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JANUARY 2004

Policy DepartmentEconomic and Scientific Policy

MOBILE TV

(IP/A/ITRE/FWC/2006-087/LOT 2/C1/SC2)

ST DY

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This study was requested by the European Parliaments committee on Industry,

Research and Energy (ITRE).

Only published in English.

Authors: TNO-ICT, NetherlandsBas Kotterink

Menno Bangma

Karin van Kranenburg-Bruinsma

James Schlechter

Jan de Nijs

Omar Niamut

ETEPS NET

c/o GOPA Catermill

rue de Trves 45

B - 1040 Brussels

With contributions from: Anders Henten

Reza Tadayoni

Morten Falch

Knud Erik Skouby

Dick van Smirren, TNO

Gabriela Bodea, TNO

Administrator: Karin Hyldelund

Policy Department Economy and Science

DG Internal Policies

European Parliament

Rue Wiertz 60 - ATR 00L012

B-1047 Brussels

Tel: +32-2-2832234

Fax: +32-2-2846929

E-mail: [email protected]

Manuscript completed in October 2007.

The opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily represent the official

position of the European Parliament.

Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised

provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and

receives a copy.

E-mail:[email protected].

IP/A/ITRE/ST/2007-05 PE 393.505
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary................................................................................................................i

Introduction.............................................................................................................................1

1. Technological Developments ........................................................................................2

1.1 Main bearer technologies .......................................................................................2

1.2 Main service technologies......................................................................................4

1.3 Other technological developments.........................................................................6

2. Deployment and Current Market Situation ...............................................................9

2.1 Current status .........................................................................................................9

2.2 Regulatory approaches..........................................................................................11

2.3 Market value .........................................................................................................12

2.4 Restructuring in the value chain............................................................................13

3. Standards and the Need for Harmonisation ..............................................................15

3.1 Standards...............................................................................................................15

3.2 Frequency issues ...................................................................................................19

4. Current and Future Community Actions...................................................................25

4.1 Standard setting.....................................................................................................25

4.2 Spectrum management..........................................................................................26

4.3 Harmonising national regulatory regimes.............................................................28

4.4 Other factors..........................................................................................................30

4.5 Conclusions...........................................................................................................31

Bibliography............................................................................................................................33

Acronyms.................................................................................................................................37

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The aim of the present study is to assess key issues in the debate on mobile TV in Europe.

The commercial market for mobile TV is nascent, with the completion of technical pilots and

the release of the first full-scale commercial offerings. While the potential market for mobile

TV is substantial, the take-up of services in Europe remains slow in comparison with the

United States and Asia. Fragmentation as a result of multiple technical standards may hamper

the emergence of a strong internal market for mobile TV. In response, and inspired by the

success of GSM (the Global System for Mobile communications), the European Commission

has announced that it will push for a single standard and a consistent regulatory regime across

Member States to achieve economies of scale and flexibility for users. This should also

stimulate Member States to earmark spectrum released from the switchover from analogue to

digital TV for mobile TV in dedicated bands. The industry, represented by the European

Mobile Broadcasting Council (EMBC), argues however that no regulation is necessary at this

point in time and that a single standard enforced throughout the European Union would

favour some technologies over others. This study evaluated the merits of various strategiesand standpoints from the perspective of technology standards, market developments and

spectrum management.

Technology developments

Four bearer technologies currently dominate the mobile TV landscape: Digital Audio

Broadcasting Internet Protocol (DAB-IP), Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting(T-

DMB), Digital Video Broadcast - Handheld(DVB-H) and Forward Link Only (FLO). There

is no industry consensus on which bearer technology is best suited for mobile TV, nor is there

consensus on the differences between the various technologies. In our opinion, none of the

bearer technologies provides a significant advantage over the others, when considering the

technical aspects of the technologies. All four bearer technologies are in principle fullycapable of carrying mobile TV.

The service-layer technologies that are currently considered for provisioning mobile TV

broadcasts differ significantly. Of the service level architectures, both Digital Video

Broadcast Internet Protocol Datacast (DVB IPDC) and Open Mobile Alliance Broadcast

(OMA BCAST) fully specify the mobile TV service, including provisioning, service guide,

interactivity and various methods for service and content protection, in an open and

standardised manner. Both rely on an Internet protocol (IP)-based abstraction layer between

the service and bearer technology.DVB IPDC and OMA BCAST provide an advantage over

other technologies when considering a mobile TV broadcasting service.

With respect to technology developments in the future, we expect that broadcast and unicastservices will coexist on the network side and will be integrated in the terminal. TV content

which is of interest to large numbers of consumers will be broadcast, while content that is of

interest to a smaller group of consumers can be offered on-demand via unicast networks. The

user will ultimately be offered an integrated service of regular broadcasting and on-demand

content. Recording, time-shifting and super-distribution of content are likely developments

which will also depend on the implementation of security in the terminal.

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Market development

Four countries in the European Union Finland, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom

have released full-scale mobile TV offerings; eleven countries are conducting trials in

preparation for a launch in 2007 or 2008. The predominant standard in trials and offerings is

DVB-H. BT-UK has recently announced it will abandon its DAP-based Movio service partly

because of the EU endorsement of the competing DVB standard. That leaves DMB-based

Mobile Fernsehen in Germany as the only significant non-DVB-H offering. However, a

DVB-H offering is planned for Germany as well. DVB-H is a clear contender to become a

single standard in the EU market.

Estimates of the size of the mobile TV market vary widely. We estimate that the maximum

penetration of mobile TV broadcasting services will be between 20 and 40 per cent, with

average revenue per user (ARPU) of a maximum of 10 per month for a mobile broadcast

subscription. In the long run, on-demand video services will overtake mobile broadcasting.

The ARPU of these services will depend heavily on the emerging business models (flat fee,

pay-as-you-go or advertising-sponsored).

Standards and harmonisation

Economy of scale and an anytime, anywhere service paradigm can be facilitated by the

following measures:

Harmonising on a single network bearer. Licensing a wholesale-based model with a single operator for each Member State. Harmonising withina single service layer.

For mobile TV it would seem justified to regulate the use of a single network bearer layer in

combination with a wholesale-based model in each Member State. This promotes economies

of scale and prevents market fragmentation in the cellular terminal industry. Furthermore, itfulfils an important precondition for end-users: to freely choose and switch between service

providers with a single mobile TV terminal. At this point in time DVB-H is the most

favourable, not because of its inherent technical properties, but because it offers multiple and

completely standardised service layers, which allow for a standardised means of sharing

broadcast content, while tailoring the service offering to the conditions of each individual

provider, thus leaving room for service differentiation. In addition, DVB looks to be the only

standard with sufficient potential spectrum available.

While anywhere and anytime usage can be enabled by harmonisation withina single service

layer, the mobile TV service providers have legitimate reasons to choose components within

a service layer that are not fully interoperable with other service providers, from the end-user

point of view. Hence we feel that harmonisation by regulation is not justified. Other lighter

regulatory incentives to stimulate service providers to harmonise on a single service layer and

withina single service layer may be appropriate.

The risks of harmonisation on a single bearer layer (such as DVB-H), with a single

wholesaler in each Member State, are that

i) there are already countries in which mobile TV services based on other bearerlayers are in place, and

ii) a single wholesaler also means that only a single party has the control over themajor part of the content offering.

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On the first point, the fact that there are mobile TV services available over various broadcast

bearers is the very reason a common standard is being considered. On the second point, we

believe that for broadcast mobile TV the content will for the major part consist of the most

popular material (to justify a broadcast distribution), and hence would serve the majority of

the end-users. Finally, it can be argued that 2G/3G services have benefited from competition

between service providers that were all licensed a part of the available spectrum. However, akey difference between 2G/3G interactive services and mobile TV is that the first is a one-to-

oneservice, while the latter is a one-to-manyservice. Since relevant spectrum for broadcast is

scarce, there are good reasons for having a single wholesale broadcast network operator and

avoid wasting spectrum on parallel systems and parallel distribution of (identical) content.

This is exactly the reason why mobile broadcast has advantages over unicast based

2G/3G solutions for the mobile TV service, in spite of potentially reducing competition on

the network level.

Spectrum management

Key to the success of any system for mobile TV is the timely and guaranteed availability of

sufficient spectrum in a sufficiently large part of the European Union. Summarising the issue,we note the following.

In most countries, the VHF band III offers a capacity of one 7 MHz layer, but the right to

decide is within the domain of the Member States. This spectrum will not be available before

2012. 1.75 MHz spectrum is available in the short term.

The UHF band IV/V offers one or few layers per country on the short term, but not in a

harmonised sub-band. To evolve toward harmonised sub-bands in the long term, we

recommend the European Commission to take the lead to identify early the most appropriate

sub-bands and orchestrate the process. There is capacity for two harmonised sub-bandsError!

Bookmark not defined..

To some extent, the current 1.7 MHz channels in the lower L-band can be aggregated into 5.1

MHz channels. The extent is not clear. With a full revision of the Maastricht Agreement,

which will take many years to accomplish, it is doubtful a full 5.1 MHz band could be

available everywhere (full coverage).

In summary, in the distant future, bands III and IV/V and the lower L-band will provide from

three to four layers for mobile TV services with national coverage. In the short term,

spectrum is available but subject to a narrow channel width of 1.75 MHz (VHF) or 1.7 MHz

(lower L-band) or scattered over the whole 470-862 band IV/V.

In view of the spectrum shortage, the application of wholesale models and modern spectrum

management models like an easement model and spectrum trading next to the conventionalspectrum management approaches would be instrumental in the efficient use of the spectrum.

We recommend the European Parliament to call on the European Commission to pursue

the application of a wholesale model and modern spectrum management approaches next

to the existing command and control spectrum management practice, albeit that the

introduction of such new management models should be given the necessary caution.

Community action

Even though the impact, for example, of copyright provisions and the rules inthe new AVMS

Directive must be considered in this context, the greatest regulatory obstacle is the range

and variation in national approaches among Member States. This could prove an

impediment to the development of pan-European services. The introduction of a commontechnical standard for mobile-TV such as DVB-H could pave the way for harmonisation of

national regulatory regimes.

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Although a decision on the use of a common standard, such as DVB-H, seems to run counter

to the principle of technology neutrality, the provisions in the general framework and the

2006 Review accept that public interest may justify such decisions. It can be argued that the

public interest is well served by a single market in mobile TV when economies of scale and

interoperability allow for affordable pricing, a wide range of (pan-European) services and

(international) roaming.

A key aspect in choosing between technology standards is the existing technology trajectory

in Europe and the related decisions regarding spectrum use. In countries that deploy DVB-T,

there are natural arguments for using DVB-H as the mobile TV standard. The specific

reasons are related to, first, backward compatibility; second, the fact that DVB-T and DVB-H

are using capacity in the same frequency bands and that resources for DVB-T can therefore

be allocated more easily; and third, that there is a wide European experience base in

deploying the DVB standard.

Regarding the allocation of frequencies in the medium term, for as long as the current

agreements are in place, only the Member States are in the position to propose and negotiate

changes with the other countries that have signed the Agreement. Furthermore, onlyadaptations that fit within the scope of the current Agreement are feasible. In that sense the

European Commission is not in the lead. However, the Commission can coordinate and

promote new directions. It can propose a new spectrum management framework or elements

of such a new framework and persuade the Member States to negotiate these with the other

administrations that have signed the Agreement. As such we recommend the Commission to

outline an EC spectrum management policy that is supported by all Member States and that

fits within the current Agreement, and convince the Member States to negotiate the

implementation of this policy.

In the long term, when respectively a next revision of the Geneva 2006 Agreement and of

the Maastricht 2002 Special Agreement is at hand, the European Commission can aspire tobecome the representative of all EU Member States in the preparations and negotiations of

a new Agreement.

An important hurdle in the development of a single internal market for mobile TV are the

differences in national authorisation regimes both in the allocation of frequencies and in the

awarding of content licenses to mobile TV service providers. These differences are associated

with cultural, professional, economic and market factors, making it difficult for actors to have

a presence in all markets.

Regarding the market organisation of the provision of mobile TV, the analysis concludes that

the most efficient organisation of the bearer layer is to have a single provider at the national

level. One of the main tasks of the regulatory bodies at national level is to find models forassignment of the spectrum and license to the bearer layer operator. The European

Parliament could encourage the European Commission to prepare guidelines on the

implementation of the wholesale model. The wholesale model can provide the framework

to also address issues such as standard authorisation procedures and patent exchange

mechanisms.

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INTRODUCTION

In a July 2007 communication1 on Strengthening the Internal Market for MEuropean Commission lays down its plans and ambitions for promoting a succeof innovative mobile TV2 services in Europe. The communication highlights three key

obile TV, thessful take-up

rope:

er standards

rent and light-touch regulatory environment that ensures sufficientplaying field

band (470862 MHz) in theue to digitalallocations in

scale in thed consumers,rthermore thef mobile TVeding in the

technological

technologies

ame consolesices - is also of key importance ." That strategy was also the basis of the success

in Europe:discussion on

of a strong internal EU marketfor mobile TV.

This study focuses on mobile TV broadcast rather than unicast for two main reasons. First,broadcasting remains for the foreseeable future the most efficient way for the large-scaleprovision of regular TV programming. Second, unicast mobile TV will exist and very likely

grow in parallel tobut not necessarily at the expense ofbroadcast TV.

strands in its approach to creating a favourable environment for mobile TV in Eu

A common technical standard. The Commission favours DVB-H over othcurrently in use in Europe.

A transparegulatory certainty for industry while promoting consistency and a levelacross Europe.

A dedicated, harmonised quality spectrum in the UHFlong run, employing spectrum released in the switchover from analogterrestrial broadcast (the digital dividend). In the short term temporary

other bands will serve to enable the start of mobile TV operations.

Overall the Commission approach is aimed at achieving economies ofdeployment of mobile TV that creates a favourable environment for operators anas it is regarded as the key to a successful take-up of this innovative service. Fuapproach is aimed towards theanytime, anywhereservice paradigm for users oacross Europe that requires interoperability as indicated by Commissioner Rassignment towards the EMBC: "The challenge is the following: providingsolutions that are best suited to ensure the availability of mobile TV anytime and everywhere,

including at home, and making technological choices that allow attractive commercial

offers3." and "Achieving a maximum of interoperability between distribution

and mobile TV devices be it mobile phones, PDA, communication enabled gor other dev4

of GSM by facilitating a strong, single EU market for mobile communications.

The present study will look at four key aspects of the debate on mobile TVtechnologies, markets, harmonisationand regulatory action. It will inform thethe merits of the Commission strategy in achieving the goal

1Communication on Strengthening the Internal Market for Mobile TV, COM (2007), 409 of 18 July 2007.2For the purpose of this study mobile TVrefers to broadcast terrestrial mobile TV services only unlessotherwise indicated.3Commissioner Reding's speech at CeBIT, March 2007,http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/154&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.4Ibid.

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1. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Mobile TV broadcast concerns the simultaneous wireless broadcast of multimedlarge numbers of consumer devices. The delivery of a mobile TV serviceselection of a bearer technology and on top of that a service architecturetechnology relates to the physical and transport layer aspects such as modulation andtransmission, whereas the service technology covers specification of content forand content protection, and service description. Typically, a

ia content torequires the

. The bearer

mats, servicen abstraction layer is defined that

nology. The

ission, as mentioneds the main bearer and associated service technologies

that are considered for mobile TV broadcasting. Figure 1 details these technologies.

Figure 1: Main bearer and service technologies

er technologies

development,tions of most.

DAB (digital audio broadcasting)6 is a series of standards established by the originalEuropean-funded Eureka 147 project. Initially designed for the transmission of digital audio,DAB currently offers a range of audio and multimedia broadcasting services including audio,video, data, image, text and other applications. There are many DAB variants, each with

dedicated transport protocols for specific services. In the context of mobile TV there are twoprimary derivatives: DAB-IP and T-DMB.

decouples certain aspects of the bearer technology from the service techconsumer experience is mostly determined by the service architecture.

t rather than unicast transmSince the main focus of this study is broadcasin the introduction, this section describe

OMA BCAST IPDC DAB-specific MDNI

DVB-H DAB-IP T-DMB FLO bearer technologies

service technologies

abstraction layer

Source: TNO, 2007.

1.1 Main bear

While there are other bearer technologies for mobile TV in existence or underfour technologies currently dominate the mobile TV landscape. Detailed descrip

bearer technologies can be found in the EMBC technical workstream document5

DAB-IP and T-DMB

5EMBC (2007e) Technical Workstream, http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/tec_embc_technical_report_tcm6-50235.pdf.6ETSI EN300 401,Radio Broadcasting Systems: Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable and

fixed receivers.


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The DAB-IP7derivative of DAB targets audio/video delivered directly over thlayer using the so-called DAB enhanced packet mode. T-DMB

e IP protocola combined

mber ofes on top of the basic audio service that are transported using the MPEG-2 transport9.

ing standard,o and data tothe existingxtensions to

missionents. These extensions include time-slicing to achieve reduction of terminal power

sumption, seamless service handover, and increased error correction to improve

e MediaFLOualcomm in

the efficient transmission of multiple multimediamobile devices. The FLO specification for terrestrial mobile multimedia multicast

therk, it is not

at are currently being considered for the provision of mobile TV

ey challenges involved in the wireless broadcast of

providing robust reception in a mobile fading environment; and integration of broadcast and unicast services.

obile services

8 is essentiallyvideo and data service based on the DAB enhanced stream mode. It places a nuservicstream

DVB-H

DVB-H (digital video broadcasting handheld)10 is the new digital broadcastdeveloped by the international DVB Project, for the transmission of video, audimobile handset terminals. It builds upon and is largely compatible with DVB-T standard11 for terrestrial broadcasting. The standard describes several eDVB-T, specifically tailored to the requirements of mobile reception and transenvironmcon

performance in typical mobile channels.

FLO

The FLO (forward link only) Air Interface12 is the bearer technology of thsystem developed and owned by QualComm and now further developed by Qconjunction with the FLO Forum forstreams todefines all aspects of the FLO bearer layer. Since FLO technology is designed fromground up to enable a broadcast network overlaid onto the cellular netwohampered by backward compatibility constraints.

Comparison

All the bearer technologies th

broadcasting have addressed the kmultimedia content to large numbers of consumers:

fast channel switch time; efficient use of bandwidth; minimisation of power consumption;

the ability to receive broadcast services in conjunction with other msuch as telephony and Internet access on their device.

7ETSI ES 201 735,Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB): Internet Protocol (IP) datagram tunneling.8ETSI TS 102 428,Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB): DMB video service; User Application Specification.9ETSI TS 102 427,Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB): Data Broadcasting - Moving Picture Experts Group(MPEG) - 2 TS streaming.10ETSI EN 302 304,Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Transmission System for Handheld Terminals (DVB-

H).11ETSI EN 300 744,Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Framing structure, channel coding and modulation fordigital terrestrial television.12TIA-1099, Forward Link Only Air Interface Specification for Terrestrial Mobile Multimedia Multicast.


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As such, each of the aforementioned technologies can serve as the basi

operational mobile TV service. In fact, they share many common propertiessuof COFDM (coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) transmission, QPSK(quadrature phase shift keying) and/or QAM (quadrature amplitude modulationschemes and various manners of error correction. A variety of system and

comparisons between the technologies can be found. In an European Broadc(EBU) technical review,

s for a fullych as the use

) modulationperformance

asting UnionWorldDMB

over DVB-H.is compared

. A detailed overview of the common properties ofdcast Mobile

r mobile TV,

es between the various technologies. In our opinion,

r the others, when

echnologies are in

y are:

earer technology?

and available integration with service layer technologies? For

?

perienced by

r a broadcaste descriptionrogramming

to the business processes that service providers encounter when deploying a service, such assubscription management, roaming and interactivity services. Detailed descriptions of theservice technologies can be found in the EMBC Technical Workstream document18. Animportant fact to consider is that each of the existing service technologies is defined for alimited number of bearer technologies. Thus, the selection of a bearer technology

precludes the selection of service technologies.

13DAB is claimed to outperform DVB-H. Similarly, theforum comparison of T-DMB and DVB-H14claims T-DMB has an advantageOn the other hand, the DVBproject hasreleased documents in which DVB-Hfavourably with both T-DMB15and FLO16

and the differences between the bearer technologies can be found in the BroaConvergence (BMCO) forum bearer comparison17.

There is no industry consensus on which bearer technology is best suited fo

nor is there consensus on the differenc

none of the bearer technologies provides a significant advantage ove

considering the technical aspects of the technologies. All four bearer tprinciple fully capable of carrying mobile TV.

The main questions that remain to be answered when selecting a bearer technolog

What is the availability of preferred spectrum bands for each b What is the possible

example, are multiple service layer technologies available on top of a bearertechnology? How tight is the link between bearer and service technology

1.2 Main service technologies

Service technologies specify some or all aspects of the mobile TV service as ex

the consumer. All service technologies specify the three main components foservice: the content format, the manner of service and content protection, and thof service information (typically through what is described as a service or pguide). Some go beyond describing basic service requirements and specify all aspects related

13A. Sieber and C. Weck, Whats the difference between DVB-H and DAB in the mobile environment?EBUTechnical Review, July 2004.14WorldDMB,Mobile TV, Advantages and Possibilities: Closer look into DMB and DVB-H,http://www.mtvnl.nl/files/2007_07_11_MTVNL3_Worlddmb.pdf.15DVB Technical Module 2006,System Comparison T-DMB vs. DVB-H, TM3490_DVB-H281r1.16DVB Technical Module 2006,MediaFLO vs. DVB-H C/N Performance, TM3615_DVB-H334.17BMCO Forum,Mobile Broadcast Bearer Technologies A comparison,http://www.bmcoforum.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Mobile_Broadcast_Bearer_Technologies.pdf.18EMBC Technical Workstream, http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/tec_embc_technical_report_tcm6-50235.pdf.


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IPDC over DVB-H

The DVB project IPDC (IP Datacast)19 over DVB-H is a set of DVB specificdatacasting that can be described as the essential components requiredcommercial mobile TV service based on an IP abstraction layer. IPDC carchitecture, use cases, the electronic service guide (ESG), content delivery protand content protection and the aspects related to the business processes as mentioned above.

ations for IPto deploy aovers systemocols, service

use with the DVB-H physical layer, but adaptations to

ces20is a setrises systemt protection,ture of OMAing network

gy has an IPe first release

BCAST incorporated adaptations to three underlying bearerechnologies).

considered.

DAB allowsetary service

pleteia codec-based solution on its DAB-IP layer. T-DMB relies on standard

4 systemser transportsd navigation

The upper layer communication between a FLO network and an FLO enabled device isprimarily defined by the FLO forum approved System Information (SI)23 and MulticastDevice Network Interface (MDNI)24specifications. The MDNI specification consists of twomain parts, which together define the protocols for delivering services over the FLO airinterface. MDNI has been designed specifically for the FLO air interface.

IPDC was originally designed forother bearer technologies, such as DAB/DMB, are currently being considered.

OMA BCAST over DVB-H and MBMS

The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) BCAST standard for mobile broadcast serviof specifications for the complete provision of a mobile TV service. It comparchitecture, use cases, ESG, content delivery protocols, service and conteninteractivity services and the aspects related to the business processes. A key feaBCAST is that the specification is independent and agnostic of the underly

bearer, although a main requirement is that the underlying bearer technoloabstraction layer in order to transport all (streaming) media and file data. For thof the specification, OMAtechnologies: DVB-H, MBMS and BCMCS (see section below on other tAdaptations to other bearer technologies, such as DAB/DMB, are currently being

DAB-specific service technologies

Rather than specifying a single service technology for all DAB-derived services,for a whole range of independent service specifications, as well as propritechnology. As an example, the BT Movio/Virgin Mobile Service employs a comWindows Med

MPEG technology such as the MPEG-2 Transport stream, and MPEG-specifications which are widely used for TV services in a fixed environment. Othand protocols are available for specific services such as traffic information ansupport (TPEG21, TMC22).

MDNI over FLO

19ETSI TR 102 469-473:IP Datacast over DVB-H, http://www.dvb.org/technology/standards/#internet.20OMA Mobile Broadcast Services V1.0,http://www.openmobilealliance.org/release_program/bcast_v1_0.html.21Transport Protocol Experts Group, http://www.tpeg.org.22Traffic Message Channel, http://www.tmcforum.com.23SI-FLO Forum Technical Specification, FloForum-p0001.088.00.24MDNI-FLO Forum Draft Technical Specification,FloForum-2006.138.00.


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Comparison

The service technologies that are currently being considered for the provision of mobile TV

ogy;

s by defining a general abstraction layer;

ons;

e of serviceDAB offers

and transporteployment byut a clear andnd the patentfully specify

ious methodsly on an IP-

hnology. As a bearer-agnosticdaptations to bearer technologies, while DVB IPDC

is mainly targeted h , in o , DVB IPDC and OMA BCASTen considering a mobile TV

rv in d nces are rised

mpari s

DAB services MDNI DVB IPDC OMA BCAST

broadcasting differ significantly in key aspects such as:

possibility and existence of adaptation to more than one bearer technol separation between bearer and service layer completeness and openness of service specificati usage of service guide, including provision of interactivity; service and content protection mechanism.

In a DAB-based network, service operators can choose from a wide rangtechnologies. The separation layer is often either IP or MPEG-2 TS-based.flexibility to service providers. However, the lack of uniformity in servicelayers can impede large-scale implementations by terminal manufacturers and dservice operators. MDNI is tightly coupled to the FLO bearer technology, withoseparate abstraction layer. Furthermore, it is not available as an open standard alicence pool is owned by a single company. Both DVB IPDC and OMA BCASTthe mobile TV service, including provision, service guide, interactivity and varfor service and content protection, in an open and standardised manner. Both re

based abstraction layer between the service and bearer tectechnology, OMA BCAST has several a

at DVB-H. T erefore ur opinionhprovide an advantage over other technol

broadcasting se

ogies w

summaice.The ma iffere in Table 1.

Table 1: Co

son of service architecture

Bearer technol

adaptations

ogy -IP,

O V DVB-H, MBMSDABDMB

T- FL D B-H

Layer between

bearer and service

PTS layer

IP IPIP or M

technology

EG-2 FLO service

Completeness and

openness of

y bas

fica on,

Onlyservicespeci

close

Fulspecification,ava

undFR

Full servicespecification,

der

FRAND

Onlservice

specification

ic

speci

open

ti

basic

fication,

d

l service

ilable

erAND

available un

Service guide and

interactivity

inglespecifiedservice guide

Serviceguide

Serviceguide

Service guide,interactivity

No s

Service and content

protection

mechanisms

Proprietarysolutions forservice andcontent

protection

18C andOSF

DRM (digitalrightsmanagement) andSmartcard profile

Source: TNO, 2007.


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1.3 Other technological developments

While the bearer and service technologies described in the previous sections aas the dominant technologies for delivering mobile TV services via broadcdevelopments are taking place that can be employed for a similar purpose. Ttechnologies that make use of existing interactive channels such as third-gen

cellular networks and wireless IP connections. Please note that we beltechnologies mentioned below will coexist with the broadcast technologies mentand do not necessarily compete with them. Content which is of interest to the larconsumers can be broadcasted, while content that is of interest to a smaller group ofconsumers should preferably be offered on an on-demand basis via unicast nnetworks are specifically suitable for that purpose. The share of content consudemand versus via broadcast models will only increase when viewing habits chabits are to a large degree determined by cultural factors as evidenced for ex

popularity of on-demand viewing in the younger generations

re consideredasting, otherhese includeeration (3G)

ieve that theioned earlier,ge part of the

etworks. 3Gmed via on-

hange. Theseample by the

the coming decadeTV viewing practises are likely to persist ensuring a continued and central role for

ore, providedons.

service thatstem (UMTS)vide a more3G cellular

User Serviceen carried over the TDD part of

load delivery

ices, whereasmand (VoD),ervice can be

OMCA BCAST.

sed service, MBMS has to cope with a relatively small cell size. This makesgeographical

ided betweenrvices will be

Besides the use of multicast services the 3G network also enables the point-to-pointstreaming services. One has to take into account the limited capacity of 3G networks for

quality mobile video streams perout 5-6 available frequency blocks in a

an area that isith other point-

to-point data services, such as browsing or mobile data connections for remote users.

25. Fortraditional

mobile TV broadcast. The description of MBMS and unicast streaming is, thereffor additional reference and is not considered in the overall technology comparis

3G (MBMS)

The Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS)26 is a multicastingcan be offered via existing GSM and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Sycellular networks. Recently standardised in 3GPP Release 6, it aims to proefficient method of delivering multimedia content to multiple users over anetwork. MBMS is described in the MBMS Bearer Service and the MBMSspecifications. The MBMS User Service, also called TDtv wh

27UMTS is basically the MBMS service layer, offering streaming and down

methods. The streaming delivery method can be employed for mobile TV servthe download method is intended for on-demand services such as video on dewhere content is first downloaded to the consumer device. The MBMS Bearer Scombined with other service layer technologies, such as

As an UMTS-bathe network better suited for mobile applications that can benefit from a smallcoverage. Additionally, the total bandwidth at an UMTS site has to be divMBMS services and unicast services. Consequently, it is likely that MBMS seused for instant streaming services instead of linear broadcasting.

Unicast streaming

video services. Typically an UMTS cell can carry 3 highlicensed frequency block of the operator. With abcountry, 3G unicast services are limited to ~20 simultaneous video streams in

bound by the size of an UMTS cell. Furthermore, capacity has to be shared w

25The popularity of mobile TV in Asia could also be due in part to cultural factors.26http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.246/22246-800.zip.27UMTS networks consist of time-division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) components,where FDD is currently used for all cellular services. The MBMS Service is typically related to the broadcastover the FDD component. TDtv is related to the MBMS broadcast over the TDD component.


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Therefore, this type of usage is especially interesting for Video on Demand services where

ed. However,apacity increase it is especially useful for download

ther and addes with betterthe broadcastherefore it is

distribution ofks towards unicast networks. We believe that services carried

ll coexist.

t and unicast

n light of thisconvergence,environments

gration willt an increased and diverse range of terminal classes that support both mobile TV

ming. These, such as inr Advanced

and content.

the usage pattern of consumers is distributed over the time.

With the introduction of HSDPA, the capacity of the UMTS network is increasdue the time varying behaviour of the cservices and less useful for streaming services.

The introduction of 4G networks will increase capacity of mobile networks furQuality of Services. This allows for more simultaneous use of streaming servicdegradation performance. However, in comparison with those technologiesnetworks will have no scalability issues when the amount of users increases. Tmuch more likely to see a separation of services than a complete shift ofservices from broadcast networover broadcast networks and multicast networks and unicast networks and will a

Future technological developments

With respect to technology developments in the future we expect that broadcas

services will coexist on the network side and will be integrated in the terminal. Iconvergence of consumer electronics and mobile communication (fixed-mobileor FMC), coupled with the emergence of ubiquitous heterogeneous networkand in-house home multi-device personal networks, further technological inte

bring abou(as in broadcast delivery of live video) and on-demand unicast video streadevelopments are currently considered for standardisation in various bodiesTelecommunications and Internet Converged Services and Protocols fo

Networking28.

The user will be offered an integrated service of regular broadcast and on-dem

Recording, time-shifting and super-distribution of content are likely developmedepend on the i nts

29

that willmplementation of security in the terminal. Content could be stored on externalmemory cards, which have rapidly increasing capacity. Roaming to foreign services is

ge exchange,nally, chipset

interesting for end-users but will require service providers to implement a messawhich is currently only standardised in the service layers on top of DVB-H. Fivendors are improving the battery performance of receivers, allowing longer watching timesfor the end-users30.

Overall we do not foresee, at present, any technological developments that will significantlyalter the landscape of provisioning mobile TV. In line with the fixed-mobile convergence weexpect increased terminal diversity with a high level of both mobile and fixed technologyintegration, and increased functionality offered to the consumers.

28Draft ETSI TR 181 011 (TISPAN) Fixed Mobile Convergence; Requirements Analysis.29http://www.techonline.com/product/underthehood/198700205.30http://eetimes.eu/products/analog/197006018.


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2. DEPLOYMENT AND CURRENT MARKET SITUATION

s the market situation with regard to mobile TV services and projects

ave so far launched a full mobile TV service31.

2.1 Current status

This paragraph present

within the European Union.

Within the European Union four countries hFinlands Mobiili-TV is a mobile TV service based on the DVB-H standardfeatures an open business model and shared networks.

Mobiles Fernsehen Deutschland (MFD), a private equity-based start-up, launch

. Mobiili-TV

ed mobile TVservices in Germany following the DMB standard. MFD operates a wholesale model inwhich MFD acts as the independent service provider. Germany has also comptrials and is set to launch a full DVB-H services in the first quarter of 2008.

leted DVB-H

Italy now has three commercial mobile TV services based on the DVB-H standard: 3 Italia,or-led model.. Italy is also

In the United Kingdom

TIM and Vodafone. Network operator 3 Italia operates a mobile network, operatTIM and Vodafone are resellers in the wholesale business model of Mediasetrunning a trial based on the DMB standard32.

BT Movio launched its mobile broadcast entertainment service basedon DAB-IP technology and a wholesale business model. Virgin Mobile started retailing the

200733. UK pilots on DVB-H andMediaFLO hav

Table 2: Commercial mobile TV service

Mobile TV standard

service to the customers, but discontinued services in Julye been completed.

s in the European Union

Country VB- DM

DAB-

IP MeD H B diaFLO Regulatory approach34

Finland onwide 20 year DVB-H licence was

s are awarded toawarded to DIGITA. Licencethe most competent bidder.

Nati

Germany Tender procedures have been specified (firstfrequencies). No long-term licences have

been awarded.

Italy Individual licences are allowed. Applicantshave to meet provisions specifying contentand signal transmission standards.

UnitedRegu

Kingdom spectrum

lator Ofcom is considering releasingahead of the completion of the

digital switchover in 2012.

Sources: BMCOForum, WorldDAB, Guardian Unlimited.

31BMCOforum: http://www.bmcoforum.de/index.php?id=5332WorldDAB: http://www.worlddab.org/upload/uploaddocs/April-May07_DAB_update.pdf33

Guardian Unlimited: http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,2135478,00.html34Mobile TV regulation in the EU, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, August 2006.DVB: http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/finland/index.xml


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Th 35e following countries in Europe are running mobile TV trials :

Austria has completed DVB-H trials and is planning to launch a commercial

lgium

DVB-H service in 2008.

Be is still in the DVB-H trial phase (MADUF), which will end in April2008.

Denmark has launched a DVB-H Pilot (ViasatTDC), which wi2007.

ll end in July

France has finished DVB-H trials. Commercial services are expected to launchsome time during 2007.

Hungary has launched a DVB-H trial, which will end in July 2007

.

Ireland has launched a DVB-H trial, which will end in September 2007.

The Netherlands has completed DVB-H trials and is planning to launch acommercial DVB-H service in 2008.

Poland has completed a technical DVB-H trial and is planning to initiate alarger-scale commercial trial.

Spain has completed DVB-H trials and is planning to launch DVB-H servicessome time during 2007.

Switzerland has completed DVB-H trials and is planning the launch of DVB-Hbased service

Ukraine

s in 2008.

is currently in a DVB-H trial phase for commercial use.Table 3: Launched trials of mobile TV services in Europe

Mobile TV standardCountry DVB-H DMB DAP-IP MediaFLO

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

France

Germany

Hungary

Ireland

Italy Netherlands

Poland

Spain

Switzerland

Ukraine

UnitedKingdom

Sources: DVB-H project office, WorldDAB.

35DVB-H Project Office: http://www.dvb-h.org/services.htm,WorldDAB: http://www.worlddab.org/upload/uploaddocs/April-May07_DAB_update.pdf.


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Because spectrum is more readily available in many Asian countries, commebroadcasts have been introduced in

rcial DVB-HIndia and Vietnam, with Malaysia, the Philippines and

Indonesia set to open networks in 2007. Although DVB-H has been takencountries s

up globally,uch as Korea, Japan, the United States and China are embracing local

technologies36.

South Korea is the worlds most successful mobile TV market. Commercial servhave been launched based on the DMB (S-DMB and T-DMB) standard37.

ices there

Mobile TV services in Japan are based on the ISDB-T (Integrated SeBroadcasting) standard.

rvice Digital

Commercial mobile TV services in the United States have implemented thstandard. DVB-H is also available in the United States.

e MediaFLO

China has launched commercial mobile TV services based on a DAB standard38. Recently,

d Kingdom,

trials for mobile TV using the MediaFLO standard have been launched as well39.

2.2 Regulatory approaches

Commercial mobile TV services have been launched in Finland, the UniteGermany and Italy. The UK regulator Ofcom is considering releasing spectruTV ahead of the completion of th

m for mobilee switchover to digital terrestrial broadcasting in 2012. The

or non-radiom is currentlybe allocated,

being one of the candidates.

UKs III band is reserved for DAB, of which 20 per cent could be used fpurposes. This would facilitate a DAP-IP-based mobile TV deployment40. Ofcoreviewing how the fourteen UHF channels released as digital dividend couldmobile TV

In all federal states of Germany tender procedures for the DMB standardcompleted and the first frequencies have been awarded. Five northern states hav

DVB-H pilot and four have completed tender procedures. No long-term licencgranted so far.

s have beene completed a

es have been

Italys regulator, AGCom, introduced mobile TV regulation in May 2006 aheadsoccer World Cup in Germany. It is largely based on the 200

of the FIFA1 regulation of digital terrestrial

pplicants cant provisions

perators aremilar to the

video broadcasting. The May 2006 resolution allows for individual licensees. Abe content providers or conditional access providers. Both have to meet relevanspecifying content and signal transmission standards. Existing DTB oautomatically granted a licence for mobile TV broadcasting. This is si

Netherlands, where DVB-T licences may be used for mobile TV as well.

In Finland a nationwide 20-year DVB-H licence was awarded to Digita in March 2006.

Licences are awarded to the most competent bidder. The Finnish Communicationstory Authority is expected to issue licences for the provision of television and radio-H network managed

ed the televisionision networks and the

s, do not require a licence41.

Regulaused on the newly built DVBservices in the near future. These will be

by Digita. Programme licences will not be necessary for broadcasters, providcontent is simultaneously transmitted on both the conventional televDVB-H network. In addition, interactive services, such as game

36Reuters:http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSL2117903520070622?pageNumber=2&sp=true37BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6902541.stm.38ChinaTechNnews.com: http://www.chinatechnews.com/2007/05/22/5418-china-launches-cdmb-mobile-tv-

technology-standard/.39Wireless week: http://www.wirelessweek.com/article.aspx?id=141066.40Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer (2006)Mobile TV Regulation in the EU, August 2006.41DVB: http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/finland/index.xml.


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2.3 Market value

Different market research firms42have made estimates of the global market size for mobilese forecasts.

Figuur 2: Revenue forecast for mobile TV

TV. Figure 2 gives an overview of the

Sources: Gartner, Juniper, Screendigest, Accenture, IDC, 200507; all f

worldwide unless mentioned.orecasts are

arketwhich meansan estimated

of different

he pricing inn willingness

ncluding a survey among Western European consumers43.The results show that 65 per cent of these consumers are not interested in watching TV on amobile phone, 19 per cent are interested only if it is free and a mere 4 per cent were preparedto pay a small fee of 3 per month. A similar survey in the United Kingdom showed thatlistening to the radio is far more popular than watching TV on mobile phones, with 23 per

er, with more

The forecasts show a wide range, with ScreenDigest being most conservative with a msize of 4.7 billion worldwide by 2011, generated by 140 million subscribers (an ARPU of 2.80 per month). Accenture/IDC seems very optimistic with

market size of 22 billion by 2009. The variation may result from the usedefinitions of the scope of mobile TV.

The market size will depend heavily on consumer uptake of the service and tcomparison with willingness to pay. Forrester conducted interesting research oto pay for mobile TV services, i

cent and 9 per cent of mobile phone users respectively being interested. Howev

services announced, popularity will rise.

42Gartner: http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=503578,Juniper: http://www.juniperresearch.com/shop/products/report/pdf/brochure/7721Mobile%20TV2%20(NS).pdf,Screendigest: http://www.screendigest.com/press/releases/press_releases_09_05_2007/view.html,Commissioner Reding:http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/154&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=fr,Accenture and IDC:

http://www.accenture.com/Global/Research_and_Insights/Outlook/By_Industry/Communications/exmobilevideoservices.htm.43Veen, Niek van, Forrester Research, The European Mobile Landscape 2006, June 2006 . In Q4 2005,Forrester surveyed 19,046 consumers in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom.


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We estimate that maximum penetration of mobile TV broadcast services will band 40 per cent, considering that current mobile TV penetration in South Kore

per cent at the moment (and will grow higher), and market estimates vary from2010 to 50 per cent in 2017

e between 20a is about 107 per cent inwe expect abe realistic.

asting, whenhange behaviour from TV zapping to

of these services will of course depend heavily on the

dcast TV is relatively straightforward. This model largely

applies to mobile broadcast TV as well, with the possible addition of a retailer in between thedistributor and the se of a wholesale model:

Figure 3: Value chain for broadcast TV

The IP has a far-reaching influence on many markets, making them more transparent andglobal. This will also influence the TV market, for both fixed and mobile TV. Through on-

market. A keyfrom content

t providers.

44. To reach this penetration of 20 to 40 per cent,maximum ARPU of 10 per month for a mobile broadcast subscription to

Although 3 Italia charges 19 monthly, the above mentioned research by Forrester and arecent Swedish trial suggest that most consumers are not prepared to pay more than a feweuros per month45.

In the long term, on-demand video services will overtake mobile broadcbandwidth becomes less expensive and users gradually con-demand viewing. The ARPU

business models (flat fee, pay-as-you-go or advertising sponsored).

2.4 Restructuring in the value chain

The value chain for traditional broa

consumer in the ca

produc

co viders

ers /

ntent protechnical-in

prov

frastructu

iders

re

channels Tv distributor consumer

advertisers consumer electronics

provider (handset)

Source: TNO, 2007.

demand models via IP, consumers will obtain direct access to a global contentexample is the YouTube content model, allowing consumers to view content

providers throughout the world, but also facilitating users to become conten

44On http://www.slideshare.net/patsch/mobile-tv-schweiz-praesentation-tsystemsT-Systems emillion customers in Switzerland by 2017; this corresponds to 50 per cent penetration in theIn South Korea, mobile TV penetration is about 10 per cent at the mom

xpects to reach 2area that is covered.

ent(http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1118&format=HTML&); Park Associatesforecast a penetration of 7 per cent by 2010 in the United States; Strategy Analytics forecasts 10 per cent

penetration in Europe by that time(http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800451511_499488_d8b66aa0200702.HTM).45http://www.analysys.com/mobile_tv_opportunity/In a recent Swedish trial, 80 per cent of consumers were

prepared to pay for the service, but only 20 per cent were prepared to pay more than 5 per month. In the above-mentioned research of Park Associates a revenue of $1.6 billion for 15 million US users by 2010 is mentioned,which corresponds with an ARPU of 67 monthly. 3 Italia charges 19 monthly, TIM 9.90 per month. Toreach a penetration of 2040 per cent, we think 10 per month is a maximum price.

http://www.analysys.com/mobile_tv_opportunity/http://www.analysys.com/mobile_tv_opportunity/

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Figure 4: Value chain for on-demand content

owners are looking for new businessrs are gettingnt via servicetisers. Highly

for on-demand content is still in its infancy. Some companies are looking aheadiring companies that strengthen their position in the

nt distributorand Aspiro acquired

arket formobile broadcastingwill highly resemble that of fixed broadcast TV,where mobile operators will have a role comparable to that of cable operators.

In the market foron-demand contentthe role of mobile operators will be reduced tothat of access providers, unless they make the shift to become service providers in theshort term. The market for service providers/content aggregators will become a globalmarket.

producers /

content providers

Source: TNO, 2007.

The role of channels will gradually decrease. Channelmodels and ways to distribute their content via the Internet46. Content providedirect access to a global market. However, they will still distribute their conte

providers (content aggregators) that are well placed to do business with adverpersonalised advertising may sponsor more and more free content.

The marketwith a strategic view and are already acqu

mobile TV market. Content providers are looking for a way to distribute their content viamobile channels (e.g. News Corp acquired a 51 per cent stake in mobile conteJamba47, IMG acquired Nunet, a mobile media solution provider48,Rubberduck49).

For the future mobile TV market this means that:

The m

46For example BBC is offering its content via the Internet, on http://news.bbc.co.uk/47http://www.mobile-ent.biz/news/24369/Fox-eats-Frog48http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/Jan2007/4192.htm49http://www.made-in-sweden.biz/index.php?p=512

//service providers /

content aggregators

platform

providersadvertisers

technical-infrastructure

providersaccess providers consumer

consumer electronics

ider (handset)prov


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3. STANDARDS AND THE NEED FOR HARMONISATION

of the digital

n capable ofTV standardt address thenited States,

standardisation of ATSC was very much influenced byigh-definition

its advice toadvocates a

ents.

obile TV. Asof scale50inr users across

.End-users of mobile TV should be able to use theere and anytime they want and have a freedom to choose from and switch

acilitating agoals can be

n the bearer

mobile TV.can then benowledge regarding network coverage planning can be exchanged.

be required,speeding upingle type ofis speeds up

uarantee forer network isntage for the

much fasterresent to

deploy a wholesale-based business model for services.

In the wholesale model, a dedicated mobile broadcast network operator (wholesaler) acts asr for multiple service providers in the aggregation of channels and the usage of

pacity and broadcast transmission sites. As a result, content that ispart of the service proposition of all service providers, such as TV channels which consumethe largest part of scarce broadcast capacity, will only need to be distributed once, and will beavailable to all customers of each of the individual service providers.

3.1 Standards

Mobile TV standards have their roots mainly in the digital TV standards. Some

TV standards (like the Japanese ISDB-T and the European DVB-T) have beeoffering mobile services from the beginning, and some, for example the digitalin the United States (Advanced Television Systems Committee, ATSC) did nomobility issues at all. In the standardisation process of digital TV in the Umobility did not play any role, as therequirements of the broadcast sector, and the main objective was to transmit hTV (HDTV) signals in terrestrial networks.

In Section 1 we have observed the proliferation of standards for mobile TV. Inthe European Commission the EMBC Technology Workstream Grouptechnologically neutral standpoint with respect to the existing standards and deploym

The European Commissioner has expressed the desire for harmonisation on mmentioned in the introduction, the EC approach is aimedatachieving economythe deployment of mobile TV, and ananytime, anywhere

51service paradigm foEurope enabled through interoperabilityservice anywh

between service providers. This strategy is inspired on the success of GSM in fsingle EU market for mobile communications. The degree to which theseachieved depends on the level of harmonisation.

Economy of scale

The first step in achieving economy of scale is facilitated by harmonisation o

level. This means that only a single bearer network is used for deliveringThroughout the European Union the same type of transmission facilitiesdeployed, and detailed kFor a single Member State fewer broadcast transmission sites and licences wouldwhich is beneficial from the point of view of cost and aesthetics whiledeployment. Terminal manufacturers only require a single type of chipset and a santenna for the bearer reception to be integrated in the end-user device. Thdeployment and lowers costs.

However, harmonisation solely on the bearer level does not offer any gpreventing duplication of networks throughout Member States. When a beardeployed multiple times in a Member State, there is a reduced cost adva

broadcast operators or service providers. Economies of scale can be achievedwhen only a single licensee of the broadcast network in each Member State is p

the facilitatobroadcast transmission ca

50See footnote 1.51See footnote 3 and the introduction.


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Duplication of content distribution, regardless of whether single or multiple undnetworks are used, is not only undesirable from a cost perspective but also leadsusage of scarce network capacity. When broadcast capacity is shared for conteof the service proposition of all service providers, more bandwidth is available for content

erlying bearerto inefficient

nt that is part

bination withas explained

properties. InTV. Besidesd for various

ased businesslayer. At thisat the bearerby the DVBspecified the

d individual service providers, whichast content, while tailoring the servicefor service

of scale; it isith a mobile

inals that are tailored to one specific bearer cannot be usedinals will beor consumers

be lost in the

r layer alone.

service layere server-sideexist. This is

els) is shared

yer does not

. As a resultdifferent content and service protection solutions implemented by different service providersin a single Member State will impede end-users from switching service providers; anddifferent solutions throughout the Member States will impede end users from roaming.

For example, there are two service enablers standardised on top of the DVB-H bearer level:IPDC of the DVB forum and BCAST by the OMA. The two service layers have achievedharmonisation on the content component, but differ on major service components such as theESG and the service and content protection solution, as displayed in Figure 5.

that is part of the service differentiation between service providers.

As such, economy of scale is best served by a single bearer technology in com

a wholesale-based business model for the mobile TV service. In Section 1.3 it wthat there is no industry consensus on which bearer technology has the bestother words, it seems that none of the bearers is incapable of delivering mobilethe properties on the radio layer, it is important that an open market can be createservice providers, when harmonising on the bearer level with a wholesale-bmodel. We believe that this is best enabled by open standards on the service

point in time DVB-H is most favourable, not because of its inherent propertieslayer, but because it offers two completely standardised service layers, i.e. IPDCforum and BCAST by the Open Mobile Alliance. Both standards have fully

interface between wholesale broadcast operators anallows for a standardised means of sharing broadcoffering to the conditions of each individual provider, thereby leaving roomdifferentiation, i.e. subscription models and interactive services.

Mobile TV anytime and anywhere through interoperability

Harmonisation on the bearer layer is not only important for achieving economyalso a requirement for unrestricted roaming and switching throughout Europe wTV terminal. End-users with termin the area of another bearer. It is generally expected that mobile TV termintegrated with second-generation (2G)/3G cellular devices. The opportunity f

to roam with a single device combining phone and mobile TV services wouldcase of multiple bearer technologies.

Roaming and switching cannot be accomplished by harmonisation on the beareThey also require harmonisation on the service layer. As described before, on top of every

bearer layer one or more service layers have been standardised. In general, thestandards on top of the bearers that are specified for mobile TV enablinteroperability: that is, multiple service providers can offer solutions that can coeven valid in a wholesale model where the broadcast content (the TV channamong service providers.

However, the use of multiple service layers on top of a single bearer layer does not

guarantee end-user-side interoperability. Even the use of a single service laguarantee full end-user-side interoperability. That is, even withina single service layer thereis optionality in the components that the service providers can choose from


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Figure 5: Illustration of the two service layers that are standardised on top of DVB-H

DVB-H DVB-H

IP

OMA BCAST

ESG

DVB IPDC

ESGContent layer

OMA BCAST

DRM

security

profile

OMA BCAST

Smartcard

security

profile

DVB IPDC

18C

security

DVB IPDC

OSF

security

DVB-IPDC standardOMA BCAST standard

DVB-H DVB-H

IP

OMA BCAST

ESG

DVB IPDC

ESGContent layer

OMA BCAST

DRM

security

profile

OMA BCAST

Smartcard

security

profile

DVB-IPDC standard

DVB IPDC

18C

security

DVB IPDC

OSF

security

OMA BCAST standard

and contenton: the digital rights management (DRM) profile and Smartcard Profile within the

B forum. Thee ability for agnalling and

roviders willechanisms to

rent implementations of service and content protectionanufacturers,providers inl to strive forrds, having a

reasons forn may be ofviders select

iders can

ry protectionthat offers

of a securitythere is no

vice and content protection mechanism over

another, or promoting a certain profile to be used by the industry.

So in conclusion the anytime, anywhere service paradigm could best be served byharmonisation within a service layer and especially by having a single service and content

protection mechanism. However,we see no justification for high-level regulation as this issueis of vital importance to the service provider and subject to rapid evolution. Other lighterregulatory incentives to stimulate service providers to harmonise on a single service layer andwithin a single service layer may be useful, however.

Source: TNO, 2007.

The DVB and OMA have standardised on four different solutions for serviceprotectiOMA, and 18C and an Open Security Framework (OSF) solution withinthe DVfirst three solutions are open standards, while OSF is a solution that provides th

proprietary protection mechanism to coexist via standardised message sitransport.

For cost and complexity reasons it is not expected that terminal or service pimplement all types of open and proprietary service and content protection m

cater for this issue. Furthermore, diffesolutions reduce the economy of scale advantages for the mobile handset m

because they might need to implement different solutions for different servicedifferent Member States. Thus, it would appear at first sight desirable and logicaharmonisation of a service layer and even within a service layer: in other wosingle service and content protection solution.

However, it should be understood that every service provider has legitimatepreferring a particular solution, since the service and content protection solutiovital importance for the business case of the service provider. That is, the proeither i) one of the open standards, which enables an open market, so service prov

choose and switch security vendors and handset manufacturers; or ii) a proprietamechanism, which is typically provided by a unique vendor, but oneaccountability for the end-to-end security and can restore the system in case

breach independent of standardisation timelines. Therefore we believe thatjustification for favouring one type of ser


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This could include a European Commission guideline on a voluntary labellinindustry to inform consumers on interoperability or secur

g scheme fority standards for example through a

ight never beice layer, andem to negate

based model.e service and), but cannotreasons. The

se where theally result in

e layer to be deployed throughout the Member States. Fort protection solution might be capable of

low roaming

r harmonisation

d the anytime,d by the following measures:

ember State.

earer layer ines economiesurthermore, itice providers

At this point in time DVB-H is the most favourable, notd completelyng broadcast

provider, thusstandard with

single services within

the end-userarmonisation by regulation is not justified.Other lighter

ice layer anday be useful, however. This could include an agreement with

ple through anywhere or Open Security Layer logo on handsets.

The risks of harmonisation on a single bearer layer (such as DVB-H), with a singlewholesaler in each Member State, are that

i) there are already countries in which mobile TV services based on other bearerlayers are in place, and

ii) a single wholesaler also means that only a single party has the control over themajor part of the content offering.

mobile TV service ready or Anytime Anywhere logo on handsets.

From the above, it may appear that the anytime, anywhere service paradigm machieved because of the availability of multiple standards on and within the servmultiple solutions for service and content protection. As a result this can even sethe reasons for harmonising on the underlying bearer level with a wholesale-However, our view is that service providers do have the opportunity to migratcontent protection systems (switch from service layer or within a service layereasily switch network distribution systems (switch on the bearer layer) for costshort life cycle of mobile terminals limits the duration of the migration phacurrent and new systems are both active. Furthermore, market forces may eventua uniform solution on the servicexample, terminals with a certain service and conten

being manufactured cheaply, or be favoured by end users because they al

between some of the service providers.Conclusions on standards and the need fo

In summary we note that the goals of harmonisation economy of scale ananywhereservice paradigm can be facilitate

Harmonising on a single network bearer. Licensing a wholesale-based model with a single operator for each M Harmonising withina single service layer.

For mobile TV it would seem justified to regulate the use of a single network bcombination with a wholesale-based model in each Member State. This promotof scale and prevents market fragmentation in the cellular terminal industry. Ffulfils an important precondition for end-users: to freely choose and switch servwith their mobile TV terminal.

because of its inherent technical properties, but because it offers multiple anstandardised service layers, which allow for a standardised means of sharicontent, while tailoring the service offering to the conditions of each individualleaving room for service differentiation. In addition, DVB looks to be the onlysufficient potential spectrum available.

While anywhere and anytime usage can be enabled by harmonisation withinalayer, the mobile TV service providers have legitimate reasons to choose component

a service layer that are not fully interoperable with other service providers, frompoint of view.Hence we feel that hregulatory incentives to stimulate service providers to harmonise on a single servwithina single service layer mindustry to inform consumers on interoperability or security standards for exammobile TV service ready, Anytime A


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On the first point, the fact that there are mobile TV services available over varibearers is the very reason a common standard is being considered. On the secobelieve that for broadcast mobile TV the content will for the major part consispopular material (to justify a broadcast distribution), and hence would serve ththe end-users. Finally, it can be argued that 2G/3G services have benefited from

between service providers that were all licensed a part of the available spectrumkey difference between 2G/3G interactive services and mobile TV is that the first is aoneservice, while the latter is a one-to-manyservice. Since relevant spectrum foscarce, there are good reasons for having a single wholesale broadcast networkavoid wasting spectrum on parallel systems and parallel distribution of (identThis is ex

ous broadcastnd point, wet of the moste majority of

competition

. However, aone-to-

r broadcast isoperator and

ical) content.actly the reason why mobile broadcast has advantages over unicast based

he mobile TV service, in spite of potentially reducing competition at the

e the current

e conventional approach is based on a

terference isminimised while the total capacity is maximised; and

anagement

managementinternational

istrations desce under thee framework,

d time-ement rules,ation of the

levels are anfrica, Europehe transition

nt regime hashe EuropeanOM) and the

RSPG) are respectively charged to develop and shape theappropriate technical implementation and policies toward this goal. A new regulatoryframework is being crafted, providing a much larger flexibility to use spectrum. For example,

n Services) targets aservice and technology-neutral use of specific frequency bands. Furthermore, new spectrummanagement approaches other than the conventional command and control model appliedto the bands IV/V are being developed and applied in other frequency bands: for example themarket-based property rights approach.

2G/3G solutions for tnetwork level.

3.2 Frequency issues

New technological, societal and market developments exert pressure to chang

approach to radio spectrum management. In essence, throbust technical and regulatory coordination of

i) the use of the spectrum so thatservice degradation associated with inii) the rigid allocation of spectrum for specific users and applications.

This conventional approach is currently being challenged by new spectrum mparadigms.

Traditionally, the national states have the primacy to develop the radio spectrumframework. Since radio waves propagate (far) beyond state borders,

coordination is essential. Bodies like the Confrence Europenne des AdminPostes et des Tlecommunications (CEPT) and the Regional Radio Conferenresponsibility of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) prepare thafter which it is implemented in an international agreement. Via an elaborate anconsuming process, nation-states agree on a new set of spectrum managincluding a frequency plan and a process for revising the plan. The specifictechnical models and tools to calculate the signal levels and the interferenceintegral part of this process. Thus, in the Geneva 2006 Agreement the states of Aand North Asia committed themselves to a new frequency plan designed for tfrom analogue to digital TV for the UHF bands IV/V 52.

Over the past decade, an evolution toward a more liberal spectrum managemetaken place, based on technology and service-neutral deployment rules. TCommission advocates such an approach; the Radio Spectrum Committee (RSCRadio Spectrum Policy Group (

WAPECS (Wireless Access Platforms for Electronic Communicatio

52The Geneva 2006 Agreement was prepared during the Regional Radio Conference 2006 (RRC06).


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These new developments are challenging the conventional approachesmanagement. However, the European Commission cannot overrule internationlike the Geneva 2006 Agreement; the interests of the nat

of spectrumal agreements

ional states (EU and non-EU) and thes of the propagation of radio waves have to be respected.

e importancemobile TV

rs to define a common opinion. In response, the EMBC was formed. In a dedicatedendations on

mpass bandsnd IV/V and the lower L-

, for satellite broadcast services in the L-band, for mobile satellite0 TDD

, a viewpointthis band isent provides

wpower network. Aseen allocated one 7 MHz digital TV layer with a national

or radioe RSPG, the

s expected no earlier than

ver the wholem option; for

n from analogue to digital broadcast TV services,there is room for new services such as more TV stations, HDTV broadcast, or conceivablymobile services. This extra capacity associated with the switch-off of analogue services is

ject to the Geneva 2006TV services in

mobile TV orust be duly

basic law

Spectrum

Convinced of the potential economical and societal value of mobile TV, and thof harmonising the technology, the European Commission has urged thestakeholdeSpectrum Work Stream, the EMBC has formulated its opinion and recommmobile TV53.

According to the viewpoint of the EMBC, candidate bands for mobile TV encofor terrestrial broadcast services in the VHF band III, the UHF ba

band (14521479.5 MHz)services in the L-band and S-band and for mobile terrestrial services in theIMT200

bands. In the following we discuss the bands for terrestrial broadcast services54.

VHF band III (174230 MHz)

For this band, the RSPG states that no specific action is needed at EC level 55

that is supported by the EMBC56. Following the Geneva 2006 Agreement,assigned to both digital radio and digital TV broadcasting, whereas the Agreemthe flexibility to implement a mobile TV service based on a cellular lo -a rule, each country has bcoverage57. The Member States can decide on the use. Channels allocated f

broadcasting (1.75 MHz) will be available in the short term. According to thEurope-wide availability of 7 MHz channels for TV broadcasting i

2012

58

.UHF band IV/V(470 862 MHz)

According to the EMBC, the allocation of channels for mobile TV spread out oband, in agreement with the current Geneva 2006 frequency plan, is a short-terthe medium and long term a harmonised sub-band for mobile TV is preferred59.

In band IV/V, as a result of the transitio

called the digital dividend. Today, the use of band IV/V is subAgreement. This agreement provides the frequency plan for terrestrial digital

Europe, Africa and North Asia. The deployment of other services such asmobile communication services, or a deviation from the current frequency plan, mevaluated with respect to the Geneva Agreement.

53 EMBC,European Mobile Broadcasting Council Spectrum Work Stream Report,March 2007.t of the issue of spectrum for terrestrial services, the bands for satellite broadcast services (upper

L-band 1479.51492 MHz) for mobile satellite services (L-band: 15181559, 1626.51660.5 and 16701675MHz, and S-band: 19802010 and 21702200 MHz) and for mobile services (IMT2000 TDD bands: 19001920and 20102025 MHz) are of secondary relevance only.55RSPG, The Introduction of Multimedia Services in Particular in the Frequency Bands Allocated to the

Broadcast Services, Opinion no. 5, 25 October 2006.56See footnote 51.57

Implementation of the Digital Dividend, Jan Doeven, EBU Technical Review 2007.58 Id. EMBC, 200759Id. RSPG, 2006.

54In the contex


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The European Commission has mandated the CEPT to study the compatibilityfor fixed terrestrial TV services and mobile TV services

of networksthis question,iate technical

orks can coexist and that mobile TV can be offered in any of the

TV channelsfor widebandl handsets oressential for

f narrowbandmust all be

not allow forember State.

er, for a full interoperability throughout the European Union, in all Member States theb-band would

o the national

plan, and thecompletely

the next decade, as recommended by the CEPT, a veryogether withn parallel, an

sub-band should be orchestrated.

mobile TV

feasibility ofhe objectives

V amongst the Member States isfragmented. In some countries analogue has been switched off already, whereas elsewherethe switch-off is scheduled for the coming years, up to 2015 at the latest. This transition

period creates opportunities to allocate spectrum for mobile TV services; the success of theharmonisation of a sub-band will depend on cooperation between the Member States and theorchestration of this process by the European Commission.

60. In its report onCEPT concluded that without any modifications of the plan, but with approprmeasures, such netwchannels of bands IV/V61.

However, using the current frequency plan results in the allocation of mobilespread over the whole frequency band, with the disadvantage of the needantennas in user terminals. The integration of such wideband antennas in smal

palmtops is not trivial61. Therefore, to produce a small handset (which will bethe success of mobile TV), a system must be developed based on the use oantennas. As a consequence, the channels allocated for mobile TV serviceslocated in a sub-band of bands IV/V. The current Geneva 2006 Agreement doessuch an allocation of a limited number of channels in a sub-band in each MMoreovsame sub-band should be allocated to mobile TV. Harmonisation of a narrow su

yield the spectrum for at least two layers for mobile TV with full coverage up tborders62.

Considering this need for a new and extensive revision of the current frequencyfact that many licences have been granted for a period of 1015 years, yet aharmonised sub-band is not viable for

pragmatic approach should be followed61. In the short term, Member States ttheir neighbours should agree on the assignment of frequencies for mobile TV. Ievolution based on step-wise modification of the Geneva 2006 Agreement toward aharmonised

Apart from the compatibility issue of networks for fixed terrestrial TV and

services, the European Commission has mandated the CEPT to explore theharmonising a sub-band for mobile communication services, in agreement with tof WAPECS60.

Currently, the situation regarding the deployment of digital T

60EC,Mandate to CEPT on Technical Considerations Regarding Harmonization Options for the Digital

Dividend, EC Electronic Communications Policy, Radio Spectrum Policy, Brussels, 30 January 2007.61

Final Report from CEPT in Response to the EC Mandate on the Digital Dividend, Part A , RSCOM07-34,Brussels, 1 June 2007.62Reference 61 1 and 5.2.2.2 states the availability of two single frequency networks (SFN) in multi-border

regions and eight SFN in networks away from the borders. This formulation suggests that at least two layerswith a coverage up to the national borders could be created, whereas away from the borders all channels of thesub-band can be used.


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Lower L-band (14521479.5 MHz)

For the lower L-band, the EMBC concluded that a limited adaptation of the MaAgreement, without a full revision, would allow mobile TV services

astricht 2002ipation of the

of the EMBC, the European Commission issued a mandate to the CEPT to address this

ing (T-DAB)is laid downthat, without

ices providedthat T-DABent channels

and the use ofThe repair of002 Special

be realised quickly65. However, we note that the current CEPT study

ls that allows of a partial

principle it is possible to completely revise themany years,

m3!3!01 07 mobile tv study

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