service

delivery, efficiency, streamlining IT management and better align IT services with dynamic

business requirements. These cloud services can be delivered in three principle ways

(i) Public cloud

(ii) Private cloud

(iii) Hybrid cloud

Public cloud is available to anyone with internet access whereas private clouds are owned and

used by single organization. In hybrid clouds organization provides cloud services and

manages some supporting resources in house and has others provided externally. These cloud

services have following major requirements from optical networks:

(i) High availability for mission critical applications


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(ii) High performance and scalability

(iii) Unified computing system

New architecture to unite network, computing, storage ,access and virtualization

(iv) Lower cost

(v) Fewer servers, switches, adapters, cables etc.

(vi) Low latency

To cater for the above mentioned requirements of cloud computing optical networks must

have following attributes:

(i) Very high speed

(ii) Very high bit rate/ Very high Transmission bandwidth systems

(iii) Dynamic

(iv) Scalable

(v) Reconfigurable

(vi) Flexible

(vii) Shared

(viii) Less costly

(ix) Low Power consumption

(x) Low latency

(xi) Fast switching and routing of traffic

(xii) High network throughput

(xiii) Optimum resource utilization

(xiv) Guaranteed quality of service

(xv) Networking features

To cater for above mentioned requirements in optical networks, there is a need to exploit the

cutting edge Nano photonic technologies such as Photonic crystals, Nano particles, surface

plasmonics, Quantum dots, Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), integrated optics technology etc.

These technologies have already demonstrated various device performances surpassing thoseof conventional photonic devices based on ordinary materials. Most of these technologies are


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enabling ultra-small photonic devices that can be densely integrated in a chip and consume a

very small amount of energy per bit operation. These devices holds the promise to introduce

large scale photonics into a chip, such as MPU (micro processing unit), there by having an

impact on future telecommunications networks. For integrated optical devices Nano

photonics goes well beyond the diffraction limit of light hence it is possible to perform

optical packet or label recoginazation and manufacture compact size integrated opticalcomponents similarly on the lines of integrated circuits.

9. COLCLUSION

Photonic technologies have already revolutionized communications and have the potential to

do the same for the field of cloud computing applications. One of the most exciting

applications of Nano photonics is in to transport quantum bits and teleport quantum

information over optical fibers. To do this, two new Nano photonics devices are needed:

Single photon sources and low loss optical fibers like Photonic band gap fibers(PCFs) whose

theoretical predicted loss is only 0.001 dB/km. Photonic crystal and photonic crystal fibershave infinite usages in optical communications for very efficient optical networking. Also, on

chip photonic integrated circuits will going to revolutionized optical communications in near

future. Also , control of light i.e., slow speed of light will result in efficient switches, routers

and improved optical networking by exploiting the optical fiber bandwidth which is about

200 THz (Theoretical Bandwidth).[14,24-26]. Also Nano photonics devices will open up a

new era in the field of optical networking by providing cloud enabled all optical components

based on photonic crystal, micro structure optical fibers and all optical integrated optics

devices. Finally, Photonic technology road map (Figure 14) shows that Nano photonics is

also maturing with the advances in cloud computing technology.

Figure 14 photonic technology roadmap


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