GATEBiotechnology(BT)

GeneralAptitude(GA):CommontoAllPapers

Verbal Ability: English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,instructions,criticalreasoningandverbaldeduction.

NumericalAbility:Numericalcomputation,numericalestimation,numericalreasoninganddatainterpretation.

EngineeringMathematics

LinearAlgebra:Matricesanddeterminants,Systemsoflinearequations,EigenvaluesandEigenvectors.

Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability, Partial derivatives, Maxima and minima,Sequencesandseries,Testforconvergence,FourierSeries.

DifferentialEquations:LinearandnonlinearfirstorderODEs,higherorderODEswithconstantcoefficients, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Laplace transforms, PDE‐ Laplace, heat andwaveequations.

Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables,Poisson,normalandbinomialdistributions,Correlationandregressionanalysis.

Numerical Methods: Solution of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, Integration oftrapezoidalandSimpson’srule,Singleandmultistepmethodsfordifferentialequations.

BiotechnologyMicrobiology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Microbial nutrition, growth andcontrol; Microbial metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis); Nitrogenfixation; Chemical basis of mutations and mutagens; Microbial genetics (plasmids,transformation, transduction, conjugation); Microbial diversity and characteristic features;Viruses.

Biochemistry:Biomoleculesand their conformation;Weak inter‐molecular interactions inbiomacromolecules;Chemicalandfunctionalnatureofenzymes;Kineticsofsinglesubstrateandbi‐substrateenzymecatalyzedreactions;Bioenergetics;Metabolism(Glycolysis,TCAandOxidativephosphorylation); Membrane transport and pumps; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cellsignalingandsignaltransduction.

Molecular Biology and Genetics: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; DNAreplication and control; Transcription and its control; Translational processes; Regulatorycontrols in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction;Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extrachromosomalinheritance; Chromosomal variation; Population genetics; Transposable elements, Molecularbasisofgeneticdiseasesandapplications.

Process Biotechnology: Bioprocess technology for the production of cell biomass andprimary/secondary metabolites, such as baker’s yeast, ethanol, citric acid, amino acids, exo‐polysacharides,antibioticsandpigmentsetc.;Microbialproduction,purificationandbioprocessapplication(s)of industrialenzymes;Productionandpurificationofrecombinantproteinsonalarge scale; Chromatographic andmembrane based bioseparationmethods; Immobilization ofwww.ea

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enzymes and cells and their application for bioconversion processes. Aerobic and anaerobicbiologicalprocessesforstabilizationofsolid/liquidwastes;Bioremediation.

Bioprocess Engineering: Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and productformation; Simple structured models; Sterilization of air and media; Batch, fed‐batch andcontinuous processes; Aeration and agitation; Mass transfer in bioreactors; Rheology offermentationfluids;Scale‐upconcepts;Designoffermentationmedia;Varioustypesofmicrobialandenzymereactors;Instrumentationinbioreactors.

PlantandAnimalBiotechnology:Specialfeaturesandorganizationofplantcells;Totpotency;Regeneration of plants; Plant products of industrial importance; Biochemistry of majormetabolic pathways and products; Autotrophic and heterotrophic growth; Plant growthregulatorsandelicitors;Cellsuspensionculturedevelopment:methodology,kineticsofgrowthandproductionformation,nutrientoptimization;Productionofsecondarymetabolitesbyplantsuspension cultures; Hairy root cultures and their cultivation. Techniques in raisingtransgencies.

Characteristicsofanimalcells:Metabolism,regulationandnutritionalrequirementsformasscultivationof animal cell cultures;Kinetics of cell growth andproduct formation and effect ofshear force; Product and substrate transport; Micro & macro‐carrier culture; Hybridomatechnology; Live stock improvement; Cloning in animals; Genetic engineering in animal cellculture;Animalcellpreservation.

Immunology: The origin of immunology; Inherent immunity; Humoral and cell mediatedimmunity; Primary and secondary lymphoid organ; Antigen; B and T cells andMacrophages;Major histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and presentation; Synthesis ofantibody and secretion; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; Polyclonal and monoclonalantibody; Complement; Antigen‐antibody reaction; Regulation of immune response; Immunetolerance;Hypersensitivity;Autoimmunity;Graftversushostreaction.

Recombinant DNA Technology: Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors: plasmid,bacteriophageandotherviral vectors, cosmids,Tiplasmid, yeast artificial chromosome; cDNAandgenomicDNAlibrary;Geneisolation;Genecloning;Expressionofclonedgene;Transposonsand gene targeting; DNA labeling; DNA sequencing; Polymerase chain reactions; DNAfingerprinting;Southernandnorthernblotting;In‐situhybridization;RAPD;RFLP;Site‐directedmutagenesis;Genetransfertechnologies;Genetherapy.

Bioinformatics:Major bioinformatics resources (NCBI, EBI, ExPASy); Sequence and structuredatabases; Sequence analysis (biomolecular sequence file formats, scoringmatrices, sequencealignment, phylogeny); Genomics and Proteomics (Large scale genome sequencing strategies;Comparative genomics; Understanding DNA microarrays and protein arrays); Molecularmodelingandsimulations(basicconceptsincludingconceptofforcefields).

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