LONGMAN Second Edition

Preparation Course for the

TOEFC Test

DEBORAH PHILLIPS

•5»

PEARSON

Longman

TOEFL® is the registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS). This publication is not endorsed or approved by ETS. No endorsement of this publication by Educational Testing Service should be inferred.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION xv

SECTION ONE: READING i READING DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST: 2

Aggression 3

READING OVERVIEW 8

READING SKILLS 10

VOCABULARY AND REFERENCE 10 SKILL 1 UNDERSTAND VOCABULARY FROM CONTEXT 10

Reading Exercise 1 13 Smog 13 Autism 14 Parasitic Plants 15 Edna Ferber 16

SKILL 2 RECOGNIZE REFERENTS 17 Reading Exercise 2 19

Animal Congregation 19 Chromium Compounds 20 New World Epidemics 21 Horatio Alger, Jr. 22

Reading Review Exercise (Skills 1-2) 23 Coral Colonies 23

SENTENCES 26

SKILL 3 SIMPLIFY MEANINGS OF SENTENCES 26 Reading Exercise 3 28

Camouflage 28 Post-it® Notes 29 The Pulitzer Prize 31 Competition and Cooperation 33

SKILL 4 INSERT SENTENCES INTO THE PASSAGE 35 Reading Exercise 4 37

Popcorn 37 Lions 38 Accidental Inventions 39 Uranium 40

Reading Exercise (Skills 3-4) 41 Theodore Dreiser 41

Reading Review Exercise (Skills 1-4) 45 Pulsars 45

iii

DETAILS 49

SKILL 5 FIND FACTUAL INFORMATION 49 Reading Exercise 5 51

Lake Baikal 51 The Postage Stamp 52 The Clovis Culture 53 Brown Dwarfs 54

SKILL 6 UNDERSTAND NEGATIVE FACTS 56 Reading Exercise 6 59

Flatfish 59 Limestone Caves 60 Wrigley's Chewing Gum 61 Dissociative Identity Disorder 62

Reading Exercise (Skills 5-6) 63 John Muir 63

Reading Review Exercise (Skills 1-6) 66 Caretaker Speech 66

INFERENCES 70

SKILL 7 MAKE INFERENCES FROM STATED FACTS Reading Exercise 7 72

Tiger Moths 72 The Cambrian Explosion 73 The Golden Age of Comics 74 The Filibuster 75

SKILL 8 INFER RHETORICAL PURPOSE 76 Reading Exercise 8 78

Xerography 78 Demographic Change 79 The Hubble Telescope 80 Territoriality 82

Reading Exercise (Skills 7-8) 83 Ella Deloria 83

Reading Review Exercise (Skills 1-8) 87 Early Autos 87

READING TO LEARN 91

SKILL 9 SELECT SUMMARY INFORMATION 91 Reading Exercise 9 94

Island Plant Life 94 Ben and Jerry 95 The Bald Eagle 96 Modernism in Art 97

SKILL 10 COMPLETE SCHEMATIC TABLES 98 Reading Exercise 10 101

Sand Dunes 101 A Surprising Connection 102 Carnivorous Plants 103 William Faulkner 104

CONTENTS

Reading Exercise (Skills 9-10) 105 Species 105

Reading Review Exercise (Skills 1-10) 107 Decisions 107

READING POST-TEST 111 Aquatic Schools 112

SECTION TWO: LISTENING 117 LISTENING DIAGNOSTIC P R E T E S T 118

A Problem with a Class 119 Sleep 121

LISTENING OVERVIEW 123

LISTENING SKILLS 125

BASIC COMPREHENSION 125

SKILL 1 UNDERSTAND THE GIST 125 Listening Exercise 1 128

An Engineering Course 128 The Grade Report 128 Lakes 129 Meteorology 129

SKILL 2 UNDERSTAND THE DETAILS 130 Listening Exercise 2 133

A Parking Sticker 133 A Drama Class 134 Early Teachers 135 Iron Pyrite 136

Listening Review Exercise (Skills 1-2) 137 An Anthropology Paper 137

PRAGMATIC UNDERSTANDING 139

SKILL 3 UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION 139 Listening Exercise 3 143

The Library 143 The Transcript 144 The Opossum 145 Venus 146

SKILL 4 UNDERSTAND THE SPEAKER'S STANCE 148 Listening Exercise 4 152

Course Load 152 A Questionnaire 153 Iroquois Houses 154 Hail 155

Listening Exercise (Skills 3-4) 156 The Fugio Coin 156

Listening Review Exercise (Skills 1^1) 158 Hibernation 158

CONNECTING INFORMATION 160

SKILL 5 UNDERSTAND THE ORGANIZATION 160 Listening Exercise 5 164

Tropism 164 Fossils 165 Clarence Darrow 166 Fractures 167

SKILL 6 UNDERSTAND RELATIONSHIPS 168 Listening Exercise 6 170

A Placement Test 170 A Term Paper 170 Conifers 171 Presentation 172

Listening Exercise (Skills 5-6) 173 77ze Outer Banks 173

Listening Review Exercise (Skills 1-6) 175 Leaf Arrangements 175

LISTENING POST-TEST 177 The Music Project 178 The Great Lakes 180

SECTION THREE: SPEAKING ш SPEAKING DIAGNOSTIC P R E T E S T 184

A Gooc? Teacher 185 Vacation Preferences 185 Registering for Classes 186 Nonverbal Communication 187 A Problem in French Class 188 Echolocation 188

SPEAKING OVERVIEW 189

SPEAKING SKILLS 192

INDEPENDENT TASKS 192

SKILL 1 PLAN THE FREE-CHOICE RESPONSE 192 Speaking Exercise 1 193

Characteristics of a Good Neighbor 193 Your Favorite Holiday 193 Which Person Helped the Most 194 Ten Million Dollars 194 Your Dream House 194 Your Favorite Food 194 Characteristics of a Good Parent 195 Where You Want to Live 195 The Person You Want to Meet 195 Where You Will Take the TOEFL Test 195

vi CONTENTS

SKILL 2 MAKE THE FREE-CHOICE RESPONSE 196 Speaking Exercise 2 197 Speaking Review Exercise (Skills 1-2) 197

Your Job 197 Driver Age 197 Student Excuses 197 Your Favorite Day 197 Government Changes 197

SKILL 3 PLAN THE PAIRED-CHOICE RESPONSE 197 Speaking Exercise 3 199

Large or Small Class 199 Dinner at Home or Dinner Out 199 Marriage Before or After Age Thirty 199 Preferred Type of Exams 200 Trip by Plane or Train 200 Big City or Small Town 200 Study Alone or with Friends 200 Play or Watch Sports 201 Opera or a Football Game 201 TOEFL Test or a Math Test 201

SKILL 4 MAKE THE PAIRED-CHOICE RESPONSE 202 Speaking Exercise 4 203 Speaking Review Exercise (Skills 3-4) 203

Teacher Mistakes 203 Taking Chances or Playing It Safe 203 Career Choices 203 Decision Making 203 Obeying Parents 203

INTEGRATED TASKS (READING AND LISTENING) 204

SKILL 5 NOTE THE MAIN POINTS AS YOU READ 204 Speaking Exercise 5 205

Bicycle Parking on Campus 205 A Professor's Retirement 205 Part of a Class Syllabus 206

SKILL 6 NOTE THE MAIN POINTS AS YOU LISTEN 206 Speaking Exercise 6 208

Bicycle Parking on Campus 208 A Professor's Retirement 208 Part of a Class Syllabus 209

SKILL 7 PLAN BEFORE YOU SPEAK 209 Speaking Exercise 7 211

SKILL 8 MAKE THE RESPONSE 212 Speaking Exercise 8 213 Speaking Review Exercise (Skills 5-8) 213

History Syllabus 213

SKILL 9

SKILL 10

NOTE THE MAIN POINTS AS YOU READ Speaking Exercise 9 215

The Dead Sea 215 Polling 215 The Polynesian Migration 216

NOTE THE MAIN POINTS AS YOU LISTEN Speaking Exercise 10 217

The Dead Sea 217 Polling 218 The Polynesian Migration

214

216

218

SKILL 11

SKILL 12

PLAN BEFORE YOU SPEAK 219 Speaking Exercise 11 220

MAKE THE RESPONSE 221 Speaking Exercise 12 222 Speaking Review Exercise (Skills 9-12)

The Equity Theory 222

INTEGRATED TASKS (LISTENING) 223

222

SKILL 13

SKILL 14

SKILL 15

SKILL 16

NOTE THE MAIN POINTS AS YOU LISTEN Speaking Exercise 13 225

Choosing a Professor 225 Study Habits 225 An Independent Study Project 226

PLAN BEFORE YOU SPEAK 227 Speaking Exercise 14 228

MAKE THE RESPONSE 229 Speaking Exercise 15 230 Speaking Review Exercise (Skills 13-15)

Bored in Class 230

NOTE THE MAIN POINTS AS YOU LISTEN Speaking Exercise 16 232

The Bank Holiday of 1933 232 Creativity 233 The Amazon River 233

223

230

231

SKILL 17

SKILL 18

PLAN BEFORE YOU SPEAK 234 Speaking Exercise 17 235

MAKE THE RESPONSE 236 Speaking Exercise 18 237 Speaking Review Exercise (Skills 16-18)

SAD 237

SPEAKING POST-TEST 238 An Admirable Person 239 Getting News 239 A Cafeteria Problem 240 Social Environments 241 A Class Schedule Problem 242 Life on Mars 242

237

viii CONTENTS

SECTION FOUR: WRITING 243 WRITING DIAGNOSTIC P R E T E S T 244

Human Memory 245 A News Story 246

WRITING OVERVIEW 247

WRITING SKILLS 249

INTEGRATED TASK 249

SKILL 1 NOTE THE MAIN POINTS AS YOU READ 249 Writing Exercise 1 251

Homeschooling 251 Polysemy 251 Margaret Mead's Research 252

SKILL 2 NOTE THE MAIN POINTS AS YOU LISTEN 253 Writing Exercise 2 255

Homeschooling 255 Polysemy 256 Margaret Mead's Research 256

SKILL 3 PLAN BEFORE YOU WRITE 257 Writing Exercise 3 259

SKILL 4 WRITE A TOPIC STATEMENT 260 Writing Exercise 4 262

SKILL 5 WRITE SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS ON READING PASSAGES 263 Writing Exercise 5 264

SKILL 6 WRITE SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS ON LISTENING PASSAGES 265 Writing Exercise 6 267

SKILL 7 REVIEW SENTENCE STRUCTURE 268 Writing Exercise 7 269

Management Styles 269 Earthquake Waves 269

SKILL 8 REVIEW GRAMMAR 270 Writing Exercise 8 270

American English Spelling 270 Aversive Conditioning 271

Writing Review Exercise (Skills 1-8) 272 Stonehenge 272

CONTENTS ix

INDEPENDENT TASK 273

SKILL 9 PLAN BEFORE YOU WRITE 273 Writing Exercise 9 274

Relieving Stress TIA A Famous Place to Visit 274 Actions or Words 275 Yourself Today and Five Years Ago 275 Team or Individual Sports 275 The Best Age to Marry 275 Characteristics of a Good Teacher Tib Haste Makes Waste 276 Learning a New Language 276 The TOEFL Test Tib

SKILL 10 WRITE THE INTRODUCTION 277 Writing Exercise 10 278

SKILL 11 WRITE UNIFIED SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS 281 Writing Exercise 11 283

SKILL 12 CONNECT THE SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS 284 Writing Exercise 12 285

SKILL 13 WRITE THE CONCLUSION 287 Writing Exercise 13 288

SKILL 14 REVIEW SENTENCE STRUCTURE 290 Writing Exercise 14 291

Team Sports 291

SKILL 15 REVIEW GRAMMAR 292 Writing Exercise 15 293

University and High School Studies 293 Writing Review Exercise (Skills 9-15) 293

Emotions 293

WRITING POST-TEST 294 Unintended Consequences Safe or Sorry 296

295

MINI-TESTS 297

MINI-TEST 1 297

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

Migration 298

Science Lab 303 The Little House Books 305

Leader of the Country 308 History Films 308 Formation of Glaciers 309

Garlic 311

x CONTENTS

M I N I - T E S T 2 313

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

M I N I - T E S T 3 329

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

M I N I - T E S T 4 345

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

M I N I - T E S T 5 361

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

M I N I - T E S T 6 377

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

Birth Order 314

Confused Assignment 319 Cross-Dating 321

Getting Up Early 324 Leadership Roles 324 Meeting on Exam Schedule 325

Historical Event 327

Ketchup 330

Biology Class 335 Gem Cuts 337

Hometown 341 Library Rules 341 Split Infinitives 342

Scientific Management 344

Estuaries 346

Cumulative Exam 351 Mountains 353

Kinds of Exams 356 Nullification 356 Psychology Class 357

Working for Others 359

Schizophrenia 362

Scholarship 367 Afo/Zs 369

A Good Friend 372 Student Assistant Positions 372 Zero-Sum Economies 373

Catch-22 375

Exxon Valdez 378

Schedule Plan 383 Animal Hearing 385

Million Dollars 388 Formation of the Solar System Rescheduled Speaker 389

Visitors to Your Country 391

388

M I N I - T E S T 7 393

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

M I N I - T E S T 8 409

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

Plate Tectonics 394

Group Project 399 The Trumpet 401

Studying English 404 Discussion Class 404 NIMBY 405

Supernovas 407

Limners 410

General Studies 415 Carbon 417

ßig Party 420 Somnambulism 420 Questioning the Professor

Violence in Movies 423

421

COMPLETE T E S T S 425

COMPLETE TEST 1 Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3

Listening

Speaking

Writing

COMPLETE TEST 2 Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3

425

Prehistoric Astronomers 426 Truman and the Railroads 431 Mathematical Bases 435

Student Newspaper 441 The Great Salt Lake 443 Kleenex 445 Exam Grade 448 Hawaii 450 Three-Mile Island 452

Dream Job 455 Group Paper 455 Spring Show 456 Great Ape Communication 457 Dreaded Science Class 458 Mercantilism 458

Venus 460 Family Traditions 461

463

Navigational Devices 464 77ze Neanderthals 469 77ze Silent Era 473

xii CONTENTS

Listening Grade Report 478 Washington, D.C. 480 The Letter С 482 The Space Shuttle 485 Caves 487 The Compound Eye 489

Speaking Favorite Movie 492 Telling a Lie 492 Business Internships 493 Supersonic Speed 494 Project Done Bit by Bit 495 Multiple Personality Disorder 495

Writing Social Promotion 497 Good Leader 498

A P P E N D I X E S 499 APPENDIX A APPENDIX В APPENDIX С

Cohesion 499 Sentence Structure 507 Error Correction (Grammar) 514

DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT, AND SCORING 551 Overall Scores 553 Reading Diagnosis and Scoring 554 Listening Diagnosis and Scoring 558 Speaking Assessment and Scoring 562 Writing Assessment and Scoring 573

RECORDING SCRIPT 580

ANSWER KEY 647