jeffersonian democracy
DESCRIPTION
Jeffersonian Democracy. Chapter 7. Politics. Section 1. Man of Contradictions. Jefferson foreswore the pomp and circumstance of previous presidents - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Jefferson foreswore the pomp and circumstance of previous presidents
Argued for state governments, agriculture, less taxation, smaller national government and more individual freedom
Yet his administration enlarged the government and its powers while Jefferson himself owned slaves
Man of Contradictions
He refused to bring Sedition charges, declared the law unconstitutional
Abolished internal taxes, relied on the sale of western lands and imports for revenue
Reduced the size of the army and navy Only replaced 69 of 453 Federalist officials Appointed a hater of the debt (Gallatin) as
Treasurer Dismantle federal debt
A Man of Clear Vision?
Adams had worked to pass Judiciary Act of 1801 Created new circuits and judgeships giving
Federalists greater control of the Judiciary Jefferson instructed Sec. of State Madison not to
honor the new appointments of Adams William Marbury, an office seeker, sued Madison In Marbury v. Madison (1803) Federalist Chief
Justice John Marshall agreed the appointment was legitimate, but that the Court couldn’t enforce
Gave Supreme Court the power of judicial review
Jefferson and the Judiciary
Americans moved ever-westward coming into greater conflict with natives◦ Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) grabbed millions of
PA & NY acrage◦ Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) had taken Ohio◦ 1805 Oh had 10,000◦ 1790 – 1820 tenant farmers moved in TN and KY◦ New plantations founded in the interior of GA, AL,
MI, LA 115,000 Africans imported 1776 – 1808 Slave population grew from 500,000 to 1.8
m by 1820
Westward Movement
In 1800 free and enslaved blacks rose up in VA Gabriel sought to seize the Virginia armory and
liberate the slaves of Virginia under the banner “Death or Liberty”
The militia crushed the uprising and sentenced 26 to death—including Gabriel by public hanging◦ VA Gov. Monroe reflected on a proposal to free the
slaves in the west Spain ceded Louisiana to France 1800 due to
Napoleon’s advancing armies◦ and Napoleon sought greater control of the Miss.
Internal Insurrection and Expansion
Jefferson sent delegates to France to buy New Orleans from Napoleon 1803
Haiti‘s insurrection had become a burden and Napoleon feared an American invasion of Louisiana
Jefferson offered $15m for the Louisiana territory and Napoleon accepted◦ Purchase doubled the size
of the country Forced Jefferson to abandon
strict constitutional interpretation
Louisiana Purchase
Before the purchase was complete Jefferson dispatched his private secretary and an army officer to collect information and map the territory◦ Dubbed the Corps of Discovery
They brought along a French interpreter and his with Sacagewea who aided in native translation and safety
After 2 years they traveled over 4000 miles to the pacific and back ◦ Returned large amounts of information while making
commercial treaties with natives◦ Federalists feared expansion would diminish their power and
dissolve the new nation
Lewis and Clark
Jefferson held a “noble savage” view of the natives and believed assimilation best for them
Encouraged credit and debt, western agriculture and gender roles
Revivals spread across the frontier, resisting assimilation and encroachment◦ Handsome Lake of the Seneca (NY)
No alcohol◦ Tenskwatawa of the Shawnee and
Tecumesh Organized militant resistance
Expansionism and Reaction
1804 election Jefferson crushed Charles Pinkney
Seeks to end dissent at home by impeaching Federalist judges
Pickering and Chase were impeached and Pickering convicted
After Burr’s duel he was charged with treason for attempting to raise an army and conquer Mexico◦ Burr was not convicted
Tensions at Home
War and Consequences
Section 2
As Britain and France continued to fight the U.S. traded with both sides
Between 1803 and 1812 the British impressed 6,000 Americans
1807 British ship fired on the American ship Chesapeake killing 3 and abducting 4
Jefferson signed the Embargo Act of 1807 Prohibited American ships from leaving home
ports until France and Britain repealed restrictions◦ Exports plunged, troops were needed along Canadian
border
Engaging in World War
Madison attempted diplomacy and negotiations with Britain◦ Paying reparations from the Chesapeake, ending to
seizures After negotiations failed Macon’s Bill No. 2
passed◦ Whichever power recognized neutrality, America would
enact sanctions on the other◦ Napoleon agreed, angering Britain
British encouraged Indian attacks on the frontier ◦ At Prophets Town William Henry Harrison attacked
Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
Heightened Tensions
As Madison called Congress for war preparations, he faced serious challenges within and outside his party
the 2 largest hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
Congress voted for war Northern Republicans felt slighted at British
tyranny, frontiersmen were angered by Indian arming
Justification was 1. violation of neutrality, and impressment2. Support for Indian attacks
War! (Again)
Strategists chose to use Canada as leverage to force Britain to respect neutrality◦ Britain’s navy was too powerful to challenge◦ French-speaking Canadians would support◦ Canada was poorly defended◦ Tecumseh would lose arms support
American ports were blockaded and the invasion went terribly
British captured D.C. and burned the capital
The 2nd War for Independence
Generally the war was a draw, American victories at Baltimore, York, Plattsburg , etc. were offset by losses at Dearborn, D.C., Pensacola
America did score some naval victories on the Great Lakes
Most notably Andrew Jackson crushed a British force at New Orleans (1815) weeks after the war was over
Treaty of Ghent (1814) ended the fighting with most terms the same as before the war
The major losers were the Indians who lost land and an ally
The 2nd War for Independence
While Jackson was celebrated for New Orleans Federalists gathered at Hartford, CT to protest
The Hartford Convention proposed constitutional amendments◦ Require 2/3 majority for commercial regulation,
declarations of war and admission of new states◦ Repeal of 3/5s Compromise
Proposals published same time as Treaty of Ghent Led to the demise of Federalist Party
Hartford Convention
The Era of Good Feelings
Section 3
As Madison left office he encouraged a stronger federal gov’t◦ He pushed for a national univ. and amending the
Constitution to allow for internal improvements America now controlled the area between Miss.
River and Rocky mtns. Since the collapse of the Federalist party,
Republicans had no problem winning in 1816 with James Monroe◦ Nominated Federalist J Quincy Adams as Sec. of State
Began his tour of nation in a Federalist town
Enter James Monroe
A Boston newspaper called the emergence of non-partisanship “the era of good feelings”
Monroe was also the last president among the generation that fought the revolution
Adams signed the Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) to limit British naval influence in the Great Lakes
The next year the border was set with Canada 1818 Jackson attacked the Seminoles in FLA,
captured 2 Spanish forts Adams-Onis treaty (1819) ceded FLA to U.S.
A Man of the Past Looks Forward
Revolutions had continued throughout the world and engulfed Latin America◦ Chile, Paraguay, Venezuela, Peru
1823 in Monroe’s 2nd inaugural he issued the Monroe Doctrine
America would not meddle in European affairs
U.S. would take European intervention in new Latin America states as an attack on its security
Diplomacy and Power
Madison appointed Joseph Story to the Supreme Court◦ Hoped to counter John Marshall
Story voted with Marshall in the landmark McCulloch v. Maryland case (1819)
Federal government gained more power in that and the subsequent Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) case
Many saw the cases as triumph of Hamiltonianism and the death of Anti-federalist vision
Madison and the Courts
Maryland attempted to tax the Baltimore branch of 2nd Bank of U.S. ◦ To Maryland, bank was unconstitutional did not permit
and thus it was subject to taxation James McCulloch, a bank employee, refused to pay
◦ was sued and then fined The Court heard his appeal and agreed with
McCulloch—Congress’s implied powers allow the creation of a national bank and taxing it would be unconstitutional
In this sense the federal government is superior to the states
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Ogden was given a NY state license to be the only steamboat operator on NY waters
Gibbons held a federal license on the same route and was Ogden’s competition
Ogden sued Gibbons for breaching his monopoly Gibbons argued that Ogden operated between NY
and NJ and thus Congress has the final say over interstate commerce
The Supreme Court agreed with Gibbons The federal government had the right to regulate
“every species of [interstate] commercial intercourse”
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
The war and embargo provided incentives for innovation
A steam engine, breech-loading rifle, the cotton gin all led to a growing economy of greater output
1790 South produced 3,000 bales of cotton, by 1810 it was 178,000
Production then doubled after the war
Innovation and Economy
Post-War of 1812 America was in a boom period◦ 1815-1818 land sales tripled,
number of banks doubled◦ Demand for cotton soared◦ Cotton prices suddenly fell◦ Credit markets seized◦ Land values fell
1819 America fell into a depression known as the Panic of 1819◦ In Philly 75% of workers lost their jobs◦ Number of paupers in NY went from 8,000 to 13,000
Fear the Boom and Bust
Panic of 1819
Post-war period was a boom
Inflation led to
speculation
Result was a
financial collapse
1819 MO applied for statehood as a slave state
Rep. Tallmadge (NY) demanded MO renounce slavery
Large amounts of territory had entered the Union in the South◦ LA, MS, AL…
Southerners blocked Maine’s attempt to be admitted
Henry Clay put together Missouri Compromise◦ Missouri went slave, Maine free◦ Slavery prohibited north of 36,30
Missouri Crisis
A Democratic SocietyChapter 8
Jacksonian Democracy
Section 1
A new political system was emerging driven by Martin Van Buren◦ NY trained lawyer ◦ Promoted patronage to secure
appointments His spoils system strengthened majority
party and ensured party discipline As a Senator, Van Buren moved with
Congress against the newly elected president
New American Politics
In most states by 1810 vote was extended to nearly all white men
Politics was dominated by the wealthy and was corrupt◦ Votes bought or for favors
Election of 1824 saw 4 competing Republicans: Q Adams, Calhoun, Clay, Crawford and Jackson
Jackson didn’t win a clear majority and vote fell to House
Clay promoted Adams and became Sec. of State
A White Man’s Democracy
Monroe promoted internal improvements Clay dubbed this policy the American System His idea was to use the power of the federal
government to promote American industry Tariffs to stimulate manufacturing Subsidized infrastructure Increased presence of the National Bank Adams embraced a virtuous leadership style
◦ isolated himself from the increasingly partisan political atmosphere
The American System
After rounds of increasing tariffs and pro-native policies, Adams lost support from southerners
They screamed they had lost $100m in price hikes
In the election of 1828 he “stood” rather than “ran” for office
Van Buren organized Jackson’s campaign
Jacksonians shortened their name to Democrats
The Last of a By-Gone Era
The first trans-Appalachian president with a national ticket
Over half of potential voters cast ballots Dubbed “Old Hickory” for his
1815 victory, he was called “King Mob” due to his classless and unruly supporters
Old school federalists lamented the “careless yet not ungraceful, gentlemen soldier”
Andrew Jackson
Jackson sought to reverse the trends of the past few presidents
Informal advisors—Kitchen cabinet Promote the spoils system nationally Reject the American System (internal
projects, anti-tariff) Crush the 2nd National Bank Reverse Q Adams’ pro-native policies
Jacksonian Vision
Calhoun (SC) had become anti-tariff since 1816◦ They called it the “tariff of abominations”◦ Some considered secession
Calhoun drew from VA & KY Resolution as well as 10th amendment in new theory
Federal gov’t was composed of states, thus states are final judge of constitutionality
States could call conventions to make federal laws null and void
Calhoun’s Nullification Theory
1828 saw new tariffs Foot (CT) proposed slowing sale of western
lands Hayne (MO) charged northerners wanted to
maintain power Webster (MA) denounced states rights At a banquet honoring Jefferson, Jackson
toasted Webster, not Calhoun-Hayne
Webster-Hayne Debate
In response to 1828 and 1832 tariffs SC called a convention
Calhoun resigned as VP and became a senator, Hayne was elected as SC Gov.
Jackson strengthened federal forts in SC Congress passed Force Bill 1833 Clay offered a lowered tariff as compromise Calhoun and SC repealed their nullification But no state had come to support them
Nullification Crisis
Race and Politics in Jacksonian America
Section 2
Desire for more land made natives (again) a target Many groups had take on assimilation rather than
resistance◦ Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Seminole
Jackson sympathized with southern desires for land, being an Indian fighter himself
Gold was discovered in GA and state stripped natives of rights
After they lobbied the courts Jackson proposed◦ Remain as 2nd class citizens◦ Relocate to a distant territory
Natives and Georgia
Indian Removal Act passed 1830◦ Authority to exchange native eastern land for
western◦ Federal gov’t said it could not protect them
Cherokee went to Supreme Court Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1830) and
Worcester v. Georgia (1832) determined that◦ Natives had rights to govern themselves but other
their ability to sue was limited◦ Jackson said, “John Marshall has made his
decision…now let him enforce it”
Natives and the Courts
By 1838 most tribes had been forced out of ancestral lands (70 different ones)
Either by forced treaty or by army pressure New land in the “Great American Desert” was
granted to them ◦ West of MS
This forced relocation by trek was dubbed the “Trail of Tears”
Native Removal
Jackson’s LegacySection 3
Jacksonian Republicans were simply Democrats
Anti-Jacksonians called themselves the Whigs
Anti-Masonic party railed against influence of the Freemasons and their secrecy
Workingmen’s parties were created in north eastern cities resulting from unions and labor◦ These last 2 “third parties” eventually
disappeared, but not before their planks were assimilated
2nd Party System Emerges
Jackson took on Van Buren as VP in 1832 and attacked monied interests
Middling, working class and rural Americans worried about growing power of Bank of U.S.◦ Webster & Clay called for early extension of its
charter to ◦ Hoped Jackson would veto, split Democrat vote in
the ‘32 election Authorized Treas. Sec. to seize Bank of U.S.
hard currency Bank’s charter not renewed 1836
Jackson and the Bank War
Jackson’s Bank Veto Speech attacked the Bank of U.S. combining sophisticated arguments◦ Jeffersonian denunciation◦ Constitutional grounds◦ Emerging populism
Dubbed King Andrew I for his strong-handed interpretation of the Constitution
King Andrew I
Expanded presidential authority and voice Assured federal power through force, but curbed
its reach Preserved Jeffersonian vision Checked early court decisions 1830-1860 20 states revised their constitutions to
be more democratic◦ Reapportioning state legislatures◦ Extended franchise◦ Election of most officials
Jacksonians said “the world is governed too much”
Jacksonian Legacy
Van Buren wins a large majority of vote after Whigs split the opposition
All Whigs gathered 49% of vote Panic broke out in 1837
◦ Jackson had forced land purchases to be made with hard currency
◦ Bank of England raised interest rates stemming flow of credit
◦ Price of cotton cut in half◦ Bank runs hit NYC
President called “Martin Van Ruin”
What Man Van Buren?
2nd Party SystemSection 4
Democrats took blame for economic slump Van Buren pushed Jacksonian anti-bank poicy
during recession◦ Treas. Act 1840 pulled more specie
Whigs ran Gen. William Henry Harrison in 1840 election◦ Winning General of Tippecanoe was 70◦ Whigs ran him as a small log cabin farmer
Harrison and Tyler were men of the people, Van Buren an aristocrat
Whigs trounced Democrats in electoral college
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
1840 Slogans
Harrison died of pneumonia a month after inauguration and the nation got “Tyler too”
“His Accidency” was rather Jacksonian◦ Contempt for banks◦ Supported slavery◦ Vetoed tariffs
Most of his cabinet resigned in 1842, he was expelled from the party too
His Accidency Takes Office
Democrats• Anti-tariff• Anti-American
System• Oppose Bank of
U.S.• States’ Rights
Whigs• Pro-tariff• Favor American
System• Support Bank of
U.S.• Strong central
Gov’t
2nd Party System Ideology