jj508 lab sheet - copy

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH

06000 JITRA, KEDAHMECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

JJ508-ENGINEERING LAB 3 PRACTICAL RUBRIC

1. PRACTICAL TASK

i. Technical Skill /psychomotor(20 marks)

CRITERIANEEDSATISFACTORYGOODEXCELLENCESCORE

IMPROVEMENT(2)(3)(4)

(1)

SAFETYSafety proceduresLab is carried outLab is generallyLab is carried out

were ignored.with somecarried out withwith fully

attention toattention toattention to___X 2. 5 =

relevant safetyrelevant safetyrelevant safety

procedures.procedures.procedures.

EXPERIMENTExperiment are notExperiment needExperiment needExperiment work

SETUP &workingfor majorfor minorproperly___ X 2. 5 =

COMPLETENESSadjustment toadjustment to

workwork

SCORE

ii. Leadership & Teamwork Skill (40 marks)



(1)

TEAMWORK SKILLSInactive participateFew membersMost membersAll members take

members. Taskparticipatecontribute. Taskan active role.

assignedactively.are assigned toTasks are defined___ X 2. 5 =

individually.Tasks are assignedsome members.by the group and

to few members.assigned to all

members.

PARTICIPATIONNever willing toRarely willing toOften willing toAlways willing to

participate orparticipate orparticipateparticipate and

volunteervolunteeroccasionallyconsistently

information orinformation orvolunteervolunteer

opinion. Never ableopinion. Rarelyinformation orinformation or

to respond toresponds toopinion.opinion.

questions or issuesquestions or issuesOccasionallyFrequently give___X 2. 5 =

raised.raised but oftenresponds toquick responds to

create issues.questions andquestions or

contributeissues raised.

opinion to issues

raised.

CONTRIBUTIONSRarely providesSometimesUsually providesRoutinely

usefulprovidesusefulprovides

ideas whenuseful ideas whenideas whenuseful ideas when

participating in theparticipating in theparticipating inparticipating in

group and ingroup and inthethe

classroomclassroomgroup and ingroup and in___X 2. 5 =

discussion.discussion.classroomclassroom

May refuse toA satisfactorydiscussion.discussion.

participate.groupA strong groupA leader who

member who doesmember whocontributes a lot

what is required.triesof

hard!effort.

DEMONSTRATEOften arrive lateOccasionally arriveRarely arrive lateAlways arrive on__ X 2. 5 =

GOOD MANNERSand rarelylate oror unprepared.time and

prepared.unprepared.prepared.

SCORE

2. TECHNICAL REPORT (40 marks)



(1)

DATAPresentation of theAccurateAccurateData are not

data in tables orpresentation ofpresentation ofshown OR are

graphs is donedata in tables ordata in writteninaccurate.

correctly andgraphs. Graphs andform, but no____X 2.0=

accordingly. Graphstables are labeledgraphs or tables is

and tables areand titled.presented.

labeled and titled.

CALCULATIONSAll calculations areSome calculationsSome calculationsNo calculations___X 2. 0 =

shown and theare shown and theare shown and theare shown.

result are correctresult are correctresult labeled

and labeledand labeledappropriately.

appropriately.appropriately.

Analyze theExplain the trendsExplain veryNeeds to explain___X 2. 0 =

DISCUSSION (i)findings. Explainand oddities in thebriefly the trendstrends and

the trends anddata.and oddities in theoddities in the

oddities in thedata.data.

data.

Analyze theExplain the trendsExplain veryNeeds to explain___ X 2. 0 =

DISCUSSION(ii)findings. Explainand oddities in thebriefly the trendstrends and

the trends anddata.and oddities in theoddities in the

oddities in thedata.data.

data.

CONCLUSIONConclusion includesConclusionConclusionsNo conclusion____X 2.0 =

whether theincludes whetherincludes what waswas included in

findings supportedthe findingslearned from thethe report.

the hypothesis,supported theexperiment.

possible sources ofhypothesis and

error, and whatwhat was learned

was learned fromfrom the

the experiment.experiment.

SCORE

TOTAL SCORE

POLITEK NIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM M UADZAM

SHAH

06000 JITRA, KEDAH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPAR TMENT

LABSHEET

JJ508

ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3

MECHANIC OF MACHIN E THERMODYNAMICS 2

METAL LURGY 2


06000 JITRA, KEDAH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECHANIC OF

MACHINE

EXPERIMENT 1: BELT FRICTION

EXPERIMENT 2: COMPOUND PENDULUM 1

EXPERIMENT 2: COMPOUND PENDULUM 2

POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM

MUADZAM SHAH

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL


JJ508

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

A. STUDENT GROUP

NO.NAMEREGIS TRATION NUMBER

B. MARKS:

SCORE

TECHNICAL REPORTTOTAL

1234

RUBRIC(40%)

PROCEDURESx 1.0

DIAGRAMSx 1.0

DATAx 1.0

CALCULATIONSx 2.0

ANALYSIS/DISCUSSIONx 2.0

ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0

QUESTIONSx 1.0

CONCLUSIONx 1.0

TOTAL MARKS (%)

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIMPage:5

MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise:ENGINEERING MECHANICS

06000 JITRA,Semester:5

KEDAH DARUL AMAN

Programme:DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKALTime:2 HOURS per week

Code & Course :

JJ 508- ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3

(MECHANIC OF MACHINE)

1.0 TITLE

Belt Friction Apparatus

2.0 OBJECTIVE:

i. To determine different type of belts friction.

ii. To compare different type of belts friction. iii. Influence of belt force and angle of contact.

3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

i. Analyze critically the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4)

ii. Organize appropriately electrical and engineering mechanics experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures. (P4)

iii. Write critically the appropriate report in group based on the experiment results. (A2)

4.0 INTRODUCTION

Belt is a flexible band which is in power transmission. It is able to transfer the power from one point to the other points with minimum power loss. The belt is able to work smoothly and quietly even without the requirement of lubrication.

Belt friction is a term describing the friction forces between a belt and a surface, such as a belt wrapped around a bollard. When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of this force is transmitted to the other end. The friction force makes that the tension in the belt can be different at both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be modeled by the Belt friction

equation. The equation used to model belt friction is, assuming the belt has no mass and its material is a fixed composition.

V-Belt : T2 = T1e.kosek.Flat Belt : T2 = T1e

where is the tension of the pulling side, which is typically the greater force, is the tension of the resisting side, is

the static friction coefficient, which has no units, and is the angle, in radians formed by the first and last spots the belt touches the pulley, with the vertex at the center of the pulley.

5.0 EXPERIMENT DIAGRAM

Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Belt Friction Apparatus

Formula:V-Belt : T2 = T1e.kosek.Flat Belt : T2 = T1eWhere: 2 : convert to radian unit.

6.0 APPARATUS:

i. LS-12001-BF Belt Friction Apparatus main frame.

ii. V-belt.

iii. Flat Belt

iv. Spring scales.

7.0 PROCEDURES

i. Place the LS-12001-BF Belt Friction Apparatus on a level table.

ii. Fix the belt brackets to both end of the V-belt. Tighten it by screws.

iii. Fix both ends of the belt brackets to spring scales. One end is normal spring scale (A) while the other end is spring scale with screw strut (E). Tighten it with screws and nuts.

iv. Open the safety acrylic door using the door handle. (Do not open the door using the bottom right end as it may break the acrylic)

v. Insert the spring scale screw strut into the inner side hole of the screw strut holder (F). Tighten it with wing nut (G). (Do not fully tighten the wing nut) vi. Place the spring scale to the spring scale holder (D) at desirable angle (i.e. 300, 600). vii. Close the safety acrylic door.

viii. Apply the load to V-belt by turning the wing nut. Use a hand to hold the screw strut while the other hands to turn the wing nut. ix. Keep an eye on the spring scale reading. Turn the wing nuts until the load apply reached desirable value. x. Take the reading at the other spring scale and record it into the table.

xi. Loosen the wing nut and repeat the experiment with other angles. (Do not repeat with the angle close to previous angle as this would not give significant difference).

8.0 RESULTS:

Angle ( 0 )Spring Scale 1 (N)Spring Scale 2 (N)Coefficient of Friction,

45

90

180

TABLE 1: V-BELT

Angle ( 0 )Spring Scale 1 (N)Spring Scale 2 (N)Coefficient of Friction,

45

90

180

TABLE 2: FLAT-BELT

9.0 CALCULATIONS:

10.0 DISCUSSION:

From this experiment;

i. What is the different between the V-belt and Flat belt?

______________________________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. Briefly describe your observation on belts friction with respect to the position angle.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

11.0 CONCLUSION:

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

A. STUDENT GROUP


B. MARKS:

SCORE


1234

RUBRIC(40%)

PROCEDURESx 1.0

DIAGRAMSx 1.0

DATAx 1.0

CALCULATIONSx 2.0


ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0

QUESTIONSx 1.0

CONCLUSIONx 1.0

TOTAL MARKS (%)




KEDAH DARUL AMAN



Code & Course :



1.0 TITLE

Compound Pendulum (Frequency of the rod motion)

2.0 OBJECTIVE:

i. To determine the frequency of motion of a compound pendulum.





4.0 INTRODUCTION

A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point which allows it to oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.

Consider a bar suspended at point O and is free to oscillate.


Centre of Suspension

Rod

Screw to tightened bob weight against the rod

Bob weight

Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Compound and Simple Pendulum

A compound Pendulum

O is the point of suspension G is the centre of gravity

m is the mass of the body

is the angular displacement is the angular accelerationI0 is the mass moment of inertia of the body

When the body is given a small displacement , the restoring moment about O to bring the body back to its equilibrium position is given by:

Restoring moment, Mr = m*g*h sin Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *

Since is small, sin = , therefore; m*g*h = I0 *

= (m*g*h ) / I0 periodic me = 2 * (Displacement / acceleraon)

2 * ( / ) 2 * [I0 / (m*g*h)]

Frequency of motion, n = 1/ (periodic time)= (1/2) * [ (m*g*h) / I0]

From parallel axis theorem,I0 = Ig + mh2Ig = m k2

Where k is the radius of gyration

6.0 APPARATUS:

i. A simple compound pendulum consisting of a rod and a cylindrical bob weight.

ii. A stop watch

7.0 PROCEDURES

I. If the bob weight is attached to the rod, remove it.

II. Measure and record the diameter of the rod at least at 5 locations.

III. Measure and record the length of the rod to obtain the position of centre of gravity.

IV. Measure and record the distance the point of suspension from the end of the rod (close to the point of suspension). V. Weigh and record the weight of the rod.

VI. Hang the rod at the point of suspension.

VII. Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch. VIII. Displace the rod at a small angle.

IX. Release the rod and start the stopwatch simultaneously.

X. Stop the watch after the rod has excuted 5 cycles of oscillations. XI. Record this time in the Table provided.

XII. Repeat step 6 to 10 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over 5 oscillations.

XIII. Remove the rod and hang it at a new point of suspension. Measure and record the distance the point of suspension from the end of the rod (close to the point of suspension).

XIV. Repeat step 7 to 12

8.0 RESULTS

Weight of rod=kg

Length of rod=m

Distance of point of suspension from the top end of the rod =m

Rod Diameter (m)

Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Reading 4Reading 5Average

TABLE 1: AVERAGE DIAMETER OF ROD

No. of OscillationsTime 1Time 2Average Time

secsecsec

5

10

15

20

TABLE 2: TIME OF OSCILLATION

Plot the graph of average time Vs no of oscillations

Plot the trend curve (best fit curve) with equations.

Slope of the graph represents the periodic time

Time per cycle(oscillation), periodic time = sec

Calculate the mass moment of inertia about the point of suspension

Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.

9.0 CALCULATIONS:

10.0 DISCUSSION:


i. What is the frequency of motion when the distance of the point of suspension from the centre of gravity of the rod is decrease? ______________________________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. Briefly describe your observation on pendulum with respect to the position angle.

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______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

11.0 CONCLUSION:

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

A. STUDENT GROUP


B. MARKS:

SCORE


1234

RUBRIC(40%)

PROCEDURESx 1.0

DIAGRAMSx 1.0

DATAx 1.0

CALCULATIONSx 2.0


ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0

QUESTIONSx 1.0

CONCLUSIONx 1.0

TOTAL MARKS (%)




KEDAH DARUL AMAN



Code & Course :



1.0 TITLE

Compound Pendulum (Frequency of the rod motion with bob weight)

2.0 OBJECTIVE:

i. To determine the frequency of motion of a compound pendulum.





4.0 INTRODUCTION

A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point which allows it to oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.

Consider a bar suspended at point O and is free to oscillate.


Centre of Suspension

Rod

Screw to tightened bob weight against the rod

Bob weight

Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Compound and Simple Pendulum

A compound Pendulum

O is the point of suspension G is the centre of gravity

m is the mass of the body

is the angular displacement is the angular accelerationI0 is the mass moment of inertia of the body

When the body is given a small displacem ent , the restoring moment about O to bring the bod y back to its equilibrium position is given by:

Restoring moment, Mr = m*g*h sin Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *

Since is small, sin = , therefore; m*g*h = I0 *

= (m*g*h ) / I0 periodic me = 2 * (Displacement / acc eleration)

2 * ( / ) 2 * [I0 / (m *g*h)]

Frequency of motion, n = 1/ (periodic time)= (1 /2) * [ (m*g*h) / I0]

From parallel axis theorem,I0 = Ig + mh2Ig = m k2

Where k is the radius of gyration

6.0 APPARATUS:

i. A simple compound pendulum consisting of a rod and a cylindrical bob weight.

ii. A stop watch

7.0 PROCEDURES

I. Take the bob weight and weight it. Record its weight

AI. Measure and record the diameter of the bob weight to obtain the position of centre of gravity. III. Measure and record the thickness of the bob weight. IV.Decide the position of the bob weight on the rod.

V. Insert the rod through the hole in the bob weight until the decided location.

VI.Tightened the screw on the bob weigth against the rod to hold the bob weight in position.

VII.Measure the distance of the centre of gravity of the bob weight from the point of suspension

VIII.Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch.

IX.Displace the rod at a small angle.

X. Release the rod and start the stopwatch simultaneously.

XI.Stop the watch after the rod has excited 5 cycles of oscillations.

XII.Repeat step 8 to 11 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over the measured

oscillations.

XIII.Record the time in the Table provided.

XIV.Repeat step 10 to 11 for 10, 15 and 20 oscillations.

XV.Repeat with a few more positions of the bob weight.

8.0 RESULTS

Weight of rod=kg

Length of rod=m

Distance of point of suspension from the top end of the rod =m

Rod Diameter (m)

Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Reading 4Reading 5Average

TABLE 1: AVERAGE DIAMETER OF ROD

No. of OscillationsTime 1Time 2Average Time

secsecsec

5

10

15

20

TABLE 2: TIME OF OSCILLATION

Plot the graph of average time Vs no of oscillations

Plot the trend curve (best fit curve) with equations.

Slope of the graph represents the periodic time

Time per cycle(oscillation), periodic time = sec

Calculate the mass moment of inertia about the point of suspension

Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.

9.0 CALCULATIONS:

10.0 DISCUSSION:


i. What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight is added to the rod?

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______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

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ii. What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight moves closer to the point of suspension?

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11.0 CONCLUSION:

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_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________


06000 JITRA, KEDAH


THERMODYNAMICS 2

EXPERIMENT 1: VALVE TIMING

EXPERIMENT 2: HEAT EXCHANGER 1

EXPERIMENT 3: HEAT EXCHANGER 2


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

A. STUDENT GROUP


B. MARKS:

SCORE


1234

RUBRIC(40%)

PROCEDURESx 1.0

DIAGRAMSx 1.0

DATAx 1.0

CALCULATIONSx 2.0


ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0

QUESTIONSx 1.0

CONCLUSIONx 1.0

TOTAL MARKS (%)

POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDULPage: 4

HALIM MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 1

06000 JITRA,

KEDAH DARUL AMANSemester: 5

Jabatan Kejuruteraan MekanikalProgramme: DKM

Duration: 2 Hours per week

Code & Course:

JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3

VALVE TIMING (4 stroke)

1. PRACTICE: Valve Timing

2. OBJECTIVE

The objectives are:

i.students may know how valve timing works

ii.students know how to determine the valve timing of a 4-stroke reciprocating engine iii.students able to construct the valve timing diagram

3. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :

i. Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects.

ii. Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.

iii. Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.

4. THEORY

Figure 1 show a typical valve timing diagram and the associated terminology for example.

Figure 1



06000 JITRA,




Code & Course:


A= inlet valve lead

B=inlet valve lag

C= exhaust valve lead

D= exhaust valve lag

A+D= valve overlap

The sequence of opening and closing the inlet and exhaust valve is designed to increase the breathing or volumetric efficiency, of the engine, and achieved by arrangement of the valve train components, in particular the cam drive and shape of the cam lobes.

However, since the timing does not vary with the speed engine, the maximum charging and scavenging of the cylinder during a cycle are obtained only around a certain engine speed. Consequently, a racing engine with large valve leads and lags which will permit good volumetric efficiency at high speed must have a relatively high idling speed and economical fuel consumption at the lower engine speed.

5. APPARATUS:

The apparatus needed are:

a. single clylinder 4-stroke spark ignition engine

b. dial indicator

c. magnetic base

d. masking tape

e. pen knivel

f. sciencetific calculator

6. METHOD

a. Expose the flywheel and the valve by removing the flywheel cover and the cylinder head.

b. Attach masking tape around the circumference of the flywheel

c. Using a suitable datum on the cylinder block, mark TDC and BDC on the masking tape by observing the position of piston in the selected cylinder as flywheel is turned over.

d. Identify the inlet and exhaust valve and determine the direction of rotation of the engine.

e. Set up the dial indicator with the magnetic base on the top of the block. the shaft of the indicator should rest on the appropriate valve whose opening and closing to be observed.

f. Turn the flywheel clocewise slowly by hand and proceed to mark on the masking tape the point in the circle when inlet valve opens, inlet valve closes , exhaust valve opens and exhaust valve closes respectively.

g. Remove the masking tape and measure the valve leads and lags.

h. Constuct the valve-timing diagram using the cardboard.



06000 JITRA,




Code & Course:


5.OBSERVATION

Calculate

length of masking tape(l):mm.

length from inlet valve open (IVO) to inlet valve close (IVC)(a):mm.

length from inlet valve close (IVC) to ignition time (IG)(b):mm.

length from ignition time (IG) to exhaust valve open (EVO):mm.

length from exhaust valve open (EVO) to exhaust valve close (EVC) (e):mm.

length from inlet valve open (IVO) to exhaust valve close (EVO) (d):mm

Calculate the valves duration for:

a)induction stroke

b)compression stroke

c)power stroke

d)exhaust stroke

e)overlap

6. DISCUSSION

a.Draw the valve-timing diagram



06000 JITRA,




Code & Course:


b) Conclusion

REFERENCES:


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

A. STUDENT GROUP


B. MARKS:

SCORE


1234

RUBRIC(40%)

PROCEDURESx 1.0

DIAGRAMSx 1.0

DATAx 1.0

CALCULATIONSx 2.0


ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0

QUESTIONSx 1.0

CONCLUSIONx 1.0

TOTAL MARKS (%)

POLYTHECNIC SULTAN ABDUL HALIMPage: 5

MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 2 (THERMODYNAMICS 2)

06000 JITRA,Semester: 5

KEDAH DARUL AMAN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTProgramme: DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM


Code & Course:


1.0 TITLE: SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

2.0 OBJECTIVES:

i. Calculate heat transfer rate, Q.

ii. Determined the overall coefficient of heat transition, U ( kW/m2K )

iii. Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q.

iv. Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-current ).

v. Define efficiency of heat transfer process

vi. To compare heat transfer rate for different method.

3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :

i. Conduct appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.

ii. Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.


4.0 INTRODUCTION:

Purpose of heat exchangers

Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators ( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.

Function of heat exchangers

As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :

i. Hot medium emits heat to the partition.

ii. partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface.

iii. partition emits heat to the cold medium.

Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2.

The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.

Hot side

Cool side

partition

T1Medium 1Medium 2

T1

TW1

TWT

TW2

T2T2

s

Distance

Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition

Water (H20) physical properties

TemperatureDensitySpecific Heat Capacity, Cp

CK[kg/dm 3][kJ/kg.K]

02730.99984.220

202930.99824.183

403130.99214.178

603330.98304.191

803530.97204.199

1003730.95804.216

Related Formulas:

i.Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc

ii.Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] =Cp Th

Cp (Th-in Th-out) iii.Heat recieved, Qc [kJ/s] = Cp Tc Cp (Tc-in Tc-out) iv.Average heat transferred, [kJ/s] = (Qh + Qc )/2

v. Tm [C] = ( Tmax Tmin ) / ln (Tmax/Tmin) For uni-directional flow; Tmax = (Th-in Tc-in)Tmin = (Th-out Tc-out)

vi. = U Am Tm U [kJ/m2sK] = / (Am Tm )

Heat profile for uni-directional flow

T1

Tmax

T4

5.0 APPARATUS:

T2

Tmin

T3

i. Heat Exchanger Services Unit

ii. Shell and tube

iii. Medium- pipe water

Apparatus specification

Heat Exchanger TypeArea, Amin [m2]

Shell and tube0.0200

Tubular0.0227

Plat0.0400

6.0 PROCEDURES:

A. Heating of hot-water tank .

i. Check of water level in tank and top up if necessary.

ii. Switch on master switch.

iii. Set the desired hot-water temperature at temperature controller.

iv. Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating up start with bleeding procedure.

B. Bleeding of heat exchanger

i. Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a danger of scalding! ii. Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible. iii. Switch on pump.

iv. Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly.

v. Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.

C. Experiment

i. Set desired hot flow rates, Vh at flow-control valve same as in the table 1.

ii. Set the first rates for cold water , Vc . Wait until Thermal equilibrium is attained or stable. Take Flow rates value in the table 1.

iii. Take the inlet and outlet temperature readings for hot and cold flow.

iv. Repeat the step above with changes the cold flow rates at low value.

7.0 RESULTS:

i. Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given.

ii. Sketch the temperature profile for the both flow.

8.0 DISCUSSIONS:

i. Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow.

ii. It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes.

iii. What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition value, U.

iv. Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design aspect.

9.0 CONCLUSION :

Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.

REFERENCES:

APPENDIX 1

Heat exchanger type:

TABLE 1

Unidirectional flow

SpecificWaterHeatHeatAverageHeat

HeatWatermasstransfer

Hot flowrate, vb = 2.5 L/minsuppliedreceivedheatTmNote

CapacityDensityflowratecoefficient,

, Qh, Qctransferred

, C, mU

Cool

Noflowrate,TTc-outTh-inTh-out[kJ/kg.K][kg/m3][kg/s][kJ/s][kJ/s][kJ/s][C][kW/m2.K]

c-in

.vc

1

2

3


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

A. STUDENT GROUP


B. MARKS:

SCORE


1234

RUBRIC(40%)

PROCEDURESx 1.0

DIAGRAMSx 1.0

DATAx 1.0

CALCULATIONSx 2.0


ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0

QUESTIONSx 1.0

CONCLUSIONx 1.0

TOTAL MARKS (%)


MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 3 (THERMODYNAMICS 2)


KEDAH DARUL AMAN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTProgramme: DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM


Code & Course:


1.0 TITLE: SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

2.0 OBJECTIVES:

i. Calculate heat transfer rate, Q.

ii. Determined the overall coefficient of heat transition, U ( kW/m2K )

iii. Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q.

iv. Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-current ).

v. Define efficiency of heat transfer process

vi. To compare heat transfer rate for different method.



ii. Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.


4.0 INTRODUCTION:

Purpose of heat exchangers

Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators ( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.

Function of heat exchangers

As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :

i. Hot medium emits heat to the partition.

ii. partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface.

iii. partition emits heat to the cold medium.

Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2.

The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.

Hot side

Cool side

partition

T1Medium 1Medium 2

T1

TW1

TWT

TW2

T2T2

s

Distance

Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition

Water (H20) physical properties

TemperatureDensitySpecific Heat Capacity, Cp

CK[kg/dm 3][kJ/kg.K]

02730.99984.220

202930.99824.183

403130.99214.178

603330.98304.191

803530.97204.199

1003730.95804.216

Related Formulas:

i.Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc

ii.Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] =Cp Th

Cp (Th-in Th-out) iii.Heat recieved, Qc [kJ/s] = Cp Tc Cp (Tc-in Tc-out) iv.Average heat transferred, [kJ/s] = (Qh + Qc )/2

v. Tm [C] = ( Tmax Tmin ) / ln (Tmax/Tmin)

For counter-directional flow; Tmax = (Th-in Tc-out)

Tmin = (Th-out Tc-in)vi. = U Am Tm U [kJ/m2sK] = / (Am Tm )

Heat profile for counter-directional flow

T1

T2

Tmax

Tmin

T3

T4

5.0 APPARATUS:

i. Heat Exchanger Services Unit

ii. Shell and tube

iii. Medium- pipe water

Apparatus specification

Heat Exchanger TypeArea, Amin [m2]

Shell and tube0.0200

Tubular0.0227

Plat0.0400

6.0 PROCEDURES:

A. Heating of hot-water tank .

i. Check of water level in tank and top up if necessary.

ii. Switch on master switch.

iii. Set the desired hot-water temperature at temperature controller.

iv. Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating up start with bleeding procedure. B. Bleeding of heat exchanger

i. Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a danger of scalding!

ii. Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible.

iii. Switch on pump.

iv. Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly.

v. Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.

C. Experiment

i. Switch off the pump.

ii. change the flow direction from the co-current to counter-current. Only

iii. change cold water hoses.

iv. Switch on pump and rewind step above in experiment 1.

v. take down the flow rates and temperatures reading in the table 1.

7.0 RESULTS:

i. Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given.

ii. Sketch the temperature profile for the both flow.

8.0 DISCUSSIONS:

i. Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow.

ii. It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes.

iii. What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition value, U.

iv. Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design aspect.

9.0 CONCLUSION :

Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.

REFERENCES:

APPENDIX 1

Heat exchanger type:

TABLE 1

Counter-directional flow

SpecificWaterHeatHeatAverageHeat

HeatWatermasstransfer

Hot flowrate, vb = 2.5 L/minsuppliedreceivedheatTmNote

CapacityDensityflowratecoefficient,

, Qh, Qctransferred

, C, mU

Cool

Noflowrate,TTc-outTh-inTh-out[kJ/kg.K][kg/L][kg/s][kJ/s][kJ/s][kJ/s][C][kW/m2.K]

c-in

.vc

1

2

3


06000 JITRA, KEDAH


METALLURGY

EXPERIMENT 1: METALLOGRAPHY STRUCTURE

EXPERIMENT 2: HARDNESS TESTING: ROCKWELL


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

A. STUDENT GROUP


B. MARKS:

SCORE


1234

RUBRIC(40%)

PROCEDURESx 1.0

DIAGRAMSx 1.0

DATAx 1.0

CALCULATIONSx 2.0


ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0

QUESTIONSx 1.0

CONCLUSIONx 1.0

TOTAL MARKS (%)


MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 1


KEDAH DARUL AMAN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTProgramme: DKM


Code & Course:


1.0 TITLE: Metallurgy Structure

2.0 OBJECTIVES:

i. Understand the procedure for basic metallographic.

ii. Draw and identify the different material gain structure.

iii. Heat treatment may be influencing the properties of carbon steel.


i. Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects.

ii. Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.


4.0 INTRODUCTION:

The science and technology of metals and alloys. Process metallurgy is concerned with the extraction of metals from their

ores and with refining of metals; physical metallurgy, with the physical and mechanical properties of metals as affected by

composition, processing, and environmental conditions; and mechanical metallurgy, with the response of metals to

applied forces

5.0 APPARATUS:

Equipment: mounting machine, grinding machine, polishing machine, microscope

Specimen: steel, alloy copper, aluminium and other select materials

X1A - Less Pure Zinc base sand casting form

X2 - Copper Alloy tin

X4 copper alloy zinc

6.0 PROCEDURES:

1. Grind surface of the mounting specimen follower right method by grading machine

2. Polish the specimen by polishing machine, with polishing liquid on matron cloth.*

3. clean the specimen with detergent liquid and after that dry at the dryer machine

4. Etching the specimen in mixed solution agent. **

5. microstructure view under microscope.

gilap dengan menggunakan larutan BRASSO di atas kain metron dan jika tidak berkesan bolehlah

menggilapkannyadengan menggunakan adunan intan (diamond paste) saiz 1 mikron .

punarkan dengan menggunakan larutan 2% Nital or alcoholic ferrit chloride ( larutan yang mengandungi 5 gm

FeCl, 2 mlHCl pekat, 95 ml alkohol )

7.0 RESULTS:

A) base on microscope visual, draw the grain structure below .

BilSpesimenBahan , kandunganProses pemejalan atauBentuk struktur

aloi & ( jenisproduk.

struktur ).

X1AZink (Zn) yangProses pendinginan drp

kurang tulintuangan pasir.

( 1 fasa )

Struktur bijian boleh

dilihat tanpa

mikroskop

Aloi kuprum dgnProses pendinginan drp

4% Sn(strukturtuangan pasir. Penerasan

X2larutan pepejal 1(coring) pada bijian berlaku

fasa)semasa pemejalan

X4Aloi kuprum (loyang)Proses pendinginan drp

kadungan 52% Cu,tuangan pasir. Drp rajah fasa

48% Zn(strukturaloi Cu/Zn hanya fasa yang

larutan pepejal 1diperolehi untuk aloi ini.

fasa)

8.0 DISCUSSIONS:

9.0 CONCLUSION :

REFERENCES:


MUADZAM SHAH



JJ508

TITLE EXPERIMENT

PROGRAMME

LECTURER NAME

DATE

A. STUDENT GROUP


B. MARKS:

SCORE


1234

RUBRIC(40%)

PROCEDURESx 1.0

DIAGRAMSx 1.0

DATAx 1.0

CALCULATIONSx 2.0


ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0

QUESTIONSx 1.0

CONCLUSIONx 1.0

TOTAL MARKS (%)


MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: Experiment 2

06000 JITRA,HARDNESS TESTING ROCKWELL

KEDAH DARUL AMAN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTSemester: 5

Programme: DKM


Code & Course:


1.0 TITLE: HARDNESS TESTING ROCKWELL

2.0 OBJECTIVES:

i. Perform properly Rockwell test methods

ii. Compare the value of Rockwell hardness of metals methods



ii. Analyze critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.


4.0 INTRODUCTION:

Rockwell & Rockwell superficial tests consists of forcing an indenter (Diamond or Ball) into the surface of a test piece in two steps i.e. first with preliminary test force and thereafter with additional test force & the measuring depth of indentation after removal of additional test force (Remaining preliminary test force active) for measurement or hardness value

5.0 EQUIPMENT AND SPECIMENT :

i. Rockwell machine , Model : ATK F1000

ii. Steel, alloy copper, aluminum and other select materials

LCD display

beban pertama

lampu

pelekuk

andas

beban utamahandle

suis

FIGURE 1 : Rockwell Machine

6.0 PROCEDURES:

i. Set the power on (lamp lights)

ii. Set the scale, type of scale, total test force values and indenters. (referred lecturer)

= select the total test force. = select indenter type

iii. To check or change testing condition, press the MODE switch to select a desired menu. MENU1 5

iv. Replace the indenter right ( size and scale )

v. Total test force die is in right position

vi. Automatic measurement function.

a) Place a sample onto the avail/table

b) Rotate the handle slowly to make the sample press against the indenter. While applying the preliminary test force, brake is automatically. c) Sure AUTO and LODING lamp light. Waiting tim e

d) Lording lamp goes out, various data are display or out put.

e) Read indicated values, and rotate handle down.

f) Repeated step a again for another sample

7.0 RESULTS:

materialsHR__materialsHR__materialsHR__

TestreadingTestreadingTestreading

numbernumbernumber

111

222

333

444

555

AverageAverageAverage

8.0 DISCUSSIONS:

i. Why that the 1st reading should be ignored? Give your reason

ii. Discuss, why the data obtained different?

iii. Short listed the advantages and disadvantages Rockwell testing.

9.0 CONCLUSION :

REFERENCES:

1. G.L. Kehl, The Principles of Metallographic Laboratory Practice, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1949, p 229.

2. Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2001), Foundations of Material Science and Engineering (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, p. 229, ISBN 0-07-295358-6

3. www.gordonengland.co.uk/hardness/rockwell.htm

jj508 lab sheet - copy

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