UNIT I UNIT I Basic Principles of Basic Principles of Marine PollutionMarine Pollution

Chapter 1 Objectives:Chapter 1 Objectives:1.1.Give the various meanings of pollution Give the various meanings of pollution

and origin or sources of pollutionand origin or sources of pollution2.2.Distinguished marine pollution from Distinguished marine pollution from

other types of pollutionother types of pollution3.3.Understand the seaborne trade and Understand the seaborne trade and

marine pollutionmarine pollution4.4.Explain the meaning of ships pollution Explain the meaning of ships pollution

according to MARPOL 73/78according to MARPOL 73/785.5.Differentiate and identify the types of Differentiate and identify the types of

marine pollutants according to marine pollutants according to MARPOL 73/78MARPOL 73/78

6.6.State the different characteristics of State the different characteristics of marine pollutantsmarine pollutants

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

•The oceans are the biggest The oceans are the biggest stores of water on earth.stores of water on earth.•Water leaves the oceans Water leaves the oceans through evaporation and through evaporation and then enters again through then enters again through rainfalls, rivers, waterfall rainfalls, rivers, waterfall and groundwater.and groundwater.•About 70 percent of earth About 70 percent of earth is composed of water.is composed of water.(Atlas of the Oceans 1994)(Atlas of the Oceans 1994)

““Marine Pollution” term Marine Pollution” term became common mainly became common mainly due to the oceans and due to the oceans and adjacent seas becomes adjacent seas becomes the receptor of almost all the receptor of almost all kinds of refuse coming kinds of refuse coming from shore and those from shore and those disposed off by ships.disposed off by ships.

The oceans as an integral The oceans as an integral part of the earth should part of the earth should be protected by enacting be protected by enacting laws and regulations laws and regulations through drafting through drafting international conventions, international conventions, conferences and forums conferences and forums which aims to prevent or which aims to prevent or control marine pollution control marine pollution like MARPOL 73/78.like MARPOL 73/78.

Pristine elements of the EarthPristine elements of the Earth

POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

PreventionPrevention IncidentIncident

Recycle Recycle ReductioReductio

n n

Disposal Disposal to to

Facility Facility

wastewaste

ReuseReuse

Clean upClean up

CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION AND MARINE POLLUTION AND

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

“Our environment in its pristine form is aesthetically beautiful and pleasing to behold. However the environment is not something to be worshiped or preserved merely for preservation’s sake.

For life, man must use the environment … and with billions of lives on earth, the environment must be used to sustain those lives”

(Sampson, 1996, p. 1)

The increase of both oil tankers and passenger ships correspondingly bear significant impacts in the water of the seas and oceans.

Seemingly, the need to continue creating awareness and vigilance on marine pollution is greater today than in the past.

THE VARIOUS THE VARIOUS MEANINGS OF MEANINGS OF POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

1. The New Lexicon Dictionary of the English Language (1996) denotes that the word pollution is anything that makes something unhealthy.

2. Pollution is something that makes a pure thing impure.

3. Scientifically, however, pollution is the chemical, gaseous and organic wastes that contaminate the air, land or water.

Anything that pollutes Anything that pollutes these elements (air, soil these elements (air, soil and water) is called and water) is called pollutant.pollutant.

The following are The following are some definitions of some definitions of

pollution according to pollution according to their type: their type:

1. Air PollutionMeaning:It is also called atmospheric pollution or aerospace pollution. It refers to the presence in atmosphere of one or more pollutants that physically harmful to human, plants, animals and property.

Sources:• The release from Man’s penetration of space such as air rocket debris and fuel exhausts.

• The release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere by industry and motor vehicles such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), and nitrogen oxides.

• The Greenhouse Effect or The Greenhouse Effect or Global Warming can fall Global Warming can fall under the type of air under the type of air pollution.pollution.

2. Water Pollution2. Water Pollution

Meaning:Meaning:

It refers to the alteration It refers to the alteration of water in a way that of water in a way that makes it less usable for makes it less usable for human beings, fauna or human beings, fauna or flora or infusions to flora or infusions to property than it is in its property than it is in its pure state.pure state.

SOURCES:•Pollutant come from the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer that poisons human and farm animals.•Pollutant integrated in the water through direct and indirect process causes contamination.

3. Sound Pollution3. Sound Pollution

Meaning:Meaning:

Anything that goes Anything that goes beyond the normal beyond the normal decibels and annoying to decibels and annoying to our ears.our ears.

4. Solid Waste Pollution4. Solid Waste Pollution

Meaning:Meaning:

This pollution refers to This pollution refers to wastes or refuse arising wastes or refuse arising from human and animal from human and animal activities that are activities that are normally solid and are normally solid and are discarded or considered discarded or considered as useless or unwanted. as useless or unwanted.

Sources:Discarded• garbage• rubbish• demolition debris• food wastes• street litters

5. Hazardous WastesMeaning: It refers to wastes or a combination of wastes that pose or create hazards to human health or living organisms for the ……

…… following reasons: non-degradable, can be biologically magnified and tends to cause detrimental cumulative effects.

Sources:Discarded:• chemicals• radioactive substances• biological wastes• flammable waste• explosives

6. Marine PollutionMeaning: “An introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harmful to living resources, hazards to ……

…… human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities.”

(United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

[UNCED], 1982 Art. 1)

WHAT ARE THE WHAT ARE THE ORIGINS OF MARINE ORIGINS OF MARINE POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

Origins of Marine Pollution1.Land-based and coastal-based activities

2.Continental Shelf-Drilling3.Sea-bed Mining4.Ocean dumping5.Vessel source pollution6.Atmospheric sources pollution

1. Land-based and 1. Land-based and coastal-based activitiescoastal-based activities• Land based source Land based source

contributes as estimated contributes as estimated 70% of all marine pollution 70% of all marine pollution (UNCED, Agenda, Chap. (UNCED, Agenda, Chap. 17). 17).

The pollutants originate The pollutants originate from Human settlement, from Human settlement, Land-use, Construction of Land-use, Construction of coastal infrastructures, coastal infrastructures, Agriculture, Forestry, Agriculture, Forestry, Urban development and Urban development and Tourism industriesTourism industries

• In developing countries, In developing countries, less than 10% of urban less than 10% of urban wastes are subjected to wastes are subjected to treatment and only a small treatment and only a small fraction of it meets the fraction of it meets the standard quality.standard quality.

• According to UNCED the pollution sources from coastal-based activities come from an estimated one-half of the world’s population which grows 75 percent before end of 21st century.

• The hazards of the pollution include red tides, excessive plant growth in water due to an over abundance of nutrients, bacterial contamination, wetland destruction, and pollution from local and upstream sources.

2. Continental Shelf-Drilling

• Continental shelf is the shallow part of the sea floor immediately adjacent to a continent.

(Bush, 1997)

• Continental shelf includes the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast but outside the area of the territorial sea to a depth of 200 m. or beyond this limit.

• The exploitation of the The exploitation of the resources of the oceans has resources of the oceans has been a growing concern of been a growing concern of marine environmentalist marine environmentalist and geologist of our times, and geologist of our times, especially in some countries especially in some countries where even stricter where even stricter measures of environmental measures of environmental safety are frequent violated.safety are frequent violated.

• The potential of continental The potential of continental shelf to supply the shelf to supply the industries with rich industries with rich minerals paved the way to minerals paved the way to the process of shelf drilling the process of shelf drilling of resources such as gas, of resources such as gas, oil, sands, gravel, gold and oil, sands, gravel, gold and diamonds. diamonds.

• The pollution impacts of The pollution impacts of the operational activities the operational activities and extraction of such and extraction of such mineral deposits from the mineral deposits from the ocean floors are believes to ocean floors are believes to be contributors to marine be contributors to marine pollutions.pollutions.

3. Sea-bed Mining 3. Sea-bed Mining

• The process of mining at a The process of mining at a depth of more than 15,000 depth of more than 15,000 feet of an open ocean and feet of an open ocean and thousand of miles away thousand of miles away from the nearest land is a from the nearest land is a pollution threatpollution threat

• The mining ships are The mining ships are expected to remain on expected to remain on their ocean station in 5 their ocean station in 5 years at time, working years at time, working non-stop to transfer the non-stop to transfer the sea-bed minerals to sea-bed minerals to auxiliary vesselsauxiliary vessels

• Marine environmentalist Marine environmentalist are yet assessing the are yet assessing the potential impacts of potential impacts of pollution of these pollution of these operations as well as the operations as well as the pollution risk of deposits pollution risk of deposits that these mining ships are that these mining ships are harvesting from the ocean harvesting from the ocean floor (e.g. nickels, coppers, floor (e.g. nickels, coppers, gold, etc.)gold, etc.)

4. Ocean Dumping4. Ocean Dumping

• In the 1940’s, the nuclear In the 1940’s, the nuclear industry had chosen the industry had chosen the open oceans as a open oceans as a convenient site for convenient site for dumping their nuclear dumping their nuclear wastes. wastes.

• The London dumping The London dumping convention (LDC) of 1972 convention (LDC) of 1972 prohibits the dumping of prohibits the dumping of the high level radioactive the high level radioactive wastes.wastes.

• However, it was only the high level waste that was prohibited. The low level wastes, though they also contain radioactive waste and isotopes, such as plutonium and strontium were not prohibited.

• The London dumping The London dumping convention (LDC) of 1972 convention (LDC) of 1972 was amended in November, was amended in November, 1993 wherein dumping of 1993 wherein dumping of industrial wastes at sea industrial wastes at sea together with incinerating together with incinerating waste had been totally waste had been totally prohibited and enter into prohibited and enter into force 01 Jan 1996.force 01 Jan 1996.

• Greenpeace is a concerned Greenpeace is a concerned organization advocating organization advocating for complete prohibitions for complete prohibitions of dumping and remain of dumping and remain vigilant with regard to vigilant with regard to open ocean dumping which open ocean dumping which can be done out of sight.can be done out of sight.

5. Vessel source pollution

Vessel sourced pollution comprises only 10 % from direct shipping operations and another 10% from dumping from ships.

(UNCED, Agenda 21, 1992)

• The threat of polluting the The threat of polluting the marine environment from marine environment from the vessels is considered the vessels is considered significant because of the significant because of the growth of seaborne trade growth of seaborne trade and the kind of cargo being and the kind of cargo being carried by the ship. carried by the ship.

• The causes of threat from vessel-sourced pollution come from intentional discharge operations as well as operational discharges.

• Operational sources comes from spills of oil resulting from routing operations such as loading, discharging and bunkering. • This normally occurs in ports or an oil terminal.

• However, majority of the spilled quantity is small. Some 92% involved quantities of less than 7 tons.

(International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Report

[ITOPF]. 1999).

• Accident is another source Accident is another source of pollution from ships. of pollution from ships. They are normally caused They are normally caused by the grounding and by the grounding and collision of ship. collision of ship.

• Fishing vessels also Fishing vessels also contribute to marine contribute to marine pollution. These vessels pollution. These vessels carry large quantities of oil carry large quantities of oil and fish processing and fish processing facilities on board. They facilities on board. They stay for several months at stay for several months at seas and discharge marine seas and discharge marine pollutants.pollutants.

6. Atmospheric sources pollution

• Early in 1982, the depletion of ozone layer over the Northern latitude was found to be creating a hole in the atmosphere.

• This is similar to the one that was discovered in Antarctica. • Many scientists believed and it became a common belief that the burning of fossil fuels contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer.

• Relatively, most industries Relatively, most industries today use fuels that are today use fuels that are produced by energy. produced by energy. • Burning fossil fuel for Burning fossil fuel for

transportation is one of the transportation is one of the major sources of major sources of atmospheric pollution. atmospheric pollution.

• Industry is a major user of Industry is a major user of fossil fuel and substantially fossil fuel and substantially produces greenhouse produces greenhouse gases and air pollution.gases and air pollution.

• Excessive emissions from Excessive emissions from burning forests result in burning forests result in severe air pollution and severe air pollution and atmospheric pollution. atmospheric pollution.

• Contributory effects on the Contributory effects on the ozone depletion come from ozone depletion come from man-made halon and man-made halon and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

that are released into the that are released into the atmosphere.atmosphere.

THE SEABORNE TRADE THE SEABORNE TRADE AND MARINE AND MARINE POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

The most important The most important concept of pollution as far concept of pollution as far as seafarers and shipping as seafarers and shipping are concerned, focuses on are concerned, focuses on marine pollution from marine pollution from ships.ships.

• Sources of land base Sources of land base pollution:pollution:–By- products of industryBy- products of industry–Waste from chemical and Waste from chemical and pesticides used by pesticides used by AgricultureAgriculture–Effluents discharge from Effluents discharge from urban coastal areasurban coastal areas

• The percentage The percentage contributed by pollution contributed by pollution coming from ships is coming from ships is significant because the significant because the supply of oil and hazardous supply of oil and hazardous substances for industries substances for industries and others based on land is and others based on land is being transported by seas being transported by seas and oceans by ships.and oceans by ships.

• From the shipping activity, From the shipping activity, a great quantity of oil a great quantity of oil enters the seas as a result enters the seas as a result of normal tanker of normal tanker operations.operations.

• These operations include These operations include the cleaning of holds, the cleaning of holds, which takes place during which takes place during ballast voyage, about 4 ballast voyage, about 4 percent of the carrying percent of the carrying capacity remains and about capacity remains and about half of this could be lost half of this could be lost overboard unless retained overboard unless retained on board in slop tanks.on board in slop tanks.

• The IMO reported that of The IMO reported that of the estimated 1.5 million the estimated 1.5 million metric tons of oil that enter metric tons of oil that enter the sea each years as a the sea each years as a result of marine result of marine transportation losses about transportation losses about 66percent are from vessel 66percent are from vessel operation discharges.operation discharges.

(Manual on Oil Pollution,(Manual on Oil Pollution,

IMO, 1988)IMO, 1988)

• Apart from pollution Apart from pollution coming from shipboard coming from shipboard routine operations, the routine operations, the risk of pollution coming risk of pollution coming from maritime accidents is from maritime accidents is always present.always present.

• The pollution from ships The pollution from ships operations is dwarf by the operations is dwarf by the pollution cause by pollution cause by maritime accidents in maritime accidents in which over the years a which over the years a large number of oil has large number of oil has already been spilled.already been spilled.

• Over the years major sea Over the years major sea disasters spilling great disasters spilling great amount of pollutant has amount of pollutant has arouse the interest of arouse the interest of countries around the world countries around the world because of it affect “flora because of it affect “flora and fauna” of the seas and and fauna” of the seas and oceans.oceans.

• To name a few maritime To name a few maritime incidents:incidents:

1.1.Torrey Canyon – 1967 – U.K.Torrey Canyon – 1967 – U.K.

2.2.Amoco Cadiz – 1978 – Amoco Cadiz – 1978 – FranceFrance

3.3.Atlantic Empress – 1979 – Atlantic Empress – 1979 – Trinidad &TobagoTrinidad &Tobago

4.4.Exxon Valdez – 1989 – Exxon Valdez – 1989 – Alaska, USAAlaska, USA

• Based on experience by Based on experience by countries affected by the countries affected by the maritime maritime accidents/disasters, it is accidents/disasters, it is generally accepted that oil generally accepted that oil spills have contributed to spills have contributed to the degradation of marine the degradation of marine environment.environment.

• However confirmation However confirmation report states “a number of report states “a number of these incidents, despite these incidents, despite their large size, caused their large size, caused little or no environmental little or no environmental damage as the oil did not damage as the oil did not impact coastlines”impact coastlines”

(ITOPF, 1999)(ITOPF, 1999)

• Nonetheless, the rate of Nonetheless, the rate of increase of oil and increase of oil and chemical being chemical being transported through transported through merchant ships shall merchant ships shall continue to rise in continue to rise in response to the growth of response to the growth of trade .trade .

• For this reason the IMO For this reason the IMO has established rules and has established rules and regulations for the regulations for the prevention and control of prevention and control of pollution, the MARPOL pollution, the MARPOL 73/78 with amendments 73/78 with amendments and annexes.and annexes.

MARINE POLLUTION MARINE POLLUTION ACCORDING TO THE ACCORDING TO THE MARPOL CONVENTIONMARPOL CONVENTION

Meaning according to Meaning according to MARPOL 73/78MARPOL 73/78

Marine Pollution based on Marine Pollution based on MARPOL 73/78 can be MARPOL 73/78 can be defined as one that defined as one that particularly involves the particularly involves the introduction of substances introduction of substances and energy into the and energy into the environment of the seas environment of the seas and …and …

… … oceans coming from oceans coming from either the day to day either the day to day operations of the ships or operations of the ships or damaged vessels caused damaged vessels caused by marine accidents that by marine accidents that harmfully affects the harmfully affects the marine environment.marine environment.

MARPOL 73/78 is MARPOL 73/78 is concentrated on pollution concentrated on pollution cause by the day-to-day cause by the day-to-day operations of shipsoperations of ships

These activities are as These activities are as follows:follows:

a.a. Discharge of oily residues Discharge of oily residues from sludge tankfrom sludge tank

b.b.Discharge of oily residues Discharge of oily residues from machinery spaces of from machinery spaces of ships and tankers.ships and tankers.

c.c. Discharge of oil and Discharge of oil and chemical residues from chemical residues from cargo tanks and sewage.cargo tanks and sewage.

d.d. Loss of overboard Loss of overboard cargoes which are cargoes which are harmful to marine harmful to marine environment through environment through overboard of garbage.overboard of garbage.

• MARPOL 73/78 is directed MARPOL 73/78 is directed towards the reduction of towards the reduction of marine pollution coming marine pollution coming from damaged vessels due from damaged vessels due to marine accidents. to marine accidents.

2.2. Regulations governing Regulations governing limitations of chemical limitations of chemical carriers for carrying carriers for carrying dangerous goodsdangerous goods

3.3. Provisions on technical Provisions on technical construction of vessels construction of vessels carrying oil or dangerous carrying oil or dangerous goodsgoods

• MARPOL 73/78 has MARPOL 73/78 has provisions directed towards provisions directed towards limiting the damage to the limiting the damage to the environment whenever environment whenever accidents occurs:accidents occurs:

1.1. Regulation concerning Regulation concerning reporting when incidents of reporting when incidents of marine pollution occur or marine pollution occur or are likely to occurare likely to occur

Pollutants according to Pollutants according to MARPOL 73/78MARPOL 73/78

• Pollutants are substances Pollutants are substances or energy that pollute the or energy that pollute the waters of the seas and waters of the seas and oceans.oceans.

The marine pollutants in The marine pollutants in the 5 technical annexes of the 5 technical annexes of MARPOL 73/78 are as MARPOL 73/78 are as follows:follows:

1)1)Oil (Annex I enforce 02 Oil (Annex I enforce 02 Oct 1983)Oct 1983)

2)2)Noxious liquid substance Noxious liquid substance in bulk (Annex II enforce in bulk (Annex II enforce 06 Apr 1987)06 Apr 1987)

3)3)Harmful substance in Harmful substance in packaged forms (Annex packaged forms (Annex III enforce 01 Jul 1992 )III enforce 01 Jul 1992 )

4)4)Sewage from Ships Sewage from Ships (Annex IV enforce 27 (Annex IV enforce 27 Sep 2003)Sep 2003)

5)5)Garbage from ships Garbage from ships (Annex V enforce 31 (Annex V enforce 31 Dec 1988)Dec 1988)

The other two important The other two important annexes to MARPOL:annexes to MARPOL:

6)6)Air Pollution (Annex VI) Air Pollution (Annex VI) 7)7)Unwanted Aquatic Unwanted Aquatic Organism in Ballast Water Organism in Ballast Water (Annex VII)(Annex VII)

Annex VI has been Annex VI has been adopted but ratification is adopted but ratification is not yet substantially met. not yet substantially met. (appended to the Protocol (appended to the Protocol of 1997)of 1997)

Annex VII is proposed Annex VII is proposed addition to the annexes. addition to the annexes. (adopted 1977 Res. (adopted 1977 Res. A.868(20) for inclusion)A.868(20) for inclusion)

Oil as a Marine PollutantOil as a Marine Pollutant

Oil is the number one Oil is the number one marine pollutant carried marine pollutant carried by ships.by ships.

Oil means petroleum in Oil means petroleum in any form including crude any form including crude oil, fuel oil, sludge, oil oil, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse, refined products refuse, refined products (except petrochemicals).(except petrochemicals).

Oil also include the Oil also include the “white oil” but not “whale “white oil” but not “whale oil” or vegetable oilsoil” or vegetable oils

(IMO, MARPOL 73/78, Annex 1)(IMO, MARPOL 73/78, Annex 1)

Included in the list of oil Included in the list of oil under MARPOL are as under MARPOL are as follows:follows:

1)1)Asphalt SolutionsAsphalt Solutions

2)2)OilsOils

3)3)Distillates (Concentrates)Distillates (Concentrates)

4)4) Gas OilGas Oil

5)5) Gasoline Blending Gasoline Blending StockStock

6)6) GasolineGasoline

7)7) Jet FuelsJet Fuels

8)8) Naphtha Naphtha

• Oils can be generally Oils can be generally classified as either crude classified as either crude or refined products or refined products according to their viscosity according to their viscosity (measure of resistance to (measure of resistance to flow)flow)

• The viscosity of oil The viscosity of oil decreases with the rise in decreases with the rise in temperature but to a temperature but to a varying degree depending varying degree depending on the type of crude from on the type of crude from which it is derived and the which it is derived and the treatment it has treatment it has undergone.undergone.

Characteristics of Crude Characteristics of Crude Oils Oils

Specific gravity 15/15 degrees C

800 to 900 kg/cubic meter

Initial boiling point degrees C 30 to 125Kinematic ViscosityCentistokes cst at 40 deg C

3 to 100 (15-20,000) but can be as much as at 40 deg C

Pour point degrees C -30 to +25 but can lower or as high as 43

Flashpoint (Abel) degrees C -18 to 190Sulphur % wt. 0.08 to 5Wax % wt. Up to 15Asphaltenes % wt. Up to 5Vanadium, ppm V 5 to 170

Characteristics of Crude Oil

Density (Specific Gravity)Density (Specific Gravity)Oil normally floats and Oil normally floats and

begin to spread when begin to spread when introduced or spills in the introduced or spills in the water.water.

Oil that sinks means the Oil that sinks means the oil’s density exceeds that oil’s density exceeds that of water.of water.

Density refers to mass per Density refers to mass per unit of a given material. unit of a given material.

Specific Gravity means the Specific Gravity means the relative gravity which is relative gravity which is the ratio of the mass of a the ratio of the mass of a given material (pure water given material (pure water 1.000 SG or 1cubic meter / 1.000 SG or 1cubic meter / ton)ton)

Importance of knowing oil Importance of knowing oil properties:properties:

1)1)Influence the buoyancy of Influence the buoyancy of oil in wateroil in water

2)2)Influences the behavior in Influences the behavior in the sea surfacethe sea surface

3)3)Influence the rate of Influence the rate of natural dissolving processnatural dissolving process

Boiling Point and Boiling Boiling Point and Boiling RangeRange

Oil ignites because of its Oil ignites because of its vapors.vapors.

It is the vapor therefore that It is the vapor therefore that is given off by oil that sets is given off by oil that sets fire and not the oil itself.fire and not the oil itself.

Evaporation is linked to the Evaporation is linked to the boiling point and boiling boiling point and boiling range.range.

Evaporation is linked to Evaporation is linked to the boiling point and the boiling point and boiling range.boiling range.

The lower the boiling The lower the boiling points and boiling ranges points and boiling ranges are the faster the are the faster the evaporation can occur.evaporation can occur.

Kinematic ViscosityKinematic ViscosityViscosity is the measure Viscosity is the measure

of resistance to flow.of resistance to flow.

Standard viscosity:Standard viscosity:

1)1)Group 1 – density of up to Group 1 – density of up to 0.9200ton/cubic meter and 0.9200ton/cubic meter and viscosity of up to 14 viscosity of up to 14 Cst/40degrees CentigradeCst/40degrees Centigrade

2)2) Group 2 – density of Group 2 – density of plus or minus 0.9900 plus or minus 0.9900 ton/cubic meter and ton/cubic meter and viscosity of up to viscosity of up to 130Cst/80degrees 130Cst/80degrees centigrade.centigrade.

(British Standard Institute & (British Standard Institute & International Standard International Standard

Organization, 1982)Organization, 1982)

3)3) Redwood Scale 1 –Redwood Scale 1 –temperature100degreetemperature100degrees Fahrenheits Fahrenheit

BSI G1 40degrees & G2 BSI G1 40degrees & G2 80degrees centigrade80degrees centigrade

ISO G1 40degrees & G2 ISO G1 40degrees & G2 100degrees Centigrade100degrees Centigrade

Centistokes (Cst) – is a Centistokes (Cst) – is a unit of kinematic viscosity.unit of kinematic viscosity.

Engine builders generally Engine builders generally specify specify centistokes/50degrees centistokes/50degrees Centigrade basis.Centigrade basis.

Pour PointPour PointIt refers to the It refers to the

temperature of oil below temperature of oil below wherein the oil becomes wherein the oil becomes semi-solid and will not flow semi-solid and will not flow which varies from -35deg C which varies from -35deg C to +40deg Cto +40deg C

The Flash PointThe Flash PointIt is the lowest It is the lowest

temperature at which temperature at which sufficient vapor exist sufficient vapor exist above the oil to yield a above the oil to yield a flammable mixture.flammable mixture.

These is a concern in the These is a concern in the clean up operation in clean up operation in which safety must be which safety must be extraordinarily be ensured extraordinarily be ensured specially in cleaning newly specially in cleaning newly spilled oils.spilled oils.

They easily ignite until They easily ignite until more volatile components more volatile components have evaporated and have evaporated and dispersed in the dispersed in the atmosphere.atmosphere.

SolubilitySolubility• There are some components There are some components

of oil that are soluble in of oil that are soluble in water.water.• When compared to When compared to

evaporation, solubility is evaporation, solubility is only small but highly affects only small but highly affects toxicity to marine life.toxicity to marine life.

Asphaltenes ContentsAsphaltenes ContentsIt highly influences he It highly influences he

formation and stability of formation and stability of water in oil emulsion.water in oil emulsion.

Low Asphaltene oils Low Asphaltene oils generally do not form generally do not form stable emulsion.stable emulsion.

Characteristics of Characteristics of Petroleum ProductsPetroleum Products

• The characteristics of The characteristics of products derived from products derived from refining crude oils depend refining crude oils depend on the nature of the crude on the nature of the crude and the process to which and the process to which they have been subjected.they have been subjected.

• Gasoline (motor Spirits) Gasoline (motor Spirits) – Specific Gravity 15/14deg. Specific Gravity 15/14deg.

C. & 0.6800-0.7700 C. & 0.6800-0.7700 ton/cubic meter ton/cubic meter

– Boiling Range 30 – 200 Boiling Range 30 – 200 deg. Cdeg. C

– Flash Point – - 40 deg. CFlash Point – - 40 deg. C

• Kerosene Kerosene – Specific Gravity 15/15 deg. Specific Gravity 15/15 deg.

C. & 0.7800 ton/cubic meter C. & 0.7800 ton/cubic meter – Boiling Range 160 – 285 Boiling Range 160 – 285

deg. C.deg. C.– Kinematic Viscosity – 37.78 Kinematic Viscosity – 37.78

deg. C. – 1.48deg. C. – 1.48– Flash Point (Pensky Flash Point (Pensky

Martens) – 55 deg. C.Martens) – 55 deg. C.

• Gas OilGas Oil– Specific Gravity 15/15 deg. Specific Gravity 15/15 deg.

C. & 0.8400 ton/cubic meter C. & 0.8400 ton/cubic meter – Boiling Range 180 – 360 Boiling Range 180 – 360

deg. C.deg. C.– Kinematic Viscosity – 37.78 Kinematic Viscosity – 37.78

deg. C. – 3.30deg. C. – 3.30– Flash Point (Pensky Flash Point (Pensky

Martens) – 55 deg. C.Martens) – 55 deg. C.

• Fuel Oil (light/medium/heavy)Fuel Oil (light/medium/heavy)– Specific Gravity 15/50deg. C. Specific Gravity 15/50deg. C.

& 0.9250 – 0.9650 ton/cubic & 0.9250 – 0.9650 ton/cubic meter meter

– Kinematic Viscosity – 37.78 Kinematic Viscosity – 37.78 deg. C. – 49-862deg. C. – 49-862

– Flash Point (Pensky Martens) Flash Point (Pensky Martens) – 90 deg. C. upward– 90 deg. C. upward

• Lubricating OilsLubricating Oils– These are highly refined These are highly refined

oilsoils– The applications vary The applications vary

widely in specific gravity widely in specific gravity and viscosityand viscosity

Noxious Liquid Noxious Liquid Substances (NLS) in Substances (NLS) in Bulk as Marine Bulk as Marine PollutantPollutant

• These are substances These are substances which when introduced which when introduced into the sea can cause into the sea can cause hazards to human life and hazards to human life and aquatic resources.aquatic resources.

Noxious Liquid Substances shall be divided into four categories as follows:

Revised Annex II of MARPOL 73/78RESOLUTION MEPC.118(52)Adopted on 15 October 2004

Category X: NLS which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a major hazard to either marine resources or human health and, therefore, justify the prohibition of the discharge into the marine environment.

Category Y: NLS which, if Category Y: NLS which, if discharged into the sea discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deballasting operations, are deemed to deemed to present a hazard present a hazard to either marine resources to either marine resources or human health or cause or human health or cause harm to amenities or other harm to amenities or other legitimatelegitimateuses of the sea and uses of the sea and therefore justify a therefore justify a limitation on the quality limitation on the quality and quantity of the and quantity of the discharge into the marine discharge into the marine environmentenvironment

Category Z: NLS which, if Category Z: NLS which, if discharged into the sea discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deballasting operations, are deemed to deemed to present a minor present a minor hazard hazard to either marine to either marine resources or human health resources or human health and therefore justify less and therefore justify less stringent restrictions on the stringent restrictions on the quality and quantity of the quality and quantity of the discharge into the marine discharge into the marine environmentenvironment

Other Substances: whichOther Substances: whichhave been evaluated and have been evaluated and found to fall outside found to fall outside Category X, Y or Z, at Category X, Y or Z, at present, considered to present, considered to present no harm present no harm to marine to marine resources, human health, resources, human health, amenities or other amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea legitimate uses of the sea when discharged into the when discharged into the sea from tank cleaning of sea from tank cleaning of deballasting operations.deballasting operations.

GESAMP - GESAMP - The Joint The Joint Group of Experts on the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Marine Environmental ProtectionProtection

Pollution from Harmful Pollution from Harmful Substances (HS) in Substances (HS) in Package FormPackage Form

• Harmful Substances in Harmful Substances in packaged form are those packaged form are those substances that are substances that are identified as marine identified as marine pollutants in the pollutants in the International Maritime International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)..(IMDG Code)..

• The IMDG Code is an The IMDG Code is an international standard international standard governing the transport of governing the transport of substances in packaged substances in packaged form.form.• It is made up of more than It is made up of more than

10,000 pages contained in 10,000 pages contained in five loose-leaf volumes.five loose-leaf volumes.

• The IMDG Code gives The IMDG Code gives detailed instructions for detailed instructions for safe packaging and safe packaging and storage of dangerous storage of dangerous substances, including substances, including precautions necessary in precautions necessary in relation to other cargoes.relation to other cargoes.

• An ad hoc panel of An ad hoc panel of representatives from the representatives from the IMO and the GESAMP were IMO and the GESAMP were requested to develop a requested to develop a means by which substances means by which substances carried by sea could be carried by sea could be classified according to classified according to potential hazards they potential hazards they pose if released in marine pose if released in marine environment.environment.

• The definitions of The definitions of packaged form described packaged form described in Annex III of MARPOL in Annex III of MARPOL 73/78 is similar to those 73/78 is similar to those used in the IMDG Code.used in the IMDG Code.

• Harmful substances in Harmful substances in packaged form carried by packaged form carried by ships can escape into the ships can escape into the marine environment when marine environment when swept overboard due to swept overboard due to bad weather or accidental bad weather or accidental release through collision.release through collision.

• Packaged form is defined as Packaged form is defined as the form on containment the form on containment specified for harmful specified for harmful substances in the IMDG Code substances in the IMDG Code and carriage of harmful and carriage of harmful substances is prohibited substances is prohibited except in accordance with except in accordance with the provisions of Annex III of the provisions of Annex III of MARPOL 73/78.MARPOL 73/78.

Sewage from ShipsSewage from Ships

• Sewage from Ships Sewage from Ships according to the technical according to the technical Annex IV of MARPOL 73/78 Annex IV of MARPOL 73/78 refers to the following:refers to the following:

1)1)Drainage and other Drainage and other wastes from toilets, wastes from toilets, urinals and WC scuppers.urinals and WC scuppers.

2)2)Drainage from medical Drainage from medical premises (dispensary, premises (dispensary, sick bay, etc.) via wash sick bay, etc.) via wash basins, wash tubs and basins, wash tubs and scuppers located in scuppers located in such premises.such premises.

3)3)Drainage from spaces Drainage from spaces containing living containing living animals.animals.

4)4)Other waste waters Other waste waters when mixed with the when mixed with the drainage defined drainage defined above.above.

Garbage from the ShipsGarbage from the Ships

• It refers to all kind of It refers to all kind of victuals, domestic and victuals, domestic and operational wastes, operational wastes, excluding fresh fish and excluding fresh fish and parts thereof, generated parts thereof, generated during the normal during the normal operations of the ship and operations of the ship and liable to be disposable of liable to be disposable of continuously or periodically.continuously or periodically.

• Fresh fishes and their Fresh fishes and their parts are not included in parts are not included in the garbage from the ships the garbage from the ships – Technical Annex V, – Technical Annex V, MARPOL 73/78.MARPOL 73/78.