laboratory of applied thermodynamics aristotle university thessaloniki school of engineering dept....
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LABORATORY OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKISCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Giorgos Melliosand
Leon Ntziachristos
Updated methodology Updated methodology
for estimating for estimating
evaporative VOC evaporative VOC
emissionsemissions
Copenhagen, 17Copenhagen, 17thth June 2008 June 2008
Recent updates
Chapter 0706 (Gasoline Evaporation from Vehicles) of the Guidebook was updated in August 2007
The chapter has been extensively reviewed by a number of expert users; mistakes were identified and corrected and the updated chapter will be included in the revised Guidebook
The new methodology and emission factors were incorporated in COPERT 4 Version 5.0 in December 2007
Evaporative emissions from gasoline vehicles
Emission sources
Breathing losses (fuel tank, activated carbon canister)
Fuel permeation and/or leakage (fuel and vapour control systems)
Mechanisms causing evaporative emissions
Diurnal emissions
Hot soak emissions
Running losses
Parked vehicle
Vehicle engine running
Background data
Joint JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR Programme on Evaporative Emissions 7 vehicles
10 fuels (including ethanol blends)
Regulatory SHED test procedure
LAT/CONCAWE/JRC work 5 vehicles
3 fuels (HC only)
Modified test protocol (improved vehicle preconditioning, more temperature profiles, consecutive diurnal tests, permeation tests)
Literature data Motorcycles (Artemis)
Carburetted and uncontrolled vehicles (older CONCAWE studies)
Activated carbon canister loading with fuel vapour
Canister weight:
a, b are linear functions of temperature & vapour pressure
Vapour pressure effect Temperature effect
vapour load
breakthrough emissions
)(e loadmsbaloadads mm
Fleet emissions calculation
Total evaporative emissions:
Eeva,voc,j = 365 ∙ Nj ∙ (HSj + ed,j + RLj)
Hot soak emissions
HSj = x {c [p ∙ es,hot,c + (1 – p) ∙ es,warm,c] + (1 – c) ∙ es,hot,fi}
Running losses
RLj = x {c [p ∙ er,hot,c + (1 – p) ∙ er,warm,c] + (1 – c) ∙ er,hot,fi}
Overview of the calculation procedure
Input parametersFuel vapour pressure (kPa)Tank size (l)Canister size (small, medium, large)Fuel tank fill level (%)Temperature variation (°C)Cumulative mileage (km)
Intermediate calculationsFuel vapour generation (g)Initial canister weight (g)
Canister breakthrough emissions (g)Permeation and/or leakage emissions (g)
Total evaporative emissions (g)
Parking time distribution
Parking duration tpark (h) Parking end-time t2 (hh:mm) < 0.5 1 1.5 … >11.5
0:00 f1 f2 f3 … f24
1:00 f25 f26 f27 … f48
2:00 f49 f50 f51 … f72
… … … … … …
23:00 f553 f554 f555 … f576
Parking duration distributed into 24 time classes ranging from <0.5 to >11.5 h
Each combination of parking duration and parking end-time has
a probability factor fk
∑ fk = 1
Parking time distribution
Parking duration tpark (h)
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12
0:00 0.94% 0.31% 0.04% 0.11% 0.13% 0.04% 0.07% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.30% 2.2%
1:00 0.51% 0.17% 0.02% 0.06% 0.07% 0.02% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.17% 1.2%
2:00 0.30% 0.10% 0.01% 0.04% 0.04% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.10% 0.7%
3:00 0.17% 0.06% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.06% 0.4%
4:00 0.30% 0.10% 0.01% 0.04% 0.04% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.10% 0.7%
5:00 0.94% 0.31% 0.04% 0.11% 0.13% 0.04% 0.07% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.30% 2.2%
6:00 1.97% 0.64% 0.09% 0.23% 0.28% 0.09% 0.14% 0.07% 0.07% 0.05% 0.05% 0.02% 0.05% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.63% 4.6%
7:00 2.40% 0.78% 0.11% 0.28% 0.34% 0.11% 0.17% 0.08% 0.08% 0.06% 0.06% 0.03% 0.06% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.77% 5.6%
8:00 2.23% 0.72% 0.10% 0.26% 0.31% 0.10% 0.16% 0.08% 0.08% 0.05% 0.05% 0.03% 0.05% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.72% 5.2%
9:00 2.23% 0.72% 0.10% 0.26% 0.31% 0.10% 0.16% 0.08% 0.08% 0.05% 0.05% 0.03% 0.05% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.72% 5.2%
10:00 2.27% 0.74% 0.11% 0.27% 0.32% 0.11% 0.16% 0.08% 0.08% 0.05% 0.05% 0.03% 0.05% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.73% 5.3%
11:00 2.35% 0.76% 0.11% 0.28% 0.33% 0.11% 0.17% 0.08% 0.08% 0.06% 0.06% 0.03% 0.06% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.76% 5.5%
12:00 1.97% 0.64% 0.09% 0.23% 0.28% 0.09% 0.14% 0.07% 0.07% 0.05% 0.05% 0.02% 0.05% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.63% 4.6%
13:00 2.23% 0.72% 0.10% 0.26% 0.31% 0.10% 0.16% 0.08% 0.08% 0.05% 0.05% 0.03% 0.05% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.72% 5.2%
14:00 2.40% 0.78% 0.11% 0.28% 0.34% 0.11% 0.17% 0.08% 0.08% 0.06% 0.06% 0.03% 0.06% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.77% 5.6%
15:00 2.48% 0.81% 0.12% 0.29% 0.35% 0.12% 0.17% 0.09% 0.09% 0.06% 0.06% 0.03% 0.06% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.80% 5.8%
16:00 2.78% 0.90% 0.13% 0.33% 0.39% 0.13% 0.20% 0.10% 0.10% 0.07% 0.07% 0.03% 0.07% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.90% 6.5%
17:00 2.78% 0.90% 0.13% 0.33% 0.39% 0.13% 0.20% 0.10% 0.10% 0.07% 0.07% 0.03% 0.07% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.90% 6.5%
18:00 2.70% 0.88% 0.13% 0.32% 0.38% 0.13% 0.19% 0.09% 0.09% 0.06% 0.06% 0.03% 0.06% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.87% 6.3%
19:00 2.18% 0.71% 0.10% 0.26% 0.31% 0.10% 0.15% 0.08% 0.08% 0.05% 0.05% 0.03% 0.05% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.70% 5.1%
20:00 1.88% 0.61% 0.09% 0.22% 0.26% 0.09% 0.13% 0.07% 0.07% 0.04% 0.04% 0.02% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.61% 4.4%
21:00 1.80% 0.58% 0.08% 0.21% 0.25% 0.08% 0.13% 0.06% 0.06% 0.04% 0.04% 0.02% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.58% 4.2%
22:00 1.67% 0.54% 0.08% 0.20% 0.23% 0.08% 0.12% 0.06% 0.06% 0.04% 0.04% 0.02% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.54% 3.9%
23:00 1.33% 0.43% 0.06% 0.16% 0.19% 0.06% 0.09% 0.05% 0.05% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.43% 3.1%
43% 14% 2.0% 5.0% 6.0% 2.0% 3.0% 1.5% 1.5% 1.0% 1.0% 0.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 14% 100%
Park
ing e
nd-t
ime t
2 (
hh:m
m)
Intermediate calculations
Fuel tank vapour generation (g)
Canister breakthrough emissions (g)
Permeation and leakage emissions (g)
)ee(e025.0)100/1(),( 0716.00716.00205.0 min,kmax,k TTvptankmax,kmin,ktank vhTTm
)sb(a)sb(amaxmin ee),( load,1load,2 mm
,k,kbreak TTm
2,k
1,k
T
T
vp2,k1,kperm TTTm 0.0206)10(6.1656e),( 2.560.004
Emission factors – Gasoline passenger cars
Diurnal emissions (g/day)Canister-equipped
Uncontrolled
k
2,k1,kpermmax,kmin,kbreakkd ,TTm,TTmfe )()(
k
2,k1,kpermmax,kmin,ktankkd ,TTm,TTmfe )()(
Emission factors – Gasoline passenger cars
Hot soak emissions (g/procedure) fuel injection and returnless fuel systems
carburettor and/or fuel return systems
uncontrolled
k
1,kpermks,hot,fi Tmfe 11)(
s,hot,fik
1,k1,kbreakks,warm,c
s,hot,fik
1,k1,kbreakks,hot,c
e,TTmfe
e,TTmfe
)4.5(
)6(
s,hot,fik
1,k1,ktankks,warm,c
s,hot,fik
1,k1,ktankks,hot,c
e,TTmfe
e,TTmfe
)4.5(
)6(
Emission factors – Gasoline passenger cars
Running losses (g/trip) fuel injection and returnless fuel systems
canister-equipped with carburettor and/or fuel return systems
uncontrolled with fuel return systems
k
2,kpermktripr,hot,fi Tmfte )15(
r,hot,fir,warm,cr,hot,c eee
r,hot,fik
2,k2,ktankkr,warm,c
r,hot,fik
2,k2,ktankkr,hot,c
e,TTmfe
e,TTmfe
)1(
)5(
Emission factors – Motorcycles
Diurnal emissions (g/day)Canister-equipped
Uncontrolled
k
2,k1,kpermmax,kmin,kbreakkd ,TTm,TTmfe )()(
k
2,k1,kpermmax,kmin,ktankkd ,TTm,TTmfe )()(
Emission factors – Motorcycles
Hot soak emissions (g/procedure) canister-equipped
uncontrolled
k1,k1,kbreakks,hot,c
k1,k1,kbreakks,hot,fi
,TTmfe
,TTmfe
)3.5(
)1.5(
k1,k1,ktankks,hot,c
k1,k1,ktankks,hot,fi
,TTmfe
,TTmfe
)3.5(
)1.5(
Emission factors – Motorcycles
Running losses (g/trip) canister-equipped with carburettor and/or fuel return systems
uncontrolled with fuel return systems
k2,k2,kbreakkr,hot,c
k2,k2,kbreakkr,hot,fi
,TTmfe
,TTmfe
)2.5(
)1(
k2,k2,ktankkr,hot,c
k2,k2,ktankkr,hot,fi
,TTmfe
,TTmfe
)2.5(
)1(
Comparison with COPERT III – controlled vehicles
0
1
2
3
4
Pass
enge
r ca
rs<
1.4
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs1.
4 -
2.0
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs>
2.0
lt
CO
PERT I
II
Pass
enge
r ca
rs<
1.4
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs1.
4 -
2.0
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs>
2.0
lt
CO
PERT I
II
summer 20 - 35 °C winter 0 - 15 °C
Evap
orat
ive
emis
sion
s (g
)
running losses
hot soak emissions
diurnal losses
Fuel injection
0
3
6
9
12
Pass
enge
r ca
rs<
1.4
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs1.
4 -
2.0
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs>
2.0
lt
CO
PERT I
II
Pass
enge
r ca
rs<
1.4
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs1.
4 -
2.0
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs>
2.0
lt
CO
PERT I
II
summer 20 - 35 °C winter 0 - 15 °CEv
apor
ativ
e em
issi
ons
(g)
running losses
hot soak emissions
diurnal losses
Carburettor
Compared to the new methodology, COPERT III: overestimates diurnal and running losses
underestimates the effect of temperature and/or overestimates the effect of fuel volatility
Comparison with COPERT III – uncontrolled vehicles
0
5
10
15
20
Pass
enge
r ca
rs<
1.4
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs1.
4 -
2.0
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs>
2.0
lt
CO
PERT I
II
Pass
enge
r ca
rs<
1.4
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs1.
4 -
2.0
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs>
2.0
lt
CO
PERT I
II
summer 20 - 35 °C winter 0 - 15 °C
Evap
orat
ive
emis
sion
s (g
)
running losses
hot soak emissions
diurnal losses
Fuel injection
0
15
30
45
60
Pass
enge
r ca
rs<
1.4
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs1.
4 -
2.0
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs>
2.0
lt
CO
PERT I
II
Pass
enge
r ca
rs<
1.4
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs1.
4 -
2.0
lt
Pass
enge
r ca
rs>
2.0
lt
CO
PERT I
II
summer 20 - 35 °C winter 0 - 15 °CEv
apor
ativ
e em
issi
ons
(g)
running losses
hot soak emissions
diurnal losses
Carburettor
Compared to the new methodology, COPERT III: overestimates diurnal and running losses
underestimates the effect of temperature and/or overestimates the effect of fuel volatility
Contributions to total emissions
Fleet information and exhaust emissions taken from TREMOVE v2.5 Observed differences on a country level are due to differences in
ambient temperatures (minimum and maximum), fuel volatility, vehicle usage (annual mileage) and technology mix (share of older uncontrolled vehicles, diesel vehicles, etc)
Country % Country %
AT 2.9 HU 4.4
BE 6.8 IE 12.7
CH 11.2 IT 8.5
CZ 5.0 LU 6.6
DE 11.5 NL 4.9
DK 6.1 NO 16.7
ES 9.0 PL 9.4
FI 5.1 PT 3.5
FR 10.5 SE 10.2
GR 8.8 SI 3.6
UK 15.2