late nineteenth-century imperialism and the scramble for africa 1880-1914
TRANSCRIPT
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Late Nineteenth-Century Imperialism and
the Scramble for Africa
1880-1914
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Africa, 1794
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Map_22.05.jpg
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Map_22.06.jpg
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Causes of “New” Imperialism
1. ECONOMIC motives: profit?
2. PRESTIGE and NATIONALISM
3. DOMESTIC POLITICS: Bismarck
4. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION and its technological advances
5. Ideological reasons:
A. SOCIAL DARWINISM
B. WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
C. MISSIONARY ZEAL
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Cecil Rhodes, 1853-1902• Epitomized British
Imperialism• Fifth son of English
Vicar• Went to Natal, studied
at Oxford• 1888 founded DeBeers
Mines• Most enthusiastic
imperialist• Rhodesia, founded
1895
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King of Belgium, Leopold II (r. 1865-1909)
• 1860: "I believe that the moment is come for us to extend our territories. I think that we must lose no time, under penalty of seeing the few remaining good positions seized upon by more enterprising nations than our own.”
• 1876: International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo
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Henry M. Stanley (1841-1904)
• Orphan• Self-made• Wanderer• Journalist• Explorer• Found David
Livingstone• 1878: goes to work
for Leopold
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Map_22.05.jpg
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Pierre de Brazza (1852-1905)
• Italian born, 7th son of nobleman
• Explored the north of the Congo river for France
• Brazzaville• Ran into conflict
with Stanley
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Egypt• Muhammad Ali, 1769-
1849; r. 1805-1848• Ottoman general
(Albanian) turned ruler and reformer
• Focus: Military reform• Agriculture: Cotton,
profitable but devastating• Tried to Europeanize
Egypt.• 1820s conquered Sudan
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Egypt
• Ismail Pasha, r. 1863-1879 (grandson of Ali)
• Paris educated• 1867: Khedive/Hidiv of
Egypt and Sudan• Further modernized:
– Post office– Sugar industry– Railroads– Suez Canal
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Egypt• Suez Canal (completed 1869)• But Europeanization greatly
increased debt, from 3 to 100 million pounds
• 1875: Ismail forced to sell shares in Suez Canal Company
• British PM D’Israeli paid 4 million pounds
• British and French interference increased.
• 1879: Pressured Ottoman Sultan to replace Ismail with Tewfik.
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Urabi revolt, 1879-1882
• Col. Ahmed Urabi– Egyptian nationalist party– Anti-European– Anti-Ottoman
• British and French worried of debt and Suez (sent warships)
• June 1882: Provoked riots in Alexandria
• British decided to occupy
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Berlin Conference (1884-1885):Otto von Bismarck and Jules Ferry
1. Effective Occupation2. Congo Free State3. Abolished Slavery
Participants:GermanyAustria–HungaryBelgiumDenmarkFranceUnited KingdomItalyNetherlandsPortugalRussiaSpainSweden-NorwayOttoman Empire
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Battle of Khartoum, 1885
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Battle of Adwa, 1896Menelik II of Ethiopia vs. Italy
• Ethiopians: 100,000 troops; 40 artillery guns• Italians: 15,000 troops, 56 artillery guns• Casualties: 8000 each side
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Battle of Omdurman, 1898
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Maxim gun and modern artillery
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Fashoda incident, 1898
French: Jean-Baptiste Marchand
British: Horatio Herbert Kitchener
(later Lord Kitchener)
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George Washington Williams (1849-1891)
• First African American
Historian
• 1889: Leopold II
• 1890: Congo Free State to
settle African Americans
• 1890: wrote Leopold an open
letter
• 1891: died
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Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
• Jozef Teodor Konrad
Nalecz Korzeniowski
• Merchant marine
• Languages
• Congo in 1890
• Heart of Darkness
(1899)
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Map_22.06.jpg
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Consequences of New Imperialism
1. ARMY OF OCCUPATION: Guns and plunder
2. AFRICAN SOCIETY
a) DEATH
b) RULES OF SOCIETY
c) ECONOMY: World Map of GDP per capita
d) NEW BORDERS
e) HUMILIATION
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Consequences (cont.)
3. CULTURE
4. CONFLICT AMONGST IMPERIAL POWERS
5. ENCOURAGED EUROPEANS’ SENSE OF
SUPERIORITY and RACISM