1. plassey. battle of plassey causes and consequences

1. Plassey

Battle of Plassey

CausesAnd Consequences

CAUSESDisputed succession of Siraj ud DaulaBritish help to Siraj ud Daula’s rivalsFortification by the BritishMisuse of the trade privilegesAffair of Krishana BallabhOccupation of Calcutta and black hole tragedyReoccupation of Calcutta by the English in 1757Treaty of Ali Nagar in 1757Capture of Chander NagarImmediate cause

Siraj Ud Daula

1757 June 23 -Battle

Significance

Political significance

British became rulers from tradersBritish became masters of BengalIt opened doors to conquer IndiaEnd of the rule of Siraj ud DaulaBritish came to know about the negative side of the

character of the IndiansIt helped them to win in the battle of BuxarGrieved and unsatisfied Hindus under Muslim rule joined the

BritishMuslim rule came to an end

Military significance

Mughals lost Bengal foreverCowardice of the Mughals was exposedBritish could bring their troops easily in Bengal through

sea route and also could use their naval power as Bengal was situated on the sea coast

In the Nawab’s army 500 soldiers were killed and about 500 were wounded whereas only 23 British soldiers were killed and 49 were wounded.

Economic significance

Fertile and prosperous province like Bengal came under British control.

With the wealth of Bengal it became easy for the British to conquer other regions of India

The British soldiers got much booty or plunderAfter the battle Mir Jafar who became the Nawab of

Bengal gave a lot of wealth to the British Company. He was asked to pay a huge amount to company

British company established its own mint in CalcuttaIt got an estate of 24 districtsIt got the privilege of right to trade without paying any

tax

Moral significance

They became more greedy and they began to use moral and immoral means to attain wealth

They started to tyrannize the common peoplePeople came to know the moral degradation of the

British

2. Buxar

Battle Buxar

Causes and consequences

Causes

Battle of Plassey led to the battle of BuxarMisuse of the trade privileges by the BritishMir Kasim’s desire to be free from British

influencesImproper trade was stopped by Mir KasimMajor Ellis’ attack on PatnaSkirmish between Mir Kasim and Major AdamAppointment of Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal

On 22 October 1764

Significances

Treaty of Allahabad Mir Jafar became a puppet into the hands of British Company Powers of the Nawab snatched away Mir Jafar who was made as the Nawab of Bengal promised to give compensation of

the battle He also promised to re-impose the toll tax on the Indians The troops of Nawab were reduced and in his court the British resident remained

permanently The power of Nawab of Audh was dispersed Mir Kasim fled away Mughal emperor Sha Alam was given the right to collect revenue from the states of

Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. He was given 26 lacs annually and also given the districts of Allahabad and Kara. Thus Mughal emperor became fully under the control of British.

3. Robert Clive

Robert Clive Dual system

Life and carrier

• Born in England in 1725 and in 1744 became a clerk in the British East India Company.

Agreement between Clive and East India Company in 1755

In 1757 in the battle of Plassey he defeated Siraj ud Daula and Mir Jafar was made as the new Nawab of Bengal. He got a lot of wealth in the shape of gifts. The credit of the victory of the battle of Plassey goes to Clive. British were firmly established in Bengal with the victory in the battle of Plassey.

Clive, marriage photo family and then with family

Clive, Real founder of British rule in India

Governorship in Bengal

• First-from 1757-1760• Second-1765-67• Dual system- two powers took part in the

administration of Bengal i.e. Nawab and company

This is dual system

Merits of dual system

End of struggle for supremacy between Nawab and British Company

Trick on European powers like French and Dutch Protection from rebellions by the Indians Clive could satisfy the directors of the British

company Protection from the opposition by the Marathas Economic benefits Unstable system Managed able and experienced employees

Demerits of dual system

• Separated power and responsibility• Evil of individual trade• Harm to lndian trade and Indian traders• Spoilt administration• Anarchy and chaos• Bad effect on judicial system• Huge income to the company with no

responsibilities

Statues of Clive established in England

4. Warren

Reforms of Warren HastingsAdministrative reforms

Warren Hastings in Different poses

Second wife of Hastings, oil canvas

A cartoon of Warren Hastings

Letter

• Letter from Warren Hastings to George Bogle, an employ of EAST INDIA COMPANY, who later became P.A. of him.

Difficulties of Warren HastingsDual governmentDefective revenue systemTerrible famine in Bengal(1769-70)Ruined tradeDefective judicial systemFinancial BankruptcyHostile councilRegulating Act of 1773MarathasHostility of Haidar Ali of MysoreAmerican war of Independence 1775-83

Administrative reforms• End of dual or double government• Appointment of British Collectors• The treasure was brought to Calcutta from

Murshidabad• Suppression of Dacoits and Ascetics

Revenue reforms

• Establishment of Board of revenue and Board Trade• Appointment of Rai Rayan• The system of lease for one year instead of five

years• End of free pass system• Removal of illegal Octroi posts• Reduction of toll tax• Trade mission in foreign countries

Judicial reforms

• Abolition of the judicial rights of landlords• Establishment of civil and criminal courts• Establishment of Sardar Diwani court and Sardar

Nizamat court• Judicial process was written in the written form• Fixed salaries to the judges, who were banned in

accepting gifts or presents or fees• Establishment of peace and security

Other reforms

• In 1781 a college was established in Calcutta in which Indians were educated

• With the help of Sir William Jones he established ‘Bengal Native Asiatic Society’ for making researches in history

• Changes in military system• Police reforms in Calcutta• Victory over hostile councils

Sha Alam, his eldest son

5. REFORMS OF Cornwallis

REFORMS OF Cornwallis(1786-1793)

CARRIER AND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS

JUDICIAL REFORMS

the judicial system set up by Cornwallis was based on the principal of equality and western conception of justice. Religious law or personal law of the ruler or local agent was replaced by codified secular law. The sovereignty of law was proclaimed in unmistakable terms. Even government officials could be tried in the courts.

In 1787 the collectors in charge of districts were made judges of Diwani Adalats, were given more magisterial powers and empowered to try criminal cases with limits.

Changes were made in the field of criminal administration during 1790-92. The District Faujadari Adalats presided over by the Indian judges were abolishedcand in their place four circuit courts were set up. These courts were presided by Europeans. These courts toured the districts twice a year and tried the person committed by city magistrates.

Sadar Nizamat Adalat was replaced by a similar court set up at Calcutta. There were some undesirable effects in his code. The elaborate code was so

complicated that common man could not follow it justice proved very expensive false hood, chicanery and deceit began to yield dividends. Litigation increased greatly. There was great delay in the disposal of justice. European judges were ignorant of the customs and habits of Indians.

Cornwallis Code Cornwallis’ judicial reforms took final shape by 1793. The new reforms

were based on the principle of separation of powers. Cornwallis code divested the collector of all judicial and magisterial

powers and left him with the duty of administration of revenue. Thus he tried to separate the revenue administration from the administration of justice.

A new class of officer called the district judge was created to preside over the district civil court. He was given magisterial and police functions.

A gradation of civil courts was set up. The distinction between revenue and civil cases was abolished and the

new Diwani courts competent to try all civil cases. Cornwallis proclaimed the principal of sovereignty of law in India. Important changes were introduced in the field of criminal

administration. The District Faujadari Adalat presided over by Indian officers were abolished.

Reform of criminal laws

During 1790- 93 Cornwallis introduced certain changes in the criminal law which were regularized by a parliamentary act of 1790.

In December 1790 a rule framed for the guidance of Muhammedan law officers.

The usual punishment of amputation of limbs of body was replaced by temporary hard labour or fine and imprisonment according to the circumstances of the case.

Regulation IX 1793 amended the law of evidence.

Police reforms

When the police superintendents were found corrupt a regulation was passed in 1791 defining the powers of the police superintendents.

To induce the police officials to act honestly and with promptitude Cornwallis raised the salaries of all police officers offered good rewards for the discovery and arrests of burglars and murderers.

In districts the zamindars were deprived of all police powers and English magistrates were given control of the district police.

police superintendents assisted by police constables were placed in each area of each district.

Revenue reforms

Reorganized revenue department. In 1787 the province of Bengal was divided into fiscal areas

and each was placed under a collector. The number of collectorships was reduced from 36 to 23. The old committee of revenue was as the as the board of

revenue and charged with the duty of superintending the work of collectors.

His great reform was permanent settlement and according to this the zamindars were recognized as the owners of land and a ten years’ settlement was made with them in 1790. The state demand was fixed at 89% of the rental , leaving 11% with the zamindars as their share for their trouble and responsibility.

Permanent settlement in Orissa

Permanent settlement in Bengal

Permanent settlement in Bihar

Commercial reforms

He tried to put an end to the corruption rampant in the commercial department. He found that the company’s servants were making huge profits while sending goods to England. The members of board were also found accepting bribes and gifts. He took measures to put an end to all these practices.

He forbade the company’s officials and employees the acceptance of bribes and gifts or indulgence in private trade by raising their salaries.

Europeanization of administrative machinery

He reserved all higher services for the Europeans and reduced the Indians to the position of hewers of wood drawers of water. The doors of covenanted services were closed to Indians.

In the army the Indians could not rise above the position of Jemadars and Subedars and in civil services not above the status of Munsiffs or Sadar Amins or Deputy Collectors.

6. REFORMS OF WILLIAM BENTICK

REFORMS OF WILLIAM BENTICK(1828-35)

Carrier and Achievements

As governor general of India

William Cavendish Bentick succeeded Lord Amherst as governor general of India. He took the charge of Indian administration in July 1828.

a. Began his carrier in army.b. Soon became Lieutenant Colonel.c. Member of Parliament in 1796. d. Governor of Madras in 1803.e. Governor general of India in 1828.

Social reforms Abolition of sati and other cruel ritesa. In India women were forced to burn themselves with the dead

body of their husbands. This was known as sati. The widows below 16 and even pregnant women were cruelly burnt.

b. Raja Rammohan Roy urged William Bentick to take necessary steps to declare the practice of sati illegal.

c. Bentick collected relevant facts regarding sati cases, enquired the views of army officers, judges of Nizamat Adalat, Superintendents of Police of the Lower and Upper Provinces etc.

d. Regulation No. XVII of December 1829 declared the practice of sati illegal and punishable by the criminal courts.

Suppression of infanticide and child sacrifices

a.Though Bengal Regulation XXI of 1795 and Regulation III of 1804 declared this practice illegal it was still continued.

b.Hence William Bentick took vigorous steps to suppress this inhuman crime and even he issued prompt orders to stop the ritual of offering child sacrifices at special occasions in Saugar island in Bengal.

Suppression of Thugia. The thugs who belonged to both Hindu and Muslim religions were

a sect of hereditary assassins and robbers who lived by preying upon innocent defenseless travellers. They offered the heads of their victims as sacrifices to their goddesses. They were active in the entire area from Oudh to Hyderabad and in Rajputana and Budelkhand. Sometimes a dozen men were murdered at the same time.

b. Colonel William Sleeman was given the charge of the suppression of the thugs with the co-operation of the rulers of Indian states. About 1500 thugs were arrested and were either sentenced to death or put in imprisonment for life. Thus William Bentick succeeded in this mission.

Removal of humiliating distinctions in the recruitment to public service

• Section 87 of the charter Act of 1833 provided that no Indian subject of the company of India was to be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion, place of birth, descent and colour. This charter clause was inserted at the instance of William Bentick.

Educational ReformsWilliam Bentick’s government defined the aim of

education in India. He appointed Macaulay as the president of the committee of Public Instruction. Macaulay had planned to produce a class of persons who would be Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and intellect. He expressed the hope in one of the letters to his father that “ if our plans of our education are followed up, there will not be a single idolater among the respectable classes in Bengal 30 years hence.” He set forth his views in his famous minute dated 2 February 1835 in which he ridiculed Indian literature and the vernacular languages.

Other Reforms1. Financial reforms a. Appointment of two committees i.e. military and civil to reduce the

expenditure. b. Reduced bhatta, i.e. extra or additional allowance paid to military

officers.c. Reduced the allowance of civil servants.d. Better measures for the collection of land revenue in Bengal and north

western provinces. e. Appointment of maximum Indians in place of high paid Europeans.f. Opium trade was regularized and licensed which gave company a share in

the profits in the shape of duties. g. Encouraged iron and coal production and also tea and coffee plantations.

Other Reforms2. Liberal policy towards press.

3. Judicial reforms

a. Abolition of Provincial Courts of Appeal and Circuit set up by Cornwallis and transferred their duties to magistrates and collectors.

b. Separate Sadar Nizamat Adalat and Sadar Diwani Adalat at Allahabad for the convenience of the

c. public of upper provinces. d. Qualified Indians were appointed in junior judicial capacities of

Munsiffs and could rise to the position of sadar Amins. e. Option of using Persian or vernacular languages in filling the suits.

7. Lord Dalhousie

Reforms of Lord Dalhousie(1848-56)

Life and carrier

Early life

• Born in 1812 at Scotland Castle in a noble family. Original name James Andrew Brown Ramsay. Came to in India in 1848 as a governor general. He was only 36 years when he was appointed as governor general of India.

• He is regarded as one of the greatest governor generals of India.

Administrative reforms

Bengal was placed under the charge of lieutenant governor.

Set up Non regulation system. Under this system he appointed a commissioner over a newly acquired territory, who was made directly responsible to the governor general. Thus introduced the system of centralized control.

Military reforms Dalhousie’s annexation policy had extended British India

from Bengal in the east and Punjab and Sind in the west. The head quarters the Bengal artillery were shifted from

Calcutta to Meerut. Permanent headquarters of the army were shifted to

Shimla. Shimla became the seat of the government of India.

He proposed to reduce the strength of the Indian element in the army.

Three regiments were added to the army. A new irregular force was created in the Panjab under the

direct control Panjab administration. Gorkha regiments were raised.

Educational reforms The famous educational despatch known Wood’s Despatch was

introduced in 1854 by Charles Wood, the president of the board of control.

It introduced a properly articulated scheme of education from the primary school to the university.

It laid the foundation on which the modern education system has been built.

It recommended Anglo-Vernacular schools throughout the districts, government colleges of higher grade in important towns and a university in each of the three presidencies in India.

It decided to appoint a director of public instruction in each province. On the model of London University three universities were set up at

Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Thus first three universities of India were established in 1857.

teaching both in vernacular and in English was encouraged. An Engineering college was established at Roorkee.

Development of Railways The broad outlines of the scheme were laid down

by Dalhousie in his famous Railway Minute of 1853 which formed the basis for the future railway extension in India.

The first railway line connecting Bombay with Thane was laid down in 1853. The following year a railway line was built from Calcutta to the Raniganj coal fields. Then in Madras and after that various routs were constructed I 1856.

Besides encouraging trade and commerce the railways have gone a long way in uniting India.

The introduction of electric telegraph

Dalhousie is regarded as the father of electric telegraph in India. Nearly 4,000 miles of electric telegraph lines were constructed connecting Calcutta with Peshawar, Bombay, Madras and other parts of the country. In Burma a line was laid down from Rangoon to Mandalay. The telegraph department proved of great assistance during the revolt of 1857 to Britishers.

Postal reforms

The basis of modern postal system was laid down by Lord Dalhousie.

A new post office act was passed in 1854. Director general was appointed to superintend

the work of post offices in all presidencies. An uniform rate per letter was introduced. Postage stamps were issued for the first time. He turned post offices as the source of revenue.

Earlier it was a drain on the treasury.

Public works A separate Public Works Department was set up

first time. A large scale works of pubic utility had began. Irrigational works were undertaken on large

scale. The main stream of the Ganges Canal was

completed and declared open on April 8,1854. Bari Doab Canal work in Punjab was started. The work on the Grand Trunk Road was started

with more enthusiasm. Many bridges were constructed.

Commercial reforms

Ports India were thrown open to the commerce of the world.

The harbours of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were developed .

A large number of light houses were constructed. Indian agriculture received special attention. Indian resources particularly cotton, flax and tea

were developed to supply raw material for the mills in Britain.

Indian trade began to be more dominated by Englishmen.

8. The Uprising of 1857

The Uprising of 1857 Causes

revolt

• POLITICAL CAUSES • Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse • The fear of other Kings• Despotism and arrogance of the British officers• Impartial judicial system• The British were considered as foreigners • The plan to destroy the Mughal dynasty• Provocation of the Muslims • Anti-social elements

• Religious reforms• Military reforms• Educational reforms• Postal reforms• Administrative reforms• Development of railways

and electronic telegraphs • Public works• Commercial and revenue

reforms

• RELIGIOUS REFORMS • Propagation of Christianity in India• The Indian civilization was endangered by the

British• Condemnation of Hindu scriptures • Reduction of the influence of the Pandits and

Maulanas• Social reforms

The role of Brahma Samaj and Raja Rammohan Roy

Raja Rammohan Roy

ECONOMIC CAUSES

• Absolute control of the trade by the British• No development in Indian Industries • Pitiable condition of Indian agriculture• Impose of land tax on the tax free lands• Destruction of High class land lords• Deprival of higher posts to the educated

Indians• Economic disadvantages and losses

MILITARY REFORMS• Dissatisfaction among the Indians regarding the

military administration• The law of the recruitment of common servants• Indiscipline in the army• Differences between the salaries of the Indian

soldiers British• The excessive number of Indian soldiers in the

army• The annexation of Oudh to the British empire• Ruin of the British in the Afgan war

IMMEDIATE CAUSES AND THE MAIN EVENTS

• Use of Greased CartridgesTHE MAIN EVENTSRevolt at Barrackpur on 29 March 1857Revolt at Meerut on 9 May 1857Occupation of Delhi on 11 May 1857Re-occupation of Delhi by the BritishRevolt at LucknowRevolt at KanpurRevolt at Banaras and AllahabadRevolt at BiharRevolt at BaraillyRevolt at Shah JahanpurOther centers

CAUSES OF THE FAILURE

• Supremacy of the British in many spheres• Revolt did not spread in all parts of India• All the states did not take part in the revolt• The co-operation of the Indian rulers to the British • The Gorkhas and the Sikhs did not co-operate with the rebels• Weak organization• lack of capable leaders• No common objective• The revolt started before the prescribed time• Friendly relation between the British and Afghanistan• Policy of oppressions by the British• The supreme Naval power of the British• Ideal time to the British

RESULTS OF THE REVOLT

• Consolidation of the British empire• Increase in the number of British troops• Direct administration of India into the hands of the crown• The policy of the annexation came down• Racial discrimination increased• Policy of divide and rule by the British• End of the Mughal dynasty• The end of the rank of the Peshwa• New policy towards the native states• Recognition of the old treaties• Inspiration to the national war of independence• Amalgamation of the armies of the crown and the company• Conciliation of different castes• Artillery was handed over to the Europeans• Abolition of religious discrimination• Hostility between the Hindus and the Muslims• Indian Council Act of 1861• organization of financial system• Declaration by the queen Victoria

9. Commercialization of agriculture

Commercialization of agriculture

INTRODUCTION OF PLANTATION CROPS

Coffee, largest producer Karnataka

Tea cultivation

Hilly areas more favourable

workers

Another view

Rubber

Indigo

Impact of commercialization -Rural indebtedness

POVERTY

Unemployment

MISERIES&LACK OF FOOD

PUBLICATIONS

PRESENT SCENARIO IN FARMS

DESTRUCTION OF COTTAGE INDUSTRIES

10. Modern Industries

Agro based industries

Textile, Jute and paper industries

Textile

The first industry of cotton clothes in India was established in 1853 at Bombay

In 1879 the number of cotton mills was 56. In 1895 it became 144 and in 1905 it was 206. It is a large scale industry. Southern regions produced more cotton than the northern regions.

Textile, Oldest and largest industry

JUTE

The first jute mill in India was established in 1855 at Rishra in Bengal by Mr. George Ackland. Jute is known as ‘golden fiber.‘ In 1882 there were 20 jute factories in India. In 1895 it became 36.

Sunderban delta

• Largest producer of jute in India is West Bengal. Sunderban delta in West Bengal is the largest producer of jute. It is the dwelling place of tiger also.

Paper industry

• An agro based industry.• Origin in 1812• First paper mill at Serampur in West Bengal

Paper industry

Electronic, chemical& cement industries

growth

electronic

Bangalore, biggest electronic industrial centre

Chemical industry

Cement industries

Building purposes

After independence- high growth

Engineering, ship building& air craft industries

Engineering, ship building& air craft industries

growth

Engineering industry

• Items of export- diesel engines and parts, steel pipes, electric fans and parts, tubes and fittings, dry batteries, bicycles and parts, railway track materials, data processing machines etc.

Engineering

Ship building industry

• The main ship building centers- Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Visakhapattanam&Goa

• All of them in public sector• The largest ship yard is built at Cochin with the help of

Japan.• Dry docks( meant for repairing big ships) are Cochin,

Visakhapattanam& Bombay• Battleships for Indian navy are manufactured at Cochin• Free India built her first ship at Visakhapattanam

shipyard in 1948

Ship building industry

Dry docks( meant for repairing big ships) are Cochin, Visakhapattanam& Bombay

Air craft industries

11. Brahmo Samaj

Brahma Samaj

Raja Rammohan Roy

Life and carrier

• Born in 1774 in Bengal• Laid the foundation of Brahma Samaj in 1828• Advocator of western literature and English

language• Full faith in ancient scriptures, Vedas and

Upanishads• Expert of more than a dozen of languages

Different photos

Contribution to the religious field

• God is one, omnipotent and omnipresent• All men are equal before God and children of same

God• The way to salvation lies in the worship of God, away

from sins and do good deeds• Preached equality and fraternity of mankind• Against useless rituals, costly yajnas and superstitions• Supporter of rational thinking• Should respect all religions

Against idol worship

Condemned all distinctions based on caste, colour and creed

In the field of education• Supporter of English, western and modern education

and western literature and science• Started English school at Calcutta in 1817 and college

in 1825• Published the translations of Vedas and Upanishads

into Bengali• Books written by him-Gifts to monotheists and

precepts of Jesus• Composed a book on the Bengali grammar• Made effort to spread Bengali language

Social field

• He helped william Bentick to abolish sati in 1829

Sathi practices

PRACTICE OF SATHI

Sathi in news paper

Invitation card

• Supporter of widow remarriages• Worked for the upliftment of women• Demanded the right of inheritance to

property to the women• Condemned the practice of polygamy• Against superstitions and useless rituals• Introduction of western education and

literature to fight against the evils

In the political field• Against caste system• Indianisation of high posts• Trial by jury• Equality of both Indians and Europeans in the judicial

sphere• Separation of executive from judiciary• Against the oppression of the Zamindars• Believer in internationalism and free co-operation

between nations• Freedom of press

1922 built Ashram, file photo

Tomb of Rajaram

END

• Death at Bristol in England in 1833

ALIGARH MOVEMENT

Founder-Sir Syed Ahmed Khan(1817-1898)

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan(1817-1898)

Location at Aligarh

Khan-at a glance

• Supporter of English Education• Establishment of Muhammad Anglo –Oriental

School in 1874. • Then Muhammadan Anglo –Oriental College• This college later became the center of the

Aligarh movement.

Aligarh Muslim University present status

Another view of Aligarh Muslim University

DIFFERENT PHOTOS OF SIR KHAN

PHOTOS OF SIR KHAN

Publications on Aligarh Movement-contents, publishers, title etc.

Arya Samaj and Swami Daya Nand

http://cafeexpose.files.wordpress.com/2006/12/sanatana-dharma.jpg

• Life sketch• Born in 1824 at Maurvi in Kathiawarh• Father-Amba Shankar• Child hood name-Mul Shankar• In 1875 –foundation of Arya Samaj at Bombay• Main Sermon- Back to Vedas• Book- Satiarth Parkash

• MAIN DOCTRINES- about God• God is one• God is formless• No idol worship• Salvation can be attained only through the help of

the God• God is merciful, justifiable, universal or

omnipresent• God is omnipresent

ABOUT VEDAS• Vedas deal with the doctrine of the religion and transmigration• Vedas are true knowledge, education, truth and real; utterances about

the GOD• Every Aryan should study Vedas• Aryan civilization is the most ancient and supreme civilization• Everybody should accept the truth or the reality and should reject

falsehood• The ignorance should be eradicated and knowledge should be propagated• Every Aryan should realize his or her development and progress with the

development and progress of the others• The purpose of the society should be the welfare of the world

SOCIAL REORMS

• Refuted caste system• Doctrine of equality of men and women• Opposed caste system• Education of women• Hindi language as the national language• Opposed female infanticide• Favoured widow-remarriage

ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE RELIGIOUS FIELD

• Opposed caste system and untouchability• Rejected false traditions and customs and idol

worship• Spread of Vedic religion throughout India• Social equality• Checked the decline of Hindu religion• Reconsolidation of Hindu religion

• Against child marriage• Improved the condition of the widows• Weakened the caste system• Improved the condition of the Harijans• Opened Samaj Sewa Kendras to improve the

condition of the lower castes• Opened many orphanages to provide education

and workshops• Charity work, distribution of money, medicine,

dress etc.

ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE SOCIAL FIELD

ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE EDUCATIONAL FIELD

• Opened colleges, schools and Guru Kuls• First school at Lahore• First Vedic College• Popularized Sanskrit language, Hindu

literature, Vedas, western literature and Science

• Large number of high schools, Guru Kuls and colleges

SWAMI VIVEKANAND AND RAMAKRISHNA MISSION

LIFE SKETCH

• BIRTH- on 9 February 1863 at Calcutta, childhood name -Narinder Nath

• Meeting with Swami Rama Krishna• Turned an ascetic• Contemplation and pilgrimage• Journey to foreign countries• In England• In America

Foundation of Rama Krishna Mission

• In 1896• Main Objectives• To propagate the doctrines and views of Swami Rama Krishna

Param Hans• Appointment of scholars and experienced persons in the

monasteries• Establishment of peace and harmony in the world• To develop spiritualism• Spread the doctrine of the Vedas

Achievements

• Service of the people• Many hospitals• Orphanages• Schools• Opposed caste system, false rituals and customs• Encouraged liberal thinking and equality• Feeling of brotherhood• Centres of public welfare and service• Many branches inside and outside country• Spread of Indian civilization and culture in the foreign countries

Contributions of Jotiba Phooley, Dr. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi

Jotiba Phooley

• Born in 1827• Father -Gobind Rao• Mother- Chemna Bai• Real name-Jyoti Rai• Wife -Savitry

Achievements to the depressed classes

• Schools for the girls of lower castes• Promotion of Marathi language• Library for the people of lower classes• Murderous attack on Phooley• To make public opinion against the exploitation of the depressed classes• Propagation of the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity• Foundation of Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873• Objectives and principles of Satya Shodhak Samaj• Worked for improving the condition of lower class women• Encouragement for the widow remarriages• Efforts to improve the conditions of peasants and farmers• Awakening among lower classes and untouchables• Title of MAHATMA• DEATH IN 28 NOVEBBER 1890

Dr. Ambedkar

• Birth-14 April 1891 at Mahau in Indore state• Father- Ramji Mala ji Jankpal• Mother- Bhima Bai• Caste-Mahar• Marriage-first marriage in 1905 to Rama Bai. Rama Bai died in 1935 so married to

Sharda{Savita}• Education- Matriculation in 1908, B.A. from Alfanston College Bombay in

1912,Scholarship in 1913 from Baroda state, M.A. Economics in 1915 from Columbia University, P h.D from same university, M.Sc in Economics and D.Sc from London School of Economics

• Entered in politics

Contribution to the depressed classes

• As a representative of the depressed classes before South Bureau Committee• Disappointment from the Congress• Dis- satisfactory recommendations of the South Bureau Committee• Conferences at Kohlapur and Nagpur• Newspapers and Magazines –THE MOOKNAIK IN 1919, SAMAT IN 1929• Foundation of Bahishkrit Hitkari Sabha• Newspapers- Janta and Bahishkrit Bharat• Establishment of Samaj Samat Sangh for the equality of the depressed classes• Agitations and demonstrations• Struggle for the political rights• For the welfare of peasants and labourers• Foundation of Independence Labour Party and Schedule Castes Federation• Member in Governor General Council• Preparation of new constitution of India• Law member in the Nehru Cabinet

Mahatma Gandhi

• Birth- 2 October 1869 at Porbandar in Gujrat• Real name- Mohan Chand Karam Chand

Gandhi• Father-Karam Chand Gandhi,mother-Putli Bai• Marriage with Kashturba at the age of 13• Barrister degree from England


• Non- cooperation movement• Removal of untouchability• Welfare of the depressed classes• Three points programme-use of khadi, unity between Hindus and Muslims, uproot of untouchability• Fight for the political rights to the depressed classes• Communal Award and Poona Pact• Untouchables as Harijans• Foundation of Harijan Sewak Sangh• Newspapers and Magazines- Harijan in February 1933• Tour in India for the welfare of the depressed classes• In Nagpur• In South India• In Bihar earthquake effected areas• In Orrisa• In Poona• Other parts of India

Growth of political consciousness or nationalism

Jotiba Phooley


Dr. Ambedkar





Mahatma Gandhi



Jotiba Phooley


Dr. Ambedkar





Mahatma Gandhi



causes

• Religious and social reform movements• Role of Raja Ram Mohan Ray, Swami Dayanand, Swami

Vivekanand etc.• Supporters of widow remarriages• Worked for the upliftment of women• Demanded the right of inheritance to property to the women• Condemned the practice of polygamy• Against superstitions and useless rituals• Introduction of western education and literature to fight

against the evils

Influence of western education

• Role of Raja Ram Mohan Ray-Supporter of English, western and modern education and western literature and science

• Started English school at Calcutta in 1817 and college in 1825• Published the translations of Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali• Books written by him-Gifts to monotheists and precepts of Jesus• Composed a book on the Bengali grammar• Made effort to spread Bengali language

• Role of Indian press and literature• Newspapers- Indian Mirror, Bombay

Samachar, Amrith Bazzar Patrika, Keasri. Bengali,Indu Parkash,Hindu Subodh Samachar, Hindu Patriot, Marathi Subhodika Patrika, Tribune etc. provoked and inspired the feelings of patriotism among the people of India.

Literary works

PUBLICATIONS

Role of writers

• Din Bandhu Mitran, Hemu Chander Banerjee, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Rabindra Nath Tagore

• Anand Math-bible of modern Bengali Patriotism

• Translated works

Improvement in the means of communication

Railways

Role of the Railways

• Dalhousie is regarded as the father of electric telegraph in India. Nearly 4,000 miles of electric telegraph lines were constructed connecting Calcutta with Peshawar, Bombay, Madras and other parts of the country. In Burma a line was laid down from Rangoon to Mandalay.

• Revolt of 1857

The telegraph department proved of great assistance during the revolt of 1857 to Britishers.

REVOLT OF 1857

Impact of the revolt

During the revolt of 1857, which is described as the first attempt at resisting the British, Hindus and Muslims fought side by side united in their purpose of defeating a common enemy.

Other causes

• Denial of higher posts to the educated Indians• Misbehaviour with the Indians

• Impact of British policy of exploitation

Economic causes

Horrible famines

Impartial attitudes

• Dismissal of Surender Nath Banerjee from Service

• Decrease in the age for taking part in the competitive exam. for Civil Services

• The repressive policy of Lord Lytton • Ilbert Bill

Political causes

• Impact of political unity• Role of different institutions established up to

1854• The need for All India Institution and Adiyar

Conference• The establishment of Indian National union• Origin of Indian National Congress

SOME IMPORTANT MOMENTS RELATED TO CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

AND NON CO-OPERATION MOVEMENTS

Non-cooperation movement

• This movement was a peaceful method of creating change. Mahatma Gandhi had shown in South Africa and in 1918 in Champaran, Bihar and Kheda, Gujarat that the only way to earn the respect and attention of British officials was to actively resist government activities through civil disobedience.

Satyagraha

Satyagraha

• Gandhi's call was for a nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Acts. All offices and factories would be closed. Indians would be encouraged to withdraw from Raj-sponsored schools, police services, the military and the civil services, and lawyers were asked to leave the Raj's courts. Public transportation and English-manufactured goods, especially clothing, would be boycotted

Success and suspension

• The success of the revolt was a total shock to British authorities and a massive encouragement to millions of Indians. Then on February 4, 1922, in the Chauri Chaura, after violent clashes between the local police and the protestors in which three protestors were killed by police firing, the police chowki (pron.-chau key) (station) was set on fire by the mob, killing 22 of the police occupants.

Aftermath

• The Non-Co-operation Movement was withdrawn because of the Chauri-Chaura incident. Although he had stopped the national revolt single-handedly, on March 10, 1922, Gandhi was arrested. On March 18, 1922, he was imprisoned for two years for publishing seditious materials.

• Although most Congress leaders remained firmly behind Gandhi, the disillusioned broke away. The Ali brothers would soon become fierce critics. Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das formed the Swaraj Party, rejecting Gandhi's leadership. Many nationalists had felt that the Non-Cooperation Movement should not have been stopped due to isolated incidents of violence, and most nationalists, while retaining confidence in Gandhi, were discouraged.

Civil Disobedience Movement

• Civil Disobedience Movement launched in 1930 under MK Gandhi's leadership was one of the most important phases of India's freedom struggle.

• Muslims reserved their opinion on the Simon Report declaring that the report was not final and the matters should decided after consultations with the leaders representing all communities in India.

• The Satyagraha was a campaign of nonviolent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi on March 12, 1930. It was the first act of organized opposition to British rule after Purna Swaraj the declaration of independence by the Indian National Congress. Mahatma Gandhi led the Dandi march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi

• Gandhi was arrested on May 5, 1930, just days before his planned raid on the Dharasana Salt Works.

• The satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with Gandhi's release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference

• The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi's principles of nonviolent protest called satyagraha, which he loosely translated as "truth-force.

• The satyagraha teachings of Gandhi and the March to Dandi had a significant influence on American civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., and his fight for civil rights for blacks and other minority groups in the 1960s.

• There were outbreaks of violence in Calcutta , Karachi, and Gujarat. Unlike his suspension of satyagraha after violence broke out during the Non-cooperation movement, this time Gandhi was "unmoved".

• Salt Satyagraha produced scant progress toward dominion status or independence for India, and did not win any major concessions from the British. It also failed to attract Muslim support—many Muslims actively boycotted the satyagraha.

• The Satyagraha campaign of the 1930s also forced the British to recognize that their control of India depended entirely on the consent of the Indians — Salt Satyagraha was a significant step in the British losing that consent.

Causes of the Growth Communalism in India

• What is Communalism?

NEHRU AND COMMUNALISM

Communalism does not end the other, each feeds on the other and both fatten.

Jawahar Lal Nehru

Definition • Communalism is a modern term that describes a broad range social movements and social theories which are in some way centered upon the community.

Communalism in Indian Context…

• In the Indian subcontinent, the term "communalism" has taken on a very different meaning, namely that of a religion and, more specifically, ethnicity-based sectarianism promoting communal violence, espoused by many political and socio-religious movements.

Growth of Communalism during the revolt of 1857

During the revolt of 1857, which is described as the first attempt at resisting the British, Hindus and Muslims fought side by Side, united in their purpose of defeating a common enemy.

The main causes of growth of communalism

• End of Muslim soverignity• Wahabi movement• Deplorable economic condition of the

Muslims

The British noticed this unity and realized that their survival rested on being able to keep the people divided, for they had managed to establish their rule because politically India had been a divided country at the time of their entry. The British thus followed their famous 'Divide and Rule' policy..

Policy of DIVIDE AND RULE

ROLE OF SIR SAYID AHAMMED KHAN

• Till about 1870 the British oppressed the Muslims greatly for they held them responsible for the revolt.

• Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan, an earlier nationalist

drifted towards Communalism.

• Communalism was also fostered through the writing of the Indian History. e.g. the division of Indian History into Hindu period and Muslim period as ancient and medieval India.

Misinterpretation of History

Socio-religious movements

• Socio-religious reform movements like Arya Samaj, Brahmo-Samaj, Sanatan Dharam movements, Aligarh movement, Wahabi movement and some other fringe movements contributed towards communalism.

Role of communal heroes• Propagation of Communal

Heroes to glorify the past communal traditions and struggles e.g. Prithvi Raj Chauhan, Maharana Pratap, Shivaji, Guru Gobind Singh among Hindus and Mahmud Ghaznavi, Mohammed Ghori, Akbar, Aurangazeb etc among the Muslims.

Other causes

• Contribution of MR. Buck• Muslim associations• Separate educational institutions of various

communities• Partition of Bengal• Establishment of I.N.C.

• The foundation of Muslim League on 30 Dec. 1906, institutionalized the Muslim communalism.

• Iqbal at Allahabad session of Muslim League in 1930 gave two nation concept.

FOUNDATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

• The term Pakistan was coined by a young under graduate student Rehmat Ali of Cambridge University in 1933.

• Hindu nationalists like Savarkar, M.M. Malviya and S.P. Mukherjee along with the Sikh leaders Master Tara Singh took opposite position vis a vis, Muslims.

ROLE OF OTHER COMMUNITIES

Quit India Movement and British Proposal for Independence

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causes

Trials of the officers of the I.N.A. Revolt of the naval soldiers at Meerut Second World War and the ministries Of I.N.C

Various causes

• Failure of Cripps Mission• Advance of Japan• Maltreatment with the Indian refugees who

came from Burma• Rice in the prices of the goods• Oppression by the government in Bengal• Views of Mahatma Gandhi

Stages of the movement

• Quit India Resolution on August 8, 1942• Mahatma Gandhi raised the slogan of ‘Do or Die.’• Twelve deeds were described.• Appeal the people to hold meetings and conferences,

processions, to observe strikes, to disobey the salt laws and other laws, not to pay taxes to the British government, to non co-operate the British government etc.

Progress

• In the first stage held meetings, conferences, processions, observed strikes, disobeyed the salt laws and other laws, did not pay taxes to the British government, did not co-operate with the British government etc. were the strategies.

Second stage

• Due to the oppression of the British govt. the people started violent actions. They destroyed telegraph offices, rail ways, police stations etc.

Third stage

• Police started violent actions by firing the people with machine guns.

• They became revolutionaries.• They started to make and use bombs

Fourth stage

• Suppression by the British• End of the movement• Release of Gandhiji from the prison.

significance

• A mass movement• Political awakening• Hatred against the British rule India• The British govt. was obliged to think• British govt. and Muslim came very close to

each other• Influence of the Army

Causes of the failure

• Lack of organization• Lack of plans• Loyalty of the Indian govt. employees to the

British govt.• Policy of oppression by the British• Violent proceedings and actions• High power of British in India• Non co-operation of the political parties.

Different PHASES of Independence

The Communal Award of 1932 announced by the British Government further widened the gulf between the Hindus and the Muslims. By this time Jinnah emerged as the most prominent face of the Muslim League.

• By the 1940's the move towards partition had gathered tremendous momentum and although secular nationalists tried right till the end to keep the country united, but sadly the country could not stay united, and its people were divided into two separate nations.

• The August Offer (1940), The Cripps Mission (1942), The Wavell Plan (1945) and the Cabinet Mission (1946) were the British steps towards the partition and Independence of India.

• In both the Punjab and Bengal, the Boundary Commission consisted of two Muslim and two non-Muslim judges with Sir Cyril Radcliffe as a common chairman. The boundary line between India and Pakistan was thus named as Radcliff line

Radcliff line

• The shrewdness of Jinnah and his adroit handling of the political situation combining with the inept handling by the Congress and uncompromising doctrine of the Hindu ascendancy propagated by Savarkar, along with calculated passiveness of the British resulted in a worst tragedy that could ever befall on a nation and its people.

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Final stage

• The Direct Action (16 august 1946) of the Muslim League and the ensuing communal riots were the climax of communal apathy.

• Attlee’s declaration (20 February 1947) and the Mountbatten Plan (3 June 1947) were the last moves towards freedom and division.

Making of the constitution

• Mahatma Gandhi raised the demand voice regarding the new constitution of India

• INC demanded the election of the Constituent Assembly in 1934.

• Muslim League demanded the formation of separate Constituent Assembly.

Role of the British

• In August 1940 British govt. accepted the demand of the people.

• On August 8 1940 Lord Linlithgo, the viceroy of India declared proclamation that a Constituent Assembly would be accepted

Stages

• Cripps proposal regarding a Constituent Assembly

• Cabinet mission and Constituent Assembly • Freedom to leave commonwealth• Elections for the Constituent Assembly in 1946

Position of different parties in the Assembly

• Indian National Congress and his supporting parties-212 seats

• Muslim League-73• Sikhs- 4• Other independent -7• Total-296

Muslim League and Assembly

• Mr. Attlee called a conference at London on 26 November 1946 which continued 3 December. Representative of INC was Nehru, Sikhs was Sardar Baldev Singh and Muslim League was Jinnah and Liakat Ali.

• Muslim League did not take part in the Constituent Assembly and demanded separate nation.

• The efforts of Nehru and Gandhiji became failure

First meeting

• On December 9 1946 the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held.

• Jinnah demanded to postpone the meeting and if not postponed he warned that riots would take place

• 209 participated in the meeting• It did not postpone• In this meeting Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the

permanent president of Constituent Assembly Constituent Assembly.

Drawbacks of the Assembly

• Limited sphere• It was formed according to the will of the British Govt.• British Govt. could abolish the Assembly whenever it liked• Assembly had no rights to constitute separate constitutions for the

provinces• It had no right to treat other subjects unlike the deptt. of defence,

communications and foreign affairs• Approval British Parliament was very compulsory• It had no judicial authenticity

Final stages

• Objective resolution was introduced on 14 December 1946• Representative character of the Assembly• Appointment of different Committees• The main committees: Union constitution committee, Union powers

committee, Committee of rules, Provincial constitution committee, committee on financial relations between union and states.

• Advisory committee

Different phases of the final stage

• Entry of the Indian states• Adoption of national flag on 22 July 1947• Partition of India and the position of the Constituent

Assembly after independence• Appointment of the drafting Committee with DR.AMBEDKAR

as the chairman• Report of the drafting committee and discussion• Final session of the constituent assembly-24 February 1950.• Adoption of the constitution on 26 January 1950

Integration of princely states

Sardar Patel

stages

• In 1947 there were 562 princely states in India• Role of Patel• Process of integration• Organization of states

Integration of Hyderabad

• India govt. did not like the policy of the oppression of the Nizam of Hyderabad

• He stared military preparations• Tried to annex Goa• Indian police under the leadership of General Chowdhary

reached Hyderabad on 13 September 1948• The Nizam surrendered• Hyderabad was integrated on 17 September 1948

Integration of Junagarh

• Incapable Nawab of Junagarh• He was the puppet of his chief minister, Shah Nawas Khan.• Junagarh decided to integrate itself to Pakistan• Jinnah assured military assistance to it.• Due to the action India Govt. Nawab was forced to take

shelter at Karachi.• In 1948 the public opinion was held in which the people of

Junagarh expressed their desire to integrate it to the union of India.

Kashmir problem

• Muslims were majority in number in Kashmir• The king of Kashmir wanted to remain as an independent ruler• Pakistan wanted to usurp Kashmir.• Pakistan sent tribals to attack Kashmir.• Kashmir requested the help of India and also requested to integrate

Kashmir to the union of India.• Indian Army was sent to Kashmir which made the tribals to flee away.• The problem reached the UNO

The Organization of states

• The three member committee of 1953• Bill in the Parliament• Re- organization of state Bill in 1956

Kinds of states in India

• Class A-Those provinces which were under the Governor during the British period

• Class B-Patiala and East Punjab State Union , Madhaya Pradesh and Mysore etc.

• Class C- Those states which were under the commissioners

• Class D- Andaman and Nicobar Islands state

Final stage

• Demand for re-organization• Formation of new sates• Some other states

Industrial and agrarian development after independence

Different industries

• Cotton textile• Wollen textiles• Silk Industry• Artificial Silk • Development in the jute Industry

Paper IndustrySugar Industry

Iron and steel IndustriesCement Industry

Engineering and Machine industryChemicals and fertilizer industry

• Paper Industry• Sugar Industry• Iron and steel Industries• Cement Industry• Locomotive and Coach industry• Aircraft industry

Development in agriculture

• Wide use land under cultivation• Emphasis on the utilization of chemical

fertilizers• Increase in the irrigational facilities• Good qualities of seeds• Loan facilities• The plant conservation

• Farmers festivals, exhibitions and propagation• Crops growing competitions• Improved the sale of agricultural products• Reforms regarding land• Agricultural universities

• Development of agricultural tools and implements

• Cattle breeding• Special assistance to the farmers• Development of agriculture in the five years

1. plassey. battle of plassey causes and consequences

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