cost sheet hard copy

7/31/2019 Cost Sheet Hard Copy

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NAGINDAS KHANDWAL COLLEGE

TOPIC: Carpentry

GROUP: B

CLASS: SYBBI

SUBMITED TO: Prof. Sudhir Purohit


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WELCOME TO WORLD OF CARPENTERY BY:

1) Nikita Gagendragadkar

2) Sneha Kamdar

3) Apeksha Gogri

4) Siddhi Vora

5) Altaf Shah


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INDEX

1) History of carpentry

2) Tools used in carpentry

3) Function of carpentry tools

4) What is carpentry salary?

5) Types of carpenter


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HISTORY OF CARPENTRY

A carpenter (builder) is a skilled craftsperson who works with timber to construct,

install and maintain buildings, furniture, and other objects. The work, known as

carpentry, may involve manual labor and work outdoors

Carpentry skill is gained through experience and study. In some countries (such as

the United States), there are no formal training requirements other than in trade

unions, and the trade can be easy to enter. In other countries (such as Germany,

Japan and Canada) there are strict standards.

The word "carpenter" is the English rendering of the Old French word carpentier

(become charpentier) which is derived from the Latin carpentrius, "(maker) of a

carriage. The Middle English and Scots word (in the sense of "builder") waswrights (from the Old English wryhta), which could be used in compound forms

such as wheelwright or boatwright In British slang, a carpenter is sometimes

referred to as a "chippy".

Carpentry in the United States, India and other countries is almost always done by

men. With 98.5% of carpenters being male, it was the fourth most male-

dominated occupation in the country in 1999
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_(profession)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_(profession)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan


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TOOLS USED IN CARPENTARY

Carpentry tools are many and they can be divided into various types based on

various criteria such as the functions they perform like the carpenters tools for

measuring, cutting, drilling, fastening etc; the mechanisms that these carpentrytools adopt such as striking tool, grasping tools, paring tools etc; and even as basic

and specific types of carpentry tools. Basic types of carpentry tools might include

the hammers, drills, saws etc. and the example of specific types of carpenters

tools include the carving tools. The following section introduces the various types

of carpentry tools categorized on the basis of these criteria.

The carpenters tools are used for various functions while working with wood such

as for cutting, measuring, fastening, carving etc. Many carpentry tools are there

for these functions and are available as both- hand tools as well as power tools.

Carpentry Measuring Tools- Any carpenter has to measure the wood according to

the specifications of the desired finished wood object. Measuring tools are thus

the most essential woodworking tools that a carpenter must have with him. Some

of the basic carpentry measuring tools are measuring tapes, folding ruler,

pocket tapes, different types of squares (to lay out for square and other angel

cuts) including speed squares and framing squares etc.

MEASURING TOOLS.


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Carpentry Cutting Tools- There are many types of cutting tools that are used by

carpenters according to their convenience. While some prefer to use the easily

handled circular saws to cut everything from plywood to lumber, others think that

table saws are more quick and efficient. There are also the jigsaw which cutssquares, rectangles or large circles in plywood for vent pipes used for many

projects like plumbing or water heaters, and electrical conduit.

CUTTING TOOLS.

Carpentry Fastening Tools- Woodworking projects also need to be fastenedpermanently for durability and functionality. Therefore various woodworking

fasteners like nails, screws etc. are used and for fixing them, different types of

fastening tools are used by the carpenters. These include such carpentry tools as

welders, screwdrivers, various guns like staple guns, rivet guns, nail guns, or glue

guns. These fastening tools not only permanently fasten pieces of wood together

but also fasten other things like handles and hinges to the wood.


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FASTENING TOOLS.

Carpentry Drilling Tools- Various types of drills are used for drilling holes in wood

for completing a project. Although drills are a multipurpose tool not only used in

carpentry but for other purposes too. Drills are affixed with different drill bits for

different applications. The drilling tools can cut holes into the pieces of wood,

remove or secure screws and also carve into the surface of wood.

DRILLING TOOLS.


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TYPES OF TOOLS, FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES

SAWA saw is a hand-operated tool that has a thin metal blade or disk with a sharp,

usually tooth-edged, used for cutting wood, metal, or other hard materials.The larger sized saws are operated by steam, water, electric or other power.

The teeth of the saw are each bent to specific angle called "set". The set of a

tooth depends upon the cut that the saw will make. Different saws have

different tooth sets depending upon their application. In some saws, there is

an abrasive disc or band for cutting, rather than a serrated blade. They are

supposed to be the oldest known hand tools. Innovations made over many

years are still present in modern, mass-produced hand tools.

Parts of a SawThe toe is the front end of the saw. The heel is the end near the handle. The

portion of the saw where teeth are found is the front of the saw. The back of the

saw is the part opposite the teeth that faces up in normal use.

The nib is the bump seen on the back of many saws, near the toe. It serves no

purpose and hence not seen in all saws. The etch and medallion are on the left

side of the saw. Medallion is the name given to the enlarged face of one of the

saw nuts that holds the handle. This usually depicts the brand name of the

manufacturer.

Raw Materials for Making Saws

The main material used to make saw blade is tempered, high-grade tool steel,

alloyed with certain other metals, like brass, steel, carbon etc. Diamond is also

used in making saws for the really heavy cutting but they are expensive and come

in two shapes: circular and rope saws. Diamond saws are made by mixing powder

metal with diamond crystals. These are heated and pressed into a molding to

form the diamond segments. Handles are made of wood, but modern hand saws

can also be made with molded plastic.


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Types of Hand Saws

Handsaws include several types of saws which look more or less same and are

used for cutting of timber from boards and sometimes making larger joints. We

give below a list of various types of hand saws with their uses and features: Rip

Saw: A ripsaw has large, chisel shaped teeth, usually - teeth per inch, and ismade to cut with the wood grain. Blade length differs from 24" to 28". Teeth are

cross-filed to assure that the chisel point is set square to the direction of cutting,

for best performance. This saw is best held at 60 angle to the surface of the

board being cut. The ripping action of the saw produces a coarse, ragged cut

which makes the saw unsatisfactory for finish work.

Cross Cut Saw: Most commonly used crosscut saws are 10 to 12 point for fine

work and 7 or 8 point for faster cutting. Ten teeth per inch is considered general

purpose, 12-point being used for cabinet work. Teeth are shaped like knife points

to crumble out wood between cuts.Best cutting angle for this saw is about 45.Blade lengths range from 20" to 28", 26" is most popular.

Panel: They are smaller in size than a cross cut saw and used for cutting wood

across the wood grain.

Bow Saw: Bow saws consist of a tubular steel frame and a saw blade for fast

cutting of all woods. The bow saw's frame is important, since the thin blade,

usually " wide, must be held under high tension for fast cutting. A general

purpose saw, it has the advantage of all-round utility and light weight.

Coping Saw: Coping saws cut irregular shapes and intricate patterns. They consist

of a saw blade and steel tension frame. The blade is removable. Blade sizes range

from the rotary or wire type to 1/8" wide. They can make intricate cuts at

extreme angles.

Pull Saw: It gives a good control and eliminate the chance of the saw kinking in

the kerf and particularly used for fine woodcutting, molding and trim.

Dovetail Saw: A dovetail saw blade is constructed with the reinforced ridge foundon a backsaw, giving it added rigidity and greater precision. This saw cuts a true,

smooth, narrow kerf. It has a straight handle for precise, positive grip. Teeth are

very fine for smooth work. Dovetails are used in picture framing, cabinet work,

toy making, etc.


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Keyhole Saw: Keyhole or compass saws cut curved or straight-sided holes. Saw

blades are narrow, tapered nearly to a point to fit into most spaces. Blades come

in three or four styles that can be changed to fit the job. Turret-head keyhole

blades can be rotated and locked in several positions for easier cutting in tight,

awkward spots.

Drywall Saw/ Wall board Saw: This saw resembles a kitchen knife in design. It will

cut plasterboard in the same fashion as a keyhole saw and is used for sawing

holes for electric outlets, switchplates, etc. The saw is self-starting with a sharp

point for plunge cuts. Wallboard or drywall saws may also have induction teeth

for longer life, without sharpening.

Hacksaw: Specially designed for metal cutting, this type of saw has very fine teeth

and thin blades, held under tension in a steel frame.

Veneer saw: Veneer saws are specially designed for sawing thin materials such as

wood paneling. The blade is curved downward at the end, with cutting teeth on

the curved part of the back to saw slots or grooves in the panel with minimum

damage. Standard saw lengths are about 12"-13", with 14 teeth per inch.

Rod saw: Rod saws are a form of hacksaw-type blades, used in regular hacksaw

frames and capable of cutting through most hard materials such as spring and

stainless steel, chain, brick, glass and tile. The blade consists of a permanentlybonded tungsten carbide surface on a steel rod. Since the blade is round, it can

cut in any direction.

Back Saw: A backsaw is a thick-bladed saw with reinforced back to provide the

rigidity necessary in precision cutting. It varies in length from 10" to 30" and is

found in tooth counts from seven to 14 teeth per inch.

Features of Saws

Some features common in saws are as follows:

Tempered alloy blades: Lower grade steel quickly loses sharp edge but is easyto sharpen.

Rust-resistant or Teflon-S blade finish : Teflon-coated handsaws reduce manybinding and residue build-up problems inherent to wood cutting. Reduced

friction or drag makes for smoother, easier cutting.


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Hardwood or sturdy plastic handle. Special aluminum or plated-steel nuts and bolts to fasten blade to handle. Taper-ground blades, thicker at the cutting edge, to prevent binding in the cut. Bevel-filed teeth evenly set in two alternate rows, one row to the right of

center, one row to the left; produces a groove or kerf slightly wider than thethickest part of the blade; prevents or reduces binding while sawing.


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WHAT IS CARPENTARYS SALARY?

A carpenter can earn a good salary or income depending on the available work,

local market conditions, experience, and personal work attitude along with a host

of other variables. According to statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics,Occupational Outlook Handbook*, the median hourly wage within the last 10

years for carpenters was $18.72. The middle 50 percent earned between $14.42

and $25.37. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $11.66, while the highest 10

percent earned more than $33.34.

These numbers are tabulated for nonresidential building construction, building

finishing contractors, residential building construction, foundation, structure,

building exterior contractors and employment services.

Potential earning can also be a factor of weather conditions and busy or low

construction periods. Roughly 19 percent of all carpenters are affiliated with a

union, which is higher than the average for all occupations.

Carpentry tools that are used for carrying out wood work or artistic crafts on

wood by carpenters. They are thus sometimes also called carpenters tools or

wood working tools too. Wood works involve different kinds of techniques, which

renders the use of specialized tools imperative to carry out specific functions.

Wood working tools help a carpenter or a woodworker in making or repairingobjects made of wood or work done in wood, especially wooden interior fittings

in a house, as moldings, doors, staircases, or windowsills. In order to perform

carpentry or woodworking at its best, whether in the construction of furniture,

building, decorative and other objects, there are innumerable types of carpentry

tools or woodworking tools . Artistic crafts and wood work can be easily carried

out with these woodworking tools.


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TYPES OF CARPENTER

FINISH CARPENTER:

A finish carpenter (North America) also called a joiner (traditional name now

obselete in North America) is one who does finish carpentry; that is, cabinetry,

furniture making, fine woodworking, model building, instrument making,

parquetry, joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal margins of

error are important. Some large-scale construction may be of an exactitude andartistry that it is classed as finish carpentry.

TRIM CARPENTER:

A trim carpenter specializes in molding and trim, such as door and window

casings, mantels, baseboard, and other types of ornamental work. Cabinet installers

may also be referred to as trim carpenters.

CABINETMAKER CARPENTER

A cabinetmaker is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing in the

making of cabinets made from wood, wardrobes, dressers, storage chests, and other

furniture designed for storage.

SHIPS CARPENTER:

A ship's carpenter specializes in shipbuilding, maintenance, and repair techniques

(see also shipwright) and carpentry specific to nautical needs; usually the term

refers to a carpenter who has a post on a specific ship. Steel warships as well as

wooden ones need ship's carpenters, especially for making emergency repairs inthe case of battle or storm damage.

SCENIC CARPENTER:

A scenic carpenter in filmmaking, television, and the theater builds and dismantles

temporary scenery and sets.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parquetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(decorative)#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplace_mantelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardrobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_of_drawershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_(furniture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_(theatre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_sceneryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_sceneryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_(theatre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_(furniture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_of_drawershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardrobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplace_mantelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(decorative)#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parquetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joiner


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