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Knowledge Organiser: Causes of World War One

Timeline of key dates

1. 1879 1. Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary.

2. 1882 2. Triple Alliance formed when Italy joins Dual Alliance.

3. 1888 3. Year of the 3 Kaisers: Kaiser Wilhelm II takes the throne.

4. 1890 4. Kaiser Wilhelm II sacks Chancellor Bismarck.

KW II fails to renew Reinsurance Treaty with Russia.

5. 1894 5. Franco-Russian alliance formed.

6. 1902 6. Anglo-Japanese Alliance formed.

7. 1904 7. Entente Cordiale signed between France and Britain.

8. 1905 8. First Moroccan Crisis: KWII objects to Fr claims to Morocco.

Ger forms the Schlieffen Plan to avoid war on two fronts.

9. 1906 9. Algeciras Conference held to determine future of Morocco.

KWII forced to back down – humiliating!

Britain launches HMS Dreadnought – starts Naval Arms Race

10. 1908 10. Bosnian Crisis: Aust-Hung annexes Bosnia – Russia angry and

humiliated when forced to back down by Germany.

11. 1911 11. Second Moroccan (Agadir) Crisis: Germany sends gunboat

Panther to Agadir in response to France occupying Fez.

Germany backs down after deal with Fr – gets land in Congo.

12. 1912 12. First Balkan War: Balkan League defeats Turkey.

13. 1913 13. Second Balkan War: Balkan League quarrel

Serbia doubles in size.

14. 28 Jun 1914 14. Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Gavrilo Princip

during a visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia.

15. 28 Jul 1914 15. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and shells Belgrade.

16. 1 Aug 1914 16. Russia refuses German demand to stop mobilising troops.

Germany declares war on Russia.

17. 2 Aug 1914 17. France mobilises in support of Russia.

18. 3 Aug 1914 18. Germany declares war on France.

19. 4 Aug 1914 19. Germany activates Schlieffen Plan and invades Belgium.

Britain declares war on Germany after ultimatum.

20. 6 Aug 1914 20. Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.

Key Terms / Concepts

21. Imperialism 21. Extending a country’s influence by

building a large overseas empire – usually

using military force.

22. Nationalism 22. A feeling of being superior to other

countries and following your own national

interest above all else.

23. Militarism 23. The belief that a country should keep a

strong military and be prepared to use it to

defend national interests.

24. A Place in the

Sun

24. KWII’s plan to seek a stronger position in

the world through expansion of the German

empire.

25. Weltpolitik 25. ‘World politics’ – a more aggressive

foreign policy aimed at increasing German

military strength and overseas empire.

26. Alliance 26. a group of countries that are formally

united or working together for a similar aim

or common purpose.

27. Splendid

Isolation

27. Britain’s foreign policy before 1904 to

avoid foreign treaties and commitments.

28. Entente

Cordiale

28. A friendly agreement between Br and Fr

that settled long-standing colonial disputes.

29. Dreadnought 29. A type of battleship introduced in 1906,

larger, faster and equipped entirely with

large-calibre guns.

30. Schlieffen

Plan

30. A German plan to defeat France quickly

by invading neutral Belgium before Russia

could mobilise their army.

31. Plan 17 31. French military plan to attack Germany

and recapture Alsace-Lorraine.

33. Black Hand 32. Serbian Nationalist group aimed to unite

all Serbian people in a Greater Serbia.

Knowledge Organiser: Western Front, 1914-17

Time line of key dates

1. 23 Aug 1914 1. British Expeditionary Force meet German forces at Battle of

Mons.

2. Sept 1914 2. Battle of the Marne: The BEF stopped the German advance and

‘saved’ Paris.

3. Oct 1914 3. The first Battle of Ypres: ‘The Race to the Sea’ to control the

coastline begins.

4. Nov 1914 4. The War reached stalemate as both sides dug in defensive

positions.

5. Mar 1915 5. Battle of Neuve Chapelle - attempt to break the stalemate fails

despite early successes.

6. Apr 1915 6. Second Battle of Ypres: Germans used poison gas for the first

time.

7. Sept 1915 7. Battle of Loos: 5,100 gas cylinders released by British to

overwhelm German gas masks. Much blew back to Br trenches.

8. Feb 1916 8. Germans begin battle to capture strategic forts at Verdun.

General Falkenhayn’s tactic of attrition was to ‘bleed France white’.

9. 1 July 1916 9. Haig launched attack at the Somme to relieve French at Verdun.

First day resulted in 57,000 Br casualties.

British used the tank for the first time.

10. Nov 1916 10. Battle of the Somme ends with loss of 1.25 million men.

11. Apr 1917 11. Battle of Vimy Ridge: Canadian troops capture strategic high

position from Germans.

Nivelle Offensive – disaster for the French – led to mutinies in

the French Army and removal of French C-in-C Robert Nivelle.

America declares war on Germany.

12. Jul 1917 12. Third Battle of Passchendaele: heavy rain and drainage

destroyed by artillery led to the battlefield becoming a muddy

quagmire. Over 300,000 Allied troops lost with very little gain.

13. Nov 1917 13. Battle of Cambrai: British attach - 476 tanks are used along the

entire line.

New Weapons

21.

Aircraft

20. Planes and balloons used to spot enemy

positions.

German used Zepplins to carry out bombing

raids (London, May 1915)

May 1917 – first serious German aeroplane

bombing raid – Folkestone.

22.

Tanks

21. Tracks enabled tanks to travel on rough

terrain. Heavily armoured body stopped

ordinary gunfire.

First used at Somme, but took a while to

develop effective tactics.

23.

Poison

Gas

22. Germans first to use chlorine gas in April

1915, but was highly visible.

Dec 1915, Germans used phosgene – invisible

and deadly but slow acting.

Sept 1917 – Germans used mustard gas –

causes blisters and internal bleeding.


14. Stalemate 14. Deadlock where neither side can

move or achieve outright victory.

15. Artillery 15. Very large guns that fire at long

range. Moved on wheels or tracks.

16. BEF 16. British Expeditionary Force: Br force

of 150,000 created to travel in the event

of war.

17. Attrition 17. The wearing down and gradual

weakening of the enemy forces.

18. No Mans

Land

18. Land between the front line

trenches of opposing sides.

19. Over the

Top

19. Phrase used to describe the infantry

climbing out of the trenches to attack

the enemy.

20. Morale 20. Positivity, confidence, motivation.

Knowledge Organiser: Events of WW1 Gallipoli Campaign, 1915


1. 1915 1. Attempts to break stalemate on Western Front unsuccessful.

2. Mar 1915 2. Beginning of Gallipoli Campaign: British ships begin attack on Turkish

forts in Dardanelles Straits.

3. April 1915 3 (i) Amphibious landings of Br, Fr and ANZAC troops on Helles Beach.

(ii) Amphibious landings unsuccessful – troops instructed to dig in.

4. May 1915 4. One day truce between Allied forces and Turkish to bury the dead.

5. Aug 1915 5. Further beach landings at Suvla Bay by 20,000 British soldiers – failed to

break Turkish defences.

6. Nov 1915 6. Start of Turkish winter – un-prepared soliders begin suffering effects of

frostbite.

7. Dec 1915 7. Decision taken to withdraw from Gallipoli

8. 10 Dec 1915 8. Evacuation of British troops from Gallipoli (10 Dec – 9 Jan)

Key Individuals / Groups

9. Winston Churchill 9. First Lord of the Admiralty and ‘Easterner’

10. David Lloyd George 10. Prime Minister and Easterner – believed in “knocking

out the props from under Germany”

11. Sir Douglas Haig 11. Commander in Chief of Br Army and ‘Westerner’

12. Lord Fisher 12. First Sea-Lord – against sending ships to Gallipoli

13. Sir Ian Hamilton 13. Allied Commander at Gallipoli – unable to co-ordinate

the attack from his ship some distance from the front.


16. Easterners Believed the war could be won by

defeating Germany’s allies.

17. Westerners Believed the war could only be won

by defeating German army on W.

Front.

18. ‘Side-Show’ A minor incident that distracts

from more important events.

19. Gallipoli Major campaign of WW1 on Turkish

peninsula

20. Dardanelles

Straits

A stretch of water that separates

European and Asian Turkey.

21. Front The point to which an army has

advanced and is engaging with an

enemy.

22. ANZAC Australian and New Zealand Army

Corps.

Casualties

14. Allies 14. 205,000

15. Turkish 15. 250,000

Knowledge Organiser: Events of WW1, War at Sea


1. 1898 1. German Naval Laws increase size of the Reichsmarine

2. 1906 2. HMS Dreadnought launched. Naval Arms Race restarts.

3. 1914 3. (i) British blockade of German ports began.

(ii) A minor Naval Battle at Heligoland Bight.

4. Nov 1914 4. Battle of Coronel – 2 British Cruisers sunk, 1600 lives lost.

5. Dec 1914 5. (i) German naval bombardment of Whitby, Scarborough and Hartlepool.

(ii) Battle of Falkland Islands – German Pacific Fleet destroyed.

6. Jan 1915 6. Battle of Dogger Bank – German battle cruiser Blucher destroyed.

7. Feb 1915 7. Germans begin unrestricted submarine warfare.

8. May 1915 8. American Liner ‘Lusitania’ sunk by German U-Boat, 1200 passengers lost.

9. May 1916 9. Battle of Jutland – German High Seas fleet attempts to break blockade.

10. Jun 1916 10. Britain now lost 500,000 tons of shipping.

11. 1917 11. Introduction of the Convoy system to transport goods across Atlantic.

Key Individuals / Groups / Ships

12. Admiral Jellicoe 12. Admiral of the Fleet – led the British Navy at the Battle of

Jutland.

13. Admiral Beatty 13. Senior Naval Officer – Commander of battlecruiser squadron.

14. Admiral von Hipper 14. German Naval officer – Commander of German flotilla from Kiel

15. Admiral von Scheer 15. Commander of German flotilla from Wilhelmshaven.

16. HMS Indefatigable 16. British ship destroyed at the Battle of Jutland

17. HMS Queen Mary 17. British ship destroyed at the Battle of Jutland


18. U-Boat 18. ‘Unterseeboot’ or submarine.

19. Reichsmarine 19. German Navy

20. Blockade 20. To seal off – to prevent passage of

goods.

21. Central Powers 21. Germany and her allies (Austria-

Hungary and Turkey)

22. Sea Mines 22. Explosive device placed in water –

triggered by propeller movement or

magnetism.

23. Depth Charge 23. Introduced in 1916 – designed to

explode at certain depth.

24. Torpedo 24. New weapon – missile fired from

submarine.

25. Q Ships 25. Decoy ships – merchant ships with

disguised heavy guns.

26. Convoy System 26. Merchant ships travelling in close

formation with British or American

warship escort.

27. Unrestricted

warfare

27. Removed the convention of warning

Merchant ships of imminent attack.

QUOTE: 30th May 1916, Admiral Beatty: “There's something wrong

with our bloody ships today”. At the Battle of Jutland after the battlecruisers HMS Indefatigable and HMS

Queen Mary were quickly hit, blown up and sunk with the loss of almost all

hands.

Knowledge Organiser: The Eastern Front & End of the War, 1917-18

Western Front 1917-18: Time line of key dates

8. Nov 1916 8. Battle of Somme ended with loss of 1.25million

9. April 1917 9. Nivelle Offensive leads to French Army Mutiny

10. 1 April 1917 10. USA declares war on Germany.

Canadians capture fortified Vimy Ridge

11. July 1917 11. Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)

12. Nov 1917 12. Battle of Cambrai – British use 350 tanks

13. March 1918 13. Ludendorff Offensive breaks allied lines

14. 8th Aug 1918 14. Allied counter attack – ‘Black Day’ for German Army –

start of Hundred Days

15. Sept. 1918 15. Allies reach Hindenburg Line

16. Oct 1918 16. German army in full retreat

17. 11 Nov 1918 17. Germany signs armistice and fighting on the Western

Front ends.

Eastern Front: Time line of key dates

1. Aug 1914 1. Russian army invades East Prussia

Russian troops defeated at Battle of Tannenberg

2. May 1915 2. Russian forces defeated by Aust-Hung at Gorlice

3. June 1916 3. Brusilov Offensive – Russia broke Aust-Hung line

4. Aug 1916 4. Brusilov Offensive slowing – 500,000 killed

5. Feb 1917 5. Russian Revolution – Tsar overthrown by Provisional

Government – stay committed to war.

6. Oct 1917 6. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia led by Lenin. Russia

withdraws from the war.

7. Mar 1918 7. Russians sign peace treaty with Germany – Treaty of

Brest Litovsk.

Key words

18. Mobilise 18. To prepare and organize (troops) for active

service.

19. Tannenberg 19. Battle fought between Russia and Germany from

26–30 August 1914

20. Offensive 20. An attacking military campaign.

21. Line 21. The position(s) closest to the area of conflict of

an armed force's personnel and equipment

22. Revolution 22. A forcible overthrow of a government or social

order, in favour of a new system.

23. Hindenburg

Line

23. A German defensive position of World War I,

built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western

Front

24. Mutiny 24. A refusal to obey the orders of a person in

authority.

25. Retreat 25. withdraw from enemy forces.

26. Armistice 26. A formal agreement to stop fighting.

Size of American

Expeditionary Force

1917-18

Jun1917 14,000

Jan 1918 200,000

May 1918 1,000,000

Oct 1918 1,800,000

Knowledge Organiser: The Peace Treaties, 1919-23


1. Jan 1918 1. Woodrow Wilson publishes his 14 Points

2. 11 Nov

1918

2. Fighting on the Western Front ended with the signing of the armistice.

3. Jan 1919 3. The ‘Big Three’ arrived in Paris to draw up a peace treaty

4. May 1919 4. The terms of Treaty of Versailles announced to the German people.

5. June 1919 5. Germany refused to sign and sinks their own navy at Scapa Flow in protest.

6. 28 Jun

1919

6. Under threat of continued war, Ebert (new German leader) signed the

Treaty of Versailles.

7. 1920 7. Clemenceau voted out because Treaty wasn’t harsh enough for French!

8. Mar 1920 8. Kapp Putsch - Attempted revolution against the new German government led

by Ebert’s right-wing opponents.

9. 1922 9. Germany fell behind on reparations payments.

10. 1923 10. French and Belgian soldiers entered the Ruhr region to take raw materials.

German government ordered workers to go on strike – met with violence

from French and Belgian soldiers.

German government ‘solved’ economic crisis by printing more money which

led to hyperinflation (rapid price rises).

Other Treaties Germany’s Allies

23.

Treaty of

St.

Germaine

1919 Austria

Separated Austria and Hungary

Territory given to Czechoslovakia (Bohemia, Moravia),

Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Croatia), Poland (Galicia) and Italy.

Army restricted to 30,000.

Forbidden to unite with Germany.

24.

Treaty of

Neuilly

1919 Bulgaria

Lost land to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia.

Armed forces limited to 20,000.

Forced to pay £100 million in reparations.

25.

Treaty of

Trianon

1920 Hungary

Lost land to Romania (Transylvania), Czechoslovakia

(Slovakia, Ruthenia), Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia).

Economy was too weak to pay reparations.

26.

Treaty of

Sevres

1920 Turkey

Lost land to Greece (Smyrna), although returned under

Treaty of Lausanne, 1923. Syria was placed under

French control by mandate.


11.Self-

determination11. Principle that states should rule

themselves rather than be ruled by

others.

12. Rhineland 12. Area of German land between the

river Rhine and the French border.

13. Saarland 13. German area rich in coal mines.

14. War Guilt

Clause14. Article 231 of the Treaty that

forced Germany to accept full blame

for the war.

15. Reparations 15. Money payable by Germany and her

Allies to the victorious nations.

16. Mandates 16. German overseas territory that was

put under League of Nations control.

17. Aschluss 17. German word for union with

Austria.

18.

Demilitarisation18. To remove or reduce armed forces

within a particular area.

19. Disarmament 19. Reducing or completely removing a

nation’s military and weapons.

The Big Three - aims

20. WoodrowWilson

USA

Idealist – 14 points

Fair treaty to prevent Germany seeking

revenge.

League of Nations

21. Georges Clemenceau

France

Realist

French people wanted to cripple

Germany

Weaken Germany as much as possible.

22. David Lloyd George

Britain

Remove German Empire and Navy

Restart trade between Br and Germany

BUT! Promised British people he’d ‘make

Germany pay’

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles

Article Description

1-26The Covenant of the League of Nations - Germany was

not allowed to join.

42The Rhineland was demilitarised - the German army

was not allowed to go there.

45The Saar, with its rich coalfields, given to France for 15

years.

51 Alsace-Lorraine returned to France.

80 Germany forbidden to unite with Austria.

87

Lands in eastern Germany - the rich farmlands of Posen

and the Polish corridor between Germany and East

Prussia - given to Poland.

100Danzig made a free city under League of Nations

control.

119All Germany's colonies taken and given to France and

Britain as 'mandates'.

160 The German army restricted to 100,000 men.

181The German navy restricted to six battleships and no

submarines.

198 Germany not allowed to have an air force.

231Germany was responsible for causing all the loss and

damage caused by the war.

232Germany would have to pay reparations, to be decided

later - eventually set at 132 billion gold marks.

Wilson’s 14 Points

1 No secret treaties.

2 Free access to the seas in peacetime or wartime.

3 Free trade between countries.

4 All countries to work towards disarmament.

5 Colonies to have a say in their own future.

6 German troops to leave Russia.

7 Independence for Belgium.

8 France to regain Alsace-Lorraine.

9 Frontier between Austria and Italy to be adjusted.

10 Self-determination for the people of Eastern

Europe (they should rule themselves.

11 Serbia to have access to the sea.

12 Self-determination for the peoples of the Turkish

empire.

13 Poland to become an independent state with

access to the sea.

14 League of Nations to be set up.

Knowledge Organiser: The League of Nations


1. Jan 1920 1. League of Nations set up to sort out disputes between nations.

2. Nov 1920 2. Warren Harding won USA Presidential election promising to keep America

out of the League of Nations.

3. 1920 3. Polish army took control of Vilna. Lithuania appealed to the League but it

did not act. The Poles kept Vilna.

4. 1921 4. Upper Silesia: a plebiscite determined whether Silesians wanted to be

German or Polish. The League divided the region and both sides accepted.

5. 1921 5. Aaland Islands: League ruled in favour of Finland. Sweden accepted.

6. 1921 6. Washington Treaty: USA, Br, Fr and Jap agree to limit size of navy.

7. 1923 7. Corfu: Mussolini, occupied Greek island of Corfu after the murder of Italian

general, Tellini. League condemned Mussolini’s actions, but Greece was made

to pay compensation to Italy and apologise.

8. 1925 10. Bulgaria: Greek troops invaded Bulgaria after an incident on the border.

The LoN condemned the Greek action and Greece was forced to withdraw.

9. 1926 11. Germany joins the League of Nations after signing Locarno Treaty.

10. 1928 12. Kellog Briand Pact: 65 nations agreed not to use force to settle disputes.

11. Oct 1929 13. Wall Street Crash in USA started the ‘Great Depression.

12. Sept 1931 14. Japan invaded Manchuria after an alleged Chinese attack on the South

Manchurian railway at Mukden. China appealed to the League.

13. 1932 15. Japan set up a new Government in Manchuria (renamed Manchuko).

14. Sept 1932 16. League published Lytton report condemning Japan.

15. Feb 1933 17. Japan left the League. Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany.

16. Oct 1933 16. Hitler withdrew from the Disarmament Conference and left the LoN.

17. Dec 1934 17. Mussolini began preparations for invasion of Abyssinia.

18. Jan 1935 18. Br, Fr and It sign Stresa Pact – promised to unite against Germany.

19. Oct 1935 19. Mussolini sent troops and heavy artillery to invade Abyssinia.

League imposed economic sanctions, but did not include oil.

Britain and France did not close the Suez Canal to Italian ships.

Hoare-Laval Plan to divide Abyssinia leaked. LoN reputation in tatters.

20. May 1936 20. Mussolini had conquered all of Abyssinia.

Key terms / concepts / People

Covenant Agreement of 26 rules of the LoN

Moral Persuasion The LoN could apply pressure to

countries who were in the wrong.

Economic Sanctions The LoN could block trade with

countries who were in the wrong.

Isolationism American policy – stay out of foreign

affairs, including the LoN.

Veto Power of veto meant that everyone

had to agree to an action before it

was decided.

Wall St Crash Collapse in the price of shares on the

US stock market that began a world

wide economic depression.

Lord Lytton LoN Official sent to investigate

Manchurian Crisis.

Emp. Heile Selassi Emperor of Abyssinia (now Ethiopia)

Benito Mussolini Fascist Leader of Italy from 1922.

Humanitarian Achievements of the LoN

Refugees

CommissionReturned PoWs to homelands.

Stamped out disease in refugee camps.

International

Labour

Organisation

Banned poisonous lead paint.

Limited children’s working hours.

Introduced 48 hour working week.

World Health

OrganisationWorked to end leprosy.

Worked to reduce Malaria and Yellow

Fever by exterminating mosquitos.

Drugs

CommissionBlacklisted companies involved in drugs

trade.

Slavery

CommissionFreed 200,000 slaves in British owned

Sierra Leone.

Challenged forced labour in Tanganyika

(now Tanzania)

Knowledge Organiser: Causes of the Second World War


1. Jan 1933 1. Hitler became Chancellor – began big rearmament programme and left LoN.

2. 1934 2. Hitler agreed a 10 year friendship (non-aggression) pact with Poland.

3. Jan 1935 3. 90% of the population of the Saarland voted to return to German rule. It

returned to Germany in March.

4. Mar 1935 4. Hitler introduced military conscription – breaking terms of ToV.

5. Jun 1935 5. Hitler made a Naval agreement with Britain. Hitler could rebuild the

German Navy to 35% of British Naval strength and 45% submarine strength.

6. Mar 1936 6. France and Russia had signed a Mutual Assistance Pact to protect from Ger.

Hitler sent troops to remilitarise the Rhineland. LoN condemned the move.

Spanish Civil War begins between Communists and Right Wing rebels under

General Franco.

7. Apr 1937 7. Hitler sent German bombers to help Franco in Spanish Civil War. The town

of Guernica bombed by Luftwaffe with estimated 1,650 killed.

8. 1937 8. Germany, Japan and Italy signed Anti-Commintern (Anti-Communist

International) Pact - became the Axis Alliance.

9. Mar 1938 9. Hitler marched his troops into Austria to ‘supervise’ a plebiscite about the

future of Austria. 99.75% of Austrians voted to unite with Germany.

10. May 1938 10. Hitler declared he was willing to fight Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia had

promises of support from Britain, France and USSR. Tensions rose.

11. 15 Sept 38 11. Hitler told Chamberlain that he wanted part of Sudetenland.

12. 19 Sept 38 12. Br and Fr put plans to the Czechs to give parts of Sudetenland to Hitler.

13. 22 Sept 38 13. Second meeting between Hitler and Chamberlain – Hitler demanded all of

the Sudetenland.

14. 29 Sept 38 14. Munich Agreement: Br, Ger, Fr and It decided to appease Hitler and give

him all the Sudetenland. Did not consult Czechs or USSR.

15. 1 Oct 39 15. Hitler’s troops marched into Sudetenland.

16. Mar 1939 16. Hitler’s troops invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia

17. Aug 1939 17. Hitler and Stalin sign the Nazi Soviet Pact.

18. 1 Sept 39 18. German army invaded Poland.

19. 3 Sept 39 19. Chamberlain declared to the British people that Br and Ger were at war.

Key terms / concepts / People

Lebensraum Hitler’s plan to create more living space

for Germans in Eastern Europe.

Rearmament The process of rebuilding and expanding

the armed forces.

Conscription Making it compulsory to join the army

when you reach a certain age.

Plebiscite Vote by the people to make a decision.

Guernica Spanish market town destroyed by the

German air force in April 1937

Luftwaffe German Air Force.

Anschluss Political union between Germany and

Austria.

USSR Communist Russia led by Josef Stalin

Appeasement Chamberlain’s policy of giving in to

Hitler’s demands to avoid war.

For Against

Hitler was standing up to

Communism – a bigger

threat.

It allowed Germany time to

get stronger – too strong!

No-one wanted to relive the

horrors of WW1 . Avoid

war!

It scared the USSR. Hitler

had clear plans to extend

eastwards – threatened USSR

Britain was not ready for

war in 1938. Britain needed

time to prepare.

Appeasement was based on

the mistaken idea that

Hitler could be trusted.

Treaty of Versailles had

been unfair to Germany.It encouraged Hitler to be

aggressive.

No guarantee of US support

in war against Germany. Appeasement: The

Right Policy?

You decide!

Depression meant that own

economic affairs was more

important.

Knowledge Organiser: British Society, 1939-75 – Young People


1. Sept 1939 1. Approx 1.5 million people moved from areas at high risk of

bombing during evacuation.

2. May 1940 2. Blitz begins – second wave of evacuation begins.

3. Dec 1942 3. Beveridge Report identifies 5 social ‘evils’ for working classes:

Want (poverty), Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, Idleness.

4. 1944 4. Education Act – compulsory, free education up to age 15.

5. Jul 1945 5. Labour Party won a landslide victory in the General Election.

6. 1945 6. Family Allowances Act – 5 shillings per child per week.

7. 1946 7. National Insurance Act – benefits for unemployed and sick.

8. 1947 8. Town and Country Planning Act cleared slums and bomb

damaged houses and relocated families to new towns.

9. 1948 9. National Health Service opens.

Childrens Act - all Local Authorities to provide Child Protection

services.

10. 1955 10. Britain enters period of ‘prosperity’.

11. Sept 1958 11. Notting Hill Riots – Gangs of Teddy Boys attack black population.

12. Aug 1963 12. ITV show ‘Ready, Steady, Go!’ launched.

13. 1964 13. Beatles sold 25 million albums worldwide.

Series of violent clashes between ‘Mods’ and ‘Rockers’ at British

seaside towns.

14. Jul 1965 14. Comprehensive Schools began to replace Grammar and

Secondary Modern Schools.

15. Aug 1967 15. ‘Summer of Love’ – 50,000 Hippies gathered for 3 day ‘Love-In’.

16. Mar 1968 16. 25,000 student protesters gathered outside US Embassy in

London to protest against Vietnam War. Violent clashes with

police.


17. National

Government

17. Wartime Government under Churchill that

included all main political parties.

18. Welfare

state

18. Reforms of the labour government - gave

help for families, unemployed and sick.

19. Prosperity 19. A period of economic success (growth) and

affluence (wealth)

20. Universality 20. Principle that everyone would benefit from

welfare reforms.

21. Teddy Boy 21. ‘Teenager’ of 1950s - long ‘Edwardian

Style’ drape jacket, drainpipe trousers.

22. Mods 22. 1960s teen sub-culture - smart, Italian

fashions, scooters. Listened to Jazz and R&B.

23. Rockers 23. 1960s teen sub-culture - leather jackets,

denim, motor cycles. Listened to rock.

24. Skinheads 24. 1970s Youth culture – associated with

working class, inner-city youth. Shaved heads,

wore denim and heavy boots (bovver boots).

25. Grammar

School

25. Selective state school that allowed

children in who passed 11+ exam.

26. Secondary

Modern School

26. Provided a general education to students

who did not get in to grammar school.

27.

Comprehensive

27. Non-selective state school that encouraged

children of different backgrounds to mix.

Knowledge Organiser: British Society, 1939-75 - Immigration


1. 1940 1. Arrival of Commonwealth and Empire Servicemen and women

2. 1942 2. Arrival of American ‘GI’s (totalled around 3million)

3. 1945 3. End of the Second World War – many PoWs choose to remain in Britain

4. 1948 4. Arrival of SS Empire Windrush bringing immigrants from Jamaica

5. 1949 5. Nationality Act becomes law: gives all citizens of Br Empire free access to Br

6. 1955 6. Transport workers strike in Wolverhampton and Bristol in protest against

‘coloured workers’

7. 1958 7. August: Violence between Black and White Youths in Nottingham

8. 1958 8. September: Notting Hill Riots – attacks on Black community by Teddy Boys

9. 1962 9. Commonwealth Immigrants Act – limits immigration to skilled workers.

10. 1965 10. Race Relations Act – illegal to discriminate on grounds of race.

11. 1967 11. Formation of the National Front Political Party

12. 1968 12. Enoch Powell delivers the ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech in Birmingham

13. 1976 13. Racial Equality Act – made racially offensive music or publications illegal.


14. Oswald Moseley 14. Former fascist leader – set up the anti-immigration Union

movement.

15. Kelso Cochrane 15. Carpenter from Antigua that was murdered by 6 white youths.

16. Enoch Powell 16. Outspoken Conservative MP – known for ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech

17. Jomo Kenyatta 17. Gave all Kenyan Asians 2 years to become citizens or leave.

18. Idi Amin 18. Ugandan dictator – expelled 50,000 Asians from Uganda

19. Peter Rachman 19. Landlord – provided poor quality, expensive accommodation for

immigrants in West London

20. Sybil Phoenix 20. Immigrant - Helped establish race relations groups – awarded MBE

Wave 1

1940s

Wave 2

1950s

Wave 3

1960s & 70s

IrishAmerican GIs

PoWsPoles

Commonwealth servicemen

Carribean(West Indes)

Commonwealth

Asia(Indian Sub-continent)

African Asians(Kenya,

Uganda)


21. Immigration 21. Act of coming to live permanently

in another country.

22. Nationality 22. Status of belonging to a particular

nation

23. GIs 23. American servicemen stationed in

Britain in WW2

24. PoWs 24. Prisoners of war – captured enemy

soldiers held in camps in Britain.

25. Windrush 25. Highly publicised ship that arrived

in 1948 carrying immigrants from

Jamaica.

26. Colour Bar 26. Discrimination that prevented

black immigrants finding housing / jobs

etc.

27. Race Relations 27. Relations between different races

within one country.

28. Commonwealth 28. International association of UK and

countries that were in Br Empire.

Knowledge Organiser: British Society, 1939-75 - Women


1. 1941 1. All women aged 20+ registered for war work.

2. 1944 2. 200,000 women working in munitions.

3. 1945 3. End of the Second World War – Family Allowance payments introduced.

4. 1948 4. NHS opens – provides maternity and child health care services.

6. 1955 6.Government agreed to equal pay in public sector jobs. Phased in over 6 yrs.

7. 1961 7. Birth control pill became available to married women on the NHS.

9. 1967 9. Abortion Act passed legalised abortion if two doctors approved.

12. 1968 12. (i) Barbara Castle appointed as Minister for Employment

(ii) Women workers at Ford Motor Cars, Dagenham strike for equal pay.

13. 1969 13. Divorce Reform Act – removed the ‘blame culture’ in divorce.

14. 1970 14. (i) First Women’s Liberation Conference held at Ruskin College.

(ii) Womens Lib Protest at Miss World Contest.

(iii) Equal Pay Act introduced by Barbara Castle (phased in by 1975).

15. 1975 15. Margaret Thatcher becomes leader of the Conservative Party.


16. Fawcett Society 16. Campaign group for equal pay and equal treatment.

17. 6 Point Group 17. Campaign group: Political, Occupational, Moral, Social, Economic

and Legal equality for women.

18. Germaine Greer 18. Feminist writer and author of ‘The Female Eunuch’ published

1970

19. Barbara Castle 19. Britain’s first female government minister. Made Minister for

Employment in 1968.


20. Munitions 20. Military weapons, ammunition and

equipment.

21. Auxiliary

Services

21. Providing supplementary help or

support to armed forces.

22. Women’s Land

Army

22. Civilian organisation that enabled

women to work in agriculture in WW2.

23. Trade Unions 23. Organised associations of workers

formed to protect their rights.

24. Women’s

Liberation

24. Movement with the overall aim of

creating equality between men and

women.

25. Contraceptive /

Birth Control Pill

25. Oral pill designed to prevent

pregnancy.

26. ‘Back Street’

abortion

26. Illegal abortions carried out in

unregistered premises.

27. Equality 27. The state of being equal, especially

in status, rights or opportunity.

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