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E-waste .. a Serius

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Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and

Electronic Equipment (WEEE) describes loosely discarded,

surplus, obsolete, or broken electrical or electronic devices.

Environmental groups claim that the informal processing of

electronic waste in developing countries causes serious health

and pollution problems. Some electronic scrap components, such

as CRTs, contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium,

mercury, and brominated flame retardants. Activists claim that

even in developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste

may involve significant risk to workers and communities and

great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling

operations and leaching of material such as heavy metals from

landfills and incinerator ashes. Scrap industry and USA EPA

officials agree that materials should be managed with caution, but

that environmental dangers of unused electronics have been

exaggerated by roups which benefit from increased regulation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinerator


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Definitions

"Electronic waste" may be defined as all secondary computers,entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, and other itemssuch as television sets and refrigerators, whether sold, donated,or discarded by their original owners. This definition includes usedelectronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage,recycling, or disposal. Others define the re-usables (working andrepairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel,plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste"

for residue or material which was represented as working orrepairable but which is dumped or disposed or discarded by thebuyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse andrecycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics arefrequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable),several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" broadlyto all surplus electronics. The United States Environmental
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency


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Protection Agency (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors in itscategory of "hazardous household waste". but considers CRTs setaside for testing to be commodities if they are not discarded,speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from weather and

other damage.

Debate continues over the distinction between "commodity" and"waste" electronics definitions. Some exporters may deliberatelyleave difficult-to-spot obsolete or non-working equipment mixedin loads of working equipment (through ignorance, or to avoidmore costly treatment processes). Protectionists may broaden thedefinition of "waste" electronics. The high value of the computerrecycling subset of electronic waste (working and reusablelaptops, computers, and components like RAM) can help pay the

cost of transportation for a large number of worthless "electroniccommodities".

Problems

Rapid change in technology, low initial cost, and plannedobsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronicwaste around the globe. Dave Kruch, CEO of Cash For Laptops,regards electronic waste as a "rapidly expanding" issue. Technical

solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, acollection system, logistics, and other services need to beimplemented before a technical solution can be applied. Anestimated 50 million tons of E-waste is produced each year. TheUSA discards 30 million computers each year and 100 millionphones are disposed of in Europe each year. The EnvironmentalProtection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste isrecycled, the rest of these electronics go directly into landfills andincinerators. In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy

metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics.

Mumbai generating 19,000 tones of e-waste annually:

In a grim reminder of the increasing environmental and healthhazards in India's urban centres, a new study by Toxics Link, an
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_For_Laptopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_For_Laptops


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environmental group, has revealed that Mumbai is not just theleading generator of electronic waste in the country, but also thatthe rate at which the commercial capital is throwing awayelectronic goods is far higher than believed so far.

India generates about 150,000 tons of WEEE annually and almostall of it finds its way into the informal sector, as there is noorganised alternative available at present. The trend is likely toincrease manifold in proportion to the growth in the consumptionof electronic products.

Key findings:

1. Mumbai generates roughly 19,000 tonnes of WEEE annually,

which is substantially higher than the existing

approximation. This figure includes not just computers, but

also televisions, refrigerators and washing machines. The


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actual WEEE quantity is expected to be much higher, as

several other electronic products, which have not been used

in the study, are being dumped into the city's waste stream,

and also because there are no figures available on imports

from developed nations.

2. A substantial part of Mumbai's WEEE, both imported and

locally generated, is sent to recycling markets located in

other parts of the country. The National Capital Region of

Delhi is a preferred recycling destination for printed circuit

boards (PCBs) originating from the city.

3. Being the hub of India's commercial and financial activities,

the banks and financial institutions in Mumbai generate hugeamounts of WEEE, but they do not have any method for its

safe handling contributing to disastrous health and

environmental impacts of WEEE. The issue of security of

data on discarded computers is adequately addressed when

such waste is auctioned to waste dealers as scrap.

4. Mumbai has a large network of scrap traders. The hotspots

that handle WEEE in and around Mumbai are - Kurla, Saki

Naka, Kamthipura-Grant Road, Jogeshwari and Malad.

Recycling in these shops and rooftops not only exposes

those involved in the activity to serious health hazards, but

also pollutes the surrounding environment. The rate of WEEE

generation and the current methods of disposal in Mumbai

pose grave environmental and health risks to the city at

large due to its dense population and spatial character.

5. The current handling practices suffer from use of crudemethods for dismantling and storage, minimal capital input

and zero health and environmental safeguards.

6. Lack of a legislative framework to address the issue of WEEE

management by taking on-board all stakeholders is

hampering solution implementation.


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7. Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR) approach, which

broadly implies that producers be made responsible for their

product even after the consumer has bought and used it, is

emerging as popular alternative for e-waste management in

various countries of the world. India needs to take steps inthis direction.

Processing techniques

In developed countries, electronic waste processing usually firstinvolves dismantling the equipment into various parts (metalframes, power supplies, circuit boards, plastics), often by hand.

The advantages of this process are the human's ability torecognize and save working and repairable parts, including chips,transistors, RAM, etc. The disadvantage is that the labor is oftencheapest in countries with the lowest health and safety standards.

In an alternative bulk system, a hopper conveys material forshredding into a sophisticated mechanical separator, withscreening and granulating machines to separate constituentmetal and plastic fractions, which are sold to smelters or plastics

recyclers. Such recycling machinery is enclosed and employs adust collection system. Most of the emissions are caught byscrubbers and screens. Magnets, eddy currents, and trommelscreens are employed to separate glass, plastic, and ferrous andnonferrous metals, which can then be further separated at asmelter. Leaded glass from CRTs is reused in car batteries,ammunition, and lead wheel weights,[11] or sold to foundries as afluxing agent in processing raw lead ore. Copper, gold, palladium,silver, and tin are valuable metals sold to smelters for recycling.

Hazardous smoke and gases are captured, contained, and treatedto mitigate environmental threat. These methods allow for safereclamation of all valuable computer construction materials.[7]

Hewlett-Packard product recycling solutions manager Renee St.Denis describes its process as: "We move them through giantshredders about 30 feet tall and it shreds everything into pieces
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about the size of a quarter. Once your disk drive is shredded intopieces about this big, it's hard to get the data off."[24]

An ideal electronic waste recycling plant combines dismantling forcomponent recovery with increased cost-effective processing ofbulk electronic waste.

Electronic waste substances

Some computer components can be reused in assembling newcomputer products, while others are reduced to metals that canbe reused in applications as varied as construction, flatware, and

jewelry.

Substances found in large quantities include epoxy resins,fiberglass, PCBs, PVC (polyvinyl chlorides), thermosetting plastics,lead, tin, copper, silicon, beryllium, carbon, iron and aluminium.Elements found in small amounts include cadmium, mercury, andthallium.

Elements found in trace amounts include americium, antimony,arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cobalt, europium, gallium,germanium, gold, indium, lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium,

palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, silver,tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium.

Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper(as wire and printed circuit board tracks), though the use of lead-free solder is now spreading rapidly. The following are ordinaryapplications:

Hazardous

Americium: smoke alarms (radioactive source). Mercury: fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), tilt

switches (pinball games, mechanical doorbells, thermostats).With new technologies arising, the elimination of mercury inmany new-model computers is taking place.[26]

Sulphu r : lead-acid batteries.
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PCBs: prior to ban, almost all 1930s1970s equipment,including capacitors, transformers, wiring insulation, paints,inks, and flexible sealants.

Cadmium: light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys

for marine and aviation environments, nickel-cadmiumbatteries. Lead: solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some

formulations of PVC. A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube maycontain 1.5 pounds of lead, but other CRTs have beenestimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead.

Beryllium oxide: filler in some thermal interface materials

such as thermal grease used on heat sinks for CPUs andpower transistors, magnetrons, X-ray-transparent ceramicwindows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers.

Polyvinyl chloride Third most widely produced plastic,contains additional chemicals to change the chemicalconsistency of the product. Some of these additionalchemicals called additives can leach out of vinyl products.Plasticizers that must be added to make PVC flexible havebeen additives of particular concern

Generally non-hazardous

Recyclable Materials

Tin: solder, coatings on component leads. Copper: copper wire, printed circuit board tracks, component

leads. Aluminum: nearly all electronic goods using more than a few

watts of power (heat sinks), electrolytic capacitors. Iron: steel chassis, cases, and fixings. Germanium: 1950s1960s transistorized electronics (bipolar

junction transistors). Silicon: glass, transistors, ICs, printed circuit boards. Nickel: nickel-cadmium batteries.
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Lithium: lithium-ion batteries. Zinc: plating for steel parts. Gold: connector plating, primarily in computer equipment.

According to our information The Central Pollution Control Board

(CPCB) Thursday said Mumbai topped the list of electronic wasteproducing cities in the country. Delhi was placed second in the

list.

The board predicts the country's annual e-waste production toincrease to 800,000 tonnes by 2012.

"During 2005, 146,800 tonnes of e-waste was generated in thecountry, which is expected to increase to 800,000 by 2012," saida statement of the environment ministry.

The statement said the CPCB survey had found that "the top tencities generating e-waste are Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata,Chennai, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur."

"There are 36,165 hazardous waste generating industries in thecountry. 6.2 million Tonnes of hazardous waste is generated bythem every year, of which landfillable waste is 2.7 million tonnes,incinerable 0.41 million tonnes and recyclable hazardous waste is3.08 million tonnes," the ministry said.

As per the hazardous wastes (management, handling and trans-boundary movement) rules, 2008, all units handling e-waste needto register with the CPCB and the hazardous wastes generatedshould be given to an authorised recycler or re-user.

Due to this waste truth has come front of us that Mumbaichoking on e-waste
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What is more alarming is that the rate at which the city isdiscarding e-waste - old computers, television, refrigerators andwashing machines - is far higher than what was believed so far,the study has shown.

The report hints that even this shocking figure is at best modest,Satish Sinha, chief program coordinator of NGO Toxic Link.

"The rate of e-waste generation and the current methods of

disposal in Mumbai pose grave environmental and health risks tothe city at large due to its dense population and spatialcharacter."

Economic extremities and rampant urban poverty have madeprocessing of old and discarded electronic products a dangerousand booming cottage industry for a substantial population ofrecyclers, waste dealers and middlemen.

"But the fact that this poses a very serious threat to the

environment and human health cannot be emphasized enough."

The city faces grave health and environmental risks posed by awhopping 19,000 tones of electronic waste produced here apartfrom a good amount of the same being imported clandestinely,a new report has revealed.


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India generates about 1.5 lakh tones of e-waste annually and

almost all of it finds its way into the informal sector as there is no

organised alternative available at present...The trend is likely to

increase manifold in proportion to growth in electronic goods

consumption, the report says.

Effects on ENVIRONMENT

Pollution of Ground-Water.

Acidification of soil.

Air Pollution.

E-Waste accounts for 40 percent of the lead and 75 percent

of the heavy


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metals found in landfills.

Effects On HUMAN HEALTH

Damage to central and peripheral nervous systems, blood

systems and kidney damage.

Affects brain development of children.

Chronic damage to the brain.

Respiratory and skin disorders due to bioaccumulation in

fishes.

Asthmatic bronchitis.

DNA damage.

Reproductive and developmental problems.

Immune system damage.

Lung Cancer.

Damage to heart, liver and spleen.

ewaste final doc cnstruction

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