the scramble for africa 1880- 1914 causes of late 19 th century european imperialism economic...
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The Scramble for Africa
1880-1914
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Causes of Late 19th Century European Imperialism
• Economic– Industrialization
• Raw materials needed for European industries– Oil in the Middle East– Rubber in Africa– Textiles in India
– European Capitalism• Higher returns for investments
– Less developed areas gave higher dividends
• To gain access to markets
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Causes of Late 19th Century European Imperialism
• Political– Maintain the balance of power
• To control strategic areas like sea lanes, access to markets
– Status symbols• Germany takes colonies to be like other European powers
• Cultural and Religious – Belief in cultural or racial “superiority”
– Desire to spread Christianity to “heathens”
– To spread “civilization”
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Britain
• Largest colonial empire– “Sun never sets on the British Empire”– Colonies established to protect trading interests
in Africa and Asia– Two kinds of colonies
• “White” Colonies (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) given self-rule
• “Non-white” Colonies (India, Africa) under direct rule
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France
• Acquired Algeria in 1830
• Took over Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) by the 1880s
• Expanded into Western Africa in the 1880s
• Took colonies to make up for loss of Alsace-Lorraine in 1870
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Germany
• Bismarck originally opposed colonial expansion– Unnecessary for Germany– Did not want to threaten France or Britain
• Germany took colonies in 1880s for status symbols– In Africa and Asia
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United States
• Did not get involved in European affairs
• Became colonial power after 1898– Spanish-American War
• U.S. gains control of Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
• Monroe Doctrine allows US to extend influence into Latin America
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Scramble for Africa
• Europe had been interested in Africa for centuries– Through the slave trade
• Much of Africa still unexplored until 1880s– European influence restricted to coastline
• Technology allows Europeans to explore African interior– Steamboats, Suez Canal, advances in medicine
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Scramble for Africa
• By 1914, 90% of Africa under European control– France in Northern (Algeria) and Western Africa
– Britain from Egypt to South Africa
– Belgium in the Congo
– Italy in Libya and Eastern Africa
– Portugal in southern Africa
– Germany in scattered areas
• Berlin Conference in 1885 sets ground rules for European colonization of Africa
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Scramble for Africa
• Consequences – Traditional way of life disrupted– Economic exploitation of Africans– European racism imported into Africa– Spread of European culture– Spread of Western technology
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Belgian Congo or Congo Free State• The Belgian Congo . . . Congo Free State
• The Congo Free State was held as the personal property of King Leopold II of Belgium from 1876 to 1908.
• 1876: Leopold organizes a meeting in Brussels to discuss a plan “to open to civilization the only part of our globe where Christianity has not yet penetrated and to pierce the darkness which envelops the whole population.”
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King Leopold II and the
Congo Free State
“I do not want to miss a good chance of
getting a slice of this magnificent African
cake.”--Leopold II (after
Brussels conference)
“
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Congo Free State• 1884: Bismarck calls European powers to Berlin for
a conference that leads to the Scramble for Africa.– BC established the rules for conquest of Africa.
• Leopold is given complete control over the Congo Free State; in return he guarantees free trade rights: no monopolies; no taxes and tariffs, no restriction on trade.
• 1908: Leopold bequeathed the CFS to Belgium for 150m francs.
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Berlin Conference 1884-1885
“Here is Russia and here is France, with Germany in the middle. That is my map of Africa.” --Bismarck
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Rubber tree
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Belgian Congo
• Leopold’s rule resulted in the torture and murder of an estimated six to ten million Congolese between 1888 and 1908.
• The population of the Congo was reduced by half.
• Ivory became a Belgian monopoly. Rubber from rubber trees for tires very lucrative.
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Belgian Congo• The rubber harvest was entirely worked through
slave labor. Reports of amputation and torture.
• Congo Reform Association established in 1903 by Roger Casement (friend of Joseph Conrad’s).
• Casement got Conrad to write a letter about conditions in the Congo: “It is an extraordinary thing that the conscience of Europe which seventy years ago …put down the slave trade on humanitarian grounds tolerates the Congo state today.”
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Causes and Justifications for Partition
Imperialism--Capitalism and Industrial Revolution
Social Darwinism
Morality and the Civilizing Mission
European Balance of Power
African Resistance to Merchants spurs military conquest
Greed