lisa sabbage, kings and queens of england - printed designed (2004)(pdf) english

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KINGS AND QUEENS OF ENGLAND



©2004

Published Printed Designed

TopPublishing

All pictures ©2004 TopFoto unless specied.

Cover:

Detail of “God Save the Queen”, British Railways (Western Region) poster produced as a

tribute to Queen Elizabeth II on the occasion of her coronation in 1953 by artist, Charles

Shepherd.

©National Railway Museum / HIP / TopFoto

Back cover:

The crown of Queen Mary of Modena, c1685. Wife of King James II.©Museum of London / HIP / TopFoto

Contents page (clockwise from top left ):

Tintagel Castle, Cornwall, Dark Ages. Tintagel Castle was the legendary birthplace of King

Arthur.©English Heritage / HIP / TopFoto

Part of The 120ft canvas, painted by Richard Barrett Davies depicting the Coronation

Procession to Westminster Abbey of King William IV.©PA / TopFoto

King George VI with his elder daughter, the future Queen Elizabeth II, 13 December 1936.

The royal seal of King Edward II.

Henry VIII’s pavilion at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520.©The British Library / HIP / TopFoto

12th Century King, probably King Richard I

The Coronation Chair containing the Stone of Scone.



CONTENTSIntroduction

Roman Rule

The Dark Ages

The Anglo Saxons - Bretwalda Kings

The Anglo Saxons - Kings of Wessex & England

The Normans

The Angevins

The Plantagenets

The Lancastrians

The Yorkists

The Tudors

The Stuarts

The Hanoverians

The Windsors



Introduction

Adultery, murder, and regicide, civil war, religious upheaval

and abdication – the kings and queens of England

have certainly written a dramatic and intriguing history for their

subjects.From 60AD, when the courageous Boudicca led the Celtic

Iceni in a doomed revolt against the invading Roman army,

through Roman rule and the arrival of William the Conqueror in

1066, to the mysterious death of Princess Diana in 1997, there

has rarely been a dull moment for England’s rulers.

Indeed, when not battling foreign forces they seemed to ll the

time by ghting each other.

Willliam’s death in 1087, for instance, lifted the lid on the sibling

rivalry between his third and favourite son William Rufus, whom

he named as his successor to the English throne, and his eldestson Robert, who had to make do with Normandy.

Poor Robert led several uprisings against his brother before

giving up and embarking on the Crusades. Then, on William II’s

death in 1100, it was their youngest brother Henry who seized the

throne, leaving Robert out in the cold once more.

It didn’t get any easier for the Plantagenets. In the 12th century,

Henry II spent the nal few years of his reign in open warfare

with his rebellious sons, while 14-year-old Edward III, crowned

in 1327, had to contend with the inuence of his mother and her

lover Roger Mortimer, an outbreak of the Black Death, and thebeginning of the Hundred Years War with France.

Edward’s grandson and successor fared even worse. Although

he managed to rule for 22 years and dealt ably enough with the

Peasants’ Revolt in 1381, Richard II never resolved his differences

with his rebellious cousin Henry, who eventually forced his

abdication and death in Pontefract Castle in 1399.

No one knows whether

Richard II died of natural causes

or was murdered. But he was

certainly not the last English king

to suffer a mysterious fate.In April, 1483, 12-year-old

Edward V became King of England. Unfortunately for the young

king, his uncle was appointed as his Protector. Although charged

with guiding the boy until he was old enough to rule on his own,

Uncle Richard had very different plans for the throne.

Richard seized Edward and executed his companions, insisting

that he had acted only to thwart the inuence of the boy’s

maternal family. Then he declared that the boy was illegitimate.

In June, having thrown Edward and his younger brother into

the Tower of London, the putative Protector declared himself Richard III, King of England. Soon afterwards, Richard’s young

nephews disappeared, probably murdered by the usurper or his

agents.

Two years later, Richard III got his comeuppance when he

Queen Boudicca.

The plague of 1348

Robert Mortimer

© The British Library / HIP / TopFoto



was killed during he Ba le of Boswor h, he nal ba le of

the Wars of the Roses between the rival royal families of

Lancaster and York.

As Richard’s successor, King Henry VII began the Tudor

reign of England that would see his son Henry VIII execute

two of his six wives and break with the Catholic Church in his

desperate quest for a male heir.

If King Henry VIII’s sanity was sometimes questioned

during his turbulent 42-year reign from 1509 to 1547, plenty

of other English sovereigns have raised concerns among

their courtiers and subjects.In the 17th century, King James I was known as the “wisest

fool in Christendom”, while the ineptness of his son Charles I

led to a confrontation with the House of Commons that would

result in Civil War and his own execution for treason in 1649.

James’s great grandson King George I was a German

who came to the throne in 1714 only because he was a

Protestant. He could not speak a word of English and was

so uninterested in the

affairs of the nation

that he gladly leftthem to his ministers.

It was largely thanks to his indifference that the system of

Cabinet government under a Prime Minister evolved.

Fifty-odd years later, King George III famously went

mad (in fact he was suffering from a condition known as

porphyria). Still, even he was more popular than his son and

successor King George IV, who was widely condemned for

his licentious and extravagant lifestyle.

An indiscreet philanderer, his affairs were as well-reported

as they were numerous, and his 1820 attempt to divorce his

put-upon wife Caroline of Brunswick turned the disapproving

public against him.

When he was not preoccupied with women or his latest

grand building schemes, George IV was thinking about

clothes. His vanity was such that even his friend, the

Duchess of Devonshire admitted that he “is fond of dress

even to a tawdry degree”. Sadly, his considerable appetite

for rich food made him both fat and an easy target for the

press, who published cartoons of the “Grand Entertainment”

he had become.

Ironically, George IV’s relationship withthe media anticipated today’s tension

between the monarchy and the fourth

estate. Indeed, the Windsors have tried

to learn from his misplaced efforts to

woo the public, carefully managing the

abdication of King Edward VIII in 1936

and, rather less successfully, the divorce

of Prince Charles and Princes Diana.

History, it seems, really does repeat

itself. Fortunately for us, the historyof England’s kings and queens is as

colourful as it is long.

©2004 Text by Lisa Sabbage

Satirical cartoon showing the public support for Queen

Caroline c.1820

©The National Archives / HIP / TopFoto

The Duke (formerly King Edward VIII) and Duchess of

Windsor, 1940.

©AP/TopFoto

The wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, 1981.

©PA/TopFoto



Roman Rule

Notable Romans

- 54

audius

mperor

- 84

ricola

vernor

7 - 138

drian

mperor

8 - 161

onius Pius

mperor

3 - 211

ptimius Severus

mperor

0 - 274

arcus Postumus; Tetricus

eakaway Emperors

6 - 296

rausius; Allectus

eakaway Emperors

6 - 337

nstantine I (the Great)

mperor

4 - 375

agnus Maximus

eakaway Emperor 5 - 410

norius

estern Emperor

Honorius who told Britons in 410

“ Defend yourselves”.

Left: The victory of

Constantine the Great of

Maxentius at the Milvian

Bridge. Detail from the

Fresco of Giulio Romano,Vatican

©Charles Walker / TopFoto

Right: Agricola

Left: Honorius.

Middle Left: Gold aureus consecration coin of Septimius Severus.©The British Museum/HIP/TopFoto

Bottom Left: Hadrian’s Wall, near Walltown Crags.©Woodmansterne/TopFoto

Bottom Right: Boudicca. who ruled the Celtic Iceni against the Romans.



The Dark Ages

Notable Kings

450 - 850

c.490 - 500

Ambrosius Aurelianus

c.540

Constantine

King of Dumnonia

577

Condidan: Conmail: Farinmail

All killed at Battle of Dyrham

590

Urien

King of Rheged (Cumbria)

633

Cadwallon

King of Gwynedd

642

Owen

King of Strathclyde

750

Teudubr

King of Strathclyde

844 - 872

Merfyn

King of Gwynedd

Top Left: Map of Britain. 593 AD.

Top Right: Gospel of St Luke, Lindisfarne Gospels.

©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto

Right: The death of Arthur.


Bottom Left: The Holy Grail appearing in a vision before

King Arthur‘s Company.

Bottom Right: Emblem of Sir Owen son of Urien.



The Anglo Saxons

Bretwalda Kings

9

ngest and Horsa

77 - c.491

lle: King of Sussex

60 - 93

awlin: King of Wessex

60 - 616

thelbert: King of Kent

ed c.627)

edwald: King of East Anglia

6 - 33

win: King of Northumbria

3 - 55

nda: King of Mercia4 - 42

wald: King of Northumbria

2 - 70

wy: King of Northumbria

5 - 705

dfrith: King of Northumbria

8 - 726

: King of Wessex

6 - 57

thelbald: King of Mercia

7 - 96

fa: King of Mercia Above: Saint Augustine of Canterbury (d.604) preaching

before Aethelbert.

©ARPL/TopFoto

Far left: King Edwin of Northumbria, the rst Bretwalda.

Stained glass window in York Minister.©Woodmansterne/TopFoto

Left: Offa’s Dyke.

Below: King Offa sails to Saxony.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto



Kings of

Wessex & England

802 - 58

Egbert

856 - 860

Ethelbald

860 - 866

Ethelberht

866 - 871

Ethelred

871 - 899

Alfred

899 - 924

Edward the Elder

924 - 939

Athelstan

939 - 946

Edmund I

946 - 955

Edred

955 - 959

Edwy

959 - 975

Edgar

975 - 979

Edward the Martyr

979 - 1016

Ethelred II the Unready

1016 April - November

Edmund II Ironside

1016 - 1035

Canute

1035 - 1040

Harold Harefoot

1040-1042

Hardicanute

1042 - 1066

Edward the Confessor

1066 January - October

Harold II

The Anglo Saxons

Top Left: Bayeux Tapestry, King Edward The Confessor and King Harold.

Top Right: King Alfred the Great statue in Worthing.

Above Left: Athelstan.

Above Right: The barge of Edgar King of England.

Left: Ethelred II, The Unready.

Bottom Left: Edmund Ironside.

Bottom Right: Canute I.



The Normans

The Normans

66 - 1087

liam I (the Conqueror)

87 - 1100

liam II

00 - 1135

nry I

35 - 1154

ephen

Top: Henry I sails for England. From Chron-

icle of Florence of Worcester c.1130-40..

Left: Stephen.

Right: King Henry I.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto

Bottom Left: King William I accompanied

by knights and soldiers, 14th century. Page

of illustrated Latin text showing William the

Conqueror riding a horse bearing his coat

of arms of three gold lions on a red

ground.


Bottom Right: Portrait of William II.

Otherwise known as Rufus, apparently

because of his ruddy complexion. From

“Historia Anglorum” by Matthew Paris.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto



The Angevins

The Angevins

1154 - 1189

Henry II

1189 - 1199

Richard I

1199 - 1216

John

Top Left: Henry II at Waterford.

Above: Richard the Lionheart, statue by Marochetti, Westminster.

Left: King John hunting.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto

Right: King John signing the Magna Carta at

Runnymede. 1215.

Bottom: Kings of England, 14th century.

Above: King Henry II and Richard I. Below:

King John and King Henry III.




The Plantagenets

The Plantagents

16 - 1272

nry III

72 - 1307

ward I

07 - 1327

ward II

27 - 1377

ward III

77 - 1399

chard II

Top Left: Efgy of King Henry III on his tomb in Westminster

Abbey.

Top Right: King Henry III with a representation of Westminister

Abbey.


Left: King Edward III depicted on the wall of St. Stephen’s

Chapel, Westminster.

Right: King Richard II. A painting in Westminster Abbey.

Left: Coronation of Edward I.

Bottom: Tomb of Edward II,

Gloucester Cathedral.©English Heritage/HIP/TopFoto



The Lancastrians

The Lancastrians

1399 - 1413

Henry IV

1413 - 1422

Henry V

1422 - 1461 & 1470 - 1471

Henry VI

Top Left: Hoccleve Presents his Book to Prince Henry V.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto

Top Right: Coronation of Henry lV, 1399.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto

Bottom Left: King Henry VI and his wife Margaret of Anjou.

Bottom Right: Henry IV, King of England from 1399. The son of John

of Gaunt.



The Yorkists

The Yorkists

61 - 1470 & 1471 - 1483

ward IV

83

ward V

83 - 1485

chard III

Left: Richard III and Queen Anne.

Right: King Edward IV.

om Left: Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth.

om Right: The Princes in the Tower. Duke of York and King Edward V.



The Tudors

The Tudors

1485 - 1509

Henry VII

1509 - 1547

Henry VIII

1547 - 1553

Edward VI

1553 - 1558

Mary I

1558 - 1603

Elizabeth I

Top Left: Portrait of Henry VIII

by Holbein at Belvoir Castle.

Top Right: Henry VII holding a

Tudor rose.

Right: Edward VI.©Corporation of London/HIP/TopFoto

Bottom Left: Queen Mary.

Bottom Right: Queen

Elizabeth I by M. Geerarts.

Woburn Abbey.



The Stuarts

The Stuarts

03 - 1625

mes I of England

25 - 1649 (executed)

arles I

49 - 1685

arles II

85 - 1688 (Died 1701)

mes II

89 - 1702

liam III

02 - 1714

ne

Top Left: Queen Anne

Top Right: Charles II

Left: James VI of Scotland and I of England andGreat Britain.

Right: Successors to the throne abandoned

by James II were his daughter Mary II and her

husband William of Orange.

Bottom Left: Portrait of Charles I as a Martyr

King

©Museum of London/HIP/TopFoto

Bottom Centre: William III

Bottom Right: King James II




The Hanoverians

The Hanoverians

1714 - 1727

George I

1727 - 1760

George II

1760 - 1820

George III

1820 - 1830

George IV

1830 - 1837

William IV

1837 - 1901

Queen Victoria

Top Left: King George II by Robert Edge Pine

Top Centre: The Duke of Clarence, later William IV, the “Sailor King”.

Top Right: George IV 1762-1830 King of Great Britain, Ireland and of Hanover.

Right: George I

©Corporation of London/HIP/TopFoto

Bottom Left: Queen Victoria.

Bottom Right: George III, by Allan Ramsey.

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