latest market research report on biotechnology products

Extraction, Purification and

Production of Enzymes

(Biotechnology)

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(Polystyrenes, Polypeptides, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Carbon, Propylene Oxide, Vinyl Chloride, Biosensors, Amino Acids, Antibiotics, Acrylamide, Organic Acids, Maltose Syrups, Hollow Fibres, Hollow Fibres, Enzyme Immunoassay (ELA), Enzyme Electrodes, Biocatalysts)

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Introduction

Industrial biotechnology is the practice of using cells to generate industrially useful products. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes, or speeds up, a chemical


reaction.Enzymes biotechnological

arethe processes,

focal point of withoutthembiotechnology as a subject would not exist. The main

advantage of enzymes compared to most other catalysts is their stereo, region and chemo selectivityand specificity. Enzymesare

responsible

formanyessential biochemical

reactionsinmicroorganisms,plants, animals, and human

beings.Biotechnologyprocesses may have potential in energy production,

specifically in the substitution of renewable plant biomass for fossil feedstock.


This will depend on the development of enzymes able to degrade cellulose in plant biomass and designing methods to recycle or dispose of spent biomass. With time, research, and improved protein engineering methods, many enzymes have been genetically modified to be more effective at the desired temperatures, pH, or under other manufacturing conditions typically inhibitory to enzyme activity (e.g. harsh chemicals), making them more suitable and efficient for industrial or home applications.



Enzymes products,


are used in theextraction of natural as catalysts

in organic chemistry, inclinical analysis, in industrial processes, and so on. The application of enzymes is found in many different fields and it is one of the good sectors to venture. In coming few years it is estimated that world enzyme demand will average annual increases of 6.3 percent.


Market Outlook


The global enzymes market is expected to growon average 4.6 percent through 2020 to $7.2 billion from$5.78 billion in 2015.

Global demand for enzymes is forecast to growon average 4.6 percent through 2020 to $7.2 billion.


This market includes enzymes used in industrial applications (food and beverages, cleaning products, biofuel production, animal feed, and other markets) and specialty applications (research and biotechnology, diagnostics, and biocatalysts).

The global enzymes market size was USD 8.18 billion in 2015 and is expected to witness significant growth over the next eight years on account of its increasing application in detergents, pharmaceuticals, and food & beverages.



Enzymes Market



Global Industrial Enzymes Market (US$ Billion)



Table of Contents1. LARGE-SCALE EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION

OF ENZYMES AND OTHER PROTEINS

• Extraction by Chemical Methods• Alkali• Lysozyme and EDTA• Detergents• Cold Shock• Osmotic Shock• Extraction by Physical Methods• Sonication• Freezing and Thawing



• Solid Shear• Grinding or Agitation with

Abrasives• Liquid Shear• Isolation and Purification• Nucleic Acid Removal• Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium

Bromide• Streptomycin Sulphate• Polyethyleneimine• Nuclease Treatment• Concentration by Precipitation• Ammonium Sulphate• Organic Solvents• High Molecular Weight Polymers



• Concentration by Ultrafiltration• Concentration by Freeze-Drying• Gel Chromatography• Ion Exchange Chromatography• Ion Exchange Resins• Ion Echange Celluloses• Other Ion Exchange Gels• Affinity Chromatography• Coupling Techniques• Non-Specific Adsorbents• Hydroxyapatite• Celite• Hydrophobic Interaction

Chromatography



• High Performance Liquid Chromatography

• Electrophoretic Techniques• Electrophoresis.• Isoelectric Focusing• Multimembrane Electrodecantation• Chromatofocusing• Aqueous Two-Phase Separation



2. PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYMOLOGY: BASIS OF UTZATION OF SOLUBLE AND IMMOBILIZED


• ENZYMES IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES• Glossary of Symbols• Assay of Enzyme Activity• Cofactors• The Distinctive Features of Enzymes as

Catalysts• Enzyme Catalysis• Enzyme Kinetics• The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity• The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme

Activity• Enzyme Inhibition



• The Various Types of Enzymic Catalyst• A Comparison of Enzymes with Chemical Catalysts• A Comparison of Enzymes with Fermentations• Immobilized Biocatalysts• A Comparison of Immobilized Enzymes and Cells• An Assessment of Immobilization Supports and

Methods• Characterisation of Immobilized Biocatalysts• Co-Immobilized Enzymes• Two-Phase Reaction• Industrial Enzyme Kinetic• Effects on Equilibria



• Effectiveness Factors• Steady - State Kinetics• Intrinsic Activity of Enzymes - Modifying Factors• Introduction• Diffusional Limitations on the Activity of

Immobilized• Biocatalysts• External Diffusional Limitations• Internal Diffusional Restrictions• Regeneration of Cofactors• Biochemical Reactors• Introduction• The Various Types of Biochemical Reactor• Assessment of the Performance of Biochemical

Reactors


• Batch Reactors• Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors• Plug-flow Column Reactors (or Tubular

Reactors)• Fluidized Bed Reactors• Electrochemical Reactors• Ultrafiltration Reactors• Enzyme Kinetic in Reactors• Inhibition in Enzyme Reactors• The Effect of Non-Ideal Flow on Biochemical• Reactor Performance• Physical Problems in Biochemical Reactor

using• Immobilized Biocatalysts



• Abrasion• Compression• Fouling• Microbial Contamination• The Stability of Immobilized Biocatalysts• Introduction• The Stability of Biochemical Reactors

Employing• Immobilized Enzymes or Immobilized Cells• Regeneration of Biocatalyst Activities• Constant Productivity with Biocatalyst

Reactors• Scale-Up• Discussion



3. PRINCIPLES OF IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYMES


• Classification of Immobilized Enzymes

• Techniques of Enzyme Immobilization

• Entrapment• Gel Entrapment• Fibre Entrapment• Micro-encapsulation• Carrier Binding• Physical Adsorption• Ionic Binding Method• Chelation or Metal Binding• Covalent Binding• Crosslinking


• Immobilized Soluble Enzymes• Immobilization without Enzyme

Derivitization• Immobilization with Enzyme

Derivitization• Miscellaneous Methods• Choice of Immobilization Method• Outline of Properties of Immobilized

Enzymes• Stability• Kinetic Properties• Outline of Enzyme Reactors• Batch Reactors• Continuous Reactors• Application and Future Trends



• Analytical Applications• Enzyme Electrodes• Automated Analysis• Therapeutic

Applications• Enzyme Replacement• Enzyme Therapy• Industrial Applications• Future Trends



4. ENZYMES IN CLINICAL ANALYSIS – PRINCIPLES


• Measurment of Substrate Concentration with Enzymes

• Principles of Equilibrium Methods• Principles of Kinetic Methods• Comparison of Equilibrium and Kinetic Methods• Common Indicator Species Used in Routine

Clinical Analysis• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotides• Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide• Measurement of Enzymes• Principles of Enzyme Assay Using Coupled

Enzymes• Immobilized Enzymes for Measuring

Substrate


• Concentrations• Immobilized Enzyme Reactor

Tubes• Bioanalytical Probes• Dry Reagent Chemistry• Enzyme Immunoassay (ELA)• Preparation of Enzyme Labels• Homogeneous EIA• Heterogeneous EIA• Choice of Enzyme Label• Assay in EIA• Simultaneous Assay of Two

Haptens• The Future



5. PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF LARGE-SCALE PROTEIN PURIFICATION


• Enzyme Inactivation• Containers and Ancillary

Equipment• Glass Vessels• Metal Vessels• Plastic Vessels• Liouid Transer• Couplings• Pumps• Bacterial Disruption


• Resuspension• Liquid Shear• Grinding• Centrifugation• Batch Centrifuges• Continuous Flow

Centrifuges• Disc Type Centrifuge• Hollow Bowl Centrifuges• Basket Centrifuges• Tangential Flow Filration• Concentration• Ultrafiltration



• Stirred Cells• Thin Channel Systems• Cartridge Membranes• Hollow Fibres• Dialysis• Chromatography• 1 Columns• Gel Chromatography• Ion Exchange

Chromatography• Affinity Chromatography



6. THE APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES IN INDUSTRY


• Glossary of Terms• Production of Enzymes• Use of Enzyme - General Comments• The Characteristics of Industrial Enzymes• Soures of Enzymes• The Isolation, Purification and Formulation of

Enzymes• Legislation on the Use of Enzymes• Enzyme Manufacturers• Biochemical Applications• Use of Enzymes in Analysis• General


• In Clinical Assays• Medical Uses of Enzymes• The Use of Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic

Chemistry• Introduction• Stereospecificity of Enzymes• Prochiral Stereospecificity• Combinations of Stereospecificity• Multiple-Step Reactions• Synthesis of Radioactive Compounds• Restrication Endomucleases• Biochemical Processing• Applications of Enzymes in the Food Industry• Polysaccharide

Processing



• Bacterial -amylase• Amyglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3)• Maltose Syrups• Glucose Isomerase (EC 53.1.5)• Inversion of Sucrose• Sugar Refining• Raffinase• a-amylase• Dextranase (EC3.2.1.11)• Debranching Enzymes• Cyclodextrin Glucosyltransferase and Other

Amylases• Cellulase (EC3.2.1.4)• Ethanol Fermentation•Brewing



• Baking• The Dairy Industry• The Dairy Industry• Lactose Hydrolysis• Cheese Manufacture• Coagulation• Flavour Development• Other Applications• Organic Acids• Amino Acids• Introduction• Enzymic Resolution• Enzymic Production of Amino

Acids• Antioxident



• Introduction• Glucose Oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4)• Protein Processing• Introduction• The Plastein Reaction• Aspartame• Others• Flavouring Agents• Fruit Processing• Use of Enzymes in the Extraction of Natural

Products• Detoxifying Enzymes• Enzyme-Based Detergents• Use of Enzymes as Cleansing Agents• The Leather Industry



• Textiles• Paper Manufacture• Antibiotics• Penicillin Acylase, (EC

3.5.1.11)• Cephalosporins• Miscellaneous uses of

Biocatalysts• Conclusion• Note in Proff• Acrylamide• Propylene Oxide• Vinyl Chloride• Biosensors• Amino Acidswww.entrepreneurindia.co


7. DATA ON TECHNIQUES OF ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION AND BIOAFFINITY PROCEDURES


• Entrapment• Gel Entrapment• Fibre Entrapment• Microencapsulation• Phase Separation Method• Interfacial Polymerization

Method• Liquid Surfactant Membrane

Method• Liquid Drying Method• Chelation or Metal Binding• Covalent Binding• Diazotization


• Amide Bond Formation• Acid Anhydride Derivatives• Acylazide Derivatives• Cyclic Imidocarbonate Derivatives• Isocyanatc and Isothiocyanate

Derivatives• Acyl Chloride Derivatives• Cyclic Carbonate Derivatives• Condensing Reagents• Alkylation and Arylation• Schiff's Base Formation• Ugi Reaction• Amidination Reactions• Thiol-Disulphide Interchange



• Mercury-Enzyme Interactions• -Irradiation Induced Coupling• Matrices for Carrier Binding• Inorganic Supports• Controlled Pore Supports• Other Porous Supports• Non-porous supports• Coupling Reactions for Inorganic

Supports• Organic Supports• Polysaccharides• Proteins• Carbon• Polystyrenes• Polyacrylates• Maleic Anhydride Based Copolymers



• Polypeptides• Vinyl and Allyl Polymers• Polyamides• Crosslinking• Immobilized Cells• Entrapment• Physical Adsorption• Chelation or Metal Binding• Covalent Binding• Crosslinking• Other Immobilized Biologically Active

Moleccules• Immunoadsorbents• Affinity Chromatography Media



• Immobilized Lactins• Immobilized Amino Ecids and Peptides• Immobilized Carbohydrates• Immobilized Nucleosides, Nucleotides and

Nucleic Acids• Immobilized Antibiotics

8. ENZYMES IN CLINICAL ANALYSES – DATA

• Substrates Measured Enzymically in Clinical Laboratories

• Enzymes Measured by Coupled Enzyme System in

• Clinical Laboratories• Immobilized Enzymes for Measuring

Substrates• Enzymes Used in Enzyme

Immunoassay (EIA)www.entrepreneurindia.co


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Enzymes in


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latest market research report on biotechnology products

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