macro-scale indicators for the urban pedestrian environment
TRANSCRIPT
Walk Urban
Walk Walk UrbanUrban
Brittany MontgomeryTUDTR
July 31, 2006
Macro-Scale Indicatorsfor the
Urban Pedestrian Environment
Walk Urban
Overview
• What is walkability and why is it important?• Measuring the urban pedestrian environment• World Bank’s role in addressing the walking
mode• Key caveats
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What is walkability?
“overall support for pedestrian travel in an area”
“Walkability takes into account the quality of pedestrian facilities, roadway conditions, land use patterns, community support, security, and comfort
for walking.”Todd Litman, Victoria Transport Policy Institute
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Pedestrians: So what?
• Walkable cities SAVE LIVES• High demand for walkable cities• Better pedestrian environment poverty
reduction• Walking is sustainable
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Walkable Cities SAVE LIVES
• ¾ of US ped crashes are in places without traffic controls
• Record levels of investment London’s Child Fatalities 62% in 10 years
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Demand for Walkable Cities
Developing Cities Walking Modal Share
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sao Pau
loBog
otaMex
ico C
ityMum
baiJa
karta
Kuala
Lumpu
rGua
ngzhou
Seoul
Bangk
ok
Ho Chi
Minh C
ityShij
iazhuan
gWuha
nJo
hanne
sburg
Nairobi
Dar es S
alaam
Addis
Ababa
Bamak
oOua
gadoug
ouNiam
eyM
odal
Sha
re (%
) Latin America
Asia Africa
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Demand for Walkable CitiesDeveloping Cities Non-Motorized and Public
Transport Modal Share
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Rio deJaneiro
Bogota Mexico City Manila Seoul Bangkok Abijan
Mod
al S
hare
(%)
Public
Non-Motorized
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Walkability Poverty Reduction
Who walks?Walking Commute Distance by Income in Mumbai
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0-1km 1-2km 2-3km 3-5km 5-10km
Walking Distance
% W
ithin
Dis
tanc
e/In
com
e C
ateg
ory
<5K
5K-7.5K
7.5K-10K
10K-20K
>20K
Income Categories (1K=1000 Rupees)
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Walkability Poverty Reduction
• Opportunity– MDGs #2, 3, 4, and 5
• Empowerment• Security
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Walking is a Sustainable Mode
• MDG #7• Air quality• Health
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Measuring Walkability
• Macro vs. Micro• Micro-level walkability assessment tools
– Checklists– L.O.S.– PERS
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Macro-Level Measurement
• Goals: – Identify to what degree the pedestrian
environment needs improvement
– Compare between cities of similar characteristics
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Macro Pedestrian Environment Dimensions
• Accessibility/Mobility• Safety• Security• Legal Provision• Public Expenditure
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Potential IndicatorsAccessibility/Mobility
• Average walking travel time per trip
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Potential IndicatorsSafety
• Pedestrian fatalities/population
“fear of fatal road accidents has curtailed walking along the major corridors because of difficulties associated with crossing the
road at various intersections”SSATP Non-Motorized Transport in African Cities
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Potential IndicatorsSecurity
• Pedestrian crime rate (muggings, etc.)
“Women were keenly aware of security issues; they feel
vulnerable to theft and assault, especially at nightbecause street lighting is
poor”A Lifetime of Walking: Wuhan
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Potential IndicatorsLegal Provision for Pedestrians
• Pedestrian rights– Functional Road Hierarchy
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Potential IndicatorsPublic Expenditure for Pedestrians
• Percent (%) of total urban infrastructure & maintenance funds spent on walking mode
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Potential IndicatorsSummary
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
3, 5, or 10 years
Collection Frequency
Current Data Availability
FairModerate% infra. & maint. funds spent on pedestrians
Public Expenditure
HighSimplePedestrian Rights
Legal Provision
Poor / under-reported
ModeratePedestrian crimes/ population
Security
Fair / under-reported
SimplePedestrian fatalities/ population
Safety
Fair / under-reported
DifficultAvg. walking trip time
Accessibility/Mobility
Data Accuracy
Simplicity of Measurement
Potential Indicator
Walkability Dimension
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City “Typing”/Classification
• Purpose• Various methods
– Population groups– Modal split/
motorization characteristics
Metro Land Area
Population
Motorization (vehicles/population)
Income
Modal Split
AdditionalData Needed
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What has the Bank done?
INPUT NEEDED!
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What can the Bank do?
• Encourage data collection • Benchmark indicators• Urban agency direction• Policy guidance – Functional Road Hierarchy • Pedestrian project funding
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Key Caveats
• Holistic approach• Social responsibility• Best sense of environment with least data