jj508 lab sheet

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH

06000 JITRA, KEDAH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

JJ508-ENGINEERING LAB 3 PRACTICAL RUBRIC

1. PRACTICAL TASK

i. Technical Skill /psychomotor(20 marks)

CRITERIA NEED

IMPROVEMENT

(1)

SATISFACTORY

(2)

GOOD

(3)

EXCELLENCE

(4)

SCORE

SAFETY Safety procedures

were ignored.

Lab is carried out

with some

attention to

relevant safety

procedures.

Lab is generally

carried out with

attention to

relevant safety

procedures.

Lab is carried out

with fully

attention to

relevant safety

procedures.

___X 2. 5 =

EXPERIMENT

SETUP &

COMPLETENESS

Experiment are not

working

Experiment need

for major

adjustment to

work

Experiment need

for minor

adjustment to

work

Experiment work

properly ___ X 2. 5 =

SCORE

ii. Leadership & Teamwork Skill (40 marks)

CRITERIA NEED

IMPROVEMENT

(1)

SATISFACTORY

(2)

GOOD

(3)

EXCELLENCE

(4)

SCORE

TEAMWORK SKILLS

Inactive participate

members. Task

assigned

individually.

Few members

participate

actively.

Tasks are assigned

to few members.

Most members

contribute. Task

are assigned to

some members.

All members take

an active role.

Tasks are defined

by the group and

assigned to all

members.

___ X 2. 5 =

PARTICIPATION

Never willing to

participate or

volunteer

information or

opinion. Never able

to respond to

questions or issues

raised.

Rarely willing to

participate or

volunteer

information or

opinion. Rarely

responds to

questions or issues

raised but often

create issues.

Often willing to

participate

occasionally

volunteer

information or

opinion.

Occasionally

responds to

questions and

contribute

opinion to issues

raised.

Always willing to

participate and

consistently

volunteer

information or

opinion.

Frequently give

quick responds to

questions or

issues raised.

___X 2. 5 =

CONTRIBUTIONS Rarely provides

useful

ideas when

participating in the

group and in

classroom

discussion.

May refuse to

participate.

Sometimes

provides

useful ideas when

participating in the

group and in

classroom

discussion.

A satisfactory

group

member who does

what is required.

Usually provides

useful

ideas when

participating in

the

group and in

classroom

discussion.

A strong group

member who

tries

hard!

Routinely

provides

useful ideas when

participating in

the

group and in

classroom

discussion.

A leader who

contributes a lot

of

effort.

___X 2. 5 =

DEMONSTRATE

GOOD MANNERS

Often arrive late

and rarely

prepared.

Occasionally arrive

late or

unprepared.

Rarely arrive late

or unprepared.

Always arrive on

time and

prepared.

__ X 2. 5 =

SCORE

2. TECHNICAL REPORT (40 marks)

CRITERIA NEED

IMPROVEMENT

(1)

SATISFACTORY

(2)

GOOD

(3)

EXCELLENCE

(4)

SCORE

DATA Presentation of the

data in tables or

graphs is done

correctly and

accordingly. Graphs

and tables are

labeled and titled.

Accurate

presentation of

data in tables or

graphs. Graphs and

tables are labeled

and titled.

Accurate

presentation of

data in written

form, but no

graphs or tables is

presented.

Data are not

shown OR are

inaccurate.

____X 2.0=

CALCULATIONS All calculations are

shown and the

result are correct

and labeled

appropriately.

Some calculations

are shown and the

result are correct

and labeled

appropriately.

Some calculations

are shown and the

result labeled

appropriately.

No calculations

are shown.

___X 2. 0 =

DISCUSSION (i)

Analyze the

findings. Explain

the trends and

oddities in the

data.

Explain the trends

and oddities in the

data.

Explain very

briefly the trends

and oddities in the

data.

Needs to explain

trends and

oddities in the

data.

___X 2. 0 =

DISCUSSION(ii)

Analyze the

findings. Explain

the trends and

oddities in the

data.

Explain the trends

and oddities in the

data.

Explain very

briefly the trends

and oddities in the

data.

Needs to explain

trends and

oddities in the

data.

___ X 2. 0 =

CONCLUSION Conclusion includes

whether the

findings supported

the hypothesis,

possible sources of

error, and what

was learned from

the experiment.

Conclusion

includes whether

the findings

supported the

hypothesis and

what was learned

from the

experiment.

Conclusions

includes what was

learned from the

experiment.

No conclusion

was included in

the report.

____X 2.0 =

SCORE

TOTAL SCORE

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM


ENGINEERING LABORATORYENGINEERING LABORATORYENGINEERING LABORATORYENGINEERING LABORATORY

MECHANIC OF MACHINE THERMODYNAMICS 2 METALLURGY


06000 JITRA, KEDAH MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LABSHEET LABSHEET LABSHEET LABSHEET

JJ5JJ5JJ5JJ508 08 08 08

ENGINEERING LABORATORYENGINEERING LABORATORYENGINEERING LABORATORYENGINEERING LABORATORY

MECHANIC OF MACHINETHERMODYNAMICS 2 METALLURGY 2

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM


ENGINEERING LABORATORYENGINEERING LABORATORYENGINEERING LABORATORYENGINEERING LABORATORY 3333

MECHANIC OF MACHINE

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAHPOLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAHPOLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAHPOLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH

06000 JITRA, KEDAH06000 JITRA, KEDAH06000 JITRA, KEDAH06000 JITRA, KEDAH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTMECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTMECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTMECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANIC OF

MACHINE

EXPERIMENT 1: BELT FRICTION

EXPERIMENT 2: COMPOUND PENDULUM 1

EXPERIMENT 2: COMPOUND PENDULUM 2

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3

A. STUDENT GROUP

NO.

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

B. MARKS:

TECHNICAL REPORT

RUBRIC

PROCEDURES

DIAGRAMS

DATA

CALCULATIONS

ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

ERROR ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS

CONCLUSION


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508

NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER

SCORE

1 2 3 4

TOTAL MARKS (%)


REGISTRATION NUMBER

TOTAL

(40%)

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 2.0

x 2.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0


MUADZAM SHAH

06000 JITRA,

KEDAH DARUL AMAN


Page : 5

Laboratory Practise : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Semester : 5

Programme : DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E

Time : 2 HOURS per week

Code & Course :

JJ 508- ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3

(MECHANIC OF MACHINE)

1.0 TITLE

Belt Friction Apparatus

2.0 OBJECTIVE:

i. To determine different type of belts friction.

ii. To compare different type of belts friction.

iii. Influence of belt force and angle of contact.

3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

i. Analyze critically the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4)

ii. Organize appropriately electrical and engineering mechanics experiments in groups according to the standard of

procedures. (P4)

iii. Write critically the appropriate report in group based on the experiment results. (A2)

4.0 INTRODUCTION

Belt is a flexible band which is in power transmission. It is able to transfer the power from one point to the other points

with minimum power loss. The belt is able to work smoothly and quietly even without the requirement of lubrication.

Belt friction is a term describing the friction forces between a belt and a surface, such as a belt wrapped around a

bollard. When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of this force is transmitted to the other end. The friction force

makes that the tension in the belt can be different at both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be modeled by the Belt friction

equation. The equation used to model belt friction is, assuming the belt has no mass and its material is a fixed composition.

V-Belt : T2 = T1e.kosek.

Flat Belt : T2 = T1e

where is the tension of the pulling side, which is typically the greater force, is the tension of the resisting side, is

the static friction coefficient, which has no units, and is the angle, in radians formed by the first and last spots the belt

touches the pulley, with the vertex at the center of the pulley.

5.0 EXPERIMENT DIAGRAM

Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Belt Friction Apparatus

Formula:

V-Belt : T2 = T1e.kosek.

Flat Belt : T2 = T1e

Where: 2 =

: convert to radian unit.

6.0 APPARATUS:

i. LS-12001-BF Belt Friction Apparatus main frame.

ii. V-belt.

iii. Flat Belt

iv. Spring scales.

7.0 PROCEDURES

i. Place the LS-12001-BF Belt Friction Apparatus on a level table.

ii. Fix the belt brackets to both end of the V-belt. Tighten it by screws.

iii. Fix both ends of the belt brackets to spring scales. One end is normal spring scale (A) while the other end is spring

scale with screw strut (E). Tighten it with screws and nuts.

iv. Open the safety acrylic door using the door handle. (Do not open the door using the bottom right end as it may

break the acrylic)

v. Insert the spring scale screw strut into the inner side hole of the screw strut holder (F). Tighten it with wing nut (G).

(Do not fully tighten the wing nut)

vi. Place the spring scale to the spring scale holder (D) at desirable angle (i.e. 300, 60

0).

vii. Close the safety acrylic door.

viii. Apply the load to V-belt by turning the wing nut. Use a hand to hold the screw strut while the other hands to turn

the wing nut.

ix. Keep an eye on the spring scale reading. Turn the wing nuts until the load apply reached desirable value.

x. Take the reading at the other spring scale and record it into the table.

xi. Loosen the wing nut and repeat the experiment with other angles. (Do not repeat with the angle close to previous

angle as this would not give significant difference).

8.0 RESULTS:

Angle ( 0

) Spring Scale 1 (N) Spring Scale 2 (N) Coefficient of Friction,

45

90

180

TABLE 1: V-BELT

Angle ( 0

) Spring Scale 1 (N) Spring Scale 2 (N) Coefficient of Friction,

45

90

180

TABLE 2: FLAT-BELT

9.0 CALCULATIONS:

10.0 DISCUSSION:

From this experiment;

i. What is the different between the V-belt and Flat belt?

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. Briefly describe your observation on belts friction with respect to the position angle.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

11.0 CONCLUSION:

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________




A. STUDENT GROUP

NO.

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

B. MARKS:

TECHNICAL REPORT

RUBRIC

PROCEDURES

DIAGRAMS

DATA

CALCULATIONS

ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

ERROR ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS

CONCLUSION


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508


SCORE

1 2 3 4

TOTAL MARKS (%)


REGISTRATION NUMBER

TOTAL

(40%)

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 2.0

x 2.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0


MUADZAM SHAH

06000 JITRA,

KEDAH DARUL AMAN


Page : 7


Semester : 5



Code & Course :



1.0 TITLE

Compound Pendulum (Frequency of the rod motion)

2.0 OBJECTIVE:

i. To determine the frequency of motion of a compound pendulum.




procedures. (P4)


4.0 INTRODUCTION

A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point which allows it to

oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.

Consider a bar suspended at point O and is free to oscillate.


Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Compound and Simple Pendulum

Rod

Screw to tightened bob weight against the rod

Bob weight

Centre of Suspension

A compound Pendulum

O is the point of suspension

G is the centre of gravity

m is the mass of the body

is the angular displacement

is the angular acceleration

I0 is the mass moment of inertia of the body

When the body is given a small displacement , the restoring moment about O to bring the body back to its equilibrium

position is given by:

Restoring moment, Mr = m*g*h sin

Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *

Since is small, sin = , therefore;

m*g*h = I0 *

= (m*g*h ) / I0

periodic 9me = 2 * (Displacement / accelera9on)

= 2 * ( / )

= 2 * [I0 / (m*g*h)]

Frequency of motion, n = 1/ (periodic time)

= (1/2) * [ (m*g*h) / I0]

From parallel axis theorem,

I0 = Ig + mh2

Ig = m k2

Where k is the radius of gyration

6.0 APPARATUS:

i. A simple compound pendulum consisting of a rod and a cylindrical bob weight.

ii. A stop watch

7.0 PROCEDURES

I. If the bob weight is attached to the rod, remove it.

II. Measure and record the diameter of the rod at least at 5 locations.

III. Measure and record the length of the rod to obtain the position of centre of gravity.

IV. Measure and record the distance the point of suspension from the end of the rod (close to the point of suspension).

V. Weigh and record the weight of the rod.

VI. Hang the rod at the point of suspension.

VII. Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch.

VIII. Displace the rod at a small angle.

IX. Release the rod and start the stopwatch simultaneously.

X. Stop the watch after the rod has excuted 5 cycles of oscillations.

XI. Record this time in the Table provided.

XII. Repeat step 6 to 10 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over 5 oscillations.

XIII. Remove the rod and hang it at a new point of suspension. Measure and record the distance the point of suspension

from the end of the rod (close to the point of suspension).

XIV. Repeat step 7 to 12

8.0 RESULTS

Weight of rod = kg

Length of rod = m

Distance of point of suspension from the top end of the rod = m

Rod Diameter (m)

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4 Reading 5 Average

TABLE 1: AVERAGE DIAMETER OF ROD

No. of Oscillations Time 1 sec

Time 2 sec

Average Time sec

5

10

15

20

TABLE 2: TIME OF OSCILLATION

Plot the graph of average time Vs no of oscillations

Plot the trend curve (best fit curve) with equations.

Slope of the graph represents the periodic time

Time per cycle(oscillation), periodic time = sec

Calculate the mass moment of inertia about the point of suspension

Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.

9.0 CALCULATIONS:

10.0 DISCUSSION:


i. What is the frequency of motion when the distance of the point of suspension from the centre of gravity of the rod is decrease? ______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. Briefly describe your observation on pendulum with respect to the position angle.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

11.0 CONCLUSION:

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________




A. STUDENT GROUP

NO.

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

B. MARKS:

TECHNICAL REPORT

RUBRIC

PROCEDURES

DIAGRAMS

DATA

CALCULATIONS

ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

ERROR ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS

CONCLUSION


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508


SCORE

1 2 3 4

TOTAL MARKS (%)


REGISTRATION NUMBER

TOTAL

(40%)

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 2.0

x 2.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0


MUADZAM SHAH

06000 JITRA,

KEDAH DARUL AMAN


Page : 7


Semester : 5



Code & Course :



1.0 TITLE

Compound Pendulum (Frequency of the rod motion with bob weight)

2.0 OBJECTIVE:

i. To determine the frequency of motion of a compound pendulum.




procedures. (P4)


4.0 INTRODUCTION

A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point which allows it to

oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.

Consider a bar suspended at point O and is free to oscillate.


Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Compound and Simple Pendulum

Rod

Screw to tightened bob weight against the rod

Bob weight

Centre of Suspension

A compound Pendulum

O is the point of suspension

G is the centre of gravity

m is the mass of the body

is the angular displacement

is the angular acceleration

I0 is the mass moment of inertia of the body

When the body is given a small displacement , the restoring

position is given by:

Restoring moment, Mr = m*g*h sin

Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *

Since is small, sin = , therefore;

m*g*h = I0 *

= (m*g*h ) / I

periodic 8me = 2 * (Displacement / acceleration)

= 2 * ( / )

= 2 * [I0 / (m*g*h)]


= (1/2) * [ (m*g*h) / I

From parallel axis theorem,

I0 = Ig + mh2

Ig = m k2

Where k is the radius of gyration

is the mass moment of inertia of the body

When the body is given a small displacement , the restoring moment about O to bring the body back to its equilibrium

= m*g*h sin

= (m*g*h ) / I0

(Displacement / acceleration)

/ (m*g*h)]


= (1/2) * [ (m*g*h) / I0]

moment about O to bring the body back to its equilibrium

6.0 APPARATUS:

i. A simple compound pendulum consisting of a rod and a cylindrical bob weight.

ii. A stop watch

7.0 PROCEDURES

I. Take the bob weight and weight it. Record its weight II. Measure and record the diameter of the bob weight to obtain the position of centre of gravity.

III. Measure and record the thickness of the bob weight. IV. Decide the position of the bob weight on the rod. V. Insert the rod through the hole in the bob weight until the decided location. VI. Tightened the screw on the bob weigth against the rod to hold the bob weight in position. VII. Measure the distance of the centre of gravity of the bob weight from the point of suspension VIII. Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch. IX. Displace the rod at a small angle. X. Release the rod and start the stopwatch simultaneously. XI. Stop the watch after the rod has excited 5 cycles of oscillations. XII. Repeat step 8 to 11 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over the measured

oscillations. XIII. Record the time in the Table provided. XIV. Repeat step 10 to 11 for 10, 15 and 20 oscillations. XV. Repeat with a few more positions of the bob weight.

8.0 RESULTS

Weight of rod = kg

Length of rod = m

Distance of point of suspension from the top end of the rod = m

Rod Diameter (m)

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4 Reading 5 Average

TABLE 1: AVERAGE DIAMETER OF ROD

No. of Oscillations Time 1 sec

Time 2 sec

Average Time sec

5

10

15

20

TABLE 2: TIME OF OSCILLATION

Plot the graph of average time Vs no of oscillations

Plot the trend curve (best fit curve) with equations.

Slope of the graph represents the periodic time

Time per cycle(oscillation), periodic time = sec

Calculate the mass moment of inertia about the point of suspension

Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.

9.0 CALCULATIONS:

10.0 DISCUSSION:


i. What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight is added to the rod? ______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight moves closer to the point of suspension? ______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

11.0 CONCLUSION:

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________




THERMODYNAMICS 2

EXPERIMENT 1: VALVE TIMING

EXPERIMENT 2: HEAT EXCHANGER 1

EXPERIMENT 3: HEAT EXCHANGER 2




A. STUDENT GROUP

NO.

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

B. MARKS:

TECHNICAL REPORT

RUBRIC

PROCEDURES

DIAGRAMS

DATA

CALCULATIONS

ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

ERROR ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS

CONCLUSION


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508


SCORE

1 2 3 4

TOTAL MARKS (%)


REGISTRATION NUMBER

TOTAL

(40%)

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 2.0

x 2.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0


06000 JITRA, KEDAH DARUL AMAN

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal

Page : 4 Laboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 1 Semester : 5 Programme : DKM Duration : 2 Hours per week

Code & Course: JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3

VALVE TIMING (4 stroke) 1. PRACTICE: Valve Timing

2. OBJECTIVE The objectives are:

i.students may know how valve timing works ii.students know how to determine the valve timing of a 4-stroke reciprocating engine iii.students able to construct the valve timing diagram

3. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES : i. Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects. ii. Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures. iii. Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.

4. THEORY Figure 1 show a typical valve timing diagram and the associated terminology for example.

Figure 1






A= inlet valve lead B=inlet valve lag C= exhaust valve lead D= exhaust valve lag A+D= valve overlap

The sequence of opening and closing the inlet and exhaust valve is designed to increase the breathing or volumetric efficiency, of the engine, and achieved by arrangement of the valve train components, in particular the cam drive and shape of the cam lobes.

However, since the timing does not vary with the speed engine, the maximum charging and scavenging of the cylinder during a cycle are obtained only around a certain engine speed. Consequently, a racing engine with large valve leads and lags which will permit good volumetric efficiency at high speed must have a relatively high idling speed and economical fuel consumption at the lower engine speed.

5. APPARATUS: The apparatus needed are: a. single clylinder 4-stroke spark ignition engine b. dial indicator c. magnetic base d. masking tape e. pen knivel f. sciencetific calculator

6. METHOD

a. Expose the flywheel and the valve by removing the flywheel cover and the cylinder head.

b. Attach masking tape around the circumference of the flywheel

c. Using a suitable datum on the cylinder block, mark TDC and BDC on the masking tape by observing the position of piston in the selected cylinder as flywheel is turned over.

d. Identify the inlet and exhaust valve and determine the direction of rotation of the engine.

e. Set up the dial indicator with the magnetic base on the top of the block. the shaft of the indicator should rest on the appropriate valve whose opening and closing to be observed.

f. Turn the flywheel clocewise slowly by hand and proceed to mark on the masking tape the point in the circle when inlet valve opens, inlet valve closes , exhaust valve opens and exhaust valve closes respectively.

g. Remove the masking tape and measure the valve leads and lags.

h. Constuct the valve-timing diagram using the cardboard.






5. OBSERVATION Calculate length of masking tape (l) : mm. length from inlet valve open (IVO) to inlet valve close (IVC) (a) : mm. length from inlet valve close (IVC) to ignition time (IG) (b) : mm. length from ignition time (IG) to exhaust valve open (EVO) : mm. length from exhaust valve open (EVO) to exhaust valve close (EVC) (e): mm. length from inlet valve open (IVO) to exhaust valve close (EVO) (d) : mm

Calculate the valves duration for:

a) induction stroke

b) compression stroke

c) power stroke

d) exhaust stroke

e) overlap

6. DISCUSSION

a. Draw the valve-timing diagram






b) Conclusion

REFERENCES:




A. STUDENT GROUP

NO.

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

B. MARKS:

TECHNICAL REPORT

RUBRIC

PROCEDURES

DIAGRAMS

DATA

CALCULATIONS

ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

ERROR ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS

CONCLUSION


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508


SCORE

1 2 3 4

TOTAL MARKS (%)


REGISTRATION NUMBER

TOTAL

(40%)

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 2.0

x 2.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

POLYTHECNIC SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH



Page : 5 Laboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 2 (THERMODYNAMICS 2) Semester : 5 Programme : DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM Duration : 2 Hours per week


1.0 TITLE: SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

2.0 OBJECTIVES:

i. Calculate heat transfer rate, Q. ii. Determined the overall coefficient of heat transition, U ( kW/m2K ) iii. Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q. iv. Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-

current ). v. Define efficiency of heat transfer process vi. To compare heat transfer rate for different method.

3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :

i. Conduct appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.

ii. Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.

iii. Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.

4.0 INTRODUCTION:

Purpose of heat exchangers Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators ( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.

Function of heat exchangers As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :

i. Hot medium emits heat to the partition. ii. partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface. iii. partition emits heat to the cold medium.

Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2. The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.

T1

T1 TW1 TW2 TW

T2 T2

Distance

Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition

Water (H20) physical properties Temperature Density Specific Heat Capacity, Cp

C K [kg/dm 3] [kJ/kg.K] 0 273 0.9998 4.220

20 293 0.9982 4.183 40 313 0.9921 4.178 60 333 0.9830 4.191 80 353 0.9720 4.199 100 373 0.9580 4.216

Related Formulas:

i. Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc

ii. Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] = Cp Th = Cp (Th-in Th-out)

iii. Heat recieved, Qc [kJ/s] = Cp Tc = Cp (Tc-in Tc-out)

iv. Average heat transferred, [kJ/s] = (Qh + Qc )/2

Cool side Medium 2

T

s

partition Hot side Medium 1

v. Tm [C] = ( Tmax Tmin ) / ln (Tmax/Tmin) For uni-directional flow; Tmax = (Th-in Tc-in) Tmin = (Th-out Tc-out)

vi. = U Am Tm U [kJ/m2sK] = / (Am Tm )

Heat profile for uni-directional flow

5.0 APPARATUS:

i. Heat Exchanger Services Unit ii. Shell and tube iii. Medium- pipe water

Apparatus specification Heat Exchanger Type Area, Amin [m2]

Shell and tube 0.0200 Tubular 0.0227 Plat 0.0400

T1

Tmin

T3 T4

T2

Tmax

6.0 PROCEDURES:

A. Heating of hot-water tank .

i. Check of water level in tank and top up if necessary. ii. Switch on master switch. iii. Set the desired hot-water temperature at temperature controller. iv. Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating

up start with bleeding procedure. B. Bleeding of heat exchanger

i. Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a danger of scalding!

ii. Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible.

iii. Switch on pump. iv. Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly. v. Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.

C. Experiment i. Set desired hot flow rates, Vh at flow-control valve same as in the table 1. ii. Set the first rates for cold water , Vc . Wait until Thermal equilibrium is attained or stable. Take Flow rates value

in the table 1. iii. Take the inlet and outlet temperature readings for hot and cold flow. iv. Repeat the step above with changes the cold flow rates at low value.

7.0 RESULTS:

i. Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given. ii. Sketch the temperature profile for the both flow.

8.0 DISCUSSIONS:

i. Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow. ii. It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes. iii. What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition

value, U. iv. Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design

aspect.

9.0 CONCLUSION :

Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.

REFERENCES:

APPENDIX 1

Heat exchanger type:

TABLE 1

Unidirectional flow

Hot flowrate, vb = 2.5 L/min

Specific

Heat

Capacity

, C

Water

Density

Water

mass

flowrate

, m

Heat

supplied

, Qh

Heat

received

, Qc

Average

heat

transferred

Tm

Heat

transfer

coefficient,

U

Note

No

.

Cool

flowrate,

vc

Tc-in Tc-out Th-in Th-out [kJ/kg.K] [kg/m3] [kg/s] [kJ/s] [kJ/s] [kJ/s] [C] [kW/m

2.K]

1

2

3




A. STUDENT GROUP

NO.

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

B. MARKS:

TECHNICAL REPORT

RUBRIC

PROCEDURES

DIAGRAMS

DATA

CALCULATIONS

ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

ERROR ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS

CONCLUSION


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508


SCORE

1 2 3 4

TOTAL MARKS (%)


REGISTRATION NUMBER

TOTAL

(40%)

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 2.0

x 2.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0




Page : 5 Laboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 3 (THERMODYNAMICS 2) Semester : 5 Programme : DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM Duration : 2 Hours per week


1.0 TITLE: SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

2.0 OBJECTIVES:

i. Calculate heat transfer rate, Q. ii. Determined the overall coefficient of heat transition, U ( kW/m2K ) iii. Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q. iv. Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-

current ). v. Define efficiency of heat transfer process vi. To compare heat transfer rate for different method.


i. Conduct appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.

ii. Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.


4.0 INTRODUCTION:

Purpose of heat exchangers Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators ( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.

Function of heat exchangers As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :

i. Hot medium emits heat to the partition. ii. partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface. iii. partition emits heat to the cold medium.

Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2. The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.

T1

T1 TW1 TW2 TW

T2 T2

Distance

Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition

Water (H20) physical properties Temperature Density Specific Heat Capacity, Cp

C K [kg/dm 3] [kJ/kg.K] 0 273 0.9998 4.220

20 293 0.9982 4.183 40 313 0.9921 4.178 60 333 0.9830 4.191 80 353 0.9720 4.199 100 373 0.9580 4.216

Related Formulas:

i. Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc

ii. Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] = Cp Th = Cp (Th-in Th-out)

iii. Heat recieved, Qc [kJ/s] = Cp Tc = Cp (Tc-in Tc-out)

iv. Average heat transferred, [kJ/s] = (Qh + Qc )/2

Cool side Medium 2

T

s

partition Hot side Medium 1

v. Tm [C] = ( Tmax Tmin ) / ln (Tmax/Tmin)

For counter-directional flow; Tmax = (Th-in Tc-out) Tmin = (Th-out Tc-in)

vi. = U Am Tm U [kJ/m2sK] = / (Am Tm )

Heat profile for counter-directional flow

5.0 APPARATUS:

i. Heat Exchanger Services Unit ii. Shell and tube iii. Medium- pipe water

Apparatus specification Heat Exchanger Type Area, Amin [m2]

Shell and tube 0.0200 Tubular 0.0227 Plat 0.0400

T1

Tmin

T3 T4

T2 Tmax

6.0 PROCEDURES:

A. Heating of hot-water tank .

i. Check of water level in tank and top up if necessary. ii. Switch on master switch. iii. Set the desired hot-water temperature at temperature controller. iv. Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating

up start with bleeding procedure. B. Bleeding of heat exchanger

i. Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a danger of scalding!

ii. Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible.

iii. Switch on pump. iv. Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly. v. Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.

C. Experiment i. Switch off the pump. ii. change the flow direction from the co-current to counter-current. Only iii. change cold water hoses. iv. Switch on pump and rewind step above in experiment 1. v. take down the flow rates and temperatures reading in the table 1.

7.0 RESULTS:

i. Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given. ii. Sketch the temperature profile for the both flow.

8.0 DISCUSSIONS:

i. Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow. ii. It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes. iii. What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition

value, U. iv. Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design

aspect.

9.0 CONCLUSION :

Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.

REFERENCES:

APPENDIX 1

Heat exchanger type:

TABLE 1

Counter-directional flow

Hot flowrate, vb = 2.5 L/min

Specific

Heat

Capacity

, C

Water

Density

Water

mass

flowrate

, m

Heat

supplied

, Qh

Heat

received

, Qc

Average

heat

transferred

Tm

Heat

transfer

coefficient,

U

Note

No

.

Cool

flowrate,

vc

Tc-in Tc-out Th-in Th-out [kJ/kg.K] [kg/L] [kg/s] [kJ/s] [kJ/s] [kJ/s] [C] [kW/m2.K]

1

2

3




METALLURGY

EXPERIMENT 1: METALLOGRAPHY STRUCTURE

EXPERIMENT 2: HARDNESS TESTING: ROCKWELL




A. STUDENT GROUP

NO.

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

B. MARKS:

TECHNICAL REPORT

RUBRIC

PROCEDURES

DIAGRAMS

DATA

CALCULATIONS

ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

ERROR ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS

CONCLUSION


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508


SCORE

1 2 3 4

TOTAL MARKS (%)


REGISTRATION NUMBER

TOTAL

(40%)

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 2.0

x 2.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0






1.0 TITLE: Metallurgy Structure

2.0 OBJECTIVES:

i. Understand the procedure for basic metallographic. ii. Draw and identify the different material gain structure. iii. Heat treatment may be influencing the properties of carbon steel.


i. Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects.

ii. Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.


4.0 INTRODUCTION:

The science and technology of metals and alloys. Process metallurgy is concerned with the extraction of metals from their ores and with refining of metals; physical metallurgy, with the physical and mechanical properties of metals as affected by composition, processing, and environmental conditions; and mechanical metallurgy, with the response of metals to applied forces

5.0 APPARATUS:

Equipment : mounting machine, grinding machine, polishing machine, microscope Specimen : steel, alloy copper, aluminium and other select materials

X1A - Less Pure Zinc base sand casting form X2 - Copper Alloy tin X4 copper alloy zinc

6.0 PROCEDURES:

1. Grind surface of the mounting specimen follower right method by grading machine 2. Polish the specimen by polishing machine, with polishing liquid on matron cloth.* 3. clean the specimen with detergent liquid and after that dry at the dryer machine 4. Etching the specimen in mixed solution agent. ** 5. microstructure view under microscope.

* gilap dengan menggunakan larutan BRASSO di atas kain metron dan jika tidak berkesan bolehlah menggilapkannya dengan menggunakan adunan intan (diamond paste) saiz 1 mikron . ** punarkan dengan menggunakan larutan 2% Nital or alcoholic ferrit chloride ( larutan yang mengandungi 5 gm FeCl, 2 ml HCl pekat, 95 ml alkohol )

7.0 RESULTS:

A) base on microscope visual, draw the grain structure below .

Bil Spesimen Bahan , kandungan aloi & ( jenis struktur ).

Proses pemejalan atau produk.

Bentuk struktur

X1A Zink (Zn) yang kurang tulin ( 1 fasa ) Struktur bijian boleh dilihat tanpa mikroskop

Proses pendinginan drp tuangan pasir.

X2

Aloi kuprum dgn 4% Sn(struktur larutan pepejal 1 fasa)

Proses pendinginan drp tuangan pasir. Penerasan (coring) pada bijian berlaku semasa pemejalan

X4

Aloi kuprum (loyang) kadungan 52% Cu, 48% Zn(struktur larutan pepejal 1 fasa)

Proses pendinginan drp tuangan pasir. Drp rajah fasa aloi Cu/Zn hanya fasa yang diperolehi untuk aloi ini.

8.0 DISCUSSIONS:

9.0 CONCLUSION :

REFERENCES:




A. STUDENT GROUP

NO.

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

B. MARKS:

TECHNICAL REPORT

RUBRIC

PROCEDURES

DIAGRAMS

DATA

CALCULATIONS

ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION

ERROR ANALYSIS

QUESTIONS

CONCLUSION


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508


SCORE

1 2 3 4

TOTAL MARKS (%)


REGISTRATION NUMBER

TOTAL

(40%)

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 2.0

x 2.0

x 1.0

x 1.0

x 1.0




Page : 4 Laboratory Practise: Experiment 2 HARDNESS TESTING ROCKWELL Semester : 5 Programme : DKM Duration : 2 Hours per week


1.0 TITLE: HARDNESS TESTING ROCKWELL

2.0 OBJECTIVES:

i. Perform properly Rockwell test methods

ii. Compare the value of Rockwell hardness of metals methods


i. Conduct appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures. ii. Analyze critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. iii. Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.

4.0 INTRODUCTION:

Rockwell & Rockwell superficial tests consists of forcing an indenter (Diamond or Ball) into the surface of a test piece in two steps i.e. first with preliminary test force and thereafter with additional test force & the measuring depth of indentation after removal of additional test force (Remaining preliminary test force active) for measurement or hardness value

5.0 EQUIPMENT AND SPECIMENT :

i. Rockwell machine , Model : ATK F1000 ii. Steel, alloy copper, aluminum and other select materials

6.0 PROCEDURES:

i. Set the power on (lamp lights) ii. Set the scale, type of scale, total test force values and indenters. (referred lecturer)

= select the total test force. = select indenter type iii. To check or change testing condition, press the MODE switch to select a desired menu. MENU1 5 iv. Replace the indenter right ( size and scale ) v. Total test force die is in right position vi. Automatic measurement function.

a) Place a sample onto the avail/table b) Rotate the handle slowly to make the sample press against the indenter. While applying the preliminary

test force, brake is automatically. c) Sure AUTO and LODING lamp light. Waiting time d) Lording lamp goes out, various data are display or out put. e) Read indicated values, and rotate handle down. f) Repeated step a again for another sample

pelekuk

LCD display

beban pertama

andas

handle beban utama

lampu

suis

FIGURE 1 : Rockwell Machine

7.0 RESULTS:

materials HR__ materials HR__ materials HR__ Test number

reading Test number

reading Test number

reading

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5

Average Average Average

8.0 DISCUSSIONS:

i. Why that the 1st reading should be ignored? Give your reason

ii. Discuss, why the data obtained different?

iii. Short listed the advantages and disadvantages Rockwell testing.

9.0 CONCLUSION :

REFERENCES:

1. G.L. Kehl, The Principles of Metallographic Laboratory Practice, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1949, p 229. 2. Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2001), Foundations of Material Science and Engineering (4th ed.), McGraw-

Hill, p. 229, ISBN 0-07-295358-6 3. www.gordonengland.co.uk/hardness/rockwell.htm

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