microsoft power point - environmental impact of ewaste

8/8/2019 Microsoft Power Point - Environmental Impact of Ewaste

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Sources, Fates, andEnvironmental and Health Effectsof Persistent Toxic Substancesfrom E-waste Recycling

Nepal August 2006

MH Wong*

Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences,and Department of B iologyHong Kong Baptist University

*[email protected]


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Content

General Introduction

Objectives of our Group Research Progress of the Project

Main Findings Conclusion

Future Work


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M a p o f Ch in a s h o w in g o u r s a m p lin g s it eM a p o f Ch in a s h o w in g o u r s a m p lin g s it e

Taizhou City

Guiyu Village


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Primitive E-Waste Recycling

Technologies

Guiyu, PR China: A Case Study Since 1995, e-waste from US & elsewhere have

been continuously transported to Guiyu &recycled by villagers

Recycling operations

- melting circuit boards over makeshift grills

- acid stripping of printed circuit boards

- burning wires to recover metals, etc.

Works undertaken by men, women, and evenchildren with little or no protection to health


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Open Burning of E-Waste

PCDD/Fs

PBDD/Fs

PBDEs

PAHs

PCBs

Heavy Metals

Photos by CIES, 2004


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Circuit Board Recycling

Toxic lead-tin fumes

Heavy metals

Toxic respirablesuspended particulates

(RSP)



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Acid Stripping of Chips & Printed Circuit Boards


HNO3

HCl

Cl2

SO2


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Daily Life in Guiyu



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Recycling transformer oil

from e-wasteRiver water contaminated by

transformer oil (with PCB)

Taizhou City , Zhejiang Province


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Burning of wire

insulation to recover CuOpen burning to extract

valuable metals from e-waste


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Objectives Conduct environmental contamination evaluation of

typical e-waste recycling sites

Study body loading of different toxic chemicals in humanmilk, placenta and hair samples collected from workersand local residents

Assess toxic effects of different toxic chemicals generatedduring the e-waste recycling processes, by means ofbioassay tests

Assess fates of toxic chemicals, in different ecologicalcompartments; and uptake & bioaccumulation in workers

(& local residents) using different models


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(Infant)

Wet and dry deposition

Runoff

Air Soil Surfacewater

SedimentDust

FishDucks

VegetablesDucks

Groundwater

Drinking(Ingestion)

(Ingestion)

(Dermal)(Inhalation)

(Inhalation)

(Ingestion)(Dermal)

(Inhalation)

Food(Ingestion)

Irrigation

Plants

Milk(Ingestion)

Aquaticplants

Food(Ingestion)

Swimming(Dermal)

Washingclothes(Dermal)Bathing and

washingclothes(Dermal)

(Adult) Humans (Child)

E-waste pollution sources

Exposure pathways from e-waste pollution sources tohumans

P t ti l i t ti i t l


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Potential interactions among source,environmental

media, exposure media, and exposure routes in a

multimedia, multiple pathway exposure assessment

Source: Caltox, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environment Protection Agency,1993


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Progress of Research

Determined level of pollution in environmentalmedia and in biotia POPs & heavy metals in soil, sediment, air (TSP &

PM2.5), roadside dust & workshop dust

Soil maps

POPs and heavy metals in fish (environmental anddietary exposure

Human samples to investigate body loading (breastmilk, placenta, hair)

Toxicological assessments (will not be reported)


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Distribution of E-waste Recycling Activities

AcidLeaching

Printed CircuitBoards Baking

PlasticRecycling

Computer

Dismantling

Open Burning

Beilin

Longgang

Yaocouwei

Nanyang River

Nanyang

Ximei


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I. Soil Pollution

- Heavy metals

- PAHs- PCBs

- PBDEs

- PCDD/Fs


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Distributions of Pb and Cu in Soil

Giyu Soil Survey


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224

348

45.2

653

186

1.66

Mean

43.9

105

17.9

64.5

152

3.36

Median Dutch standardGB 15618-1995

720140500250100Zn

5308550030035Pb

210352005040Ni

1903640010035Cu

38010040030090Cr

120.810.60.2Cd

actionbackground

Elevated trace metal concentrations in soils

Some unsuitable for agricultural purposes

Remedial actions required in some areas

Heavy metals

Comparison with regulatory

standards (mg/kg)

Giyu Soil Survey

Guiyu Soil Survey


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Total PAHs in Guiyu Soils

Near open burningsites: average PAHs =1400 g/kg (highest 3200g/kg).

Near circuit board

heating site: PAHs concwere 1000 g/kg.

Reservoir & forests:low levels of PAHs - no point

sources of pollution.

Guiyu Soil Survey

Guiyu Soil Survey


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Comparison with published data - PAHs

This study58232064549Guiyu, China

Bucheli et al, 20042256195023Switzerland

Wilcke et al, 200373347547Brazil

Nam et al, 2003236283423.3226South Korea

Wilcke & Amelung,

20001423216318

North American

(20 PAHs)

Zhang et al, in

press

55410753Hong Kong, China

Hao et al, 2004317125722131Shantou, China

Chen et al, 2004298616603Hangzhou, China

Chen et al, 200537630774243Guangzhou, China

MeanHighestLowest

References

Total 16 PAHs concentration(g/kg)No. of

sampleLocation

Guiyu Soil Survey


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Soil guidelines for PCDD/Fs

Environmental quality

standard (2003)

Sweden

Guideline interim value

Environmental quality

guidelines (2003)

Preliminary remediation goal

(2000)

Guideline/Standard AgricultureResidentialCountry

10 pg I-TEQ/g1500 pg I-TEQ/gNewZealand

10 pg I-TEQ/g10 pg I-TEQ/gSweden

1000 pg

WHO-TEQ/g

1000 pg WHO-

TEQ/g

Japan

4 pg-TEQ/g4 pg-TEQ/gCanada

---1000 pg-TEQ/gUS

X X

X

X

X

X


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Comparison of PCDD/Fs in soils from

dump sites in Asian countries

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Guiyu Philippines Guiyu Cambodia Vietnam

(Hanoi)

India Vietnam

(Ho ChiMinh)

PCDD/Fconcentratio

n(pgWHO-TE

Q/g)

Minh et al., 2003

Open burn sites

Acid leaching site

28x higher than

Philippines


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Deca-BDE (BDE-209) was the most dominant homologue/congener accounting

for35-82% of total PBDEs

PBDE Homologue Concentrations (ng/g, dry wt, n=3)

Soil Combusted residue

PBDE ReservoirRice

fieldDuck

pond

Printer roller

dump site

Acid

leaching

Open

burning site

Riverbank

Homologues

Total Mono-BDE ND 0.116 0.115 0.080 23.1 88 2.64

Total Di-BDE 0.017 0.367 0.417 0.631 71.8 251 13.4Total Tri-BDE 0.054 0.769 1.00 4.05 167 598 39.4

Total Tetra-BDE 0.351 1.31 3.99 150 263 1100 55.0

Total Penta-BDE 0.276 0.665 2.82 411 426 1111 64.4

Total Hexa-BDE 0.103 1.01 6.35 81.70 378 809 1507

Total Hepta-BDE 0.086 2.62 20.1 128 357 1473 3060

Total Octa-BDE 0.090 1.93 17.0 104 332 1010 6359

Total Nona-BDE 0.102 2.05 18.8 50.9 283 1051 3550

Total Deca-BDE 2.76 37.3 328 510 1269 16160 48633

Total PBDEs 3.80 48.2 398.0 1440 3570 23640 63300

18x

USEPA standard in residential soil warranting preliminary remediation

USEPA standard in industrial soil warranting preliminary remediation

Penta BDE BDE-209

120,000 610,000

1,200,000 6,200,000


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Profiles of PBDE congeners in soil samples

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

BDE-47 BDE-49 BDE-66 BDE-99 BDE-100 BDE-153 BDE-154 BDE-183 BDE-197 BDE-203 BDE-207 BDE-209

PBDE c ongen ers

%

PBDE

congenertototalPBDEs

ReservoirRice fieldD uck pond

P rinter roller d ump siteA cid lea chingOp en b urning siteRiverbank


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Comparison with other PBDE soil studies(ng/g, dry wt.)

274 - 32746

Guiyu:

34.7 - 97400

76

Guiyu: 56x

0.07 - 12

Guiyu: 2 - 6.2

Concentration

Greenpeace China,2005

HKE-wastestorage site

Hale et al., 2002USANon e-wastesite: near foam

manufacturing

plant

Hassanin et al., 2004UKBackground

(grassland/

woodland)

ReferenceConcentrationDescription


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Mass Concentration in Air Samples Collected

from Guiyu

47.3

30.9

139

GZ

Site 2

51.132.744.950.5PM2.5 (Teflon)

65

(USEPA)

40.231.949.962.1PM2.5 (Quartz)

260(HK)

16257.880.1124.1TSP

GuidelineGZ

Site 1

HK

Site 2

HK

Site 1

Guiyu(g/m3 )

TSP: Guangzhou (GZ) > Guiyu > Hong Kong (HK)

PM2.5: Guiyu > Guangzhou > Hong Kong


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Tianhe ~Hok Tsui

Liwan > Yuen Long

(1.3 times)

Guiyu > Yuen Long

(2.8 times)

Guiyu (conc of PCDD/Fs)

above Japanese standard0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Beilin Liwan Tianhe Yuen Long Tsuen Wan Hok Tsui

ConcentrationofPCDD/Fs

(pg

WHO-TEQ/m3)

China Hong Kong

Japan: 0.6 pg TEQ/m30.65

0.35

0.10

0.230.14

0.07

Guiyu

Dioxins Levels in Air Particulates from Guiyu

Compared with Hong Kong & Guangzhou

Comparison of dioxins levels in S China with air quality standards

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Beilin Liwan Tianhe Yuen Long Tsuen Wan Hok Tsui

Concentrationof2,3,7,8-TCDD

(fg/m3)

China Hong Kong

USA (Indiana, Kansas and Washington): 30 fg/m3

54

Guiyu

9.84.6

10.25.3 4.8

Tianhe ~ Hok Tsui

~Tsuen WanLiwan ~ Yuen Long

Guiyu >>HK

Guiyu above USA guideline

September 2004

September 2004


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Pb in atmospheric particulates

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

TH LW BL YL TW HT

Pbconcentrations(ng/m3)

Hong KongGuangzhou

GuiyuPM2.5

TSP

A large frac tion of Pb in the form of PM2.5 a grea ter hea lth risk!

Summer 2004

Inhalab le partic ulates!


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III. Water Bodies- Heavy metals

- PBDE- PCBs


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Heavy metals in the sediments collected

from Lianjiang River

628590543453574.910.3Max

31591.3N.A.19790.03.50CCME (PEL)*

12179.526.012548.6n.d.Min

156

165

181

Ni

1208

512

1068

Cu

28413753.93.94Median

1431698.973.92Stand dev

32423057.74.09Mean

ZnPbCrCdmg/kg

*Canadian Environmenta l Quality Guidelines, Prob able e ffec t levels

Total Hg in Sediment of G i


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Total Hg in Sediment of Guiyu

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Sample number

T

otalHg(ug/g)

Lianjiang

RiverNanyang

River

Open

burn site

Reservoir


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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

BDE-28 BDE-47 BDE-66 BDE-100 BDE-99 BDE-154 BDE-153 BDE-183

LJ-Tilapia NY-Crucian NY-BH

ng/g w. w Bighead Carp-muscles Bighead Carp-abdomen LianJiang-Tilapia

Medium Largest Lowest Medium Largest Lowest Medium Largest Lowest

BDE-28 7.64 9.50 5.35 203.72 438.43 48.22 13.41 22.62 8.77

BDE-47 18.95 21.89 12.97 465.28 955.16 136.27 69.04 110.40 42.94BDE-100 0.65 0.73 0.48 15.66 33.69 3.45 3.58 5.40 2.13

BDE-99 0.25 0.64 0.07 5.87 11.67 2.37 3.99 8.33 1.73

BDE-154 0.54 0.62 0.49 6.68 13.08 1.37 8.83 21.05 4.02

BDE-153 0.56 1.43 0.14 11.75 22.97 2.52 5.27 10.38 2.64

BDE-183 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.15 0.36 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.00

Total BDE 34.22 45.01 24.49 802 1628 228 114 196 69.57

PBDE Congeners in Fish Samples


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IV. Roadside andWorkshop Dust

- Heavy metals


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Intensive study (8 study sites)

1. Inside workshops 2. Street of workshops

4. School3. Main trunk road


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5. Outdoor food market

6. Longgang

7. Gurao 8. Shantou University


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1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

PCBR

W(n

=12)

StreetB-

2-1(

n=16)

StreetB-

2-2(

n=16)

Scho

olya

rd(n=4

)

Near

scho

ol(n=4

)

Food

market(

n=14)

Long

gang

(n=8)

Gurao(

n=16)

Shantou

Univ

ersity(

n=12

)

Pbcon

centration(mg/kg

Pb in dust

110000

632

530

530

85

de cef

d

f

f

ab

f

Guiyu Outside

Guiyu

140

Exceedenceof New DutchList ActionValue forLead

>200x!

New Dutch List ActionValue (The Netherlands)

New Dutch ListOptimum Value

Canadian Environmental QualityGuideline Residential/park



Logarithmic scale

99x thanPb/Zn mine

tailings

Guangdongprovince

50x Korean

abandoned

mines


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1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

PCBR

W(n

=12)

Stree

tB-2-1(

n=16)

StreetB-

2-2(n=16)

Scho

olyard

(n=4)

Near

scho

ol(n=

4)

Food

market(

n=14)

Longga

ng(n=8)

Gurao(

n=16)

S

hanto

u Univ

ersity

(n=12)

Cuconcentration(mg/kg)

Cu in dust

190

36

a

de

b

cdde

dee

c

e 63

ALL exceedsNew Dutch

List ActionValue forcopper

CEQG Residential/park(Canada)



Logarithmic scale


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Heavy metals in dust:

Estimation of non-cancer toxic risk (HI)

Hazard index

ADDingest ADDdermal ADDinhale RfDoral RfDdermal RfDinhale HQingest HQdermal HQinhale HI

Cd 4.58E-05 3.65E-07 1.35E-08 0.001 1.00E-05 - 0.046 0.0365 1.350E-05 0.082

Co 3.82E-05 3.05E-07 1.12E-08 0.02 0.016 5.71E-06 0.002 1.910E-05 0.002 0.004

Cr 1.40E-04 1.12E-06 4.13E-08 0.003 6.00E-05 2.86E-05 0.047 0.019 0.0014 0.067

Cu 0.025 1.96E-04 7.21E-06 0.04 0.012 - 0.61 0.016 1.800E-04 0.63Mn 9.90E-04 7.90E-06 2.91E-07 0.046 0.00184 1.43E-05 0.022 0.004 0.02 0.046

Ni 0.0055 4.35E-05 1.60E-06 0.02 0.0054 - 0.27 0.008 8.020E-05 0.28

Pb 0.141 1.13E-03 4.15E-05 0.0035 5.25E-04 - 40.3 2.2 0.012 42.5

Zn 0.0070 5.56E-05 2.05E-06 0.3 0.06 - 0.023 9.260E-04 6.830E-06 0.02

HI 41.40 2.23 0.036 43.6

(mg/kg/day)

Reference doseAverage daily dose

(mg/kg/day)

Hazard quotient

Scenario: Adult worker - printed circuit board workshop

Pb:

HQ (dust ingestion) exceeded the safereference dose level by > 40x

92% of the total HI

For child, exceeded safe level by 753x !

19x than for adult scenario.

Impaired mental &

physical development

Neurological Problems

AutismIQ


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PCDD/F i h i f T i h


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PCDD/Fs in hair from Taizhou

E-waste recycling site sig. higher than control site

(t-test, P < 0.05, 2-tailed)

Human hair

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

TZ_H_Ave H5 H1

7H2

1H2

2H2

3

HZ_H_Ave

H27

H28

H31

H50

Hair

pgWHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/g

drywt

Control site (HZ)

a

E-waste recycling site (TZ) b

PBDEs in human specimen


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PBDEs in human specimen

collected from Zhejiang

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

TZ_Ave #5 #17 #21 #22 #23 HZ_Ave #27 #28 #31 #33 #50

Samples

PBDEs(pg/gdw

)

Human milk Placenta Hair490,000 pg/g, dw

E-waste recycling site, i.e. Taizhou

Sig. correlation (Spearmans) betweenHuman milk & placenta (P < 0.001)

Human milk & hair (P < 0.001)

Placenta & hair (P < 0.05)


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PBDEs in human milk: Comparison

with other studies (1998-2005)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

USA

Taizh

ou,Chi

na

Cana

da

Japa

n

Faro

eIs

land UK

Swed

en

Mal

aysi

a

Phili

ppin

es

Kore

a

Cambo

dia

Indo

nesia

H

angz

hou,

Chi

na

Viet

nam

Indi

a

Rus

sia

(Bur

yatia

)

Region/country

PBDEs(n

g/glipidwt)

BDE-47 BDE-99 BDE-100 BDE-153

E-waste recycling site

Control site

Comparison on concentration of PCBs in food


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Comparison on concentration of PCBs in food

samples from two e-waste sites

PCB levels in fish and seafood

0

20

40

60

80

100

loach

CrucianCarp crab

Chinesesnakehead

bloodclam

yellowcroakerMudsnail

whiteshrimpPomfretspiralmulletBighead

CrucianCarpTilapiaMudcarp

Grasscarp

SilverCarp

BlackCarp

Commoncarp

bloodclam

Food items

PCBconcentrations(ng/gwetwt)

TZ GY

Fish and seafood

In general, TZGY=0

PCB l l i h l f T i h


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PCB levels in human samples of Taizhou

and Lin'an (control site)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

H air P lacenta M ilk

P

C

B

c

o

n

c

.

(n

g

/g

d

ry

w

t)

TZ

LA

PCB levels in human samples of Taizhou


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Relationship between different human


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Relationship between different human

samples (PCBs)

Good relationship between average pattern of different human samples

However, total PCB Levels in different persons do not correlate well for tissues

Relationship of PCB level in human milk and placenta of

TZ

R2 = 0.5329

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 5 10 15

Placenta (ng/g dry wt)

Mil

k

(ng

/g

dry

wt)

Relationship of PCB levels in human milk and hair of TZ

y = 0.2178x - 0.4094

R2 = 0.9308

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 100 200 300 400 500

Hair (ng/g dry wt)

Milk

(ng

/g

dry

wt)


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Total Hg in hair and placenta (Guiyu)

Guiyu (34) 0.132-1.47

Korea 1.1-1.7

Japan 2.02-2.98Hong Kong 1.57-3.97

Malaysia 3.38

Quebec 2.4-3.7

Columbia 1.33-2.4Sweden 0.9

Finland 2.1

Hair

(g/g)Placenta

(g/g)

Guiyu (25) ND 0.0418 g/g

Ave.= 0.0152 0.0093Ave = 0.492 0.278


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C l i


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Conclusions

PBDE and PCB concentrations in fish and PCDD/Fs in

human milk suggest bioaccumulation and

biomagnification

Bioassay tests using human cell lines demonstrate

cytotoxic effects due to Guiyu pollution

The first detailed study on PTS and heavy metals and

human health risk assessment of an e-waste site

Research Grant:


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Team Members:

Prof MH Wong, CIES/Biol Dept, HKBU (PI)Drs CKC Wong, KC Cheung MS Yang, Prof KKL Yung, RNS

Wong, NK Mak, CIES/Biol Dept, HKBU

Dr ZW Cai, Dioxins Lab, HKBU

Dr CKM Leung (MD), In VitroFertilization Centre, HK

Dr PKK Louie, Air Services Group, HKEPD

Dr NS Duzgoren-Aydin, Dept Earth Sci, HKU

Prof KWK Liu, Dept Anatomy, CUHKProf TW Wong, Dept Community & Family Medicine, CUHK

Prof J Fu, Guangzhou Inst Geochem, CAS, PRC

Research staff/students:J Chan, WJ Deng, A Leung, Q Luo, XL Peng, F Wang, C Wong,SC Wu, GH Xing, XZ Yu

Research Grant:HKBU1/03, Group Research Central Allocation, Research

Grants Council of Hong KongThe Research Team:


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Thank You

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