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Table of Contents Before You Begin .......................................................................................xi
How This Book Is Organized ................................................................................ xi Special Study Features ........................................................................................... xii How to Get the Most Out of Your Review .......................................................... xiii Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score ...................................................................xiv You Are Well on Your Way to Success ................................................................. xvi Check Out Our Website or Find Us On Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and
Instagram ........................................................................................................ xvi Give Us Your Feedback ........................................................................................ xvi
PART I: INTRODUCTION About Nursing and Allied Health Programs and Examinations .....................3
Overview ................................................................................................................. 3 Getting on the Path to a Career in the Nursing and Allied Health Professions .... 3 Selecting a Nursing Program .................................................................................. 5 Selecting an Allied Health Program ....................................................................... 5 Financial Aid Resources .......................................................................................... 6 About the Examinations ......................................................................................... 7 How to Apply to Take an Entrance Examination ..................................................14 Administration of the Examinations ......................................................................14 Answering Test Questions .....................................................................................14 Reducing Test Anxiety .......................................................................................... 16 References ...............................................................................................................17
PART II: DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Unit 1: Diagnostic Test for Registered Nursing School ................................21
Unit 1 Diagnostic Test for Registered Nursing School Answer Sheet .................. 23 Verbal Ability ........................................................................................................ 25 Mathematics .......................................................................................................... 27 Spelling .................................................................................................................. 30 Nonverbal Ability .................................................................................................. 31 Science ................................................................................................................... 33 Reading Comprehension ....................................................................................... 35 Answer Keys and Explanations ............................................................................. 39
Unit 2: Diagnostic Test for Allied Health School ........................................49 Unit 2 Diagnostic Test for Allied Health School Answer Sheet .......................... 51 Verbal Ability ........................................................................................................ 53 Mathematics .......................................................................................................... 55 Spelling .................................................................................................................. 59 Nonverbal Ability .................................................................................................. 60
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Science ................................................................................................................... 62 Reading Comprehension ....................................................................................... 64 Answer Keys and Explanations ............................................................................. 69
Unit 3: Diagnostic Test for Practical/Vocational Nursing School .................79 Unit 3 Diagnostic Test for Practical/Vocational Nursing School
Answer Sheet .................................................................................................... 81 Verbal Ability ........................................................................................................ 83 Mathematics .......................................................................................................... 85 Spelling .................................................................................................................. 88 Nonverbal Ability .................................................................................................. 89 Science ................................................................................................................... 91 Reading Comprehension ....................................................................................... 93 Judgment and Comprehension .............................................................................. 96 Answer Keys and Explanations ............................................................................. 99
PART III: PRACTICE FOR REGISTERED NURSING SCHOOL ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS Unit 4: Verbal and Nonverbal Ability ........................................................ 113
Overview ............................................................................................................. 113 What Is Verbal Ability? ........................................................................................114 Measuring Verbal Ability .....................................................................................114 Extending Your Vocabulary ................................................................................ 115 Etymology—Key to Word Recognition ...............................................................116 Know Your Roots (or Stems) ................................................................................118 Prefixes and Suffixes ........................................................................................... 120 Increased Word Power from Beginning to End .................................................. 122 Synonyms ............................................................................................................. 123 Test 1: Synonyms Answer Sheet .......................................................................... 127 Test 1: Synonyms ................................................................................................. 129 Antonyms ............................................................................................................ 136 Test 2: Antonyms Answer Sheet ......................................................................... 139 Test 2: Antonyms ..................................................................................................141 Skill with Verbal Analogies ..................................................................................147 Test 3: Analogy Relationships Answer Sheet .......................................................149 Test 3: Analogy Relationships ..............................................................................151 Test 4: Verbal Analogies Answer Sheet ............................................................... 155 Test 4: Verbal Analogies ...................................................................................... 157 English Grammar and Usage .............................................................................. 165 Test 5: English Grammar and Usage Answer Sheet ............................................173 Test 5: English Grammar and Usage ...................................................................175 Spelling .................................................................................................................177 Test 6: Spelling Answer Sheet ..............................................................................181 Test 6: Spelling .................................................................................................... 183 Nonverbal Ability ................................................................................................ 184 Test 7: Nonverbal Ability Answer Sheet ............................................................. 187 Test 7: Nonverbal Ability .................................................................................... 189 Answer Keys and Explanations ............................................................................191 Let’s Put You to the Test ..................................................................................... 228
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Final Verbal and Nonverbal Ability Examination Answer Sheet ....................... 229 Final Verbal and Nonverbal Ability Examination .............................................. 231 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 245
Unit 5: Mathematics ................................................................................ 261 Overview ............................................................................................................. 261 Tips for Studying Mathematics ........................................................................... 261 Mathematics Review ........................................................................................... 263 Mathematics Answer Sheet ................................................................................. 287 Test 1 ................................................................................................................... 289 Test 2 ................................................................................................................... 294 Test 3 ................................................................................................................... 301 Test 4 ................................................................................................................... 307 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 315 Final Mathematics Examination Answer Sheet ..................................................331 Final Mathematics Examination ......................................................................... 333 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 343
Unit 6: Science ........................................................................................ 349 Overview ............................................................................................................. 349 Characteristics of Organisms .............................................................................. 349 Basic Principles of Life Sciences ...........................................................................351 Chemistry ............................................................................................................ 362 Physics ................................................................................................................. 369 Science Glossary .................................................................................................. 375 Science Answer Sheet .......................................................................................... 399 Periodic Table ..................................................................................................... 402 Test 1: Chemistry and Physics ............................................................................. 403 Test 2: Chemistry and Physics ..............................................................................410 Test 3: Biology ......................................................................................................416 Test 4: Cells, Structure, and Function ................................................................ 422 Test 5: Biology ..................................................................................................... 427 Test 6: Biology ..................................................................................................... 429 Test 7: Chemistry ................................................................................................ 432 Test 8: Chemistry and Physical Science .............................................................. 434 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 441 Final Science Examination Answer Sheet .......................................................... 473 Final Science Examination .................................................................................. 475 Answer Key and Explanations ............................................................................ 483
Unit 7: Reading Comprehension .............................................................. 489 Overview ............................................................................................................. 489 Techniques ........................................................................................................... 489 Reading Comprehension Answer Sheet .............................................................. 501 Test 1 ................................................................................................................... 503 Test 2 ................................................................................................................... 508 Test 3 ....................................................................................................................510 Test 4 ....................................................................................................................513 Test 5 ....................................................................................................................516 Test 6 ....................................................................................................................518 Answer Keys and Explanations ............................................................................521
Master the™ Nursing School & Allied Health Entrance Exams
Unit 8: Vocational Adjustment Index ........................................................ 529 Overview ............................................................................................................. 529 Matching Aptitude and Profession ..................................................................... 529 Sample Vocational Adjustment Questions .......................................................... 530
PART IV: PRACTICE FOR ALLIED HEALTH SCHOOL ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS Unit 9: Verbal and Nonverbal Ability ........................................................ 533
Overview ..............................................................................................................533 Verbal and Nonverbal Ability Answer Sheet .......................................................535 Test 1: Synonyms ..................................................................................................537 Test 2: Antonyms ................................................................................................. 541 Test 3: English Grammar and Usage .................................................................. 544 Test 4: Spelling .................................................................................................... 546 Test 5: Nonverbal Ability .................................................................................... 547 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 549
Unit 10: Mathematics .............................................................................. 565 Overview ............................................................................................................. 565 Mathematics Answer Sheet ..................................................................................567 Test 1: Arithmetic................................................................................................ 569 Test 2: Problem Solving ........................................................................................574 Test 3: Algebra ..................................................................................................... 578 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 581
Unit 12: Reading Comprehension ............................................................ 615 Overview ..............................................................................................................615 Reading Comprehension Answer Sheet ...............................................................617 Test 1 ....................................................................................................................619 Test 2 ................................................................................................................... 621 Test 3 ................................................................................................................... 623 Test 4 ................................................................................................................... 625 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 629
Overview ............................................................................................................. 633 Verbal and Nonverbal Answer Sheet ................................................................... 635
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Test 1: Antonyms ................................................................................................. 637 Test 2: Antonyms ................................................................................................. 641 Test 3: Synonyms ................................................................................................. 643 Test 4: Synonyms ................................................................................................. 648 Test 5: English Grammar and Usage .................................................................. 650 Test 6: Spelling .................................................................................................... 652 Test 7: Nonverbal Ability .................................................................................... 653 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 655
Unit 14: Mathematics .............................................................................. 677 Overview ............................................................................................................. 677 Fractions .............................................................................................................. 677 Decimals .............................................................................................................. 683 Ratios and Proportions ........................................................................................ 686 Percentages and Roman Numerals ...................................................................... 688 Solutions to Practice Exercises ............................................................................ 691 Mathematics Answer Sheet ................................................................................. 701 Test 1: Arithmetic................................................................................................ 703 Test 2: Mathematics ............................................................................................ 707 Answer Keys and Explanations ............................................................................711 Final Mathematics Examination Answer Sheet ................................................. 715 Final Mathematics Examination ..........................................................................717 Answer Key and Explanations ............................................................................ 723
Unit 15: Science ...................................................................................... 725 Overview ............................................................................................................. 725 Understanding Body Structure and Function ..................................................... 725 The Principles of Nutrition ..................................................................................745 Factors Affecting Health ......................................................................................749 Health Glossary ................................................................................................... 754 Science Answer Sheet .......................................................................................... 763 Test 1: Human Anatomy and Physiology .............................................................767 Test 2: Human Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................ 773 Test 3: Human Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................ 779 Test 4: Anatomy, Physiology, and Health Science .............................................. 788 Test 5: Anatomy, Physiology, and Health Science .............................................. 792 Test 6: Body Structure and Function .................................................................. 795 Test 7: Physiology and Health Science ................................................................ 798 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 805
Unit 16: Reading Comprehension ............................................................ 839 Overview ............................................................................................................. 839 Reading Comprehension Answer Sheet .............................................................. 841 Test 1 ................................................................................................................... 843 Test 2 ................................................................................................................... 845 Test 3 ................................................................................................................... 847 Test 4 ................................................................................................................... 850 Test 5 ................................................................................................................... 852 Answer Keys and Explanations ........................................................................... 855
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Unit 17: Judgment and Comprehension in Practical Nursing ..................... 859 Overview ............................................................................................................. 859 Using Professional Judgment in Practical Nursing ............................................. 859 Judgment and Comprehension in Practical Nursing Answer Sheet .................... 861 Judgment and Comprehension in Practical Nursing Test ................................... 863 Answer Key and Explanations ............................................................................ 867
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Before You Begin
Now that you’ve decided on a career in nursing or in one of the allied healthcare fields, you’ll need to take an entrance exam for the coursework and degree or certificate that you want. Peterson’s Master the™ Nursing School & Allied Health Entrance Exams can help you prepare for your test. This book provides review and practice in a variety of subjects so that you can develop the essential skills to do well on whichever test you are required to take.
HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED Peterson’s Master the™ Nursing School & Allied Health Entrance Exams is divided into five parts to facilitate your study and review.
• Part I provides an overview of starting your career in the nursing or allied health fields, selecting an educational program, and obtaining financial aid. You’ll find an overview of the tests, including how they are organized, the topics they cover, the types and numbers of questions, how to apply to take them, and how they are administered, in addition to techniques on how to reduce text anxiety.
• Part II offers diagnostic tests to help you identify your strengths and those areas where you will need to spend more time preparing. This part is divided into three units, each containing a separate diagnostic test: one for those planning to test for registered nursing school, one for those planning to test for allied healthcare, and one for those planning to test for practical/vocational nursing school. New to this edition are English grammar and usage, spelling, and nonverbal ability questions, which appear in each of the three diagnostic tests. Also new to the diagnostic test for practical/vocational nursing school is a section on judgment and comprehension in practical nursing. In the verbal ability, mathematics, and science sections of each diagnostic test, the specific topic of the question is provided at the end of each answer explanation to aid in identifying the areas that you will need to spend more time on while preparing for your test.
• Part III focuses on the types of information and questions typically found on registered nursing school entrance exams. Review and practice exercises will help prepare you to answer questions testing your verbal and nonverbal abilities as well as your mathematics, science, and reading comprehension skills.
New: Unit 4 contains review and test questions on English grammar and usage, spelling, and nonverbal ability, to better reflect the types of questions that are included on the nursing and allied health entrance exams of the Psychological Services Bureau (PSB).
New and Updated: Unit 6 contains new and updated science content and practice tests pertaining to general biology, chemistry, and physics. Emphasis
xii Before You Begin
is on the description of the activities and characteristics of life with respect to humans.
New: Unit 8 introduces the Vocational Adjustment concept and provides sample questions similar the ones included on the PSB nursing and allied health school entrance exams.
• Part IV offers practice for allied health school entrance exams. Questions are provided in the areas of verbal and nonverbal ability, mathematics, science, and reading comprehension. The content review for verbal and nonverbal ability, mathematics, and reading comprehension provided in Part III is appropriate for Part IV as well.
New: Unit 9 contains additional review and test questions on English grammar and usage, spelling, and nonverbal ability.
New and Updated: Unit 11 contains new and updated science content and test questions pertaining to humans and their environment, astronomy, and environmental science.
• Part V tackles review and practice for the practical nursing and vocational nursing school entrance exams. The content review for verbal and nonverbal ability, mathematics, and reading comprehension provided in Part III is appropriate for Part V as well.
New: Unit 13 contains new practice questions for English grammar and usage, spelling, and nonverbal ability.
New and Updated: Unit 15 contains new and updated science content and practice tests pertaining to human anatomy and physiology, health, nutrition, and factors affecting your health and the environment.
New: Unit 17 introduces the concept of Judgment and Comprehension in practical nursing and provides sample questions that pertain to using professional judgment in the nursing profession.
SPECIAL STUDY FEATURES Peterson’s Master the™ Nursing School & Allied Health Entrance Exams has several features that will help you get the most from your study time.
Overview Review units begin with a listing of the major topics in each chapter followed by an introduction that explains what you will be reviewing in the chapter.
Bonus Information You will find three types of notes in the margin of the book to alert you to important information about the test.
Before You Begin xiii
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Note Margin notes marked “Note” highlight information about the test structure itself.
Tip A note marked “Tip” points out valuable advice for taking nursing and allied health school entrance exams.
Alert An “Alert” identifies pitfalls in the testing format or question types that can cause mistakes in selecting answers.
HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF YOUR REVIEW Plan to set aside time to study so that you can get the most out of your exam review. Begin by reading the “Top Ten Strategies to Raise Your Score,” and then organize your schedule accordingly so that you can dedicate time to your review.
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TOP 10 STRATEGIES TO RAISE YOUR SCORE It’s common to feel anxious about taking a test, especially a standardized test or a computer- based test. To help you deal with your anxiety, first, realize that anxiety can be productive. Anxiety can be energizing if you direct the energy toward your goals and away from negative thinking such as “I hate tests. I never do well on tests.” Remember that admissions tests are only one thing that committees look at in determining to whom to offer admission. One way to lower your anxiety level is to prepare for the test you will be taking. Practicing ahead of time will boost your confidence. The following are 10 strategies to help you feel confident and do well on your entrance exam.
1. Use one of the diagnostic tests as a tool. Taking the diagnostic test that corresponds to your desired career field and studying the answers will help you identify the content that you need to spend the most time reviewing. The answer explanations include the topics and specific content for the verbal ability, math, and science questions, so you will have a quick-and-easy way to decide which topics to spend more time on.
2. Schedule your study time. Between now and the time you take your exam, set aside time each day at least six days per week to study. Try to give the same amount of time each day. Find a place that is conducive to studying.
3. Budget your time on the topics. Don’t move too quickly through the material, but don’t get bogged down and spend too much time on one or two topics. Be sure that you are comfortable with each topic before you move on to the next one, but avoid spending too much time early in your schedule on just a couple of topics and then having to rush through the end of your review.
4. Memorize basic math rules. Be sure that you know the basic math rules so that you have a firm grasp of what the basic rules are and how to apply them. This will help reduce your stress level.
5. PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE. Practice may not get you a perfect score, but it will help you score better. Take the diagnostic test and complete each set of exercises in each unit.
6. Establish a pacing schedule for taking each subtest. Before you take a diagnostic test, work out what you think will be a reasonable pacing plan so that you can answer every question. Then set the timer and take the test. After you finish the test, see if your plan allowed you to answer all the questions without having to rush at the end. Make adjustments as needed and time yourself as you work through each set of practice tests.
Before You Begin xv
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Before the Test 7. Find the location of the test center. If you aren’t familiar with the location of the
test site, take a trial run to find it and find out how long it takes to get there. If you’re driving, locate a parking lot or garage. This may seem like overkill, but who wants to arrive at the testing site with 5 minutes to spare and out of breath because you got lost on the way or spent 20 minutes trying to find a parking lot that turned out to be eight blocks away?
8. Organize what you need for the test. The night before the test, gather the forms of identification you need to bring with you, your admission ticket, and anything else you may need. The confirmation you received reserving your seat will tell you what you need and what you may not bring. If it doesn’t, check the website for the test. Place the items you will bring in a spot where you will see them, such as on your bureau, the table by the door, or on the kitchen counter. Organizing ahead of time may seem unnecessary, but you don’t want to waste time the day of the test searching for a photo ID to prove you are who you say you are.
During the Test 9. Use the features that are given to you. If you are taking a computer-based test,
follow the onscreen instructions as the program explains the functions that are available for your use. Take any tutorial that is offered and be sure that you under- stand the program before you begin the test.
10. Use the following general strategies as you work through the test.
• Use your pacing plan.
• Skip and return to questions that you aren’t sure about.
• Eliminate answer choices that you know are incorrect.
• Use educated guessing to rule out answers you aren’t sure about.
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YOU ARE WELL ON YOUR WAY TO SUCCESS You have made the decision to apply to nursing school and have taken a very important step in that process. Peterson’s Master the™ Nursing School & Allied Health Entrance Exams will help prepare you for everything you’ll need to know on the day of your exam and help you score high on the exam. Good luck!
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PART I INTRODUCTION
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About Nursing and Allied Health Programs and Examinations OVERVIEW
• Getting on the Path to a Career in the Nursing and Allied Health Professions
• Selecting a Nursing Program
• Financial Aid Resources
• About the Examinations
• Administration of the Examinations
• References
Nursing and allied healthcare professionals are in demand as the large baby boomer generation ages. In 2016, there were nearly 3 million registered nurses (RNs) employed, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2018a) projects that employment of RNs will grow by 15% from 2016 to 2026, which is much faster than average. The demand for licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) is also projected to be high. In 2016, there were 724,500 LPNs and LVNs, and the projected growth for this career is 12% from 2016 to 2026, which is also faster than average (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018b). Generally, allied health professionals are either technicians (i.e., assistants) or therapists or technologists. In all, there are some 200 different allied health careers, including cardiovascular technologist, radiologic technician, chemotherapy technician, and respiratory therapist. Job openings for allied healthcare professionals are also expected to grow at rates faster than average.
GETTING ON THE PATH TO A CAREER IN THE NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONS As you can see, the nursing and allied health fields offer many opportunities. The path to a fulfilling career in allied health is less defined than that for nursing because of the multiplicity
4 PART I: Introduction
of choices available. According to explorehealthcareers.org, “there are five million allied health care providers in the United States, who work in more than 80 different professions and represent approximately 60% of all health care providers.”
The type of training and degree or certificate required for an allied health career vary by career. The best strategy to determine the program you will need to realize your career ambitions is to talk to a career counselor, attend career fairs, and search the internet for information about potential careers in your area of interest. Look particularly for professional organizations and associations for healthcare providers. Check whether your specialty requires licensing. Once you have narrowed your choice down to a particular type of job or jobs, begin to search college, community college, and vocational school websites, depending on your potential career choice, for information on career preparation and coursework.
For those interested in a career in nursing, there are four kinds of programs that provide preparation for a nursing career:
1. LPN and LVN programs are usually offered in vocational schools, hospitals, and community colleges. The programs vary in length from 9 to 18 months. The courses include the basic sciences and medical-surgical, pediatric, and obstetrical nursing. Some mental health concepts are included. The major focus is on technical skills. An LPN or LVN works under the supervision of an RN.
2. Associate-degree RN programs are two-year college programs that balance clinical nursing courses (medical, surgical, psychiatric, obstetrical, and pediatric nursing) with general education courses (biological and physical sciences, behavioral sciences, humani- ties, and electives) to prepare students to make important judgments about patient care. The graduate is technically prepared to assess, plan, and deliver direct patient care in the hospital setting.
3. Hospital-based diploma RN programs prepare students in the same manner as the associate-degree RN programs to function on the nursing team. Most diploma programs are 24 to 30 months long, and the non-nursing courses may be offered through a college.
4. Baccalaureate RN programs are four years long and are offered in colleges and universi- ties. The required courses in the biological, physical, and behavioral sciences are both basic and advanced. These general education requirements, along with courses that provide a broad liberal arts education, are taken during the first two years. The major clinical courses are offered in the third and fourth years and include the five clinical areas previously identified, with an emphasis on community health nursing and the role of the professional nurse as manager. Most nursing programs offering the professional baccalaureate degree admit graduates from the diploma and associate-degree programs with varying degrees of advanced standing.
The graduates of all four programs take a licensing examination. At the current time, there are two kinds of licenses: the practical nurse license and the RN license for graduates of the diploma, associate-degree, and baccalaureate-degree programs.
A nurse may continue studies to receive a master’s degree or a doctorate with a major in clinical specialties, teaching, administration, or research, depending on their career choice. There is a great demand for nurses in hospitals, schools, clinics, public health agencies, and many other settings
About Nursing and Allied Health Programs and Examinations 5
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throughout the world. Nurses may enter the military or become anesthetists, writers, consultants, or private practitioners. Nursing provides a foundation for many career opportunities and, more important, a personally and financially satisfying vocation.
Regardless of which kind of nursing program you choose to enter, you will have opportunities to provide an important service. You may enter nursing at one level and expand your skills through practice and additional education. Advancement within the nursing profession comes about in several ways. A practical nurse may decide to become an RN, an upward move. An RN may decide to move from the hospital setting into community-based care, a lateral move that expands the types of services a nurse can provide. An RN who does not have a baccalaureate degree may decide to earn one to step up to a management position.
SELECTING A NURSING PROGRAM The first factor you should consider when selecting a nursing program is your career goal. Do you plan to work in a hospital or as a member of the health team? Is your ultimate goal to function as a manager or an administrator? Are you primarily interested in teaching? Do you want to specialize in a specific clinical area? Are you planning to work in a community setting, providing services to families? Is your ultimate goal to become an entrepreneur?
The trend today is to license two levels of nursing for entry into the professional services. The assistant level is represented by graduates of the associate-degree nursing programs; the professional level, by graduates of the baccalaureate nursing programs. Baccalaureate education in nursing forms the foundation for graduate education in nursing, where specialization as a clinical practitioner, administrator, or teacher occurs. Other types of graduates (practical nurse and diploma) may achieve these credentials through career mobility programs.
A second factor to consider is cost. The demands of full-time study and the length of the program may necessitate resigning from your current job.
A third factor is your qualification for admission. As the levels of performance increase, so do the academic requirements.
Once you have matched your career goals with a program, you should answer the following questions to help finalize your program choice.
• Is the program approved by the state regulating body?
• Is the program accredited by a voluntary agency?
• What is the program’s reputation in terms of graduate performance?
• How do the social and academic environments meet your needs?
SELECTING AN ALLIED HEALTH PROGRAM Occupations related to allied health are rapidly expanding. The criteria for selecting a program are similar to those for nursing:
• If a license is required to practice, be certain that the program is approved by the regulating body.
• Check to see whether the program is accredited by the appropriate voluntary agency.
• Find out how well the graduates are performing on the licensing examination.
• Consider how well the program meets your short- and long-term career goals.
FINANCIAL AID RESOURCES Federal financial aid has not kept pace with the increasing cost of postsecondary education. Therefore, it is important to be familiar with sources of funding, eligibility requirements, and application pro- cedures. It is also important to apply as early as possible to a variety of programs.
To apply, complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) form online at https:// fafsa.ed.gov/. Alternatively, you may obtain a paper copy of the FAFSA from your local high school counseling office, the school to which you are seeking admission, or online from the Department of Education. In a few days (if you applied online) or in approximately six weeks (if you applied using the paper copy), a report is sent back indicating whether you are eligible for financial aid. The schools you identified when filling out the FAFSA receive similar reports so that the amount of aid for which you are eligible and the amount you will have to pay out-of-pocket can be determined.
The amount of money you can receive depends on the need analysis derived from the financial aid form and the financial aid program in which the school, college, or university is participating. The school usually prepares a financial aid package that includes a combination of financial sources to make up the difference between the amount you and your family can contribute and the total costs of the program.
Some financial aid funding sources are loans, which must be paid back at a low interest rate over a prolonged period of time. Other funding sources are grants and scholarships, which do not have to be paid back. The obligation for debt payment requires serious thought, because a default on a loan can affect your credit rating.
When shopping for financial aid, check the accreditation status of the nursing or allied health program and the institution’s eligibility for aid. Most accredited nursing or allied health programs are eligible for federal funding, but some institutions have limited federal sources due to high default rates.
Federal Pell Grants Pell Grants are awarded to students with financial need who have not received their first bachelor’s degree or who are enrolled in certain postbaccalaureate programs that lead to teacher certification or licensure. The grant does not have to be repaid and may be supplemented by other funds. Eligibility is based on need, which is calculated by a formula. The amounts of the awards vary yearly and depend on program funding. The maximum award for the 2018–2019 award year was $6,095 per year. You do not have to be a full-time student; however, the amount you receive as a part-time student will be proportionate to your attendance.
Stafford Loans Stafford loans are offered in two types of loans: Direct Subsidized Loans and Direct Unsubsidized Loans. Direct Subsidized Loans are awarded based on need and do not accrue interest before the repayment period begins as long as you are at least a half-time student or during periods of deferment.
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Direct Unsubsidized Loans are not based on need and accrue interest from the time of disbursement. Dependent undergraduate students may borrow $5,500 for the first year, $6,500 for the second year, and $7,500 for the third year and beyond. Independent students and dependent students whose parents are unable to obtain PLUS loans may borrow $9,500, $10,500, and $12,500 for years 1, 2, 3, and beyond, respectively.
PLUS Loans PLUS loans enable parents with stable credit histories to borrow for the education expenses of each dependent child who is an undergraduate student enrolled at least half-time. The annual maximum is equal to the cost of attendance minus any additional financial aid the student receives.
Consolidation Loans These loans are designed to help students and parents simplify loan repayment by consolidating several types of federal loans into one loan with one repayment schedule. Student loans cannot be consolidated until they enter repayment.
Campus-Based Programs (Administered by the Financial Aid Office) Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants are for undergraduates with exceptional financial need; students who received Federal Pell Grants are given priority in awarding these grants. Students can receive from $100 to $4,000 per year, depending on financial need, the funding at the school, and the school’s financial aid policies.
Federal Work Study provides a work-study program for undergraduate and graduate students in financial need. Students are able to earn money through community service and work related to their course of study.
For additional information on federal loans and other aid, visit https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/.
Other Sources of Financial Aid Peterson’s Scholarships, Grants & Prizes is a helpful source for information on foundations, religious organizations, fraternities and sororities, and civic groups that provide scholarships and/or loans for educational purposes. In addition, the military offers scholarships through its Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) Program and through the G.I. Bill for former members of the Armed Services. You should also seek out resources from the organizations related to your field of interest.
ABOUT THE EXAMINATIONS Each nursing or allied health program selects the entrance examination it requires its applicants to take. Entrance exams aid programs in evaluating the level of preparedness and aptitude of applicants so that they can admit the most qualified applicants. Many different entrance exams are available. Several of the most common of these are covered in this book. These exams are listed according to program type here and then discussed below in greater detail. Moreover, a representative mix of test question types from all of these exams is included in the diagnostic test and all practice tests throughout the book, to ensure that you are well prepared to take any of these exams.
RN program entrance exams:
• Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS)
Allied health program entrance exams:
• PSB Health Occupations Aptitude Examination (PSB-HO)
• TEAS
• TEAS
PAX The PAX, developed by the National League for Nursing (NLN), is an entrance exam for applicants to both RN and LPN/LVN programs. Revised in 2016, it now combines in one test what had been previously two separate tests, one for admission to RN programs (NLN-RN) and one for admission to LPN/LVN programs (NLN-PN).
Below are some key points about this exam:
• Computer-based administration
• A total of 160 questions, duration of 2 hours
• Use of calculators determined by each school
The sections of the PAX, as well as the topics, number of questions, and time limit per section, are shown in the table below.
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No. % of Total
Passage 2: 9th–10th grade level 6
Subsection Total: 30 19
9th grade level 6
10th grade level 6
11th grade level 5
12th grade level 4
13th grade level 3
14th grade level 2
Subsection Total: 30 19
Mathematics
(Note: Questions are divided evenly between compu- tation and word problems.)
N/A Integers 3 N/A
Science
(Note: Cognitive skills are integrated into the general questions, so there are 60 total questions in this section.)
General Biology 20 N/A
Identify facts & terms 18
Recognize process & principle 12
Apply research & measurement 9
Cognitive Skills Total (integrated into Science questions): 60
Section Total: 60 37 45
Exam Total: 160 100 125
For more information about the PAX, contact: NLN Testing Services 2408A Lebanon Ave. Shiloh, IL 62221 800-732-8656 [email protected] www.nln.org/testing-services
PSB Exams The PSB has developed three different entrance exams: one for admission to RN programs (PSB- RN), one for admission to health occupations programs (PSB-HO), and one for admission to LPN/ LVN programs (PSB-PN). Although each is geared to evaluate the readiness of applicants to enter and succeed in its specific program type, all share a common format and therefore are presented together in this section, with differences among them clearly indicated.
Below are some key points about these exams:
• Computer-based or paper-based administration, depending on each school’s preference
• Different question formats for different sections, including the following: Three-option multiple-choice (Spelling section) Four-option multiple-choice (Reading Comprehension and Judgment &
Comprehension in Practical Nursing Situations sections) Five-option multiple-choice (Academic Aptitude and Information in the Natural
Sciences sections) Agree/disagree (Vocational Adjustment Index section)
• Divided into five main sections and three subsections
• PSB-RN and PSB-HO (each): A total of 360 questions, duration of 2 hours and 45 minutes
• PSB-PN: A total of 370 questions, duration of 3 hours
• Use of calculators not permitted, but scratch paper available
The sections of the PBS exams, as well as the topics, number of questions, and time limit per section, are shown in the table below.
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No. % of Total
PSB-RN Academic aptitude
Arithmetic Skill & computational speed 30 30
Nonverbal Form relationships, shapes, reasoning 30 30
Spelling N/A Written expression, communication skills
50 14 15
40 11 15
Vocational adjustment
PSB-HO Academic aptitude
50 14 15
40 11 15
PSB-PN Academic aptitude
50 14 15
Judgment & comp. in PN situations
Judgment in working situations 50 14 30
For more information about the PSB exams, contact: PSB, Inc. 977 Seminole Trail #317 Charlottesville, VA 22901 434-293-5865 [email protected] www.psbtests.com
TEAS The TEAS, developed by Assessment Technologies Institute (ATI), is an entrance exam for applicants to RN, LPN/LVN, and allied health programs and is normed for each program type sepa- rately. The TEAS was revised in 2016 to better align its content with current education standards. The new version, known as “ATI TEAS,” replaces the TEAS V.
Below are some key points about this exam:
• Computer-based or paper-based administration, depending on each school’s preference
• Four-option multiple-choice question format throughout
• Divided into four main sections
• A total of 170 questions, duration of 3 hours and 29 minutes
• Use of four-function calculators permitted, provided by the testing center
The sections of the TEAS, as well as the topics, number of questions, and time limit per section, are shown in the table below.
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Craft & structure 14
Pre-test questions 6
Mathematics
Science
Life & physical sciences 8
English & language usage
Knowledge of language 9
Exam Total: 170 100 209
For more information about the TEAS, contact: ATI, LLC 11161 Overbrook Road Leawood, KS 66211 800-667-7531 www.atitesting.com
HOW TO APPLY TO TAKE AN ENTRANCE EXAMINATION Different institutions have different requirements and arrangements for testing. Admissions information provided by schools typically lists the exam that you need to take and contact information for the test maker or test administrator, if the latter is different. Typically, you must register online to take the entrance exam. Once at the test provider’s website, you should be able to find testing center locations and testing schedules. Register as soon as possible, because testing centers fill up on a first-come, first-served basis. Follow the registration instructions carefully and be sure to download the confirmation email and admission ticket.
The website should also provide specific information about the format and makeup of the exam. Be sure to download this information, as well.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE EXAMINATIONS The entrance exams are administered by qualified persons at a testing center. Pay careful attention to the information on the testing center’s website or in your confirmation email about what you may bring to the test site and what you may have in the exam room with you. Different tests and different testing centers, for example, vary on whether they allow the use of calculators during the exam.
The proctor overseeing the exam administration gives specific instructions for taking the exam. If there is a tutorial for a computer-based test, take it so that you become familiar with the functions that the program has available to you. All tests are timed. Depending on the length of the test, you may or may not have a break. The proctor should tell you when to begin and when to stop.
Some computer-based exams provide a score report immediately on completion. Others send a report within 24–48 hours after completing the exam. Information available from the test maker should describe the process of reporting scores to the institutions you are applying to.
ANSWERING TEST QUESTIONS Studying the more than 2,200 test questions in this book, which are similar to the questions included in the entrance examinations, enables you to review material you already know, gain new knowledge, and become familiar with the format of timed tests.
After completing the overview of a section, answer the sample test questions. Like the ones on the real exams, the questions in this book are multiple-choice. You are not penalized for incorrect answers in these exams, so use educated guessing if you do not know the answer or aren’t sure. A good strategy is to go through the entire test, answering the questions you know, and then go back and make educated guesses for the questions you don’t know. Here’s how to make an educated guess:
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• Carefully read the question (the stem). Look for the clues or the main ideas in the stem that will lead you to the correct answer.
• Go through the entire examination, answering all the questions that you feel sure about. This will give you an overall idea of what the test is about and lessen the time pressure. You may even run across related information that will help you to answer the questions you don’t know.
• Now go back to those items you didn’t answer and use the test-taking techniques. First, look for the key word(s) or clue(s) in the stem. Keeping that in mind, try to eliminate the choices that do not relate to the clue. Look at the remaining choices to identify similarities to and differences from the stem or clue. Compare the differences with the clue to see if you can eliminate another choice. Select the remaining choice.
Example:
Which of the following observations may be an indication of high blood pressure? A. Flushed skin B. Pale skin C. Cold skin D. Weak pulse
What is the clue?
Can I eliminate any choices?
Answer: Yes. There is a direct relationship between pressure and force; therefore, choice D cannot be the correct answer.
What are the similarities and differences among choices A, B, and C?
Answer: They all relate to changes in skin characteristics. However, choices B and C are similar. As a matter of fact, if choice B were correct, choice C would also be correct.
The correct answer, then, is choice A.
Now, let’s assume that the following question is also on the test.
Why do some people with high blood pressure have flushed skin? A. The pulse weakens, and blood pools in the skin. B. The skin temperature lowers, and the skin blood vessels dilate. C. The increased pressure increases the volume of blood to the arteries. D. The increased pressure forces the arteries to dilate.
Based on your experience with the previous item, you would immediately eliminate choices A and B. Looking at choices C and D, you might think that both would cause reddened skin. However, you would either eliminate choice D because it contradicts the relationship between pressure and volume, or you would select choice C because it supports the relationship between pressure and volume.
PLEASE PRACTICE THIS TECHNIQUE WITH THE SAMPLE ITEMS!
A summary of the seven steps for preparing to take a nursing school or allied health school entrance examination follows:
1. Study the concepts and principles presented in each section so that you will have a good base of knowledge.
2. Study one section at a time over a period of time—whatever is reasonable for your learning style. Do not cram!
3. Take the tests related to each section immediately after studying the explanatory materials.
4. Follow all directions for each test carefully. 5. Use the guidelines for test taking as presented in this section. 6. Check your answers to diagnose your strengths and weaknesses. 7. Seek additional information from reliable resources in the areas in which you are weak.
REDUCING TEST ANXIETY Anxiety results from a threat to our well-being that might be real or perceived. This threat makes us uncomfortable and affects our feelings of self-esteem. We then change our behavior in an attempt to seek relief.
Many people become anxious about taking a test because they anticipate that someone is going to make a judgment about them based on their test performance. Is your self-esteem strong enough for you to think, “I can pass this test!”? Or do you lack confidence in yourself and assume, “I am going to fail?”
What can you do to prevent this kind of negative thinking? First, you must realize that anxiety can be both productive and destructive. Anxiety can be energizing if you direct the energy toward your goals and away from the imagined threats. For example, you may have the idea that the admission test will determine your entire future. If you don’t pass the test, you imagine that you won’t be admitted to the program of your choice. The fact is that admission tests are used along with many other kinds of information to determine your eligibility for entering a program. Therefore, this is not a real threat. On the other hand, if you have made no effort to prepare for this test, then your chances for admission might be threatened.
The secret to success is confidence. You can gain that confidence by completing the practice tests in this book and achieving a score of 80% or above in all areas. This should assure you that you can perform well on the admission test.
Below are a few suggestions on how to reduce test anxiety.
• Set up a time-frame for studying this book. Schedule a few pages per day to avoid a last- minute rush.
• Sharing your anxiety helps to reduce it. Talk to a friend. Explore the “what if ” situations and the related options for achieving your career goals.
• Provide an outlet for yourself—perhaps exercise or engage in some other physical activity that you enjoy.
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• Think back to how you have handled stress and anxiety in your past experiences. Draw on those experiences.
• Positive thinking is a must. Imagine yourself receiving the results of your test enclosed in a letter of congratulations that you share with your family and friends. Make plans for the next step toward achieving your career goals. Imagine the pleasurable feeling and comfort that comes from a job well done. You’ll do just fine!
REFERENCES Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2018a). Occupational Outlook Handbook:
Registered Nurses. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/registered-nurses.htm.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2018b). Occupational Outlook Handbook: Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/ registered-nurses.htm.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Federal Student Aid. (n.d.a). Subsidized and unsubsidized loans. Retrieved from https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/loans/subsidized-unsubsidized.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Federal Student Aid. (n.d.b). FSEOG (Grants). Retrieved from https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/grants-scholarships/fseog.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Federal Student Aid. (n.d.c). Perkins Loans. Retrieved from https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/loans/perkins.
U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Federal Pell Grant Program. Retrieved from https://www2. ed.gov/programs/fpg/index.html.
PART II DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
UNIT 1: Diagnostic Test for Registered Nursing School UNIT 2: Diagnostic Test for Allied Health School UNIT 3: Diagnostic Test for Practical/Vocational
Nursing School
Part II is divided into the following three units:
• Unit 1—Diagnostic Test for Registered Nursing School
• Unit 2—Diagnostic Test for Allied Health School
• Unit 3—Diagnostic Test for Practical/Vocational Nursing School
Each diagnostic test is divided further into six sections: Verbal Ability, Mathematics, Spelling, Nonverbal Ability, Science, and Reading Comprehension. Unit 3 contains a unique seventh section for Judgment and Comprehension in Practical Nursing. The question types are similar to what you will find on each exam.
At the end of each unit, you will find Answer Keys and Explanations. At the end of each explanation in the verbal ability, math, and science sections, you will find the topic or theme assessed in that question. This information will help you identify areas that you should spend more time on as you study and prepare for your exam.
Each section of each diagnostic test begins with directions and a time limit. Set a timer for that amount of time and see how you do answering all the questions in the specific time limit. Knowing how long it takes you will help you determine a pacing plan for each section of the actual exam.
Choose the diagnostic test that matches the career that you are pursuing and complete it to see your strengths and those areas that you need to improve on.
answer sheet Unit 1: Diagnostic Test for Registered Nursing School 23
UNIT 1 DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR REGISTERED NURSING SCHOOL ANSWER SHEET
Verbal Ability
Verbal Ability
10 Questions • 5 Minutes
Directions: For questions 1 and 2, one word is italicized in the sentence shown. Following each sentence are four words or phrases. For each sentence, choose the word or phrase that most nearly corresponds in meaning with the italicized word.
1. The hungry crowd regarded the arrival of the food truck as auspicious. A. miraculous B. surprising C. favorable D. ominous
2. The old man had faced many dramatic vicissitudes of fortune in his life and thus had learned to adapt to his circumstances, whether good or bad. A. downfalls B. improvements C. repetitions D. changes
Directions: For questions 3 and 4, choose the word that is most different in meaning from the others.
3. A. agitated B. halcyon C. peaceful D. harmonious E. serene
4. A. deleterious B. salubrious C. noxious D. detrimental E. harmful
Directions: For questions 5–7, determine the relationship between the first pair of capitalized words and then decide which of the answer choices shares a similar relationship with the third capitalized word.
5. STEADFAST : WAVERING :: ADAMANTINE : A. pliable B. unreliable C. unyielding D. faithful
6. FISHERMAN : DOCK :: HUNTER : A. gun B. deer C. forest D. tree stand
7. SMOKING : CANCER :: EXERCISE : A. exhaustion B. fitness C. running D. sitting
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26 PART II: Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses
Directions: For questions 8–10, select the answer that completes the sentence in a grammatically correct manner or that represents the most grammatically correct of all the options.
8. If you study diligently, you are likely to perform _____ on your exam. A. well B. good C. success D. goodly
9. _____ a good thing that the dog has _____ own bed, because _____ definitely not sleeping in mine. A. Its; it’s; its B. Its; its; its C. It’s; it’s; it’s D. It’s; its; it’s
10. Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct? A. She said “How many times does I
have to tell you? Stay away from the Smiths’ house!”
B. “She said, How many times do I have to tell you? Stay away from the Smith’s house!”
C. She said, “How many times do I have to tell you? Stay away from the Smiths’ house!”
D. She said, “How many times do I have to tell you stay away from the Smith’s house”!
STOP IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT TURN TO ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.
Unit 1: Diagnostic Test for Registered Nursing School 2727
SHOW YOUR WORK HERE
Directions: Questions 1–10 require logical reasoning and thinking in addition to simple com- putations to find the solution. Read each question carefully and choose the correct answer from the four choices that follow.
1. Draper Hospital receives a 6% discount on all the pharmaceuticals it purchases. In the month of March, the hospital bought pharmaceuticals worth $82,500 at standard prices. What did the hospital pay after the discount? A. $4,950 B. $33,000 C. $49,500 D. $77,550
2. 6 + 4(0.7 − 0.2)(3)2 = A. 17 B. 21 C. 24 D. 27
3. 14 is what percent of 35? A. 75% B. 40% C. 20% D. 4%
4. Willis Medical Supply packages syringes in boxes that are 2 inches wide by 2 inches long by 4 inches tall. If these boxes are shipped in cartons with an interior volume of 16 inches by 24 inches by 8 inches tall, then how many syringes can Willis ship in 5 cartons? A. 192 B. 960 C. 1,920 D. 15,360
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28 PART II: Diagnosing Strengths and Weaknesses28
SHOW YOUR WORK HERE 5. Sequoia Averill recently financed the purchase of a new car priced at $32,000. The finance company required a down payment of 15% of the purchase price. What is the amount of Sequoia’s down payment? A. $2,133 B. $4,200 C. $4,800 D. $27,200
6. Which of the following is true about two parallel lines? A. They lie in the same plane. B. The angles created by their crossing
are acute. C. The angles created by their crossing
are obtuse. D. The angles created by their crossing
are right angles.
7. A triangle has a height of length 12 and a base of length 9. What is the area of the triangle? A. 15 B. 54 C. 72 D. 108
8. Rubber gloves cost $11.55 per hundred. What will 160 rubber gloves cost? A. $6.93 B. $11.71 C. $13.85 D. $18.48
SHOW YOUR WORK HERE 9. Twice the sum of 3 and a number N is 1 less than 3 times the number N. Which equation can you use to find the value of N? A. 2(3 + N) – 1 = 3N B. 6 – 2N = 3N – 1 C. 2(3 + N) = 1 – 3N D. 6 + 2N = 3N – 1
10. Herman is covering 20 square tiles with cloth. In order to calculate how much cloth he needs, he must square the length in centimeters, c, of each side of a tile and then add x extra centimeters to account for error. Which equation should Herman use to calculate how much total cloth he will need to cover the 20 tiles? A. 20c2 + x B. 20c2 + 20x C. 20 + c2 × x D. 20c2 + x2
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Spelling
Directions: For questions 1–10, choose the word that is spelled correctly.
1. A. recieve B. receive C. reiceve
2. A. respiratory B. resperatory C. respiritory
3. A. dyagnosis B. diagnosus C. diagnosis
4. A. inflammation B. inflamation C. imflammation
5. A. assesment B. asessment C. assessment
6. A. cartiovascular B. cardiovascular C. cardiovasscular
7. A. hemastasis B. hemostasis C. hemmostasis
8. A. farmacology B. pharmocology C. pharmacology
9. A. radiography B. radiographie C. radioggraphy
10. A. viralent B. virulent C. verulent
Nonverbal Ability
Directions: For questions 1–10, determine the relationship between the first pair of shapes and then decide which of the answer choices shares a similar relationship with the third shape.
1. is to as is to? A. B. C. D. E.
4. ⊂ is to ⊃ as is to? A. B. C. D. E.
6. is to as ⊕ is to? A. B. C. D. ⊗ E.
8. is to as is to? A. B. C. D. ◊ E.
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Science
Directions: For questions 1–10, read each question carefully and consider all possible answers. There is only one best answer for each question.
1. The cellular organelle that synthesizes proteins from messenger RNA templates is the A. ribosome. B. endoplasmic reticulum. C. mitochondrion. D. Golgi apparatus.
2. A mechanism of sexual reproduction that involves the temporary union of cells to allow for the exchange or transmission of genetic information is called A. isogamy. B. anisogamy. C. conjugation. D. oogamy.
3. Which process of human cellular metab- olism breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid during the reaction? A. Krebs cycle B. Glycolysis C. Oxidative phosphorylation D. Photosynthesis
4. Which type of nucleic acid contains genetic information but is NOT directly involved in protein synthesis? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. DNA
5. Which two ions are exchanged as part of a pump mechanism that is necessary for normal transmission of impulses by nerve cells? A. Na+ and Ca2+
B. H+ and K+
C. K+ and Ca2+
D. Na+ and K+
6. Which structure of the respiratory system is known as the windpipe? A. Bronchiole B. Pharynx C. Trachea D. Diaphragm
7. Which component of blood is involved in clotting? A. Erythrocytes B. Platelets C. Plasma D. Leukocytes
8. The structure that is known as the master gland because it regulates the functions of other glands is the A. pituitary gland. B. pineal gland. C. thyroid gland. D. adrenal glands.
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9. During muscle contraction, the chemical released from axon terminals that dif- fuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors is a A. neurotransmitter. B. sodium ion. C. potassium ion. D. actin filament.
10. In a simple food chain, fungi are classified as A. parasites. B. producers. C. consumers. D. decomposers.
Reading Comprehension
Directions: For questions 1–10, carefully read the passage paragraphs and then answer the accompanying questions, basing your answer on what is stated in the paragraphs. There is only one best answer for each question.
Some Therapies for Asthma Sufferers
A
There are a number of treatments available for asthma sufferers, but some are more effective for certain types of use than others. For example, short-acting beta-2 agonists (bronchodilators) and oral and intravenous corticosteroids are best for rapid relief. They are not for long-term use. However, they can be beneficial for those who have exercise-induced asthma if used before commencing exercise.
B
Inhaled corticosteroids provide long-term control of asthma symptoms. Sometimes, combining a beta-2 agonist with an inhaled steroid is useful for long-term control. Those who have allergy- induced asthma may be prescribed a course of shots for desensitization, that is, a course of specific immunotherapy related to the allergen.
C
Controversial therapies include the use of leukotriene modifiers. These prevent symptoms for up to 24 hours. However, there are a number of recorded side effects. Patients taking this class of drugs have experienced hallucinations, agitations, aggressive behavior, and even thoughts of suicide. Among unproven methods for relief of asthma are breathing techniques, including so-called “yoga breathing,” and the ingestion of herbal remedies such as gingko.
1. Which type of treatment is best for rapid relief of asthma symptoms? A. Inhaled corticosteroids B. Oral and intravenous corticosteroids C. Immunotherapy D. Yoga breathing
2. Which statement is supported by paragraph C? A. Patients who take leukotriene
modifiers are likely to have suicidal thoughts.
B. Yoga breathing is not likely to be an effective treatment for relief of asthma.
C. Ginko can cause hallucinations. D. The main problem with leukotriene
modifiers is that they don’t work.
Obesity in Children
A
Obesity is a problem that affects children as well as adults. Since the 1970s, childhood obesity has been on the rise among U.S. children. Like their adult counterparts, obese children face a series of health problems. These include hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes, as well as bullying by peers. Being bullied can lead to depression and poor self-esteem. Some obese children may be able to achieve a healthy weight as adults, but the evidence belies this for most obese children. An obese child has a 70% chance of being obese as an adult.
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B
It’s never too late to help children eat healthful meals and snacks. But parents need to be willing to eat healthfully themselves, which means following the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s MyPlate nutrition guide to ensure that they and their children have the right amount of fruits, veg- etables, grains, protein, and dairy while reducing the amount of oils, sugar, and fats in their diet. Cooking oils are major ingredients in foods such as cookies, cakes, chips, and donuts. Other foods have what dieticians call empty calories because they have few or no nutrients. These foods include sodas and energy, sports, and fruit drinks; cheese; pizza; ice cream; sausage; hot dogs; bacon; and ribs. Cheese, pizza, ice cream, and ribs may seem less appetizing when you think of them as solid fat. The added sugar in ice cream also adds to it being unhealthful.
C
One way to get around the problem with some of these foods is to buy low-fat or sugar-free versions. For example, you can buy low-fat hot dogs and low-fat cheese as well as plain water and sugar-free sodas. Other foods to look for are unsweetened applesauce, cereals, and gelatin; extra-lean ground meat; and fat-free milk. Drinking plain water is also a good antidote to the empty calories in sodas, flavored waters, and sports drinks.
D
But it’s not just parents who need to help children maintain a healthy weight. Schools have to be willing to forego some of their revenue from allowing companies to stock school vending machines with candy bars and sugary drinks, including flavored waters high in sugar content. Owners of stores near schools that sell snacks to students need to be willing to substitute healthful snacks for bags of potato chips, candy bars, and popsicles.
E
Schools have another responsibility, but ultimately it can come down to taxpayers. It’s important that children and adolescents get at least 60 minutes or more of physical activity daily according to the FDA. This moderate-to-vigorous activity should include muscle strengthening and bone strengthening. Much of this is done, or could be done, outside of school, but an active physical education program in schools is also an important component. However, when faced with budget deficits and increased pressure to pass state academic tests, districts choose to cut physical education programs to the detriment of their students, especially urban students with no place to play after school.
3. Which of the following would be a better title for this passage? A. Parents Need Education on How to
Fight Obesity B. Schools Have a Responsibility in the
Childhood Obesity Trend C. Stores That Sell Snacks Need to
Change D. How to Help Children Achieve and
Maintain a Healthy Weight
4. The word antidote in paragraph C means A. addition. B. complement. C. remedy. D. catalyst.
5. According to the passage, what makes ice cream unhealthful? A. Fat content B. Sugar content C. Lack of nutrients D. All of the above
6. Empty-calorie foods are foods that A. do not offer sufficient nutritional
benefit for the number of calories they contain.
B. taste great and have almost no calories.
C. don’t have many calories but also lack substance, leaving you feeling empty.
D. foods that are okay to eat in large volumes because they have few calories.
7. What type of activity does the FDA rec- ommend that children engage in daily? A. Intellectual games B. Physical activity C. Nutritional counseling D. Homework
Making the Decision to Move
A
Are you going to be the caregiver for your parents or for other older relatives, such as a beloved aunt? Where do they live now? How old are they? Have they or you given any thought to having them move close to you? How feasible will it be to take time off and fly or even drive several hours if the person falls and breaks a hip or has a heart attack? How long can you take off from work to be with the person? Will you need to come home and then go back when the person is ready to come home from the hospital or from rehab? These are questions facing many adult children today whose family member or members they will be caring for in later years.
B
And “later” for some of these adult children is right around the corner—or even now. According to the 2010 Census, there were more than 40 million Americans 65 years and older. This is 13% of the total population. By 2050, the percentage is expected to grow to 21%. Of the more than
40 million people 65 years and older, fewer than half—43% or 17 million—are men. The trend line for the percentage, as well as the real number, of Americans 65 years and older has moved steadily upward since 1900. The other notable fact between 2000 and 2010 is that the population of those 65 years and older grew at a faster rate than the total population. Although women over 65 years old still outnumber men in that age group, the number of males over 65 years old increased faster than the number of women.
C
All of this increase in population also means more people needing care. T

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