ABSTRAKEcology is a science that includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological study of the mutual relationship between organisms with other organisms in the population and other populations, as well as the mutual relationships between organisms and the physical factors of the environment. Analysis was by studying the composition of the vegetation (species composition) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. In determining a plant vegetation can use several methods. Common methodologies and a highly effective and efficient if it is used for research, namely squares method, line method, the method without plot and quaternary method, Vegetation is a collection of herbs, usually consists of some kind that live together in one place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present close interaction both amongst individual vegetation component itself or with other organisms so it is a system that is alive and growing, and dynamic . how to conduct research begins by making a plot with certain sizes use a ruler, then list all the species present in the plot. after all data has been collected, the data can be processed in the data of R so that the results can be displayed. However, in this lab only focuses on the use of analytical methods and method interception point line. The higher diversity of species found in the area, more extensive sample plots / plots used. The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular.

CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONA. BackgroundEcology is a science that includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological study of the mutual relationship between organisms with other organisms in the population and other populations, as well as the mutual relationships between organisms and the physical factors of the environment. In relation to the previous description, it can be stated animal ecology can be defined as the study of the relationship of animals to their environment. Animal Ecology involves three main aspects, namely descriptive, concerning the knowledge of how to live animals, quantitative information concerning the measures of environmental conditions and the limits of tolerance of the animal to fluctuations of environmental factors, and analyze the analytic-synthetic environments and their influence by means of varying the conditions certain factors under controlled conditions of other factors. In studying the science of ecology we will discuss about the individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere (Susanto, 2000).Vegetation is a collection of herbs, usually consists of some kind that live together in one place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present close interaction both amongst individual vegetation component itself or with other organisms so it is a system that is alive and growing, and dynamic. Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the composition (component type) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. Observations of vegetation parameters based life form trees, shrubs, and herbs. A natural ecosystems as well as the target is always made up of two main components, namely biotic and abiotic components. Vegetation or plant communities is one of the biotic components that occupy particular habitats such as forest, grassland, scrub and others. The structure and composition of vegetation in an area affected by the other components of the ecosystem interact, so that the vegetation that grows naturally in the region is actually a reflection of the result of the interaction of environmental factors and may change dramatically due to anthropogenic influences. Thus, in an area of vegetation in general there will be a certain area, and the area had already demonstrated the specificity of vegetation called the minimum area keseluruhan.yang area. Practicum entitled, "Analysis of Vegetation (Species Area Curve)" aims to study the diversity of plant species in an environment and to determine the extent of the minimum map can represent the Communist type being analyzed for ecological purposes.Minimum area or species area curve is the initial step used untu analyzed using a vegetation sample plots (squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample (sampling area) were considered representative with a vegetation type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has a close relationship with species diversity found in the area. The higher diversity of species found in the area, then increasingly broad swath of the examples used. The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis of vegetation with squares method.Analysis was by studying the composition of the vegetation (species composition) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. To a large forest conditions, the activity is closely related to the analysis of vegetation sampling, meaning we simply put some sample plots to represent the habitat. In this sampling, there are three things to note, that the number of sample plots, laying way sample plots and vegetation analysis techniques were used. The principle of the determination of the size of the plot is the plot should be large enough so that the individual species present in the sample can represent the community, but it should be small enough so that no individual can be separated, counted and measured without duplication or omission. Because the focus of the analysis lies in the composition of vegetation type and if we can not determine the extent of sample plots that we think can represent the community, it can use techniques Species Area Curve (KSA). By using this curve, it can be determinedMinimum area or species area curve is the first step that is used to analyze the vegetation that uses sample plots (squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample (sampling area) were considered representative with a vegetation type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has a close relationship with species diversity found in the area. The higher diversity of species found in the area, the bigger the sample plots dgunakan. The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis of vegetation with squares method.

B. PurposeThe purpose of this lab is to determine the extent of the minimum plot represents the type of community that is being analyzed.

C. BenefictThe benefits of this lab is the practitioner can determine the extent of the minimum plot represents the type of community that is being analyzed.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the composition (component type) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. Observations of vegetation parameters based life form trees, shrubs, and herbs. A natural ecosystems as well as the target is always made up of two main components, namely biotic and abiotic components. Vegetation or plant communities is one of the biotic components that occupy particular habitats such as forest, grassland, scrub and others. The structure and composition of vegetation in an area affected by the other components of the ecosystem interact, so that the vegetation that grows naturally in the region is actually a reflection of the result of the interaction of environmental factors and may change dramatically due to anthropogenic influences. Analysis was by studying the composition of the vegetation (species composition) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. To a large forest conditions, the activity is closely related to the analysis of vegetation sampling, meaning we simply put some sample plots to represent the habitat. In this sampling, there are three things to note, that the number of sample plots, laying way sample plots and vegetation analysis techniques were used. The principle of the determination of the size of the plot is the plot should be large enough so that the individual species present in the sample can represent the community, but it should be small enough so that no individual can be separated, counted and measured without duplication or omission. Because the focus of the analysis lies in the composition of vegetation type and if we can not determine the extent of sample plots that we think can represent the community, it can use the technique ( Marpaung andre, 2009).Vegetation is a collection of herbs, usually consists of some kind that live together in one place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present close interaction, both amongst individual vegetation component itself or with other organisms that constitute a living system and the growing and dynamic (Swamarno, 1977). Vegetation, soil and climate are closely linked and in each place has a specific balance. Vegetation somewhere will vary with vegetation in places 1ain because different environmental factors. Forest vegetation is something dynamic system, always evolving in accordance with the state of their habitat. Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the structure and composition of vegetation or in the form (structure) of vegetation from plants. Vegetation structure element is a form of growth, stratification and canopy closure. For the purposes of vegetation analysis required data type, diameter and height to determine the index of the importance of the forest community penvusun. With the analysis of vegetation can be obtained quantitative information about the structure and composition of a plant community. When it comes to vegetation, we can not be separated from the components of the vegetation itself and components is exactly the focus of the measurement of vegetation. Components making up a plant vegetation generally consists of (Andre, 2009).Vegetation in ecology is the term for the entire community of plants. Vegetation is a part of life that is composed of plants that occupy an ecosystem. Various types of forest, gardens, meadows, and tundra vegetation are examples. Analysis was by studying the composition of the vegetation (species composition) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. In forest ecology investigation unit is a stand, which is a concrete association (Rohman and Sumberartha, 2001). Analysis of vegetation can be used to study the structure and form of vegetation or plant communities (Rohman and Sumberatha, 2001): 1. Studying forest stands, ie tree level and regeneration levels. 2. Study the plants stand down, which meant lower plants is a type of vegetation that are below the base except forest stands regeneration of forest trees, pasture / reeds and scrub vegetation.In vegetation science has developed various methods to analyze the vegetation is helpful in decrypting a vegetation according to its purpose. In this case, a methodology is growing rapidly as (Syafei, 1990). Observations of vegetation parameters based life form trees, shrubs, and herbs. A natural ecosystems as well as the target is always made up of two main components, namely biotic and abiotic components. Vegetation or plant communities is one of the biotic components that occupy particular habitats such as forest, grassland, scrub and others (Syafei, 2010).The structure and composition of vegetation in an area affected by the other components of the ecosystem interact, so that the vegetation that grows naturally in the region is actually a reflection of the result of the interaction of environmental factors and may change drastically due to the influence of anthropogenic (Setiadi, 2010). Common methodologies and a highly effective and efficient if it is used for research, namely squares method, line method, the method without plot and quaternary method. However, in this lab only focuses on the use of analytical methods and method interception point line (without plot method) (Syafei, 2010).Quadrant method is one idak using sample plot method (potless). This method is very good for a suspect community in the form of a tree and Tihang Minimum area or species area curve is the initial step used untu analyzed using a vegetation sample plots (squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample (sampling area) were considered representative with a vegetation type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has a close relationship with species diversity found in the area. The higher diversity of species found in the area, then increasingly broad swath of the examples used. The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis of vegetation with squares method (Setiadi, 2010). Ecology is a science that includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological study of the mutual relationship between organisms with other organisms in the population and other populations, as well as the mutual relationships between organisms and the physical factors of the environment. In relation to the previous description, it can be stated animal ecology can be defined as the study of the relationship of animals to their environment. Animal Ecology involves three main aspects, namely descriptive, concerning the knowledge of how to live animals, quantitative information concerning the measures of environmental conditions and the limits of tolerance of the animal to fluctuations of environmental factors, and analyze the analytic-synthetic environments and their influence by means of varying the conditions certain factors under controlled conditions of other factors. In studying the science of ecology we will discuss about the individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere (Susanto, 2000). Some of the properties contained in the individual plants in the form of the population, where the properties - its permanence in the analysis will help in determining community structure. Nature - the nature of these individuals can be divided into two major groups, where the analysis will provide data that are qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative analysis include the following: distribution of plants (frequency), density (density), or number (Setiadi, 2010).

Minimum area or species area curve is the first step that is used to analyze the vegetation that uses sample plots (squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample (sampling area) were considered representative with a vegetation type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has a close relationship with species diversity found in the area. The higher diversity of species found in the area, the bigger the sample plots dgunakan. The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis of vegetation with squares method. 1. The minimum area of a plot that could represent a habitat that will be measured,2. The minimum number of plots so that the results represent the state of the standor if the path length is represented using lines. The trick is to register the types contained in a small plot, then the plot is enlarged twice and species rediscovered registered. Work stopped until broad swath where the addition does not lead to significant increase in the number of types. This broad set basic minimum if the addition of broad swath cause an increase in the number of species is not more than 5-10% .For the initial swath depends surveyors, can use x1m 1m or 2m wide x 2m or 20m x 20m, because the important thing is consistency which is a broad swath of the next two times the size of the initial plot and the process capability in the field (Setiadi, 1984). Plotting is divulging how to take a sample unit of ecosystem with how to create and define regions on areas seen as the study area. The plot is made usually rectangular. Usefulness plot made are: 1. To study the structure of the ecosystem of an area based on the much plots were studied. 2. To determine quantitatively and qualitatively respective individuals that exist in the area 3. To determine the development or change in the life of one city to another, or from time to time. Plotting is usually very effective when used for the study vagetasi, although sometimes also effective for animal studies. Vegetation is a collection of herbs, usually consists of some kind that live together in one place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present close interaction, both between individual sesame vegetation component itself or with other organisms so it is a system that is alive and growing and dynamic (Marsono, 1977). In vegetation communities, plant ties between them, may trees, shrubs, grasses, lichens and Thallophyta, these herbs more or less occupy the strata or layers from top to bottom horizontally, this is called stratification. Individuals who occupy different layers showing differences of growth form, every layer of the community sometimes includes classes such as morphology different individuals, the highest strata of the canopy of trees or lianas. For this purpose, plants have different morphological classes were formed in the "sinusie" such trees in sinusie trees, epiphytes and epiphytes in sinusiesebagainya.Metodologi common methodologies and a highly effective and efficient if it is used for research, the method of squares, line method, the method without plot and quaternary method. However, in this lab only focuses on the use of analytical methods and method interception point line (Setiadi, 1984; Sundarapandian and Swamy, 2000). Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the arrangement and or vegetation composition in the form (structure) of vegetation vegetationcommunitiesplant. Vegetation structure element is a form of growth, stratification and canopy closure. With the analysis of vegetation can be obtained quantitative information about the structure and composition of a plant community. This method should be chosen, because putting any plot will not achieve the goal. The location and distribution of the plots should be set in accordance with its objectives, in addition to simplify the analysis / interpretation of data. How to capture the plot should be random, scattered with the same distance (how quadrant), following a predetermined compass direction (the direction of the transect), transect direction alternation and quadrant-shaped or stratified. The sampling method is carried out and the line transect method sample plots (Transect Line Plot). At each study site created three pieces of line transect sampling in the area using the rope. Along the transect line made plots measuring 10 x 10 m were placed randomly. In the plots of 10 x 10 m was made subplots size of 5 x 5 m ilakukan identification of the type found in each plot. At 10 x 10 m plots were counted number of species found. (Syafei, 1990) Variations in the structure and composition of plants in a community influenced by phenology, dispersal, and the birthrate. Success will be a new individual is influenced by different vertilitas and ekunditas each species so that there are differences in the structure and composition of each species (Kimmins.1987). A frequency value types directly affected by the density and distribution patterns. Value distribution can provide information about the presence of certain plants in a plot, and yet can give an idea of the number of individuals in each plot (Greig-Smith .1983) The minimum area method is done by determining the area of vegetation sample will be taken and in which there are various types of vegetation. Requirements to be a representative sampling of all vegetation analysis. This situation can be returned to the general nature of the vegetation is the vegetation in the form of a plant community that is shaped by a variety of populations. In other words, the role of individuals of a species is very important. The nature of the community will be determined by the circumstances of individuals in the population (Setiadi, 1984).Species-area curve, in ecology, is a graph illustrating the relationship between the number of species with sizes of squares (the plot). Graph it usually shows a pattern in the number of types of relatively sharp on the size of the small squares up to a certain point and then leveled off with increasing the size of the squares. SAC can be used to determine the extent of minimum single squares representing a plant community in terms of the type of constituent. In sampling squares, there are four properties that must be considered and addressed, as this will affect the data obtained from the sample. The four properties are (Dedy 2010): 1. Plot size.2. Forms plot.3. The number of plots. 4. How to put the plot in the field.Abundance of each individual species or type of structure is usually expressed as a percent of the total number spesises available in the community, and thus is a measurement relatife. From this relative value, a value that would be obtained merupak IVI. This value is used as the basis for naming a diamati.Secara vegetation together, abundance and frequency are very important in determining community structure (Michael, 2005). Things to consider in the analysis of vegetation is the withdrawal of samples or sample unit. In pengukuruan are two types of measurements to obtain the desired information or data. Both types of measurements are measurements that are destructive (destructive measures) and measures that are not destructive (non-destructive measures). For the purposes of the study so that the results can be considered valid data (valid) statistically, the use of both types of measurements are an absolute must to use a unit sample (sampling units), especially for a researcher who took the forest objects with wide area coverage. With sampling, a researcher / surveyor can obtain information / data they want faster and more accurately with less cost and effort when compared with a full inventory (census method) to the members of a population. For the purposes of the description of the vegetation there are three kinds of quantitative parameters is very important vegetation is generally measured by a type of plant community that is density (density), frequency, and cover (kelindungan) (Irwanto, 2010). Density is the number of individuals of a species in a certain area, for example, 100 individuals / ha.Dalam measure density usually appears a problem with respect to edge effects (side effects) and life form (plant form). To measure the density of trees or other vegetation forms that have stems that are easily distinguished from each other generally do not pose significant difficulties. However, for plants that spread by shoots on his books and berrhizoma (rooted rhizome) there will be a difficulty in calculating the individual. To overcome this, we must create a separate criteria on individual understanding of the vegetation types. Another issue that must be addressed is the effect of the squared edge with respect to the existence of most plant species that are on the edge of the squares, so we must decide whether the plant species considered to be in a square or outside the squares. To overcome this agreement that is usually used when> 50% of the parts of the plants are in squares, then the plant is considered to be in the squares and certainly barns calculated density measurements (Irwanto, 2010). Frequency is the number of plant species, sample plots where the discovery of a number of types of sample plots were made. Usually the frequency is expressed in a percentage scale. For example, the type of Avicennia marina (fires) are found in 50 sample plots of 100 sample plots were made, so that the frequency of these types of fires is 50/100 x 100% = 50%. So in the determination of this frequency there is no counting, but only a perisalahan about the existence of a type only (Irwanto, 2010). Kelindungan is the proportion of the soil surface covered by plant canopy projection. Therefore, kelindungan always expressed in units of percent. For example, Rhizophora apiculata (mangrove) has projected canopy area of 10 sqm in a sample plot of 100 m, then kelindungan mangrove species is 10/100 x 100% = 10%. The total number of kelindungan all types of plants in a plant community may be more than 100%, because it is often projected canopy of the plant with other plants overlap (overlapping). In lieu of the area canopy, it could also imply kelindungan basal area projection on a surface area measured by planimeter tanah.dan luasannya or dotgrid system with graph paper (Irwanto, 2010).In an area of vegetation in general there will be a certain area, and the area had already demonstrated the specificity of the overall vegetation. So the area is called the minimum area. How to determine the minimum area as follows: 1. Made by the size of the sample plot example (0.5 x 0.5) m2 plot 1.2. Calculate the number of species present in the plot. 3. The plot was expanded two times the size of plots 1, this plot to 2.4. Calculated number of species present (cumulative sum). 5. The addition of wide swath terminated if the number of species does not grow again. From the data that has been obtained is made curve: 1. The area of sample plots as the abscissa (X sb) 2. The number of species as the ordinate (Y sb)3. Then calculated 10% of that achieved wide and 10% of the species. Then resultansinya line drawn from (from 10% earlier). After the drawn tangent to the curve is parallel to the resultant. Then from the point of tangency to a line drawn parallel to the abscissa ordinate. Then the minimum area of plot (plot) can be determined. Minimum area or species area curve is the first step that is used to analyze the vegetation that uses sample plots (squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample (sampling area) were considered representative with a vegetation type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has a close relationship with species diversity found in the area. The higher diversity of species found in the area, the broad swath of the examples used. The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis of vegetation with squares method (Anonimb, 2010).Excellent quadratic size used depends on the terms (items) to be measured. if the cover itself is important, then size is not a factor. reality can be reduced to the square of the one-dimensional line or a point without dimension. but the number of plants per unit area or pattern of dispersal should be measured, then the size of the squares is very important. One good measure is to use a one-size-squared of at least twice the size of the average area of canopy species using the other large square size allows only one or two species to be present in all the squares. Another case using quadratic size that allows most species to be present no more than 80% of all squares (Hardjosuarno, 2008).minimum plot size can be determined by means of a preliminary survey to determine the square footage minimum plot. determine the minimum area plots can be done by making a wide curve at least first. to form a square plot begins by making a plot (plane) square in the stands with a quadratic (wide) the smallest, such as for lawns is 25 x 25 Cm2, subsequently recorded plant species present in the squares. then squared expanded twice the size of the original and then the addition of new species contained in the squared area in note (Suprianto, 2001). Squares method, the shape of the sample or the sample can be either a rectangle or a circle that describes a particular area. The extent may vary in accordance with the prescribed form of vegetation or extensive first minimum. For analysis using this method calculation of the variable density, shade, and frequency (Surasana, 1990). Abundance of each individual species or type of structure is usually expressed as a percent of the total number spesises available in the community, and thus is a measurement relatife. Taken together, the abundance and frequency are very important in determining community structure (Michael, 1994). Systems Analysis with squares method: The diversity of species can be taken to indicate the number of species in a particular area or a number of species among the total number of individuals of all species present. This relationship dapaat expressed as a numerical index or the index value of diversity is important. The number of species in a community is important ecologically because of the diversity of species seems to increase when the community becomes more stable (Michael, 1994). The importance of a price that is obtained from the sum of the relative value of a variable number yangb been measured (relative density, canopy relative, and relative frequency). If disususn in the form of the formula will be obtained: Important Value = Cr + Dr + Fr This relative price can be found by a comparison between the price of a variable derived from a type to the total value of the variable for all types obtained, multiplied by 100% in the table. Plant species are arranged in order of price importance, from the largest to the smallest. And two types of plants that have the largest critical value prices can be used to specify names for the vegetation (Surasana, 1990).Important Value Index (IVI) is used to establish the dominance of a particular type to other strains or in other words illustrate the importance of the position of an ecological community types. Important Value Index is calculated based on the sum of the value of the Relative Density (KR), Relative Frequency (FR) and Relative Dominance (DR), (Soerianegara and Indrawan, 2005).The density, determined by the number of individuals of a population of plants in the area. Canopy closure area is determined based on footage by populations of plants. In this lab, specifically for variable density and shade, which is used in the calculation is based on the method of least-class density and canopy class written by Braun Blanquet (1964). While the frequency is determined by the frequency of plant species found in the area a number of samples (n) compared to the total area of the sample were made (N), usually in percent (%) (Surasana, 1990).Dominance index is used to determine the concentration and distribution of the dominant types. If dominance is more concentrated on one type, dominance index value will increase and vice versa if some kind of jointly dominate the dominance index value will be low. To determine the value of the index used formula domination Simpson (1949) in Misra (1973) as follows: Dominance (D) = (basal area of a species) / (wide swath example) Relative Dominance (DR) = (Dominance of a species) / (total dominance of all types) X 100%Another way to describe the visual richness of species is by describe the species accumulation curves. The basis of this curve is the species-area curve explained that with increasing area, the species were found to be more a lot. On species accumulation curves, it is assumed that with increasing sample (time, repetition, list type), then the species were found to be increased to at a time no longer increase and the curve will be flat (the asymptote). shape horizontal curve can be interpreted that it is relatively all species that exist in the area has been found. These curves can also give you an idea whether the sample we do is enough or not. The shape of the curve is still moving up shows that we still have add sample to be able to record all existing species. Species accumulation curves can be applied to data obtained from the various methods. The most common use is in the data 20-species list (list types 20 species) were developed by MacKinnon.According to Munthe (2013) Species Area Curve useful for showing representation system of forest vegetation is represented so that the analysis carried out can represent forests studied. Steps to create the curve Species Areas are: 1. Preparation of the initial plot where the plot is located intentionally in the area research by researchers representing all existing types. According to Wihyawari (2013), widely Species Area Curve plot size depends on the researchers, the important thing is consistency hereafter devised plot size twice the size of the initial plot. 2. Calculated number of plant species found in the plot 1,2,3, ... and so on. 3. Species Area Curve Created by connecting between the size of the plot the number of species (Figure 2). 4. From Species Area Curve can be determined minimal or extensive plot minimum area used. When the plot is no longer vast additions University of North Sumatra cause an increase in the number of types of more than 5%, then the size of the plot used the area.

Calculation of vegetation analysis was performed by the method of terraced pathways Further (continuous sampling plots) with each lane measuring 20 feet x 100 meters. According Soerianegara and Indrawan(1988) primary data collection conditions by conducting an inventory of the vegetation with terraced path method in three forest formations namely peat forest, transitional forest (Ecoton) and forest. Dipterocarpaceae above. In each forest formations made with broad lines of 0.2 ha, which is 20 m wide and 100 m long. The number of plots that are created are five plots for each line of vegetation analysis. Vegetation Inventory conducted for determine the structure and composition of vegetation Sumatran orangutan habitat

Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the structure and composition of vegetation vegetationvegetation structure. For the purposes of vegetation analysis required data type, diameter and height to determine the index constituent community of the importance of the forest. With the analysis of vegetation can be obtained quantitative information about the structure and composition of plant communities (Greig-Smith, 1983). Communities will be determined by the circumstances of individuals or populations of all plant species as a whole. in addition, the analysis of vegetation is a study to determine the composition and structure of the plant. Based on the purpose of the quantitative estimation of vegetation communities grouped kedalam3 categories: (1) estimate the composition of the vegetation in an area with boundaries of types and compare with other areas or the same area but different observation times; (2) the suspect on species diversity in an area; and (3) make the correlation between the difference in vegetation with certain environmental factors or environmental factors (Greig-Smith, 1983). To study the composition of vegetation can be terraced method (squared sampling technique: single or double plots, Strip Method, Method terraced lines) and Method Without Plot (random pairs method, quadrant center point, touch-point method, the touch-line method, Method Bitterlich) (Kusuma, 1997). Community pattern was analyzed by the method according to Mueller Dombois ordination and E1lenberg, (1974) sampling plots can be done with a random, systematic or subjectively or particular environmental gradient factors. To obtain information objectively vegetation ordination with the method used to line examples (releve) based on dissimilarity coefficient. Variations in releve is fundamental to look for patterns of vegetation. With the ordination of vegetation releve obtained in the form of geometric models are such that the most similar releve base composition of species and their abundance would have a position adjacent to each other, while releve be different from each other. Ordination can also be used to connect the distribution pattern of the changes in the types of vegetation lingkungan.Analisis factor is a way of studying the structure and composition of vegetation or in the form (structure) of vegetation plant communities. Vegetation structure element is a form of growth, stratification and canopy closure. For the purposes of vegetation analysis required data type, diameter and height to determine the index of the importance of the forest community penvusun. With the analysis of vegetation can be obtained quantitative information about the structure and composition of a plant community. Based on the purpose of the quantitative estimation of vegetation communities grouped vegetation, climate and soil are closely related and in each place has a specific balance. In vegetation science has developed various methods to analyze the vegetation is helpful in decrypting a vegetation according to its purpose. In this case, a methodology is growing rapidly along with the progress in the fields of knowledge, but should be taken into account the various constraints that exist (Anon. 2009).Quadrant method is generally performed only if tree-level vegetation yagng so penelitiaan material. This method is easier and faster digunan to determine the composition, the dominance of trees and menksir volume. Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the composition (component type) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. Forests are important habitat components for life, therefore, the condition of the plant community in both forest plant species composition, species dominance, density of canopy closure or to be investigated is a stand, which is a concrete association. There are various methods that can be used to analyze this vegetation. Such as by using the quadrant method is often called the quarter. This method is often referred to as the plot method for not less membutrhkan plot of a certain size, the area just a point shots. This method is suitable for use in individuals who live scattered so as to analyze the premises performing calculations membutuhkanwaktu one by one would be a very long time, this method usually used for vegetation in the form of forest or other complexA natural ecosystems as well as the target is always composed of two main components and biotic components abiotic. Vegetation or plant community is one of the biotic components that occupy habitats such as forest, grassland, scrub and others. The structure and composition of vegetation in a the area affected by the other components of the ecosystem interacting, so the vegetation growing naturally in the region actually is a reflection of the result of the interaction of various factors environment and can undergo drastic changes because anthropogenic influences (Setiadi, 1984; Sundarapandianand Swamy, 2000). The presence of vegetation in a landscape will a positive impact on the balance of the ecosystem on a broader scale. In general, the role of vegetation in an ecosystem associated with setting balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air, improvement of the physical, chemical and biological soil, setting groundwater system and others. Although in general the presence of vegetation in an area impacted positive, but the effect varies depending on the structure and composition of vegetation in the area that. For example, vegetation in general will reduce the rate of soil erosion, but the amount depends structure and composition of the formations that make up the vegetation of the area. The big difference in the effect of vegetation type on water system in an area partly because each species has an architectural model different. The architectural model is usually applied to plant a tree berhabitusmorphological picture at a time which is one phase of a series of tree growth. The Certain models of tree architecture affect translocation of rain water into the stem the flow rate, the water translucent canopy, infiltration and surface flow rate in an area related to the role of vegetation in reducing the rate of erosion in the area. In relation to the hydrological cycle, Bennett (1995) suggests that the thick forests and grass vegetation types are more effective in arresting erosion if compared with multi-cropping, crop cotton and corn crops. On the ground is overgrown forest with slope between 8.75 to 16.5% erosion happens only 0.002 to 0.31 tons / acre / year, whereas on multi-cropping ranged from 14.28 to 27.8 tons / acre / year, the cotton crop from 23.23 to 65.6 tons / acre / year and for non-vegetated land rate erosion of about 111.7 tons / acre / year. In addition, the conversion forest to agriculture (Rahim, 1988), can also be increase the erosion rate of 157% in the third year and 470% in the fifth year after conversion.The presence of vegetation in a landscape will a positive impact on the balance of the ecosystem on a broader scale. In general, the role of vegetation in an ecosystem associated with setting balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air, improvement of the physical, chemical and biological soil, setting groundwater system and others. Although in general the presence of vegetation in an area impacted positive, but the effect varies depending on the structure and composition of vegetation in the area that. For example, vegetation in general will reduce the rate of soil erosion, but the amount depends structure and composition of the formations that make up the vegetation of the area. The big difference in the effect of vegetation type on water system in an area partly because each species has an architectural model different. The architectural model is usually applied to plant a tree berhabitusmorphological picture at a time which is one phase of a series of tree growth. The Certain models of tree architecture affect translocation of rain water into the stem the flow rate, the water translucent canopy, infiltration and surface flow rate in an area related to the role of vegetation in reducing the rate of erosion in the area. In relation to the hydrological cycle, Bennett (1995) suggests that the thick forests and grass vegetation types are more effective in arresting erosion if compared with multi-cropping, crop cotton and corn crops. On the ground is overgrown forest with slope between 8.75 to 16.5% erosion happens only 0.002 to 0.31 tons / acre / year, whereas on multi-cropping ranged from 14.28 to 27.8 tons / acre / year, the cotton crop from 23.23 to 65.6 tons / acre / year and for non-vegetated land rate erosion of about 111.7 tons / acre / year. In addition, the conversion forest to agriculture (Rahim, 1988), can also be increase the erosion rate of 157% in the third year and 470% in the fifth year after conversion.Ecology is a science that includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological study of the mutual relationship between organisms with other organisms in the population and other populations, as well as the mutual relationships between organisms and the physical factors of the environment. In relation to the previous description, it can be stated animal ecology can be defined as the study of the relationship of animals to their environment. Animal Ecology involves three main aspects, namely descriptive, concerning the knowledge of how to live animals, quantitative information concerning the measures of environmental conditions and the limits of tolerance of the animal to fluctuations of environmental factors, and analyze the analytic-synthetic environments and their influence by means of varying the conditions certain factors under controlled conditions of other factors. In studying the science of ecology we will discuss about the individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere (Susanto, 2000).

CHAPTER IIIOBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and placeTime:Saturday, September 27th 2014 Place:Beside of UlilAlbab

B. Tools and materialTools:1. A meter of length2. KnifeMaterials:1. Plants 2. Bamboos3. Raffia fibers4. Paper5. Pen

C. Data analyze

#--kurvaspesies arearm (list=ls(all=TRUE))#---ambil data#---Penentuanlokasidirektorisetwd('E:/EKTUM/KULIAH/SEMESTER V')dataku